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7 Suspension Bridges PDF
7 Suspension Bridges PDF
Methods and Techniques
Suspension Bridges
Prof. Deepak Sharma
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
California State University Fullerton
Types of Bridges
• There are seven main types of bridges:
– Beam bridges
– Truss Bridge
– Cantilever bridges
– Arch bridges
– Tied Arch Bridge
– Suspension bridges
– Cable‐stayed bridges
Types of Bridges
• Beam bridges are horizontal
beams and the ends are
supported by piers.
• Simplest form of bridge as the
forces are transmitted
straight down the piers.
• Truss bridges are composed
of trusses. They have a solid
deck and a lattice of pin‐
jointed girders for the sides.
• They are made of wrought iron
and steel (sometimes reinforced
concrete also)
Types of Bridges
• Cantilever bridges are built
using cantilevers (one side
having fixed support and the
other is free).
• Arch bridges are arch‐shaped
and have abutments at each
end. The weight of the bridge
is thrust into the abutments at
either side.
Types of Bridges
• Tied arch bridges have an arch‐shaped
superstructure, but differ from
conventional arch bridges. Instead of
transferring the weight of the bridge and
traffic loads into thrust forces into the
abutments, the ends of the arches are
restrained by tension in the bottom chord
of the structure. They are also called
bowstring arches.
• Suspension bridges are suspended from
cables. In modern bridges, the cables
hang from towers that are attached to
caissons or cofferdams.
• The longest suspension bridge in the
world is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge
(12,826 feet.)
Types of Bridges
• Cable‐stayed bridges
are held up by cables.
• The forces of the deck
are transferred to the
supporting columns via
the cables and then
transmitted to the piers
below.
Primitive Suspension Bridges
We Have Definitely Progressed!!!
• The Akashi‐Kaikyo Bridge in Japan
Terminology
Loads on A Bridge
• Dead Loads
• Live Loads (variety of loads included)
• Seismic Forces
• Earth Pressure
• Centrifugal Forces
• Impact
• Longitudinal Force
• Wind loads
• Thermal Forces
• Uplift and Buoyancy Forces
• Forces of Stream Current, Floating Ice and Drift
Construction
One of the Ways of Breaking‐down Construction
Steps
• Foundations (Spread Footings, Piles,
Cofferdams and Caissons)
• Towers
• Decks
• Finishing
Construction
• Foundations (Oregon DOT)
– Spread Footings!!
Construction
• Foundations (Oregon
DOT)
– Pile Footings Using
Cofferdams
A water‐tight Temporary
enclosure that allows the
construction of a bridge
foundation in the dry
Construction
STEPS: Pile Footings Using Cofferdams
– Drive Sheet Piles
– Install Bracing
– Cut Vent Holes
– Excavate
– Drive Foundation Piles
– Placing Concrete Seal
–De‐water
– Construct Footing and
Column in The Dry
– Flood Cofferdam
– Remove Cofferdam
– Place Riprap
Construction
Foundations Using Caissons
It’s a large watertight chamber, open at the bottom
from which the water is kept out by air pressure and in
which construction work may be carried out under
water.
It becomes part of foundation.
"Leibherr LB 36 Caisson Drilling" on youtube.com
http://youtu.be/eJ4kywd_ilQ
Construction
Foundations Using Caissons
Construction
• Foundations (Caissons and Cofferdams)
• Towers
• Decks
• Finishing
NEW WAY OF Construction
Traditional Approach requires
• Erection Equipment
• Pier Construction
• Work Roads
• Cutting Trees
• Large Scale Excavation
ALL THESE COULD POSE LOT OF PROBLEMS
NEW WAY OF Construction
• THIS IS NOT ALWAYS FEASIBLE
NEW WAY OF Construction
NEW WAY OF Construction
NEW WAY OF Construction
NEW WAY OF Construction
Suspension Bridge Failures
• TACOMA NARROWS
http://youtu.be/j‐zczJXSxnw
Suspension Bridge Failures
• TACOMA NARROWS
Bridge Failure Video
• You Tube Video Title
Scary! Massive waves on huge road bridge send
Volgograd drivers asphalt surfing
https://youtu.be/WEQrt_w7gN4
Do Things Correctly!!
Video Study
• The Longest Suspension Bridge in The World
https://youtu.be/oPkC6dHEv4Y
References
• Images From
– Google, How Stuff Works,
– http://bestengineeringprojects.com/civil‐projects/caissons‐types‐of‐
caissons/
OTHER REFERENCES
• “Bridges” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge
• “All About Bridges” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/bridge
• BRIDGES: CHARACTERISTICS AND STYLE
http://3124mairimzapatam.pbworks.com/w/page/890402/Bridges
• Section 7 Introduction To Bridge Foundations
http://www.oregon.gov/odot/hwy/construction/manuals/bridge_in
spector_training/07_bridge.pdf