BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON Second Edition Edited by M. ANNE KATZENBERG Deparment of Archaeciogy, Univesity of Calgary SHELLEY R. SAUNDERS Department of Antropotogy, MeMaster University (WILEY. Liss [AJOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATIONCHAPTER 9 DENTAL MORPHOLOGY RICHARD ScorT INTRODUCTION Denial morphology mesne cif: things to ‘feat people. Some aus couse toch Soe one apt of morphology, whereas hers lnclnde chine under this ue. Tdisiagush sive om morphology beeaise the metods ‘of sy and general underiingpincils for ech ae disincs If leaming the inticaies sf mating tet i your gol thaw a ast Tere on the subjct (6 Hilson & al 2005: Kiser, 1981). Although sorpolony ted shape ie soe in common than mot Dology and sine, shape also shows atewory ‘erences Mors, 1981, 1986; Tal, 9653 19600). Metbods deeloped for sbenaining “on shape” for satizopelopcal and foesic arose ave oot en adopted widely, partly enue they ar ifielt to eepleae. dimi- rching their Ulry ip comparnive suds. Csenseyphics, wich is anther epprach 1a the sudy of tooth morphology, focuses 2 the complet prem of farows in ulcaped tanh, Developed by A.A Zabov (1968, 197, thie etd involves the examioaton of nepnive rele on wax. impressions. ‘Altough widely asd inthe ty of Russian ‘popaione (ef. Zabov and Khaldeea, 1979), iermly has beeo teed in other counties wher tbe sandard. procedure is to make egaive alginate impressions and. postive rinse eats. nts chapter, focus on what most ant poogiswefe wo a dental morbology hat {alte fearres or tis of the crowns sa ‘hot tha ae pest ot absent and when pent, ext variable egress of expression. Common. examples iaclade shovershaped ‘abs, upper and lower molar cusp ember, nba onap. three ne ft mer Sd moe, My goal iso provide Pukround Sand s prooea for advanced undererduaes, fradune mudooe, and profesional who ae interned inthe sud of deal morpolopcal "To rpex the mana I eam in ge ‘seboo, et ae earkably useful in ano login serch, Thee advantages inclu pe serail (a the fos, archaeoogi. and forese reods; Fig. 91), obser in the lving, skeletons, and fossil vrihiy (doaste of messes and scrote ses Of the crowns and root that vay within fd éeween popultons) al. hertabiliy (@ siong gene basis underlying toot development and wit expression). Teeth also provide geographic flexiiity—a0 manee there yu Bo people ve rect. Wheter You tue sdying cen wes, ol puboogy tots Se, or cow and roe morplogy tees ‘Replat ap oft rn Sinn, rnd En. Sy Ane Ken Shey Bus Spl 0 yao ne 288295 coma. vorrscay ‘cpp eet pay asa, steal rere ee bane te aap an le an ineresing problem to pus using teeth al $e ita silane ket nd a roto A BIT OF HISTORY “The foundation for deota_ morphological resech was Ini by dents, pleonologss, tnd physical antoplopiss. Pioneers who ‘nade sinicam contbuions 20 the Seid incite Aled edi (1920, 1921), Wiliam King Gregory 1923), Alert A. Dahlberg (035, 1981, 1983), PO. Pedersen (1949), CEA. Moonee (1957), Beroam 8. Krsat (1963), Kins, apd Fordan 11968, abv. List (1950, 1957), Raza Hania (196 1963), and Staley M. Gar (1977), name bucafen, These workers focused ona umber fey ieses icing 1) long-term elution ff pmae and hominid tooth form, 2) fssonaphie vacation ia wait expression, 3) rphiogeetie el, 4) genes and develop Ten of ern morphology. and 5) tacton Terween morhology abd crown size and toon mmber ‘espe the contbation of dentist who focused on dental morphology in the broader context of or biology, the fal poten of ‘morbology wat 90 fied unt phys ‘htopologite mand singer's dad eae fmt feguenies wo asses population oxi: tnd lsionshpe Dents and antiopo- Togits lok a eth though diferent Ieee Dentists ng te experi in oral isogy the tale when asesing own mornin. Yt they ae at as euped in 10 the rage of isorial-quesions th can be adresse sing this morphology. Antropologs fe Tese backgmund in. orl tology, bit the rmyseres of human history are tei pari Although citer side my else primacy It foe arnt of deal morpboogy, te cont Tus fom bth hive fen sigllcat and syncretc and the pansies tht Follow wee ‘veloped by densi, hye antepo}g td soars wih acres in bot Bes, FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES Dental Anatomy Cone every sient of dental mormboany should hate 4 good textbook on detF watomy, Most tes ae writen by denis «a oss primal on medal crown and oot 1 fm But Some auths Usk varaions fund he medal theme (Cf. Kus & al, 1H), Thee is, however, bo beter waning © pat than he sandarized toot (66. Ash and ato, 203) A ot is vided into two primary com oot (ron std rot) and four primacy fine type enamel, dente, cement, ad pp. The visible portion of te exown is fv by enue, wie Je at exe toe and umble substance that is ca. 57% logan. Underlying the enamel ¢ dente, hic a subaance mein ine with bone in ‘ems of organ inorganiecomposon. The pp chamber, athe cor of te tots made 1 mosly of soft tssue (ood veces and tires). Cemeatum isthe sue ta coer the fai ofthe rot tht im concer ith the Peodomal Ugameat, anchors the toot in is ‘nee (Case, 197; son, 1986, 1990) "he primary unis thar consi the cow cabled ep, whereas the primary anit of the ot a cons. Following the teinology cf Carson (1957, the crown of single- cpa tooth and each esp of a mltousped roth ae mae up of ese and aeesory ‘bes and lobe Segments that in tu, ca [bit esemial and asesony ries Root tunbe is ind by the presence or asence f mecdicula projections that seperate ‘io separate rot cones Often, root ees ‘fied ogeber but show a developmexal ‘poe oot goote) that separies the 140 ‘ones Soh unsepuredconsrcaledcical. Humans and thee primates have four ‘ps of teeth and each ype is represented in both the ‘upper andthe Tower jaws. thes with war owa distinct morphology Te anesior tet include spatula incisors tai conical eines, ll ae chute ‘aly onecasped and onesooted teeth. The Fostior teat, or cheek teat, consist of enol and mols. Premolats stally fave to cusps although inthe lower ja, the lingual cusp of te Ast premolar often Hck a fee apex and the second premoae "TERE LD To DESO LEMONS OF Te RAM DaMITEN 267 frequently exhibits te cusps (one bua two. lingual). There is no _ modal root umber for premolars in ster jav—the Sit premolas have ether one ot ivo fot (cceasonaly hres), whereas the second Js mosly 2 snglesoowd toot, For the ‘upper molars, medal cusp aumber is four ‘wberese modal root number ie the. For Tower mols, mal cosp number is. ve ‘nd medal oot beri to, The exceptions to thre soma chancerzsons conmiane 2 sigicant pt of dena marpaology. AS fn aunt to thi base dexepeon, ee to the. Sidebar for bist defistons of tems ‘ued to cece loouion and ection in tenth in paar and evs in pone ‘TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE ELEMENTS OF THE HUMAN DENTITION Mitine: tine he follows the sgt pane becwece the central incisors that vides ‘he upper ja and lower jaws it let and sabres Quadrone: one side (ight or Je) of citer jew Ansimeres: comesponding. teh in the ‘wo. quadiants of a jw (ea, let UML sight UM) omere:comsponding wth in opesing (quadrants of jaw get UM let LMI) “Anterior tet iio and canines Posterior txt or check tech: preoars tnd mole Upper: maxillary Lower: andiblar Inca: eating suri ofthe anor eth Occlusal chewing sue of the poste eet Masi toward te mine Dist away trom he ine Lingual: toward the wogue (used for all teeth)Labia: toward the ip (ase for anterior eb) ‘Buccal om he cheek (eed for pstesor eb) ‘Types of Tats Morphologie! tits take sever diferent fom. i Casen's (1987) teminology, the gene forms thet subsume one 10 many ‘sans ae 1) lobes, 2) marginal ge, 3) tuberulum projects, 4) ozsusal mberles, 5) cava enamel Hes, 6) rot cones, and 7) supernumerary radcular seuctrs. Not ‘ncled inthis clasicaton a vain In superumery occlusal cape, seston ‘dpe. and socket renton. + Lobes fr major cups: hypcone or ypoconuli) + Marginal ridges (eg. shovetng, double: shoveling or marginal bere) + Tubaculm projections (e.g uber dena, Cabell ator prota) + Occlusal mbeles (@2. bereulaed remolar or edontomes). + Caria enamel ine (eure ee sions and pears) + Superumerry clase camps (ee, ‘isp Gor cusp 7) + Accssony ridges (eg. caine disal scessory ge or premolar mesh and lal acesory ge), + Socks erenution (e2, UNL biter swinging) + Root cones (¢2, worooted UPL or ‘word LC) + Supernameray rica strc theeootd CM)) Morphogenetic Folds in 1939, Buller inode’ the oncept of ‘morphogenetic fet the sucy of the ma ‘ln eation. He recognized thee primary felde—inesor, canines, and molar las scheme, premolars were comer anor ‘xenon of the molar eld. The significa ofthe Bld concep is thst neither genes aor ‘vouon at on individual eth baton ovat fds. Selecive preset nance the ind Ing sures ofthe melas, for example, pee ot only the molars but also the pemol. ‘The dil premolars of rater grate mers. Ibly ito the molars. By cooras. cases ned sing and dicing test 0 premolar ‘ued lequeady or even lox loge a this order as ae some mola (ef Hilbon, 1986; Peer 1968) ‘AA. Dahlberg (195) adoped Bates Sel conept to the human denon, a toe ‘xznizationalpineples he ai at re invl: thle stents of dental morphology. He eines four rather than thee Helden te human dentition by ang premolars. Is oe sidering sie, morphology, snd oo namie (mising or exw tet) tach tod dit (C.F, Mas sable and varie memes. UUnaliy, the Key toth (now sles eh de ig the moe mesial member Ge U UC, UPI, UML, LC, LPI. and LMI, whee U=upperand L= lower The ony ese to tht generalization is LD. waich & moe Ssble than Lit. The most ital member i eh dstict is tpilly-the most able (Up, Ur2, UMS, LP2, LG) inthe mole tooth duit, where thee mer than Wo ‘member exit the second molars itemedine ‘i vaabiiy beeen the mesial and he sa ‘ements, This ein is not obscure, bt iit (nett elvan tote operate deans of key morphologic variables, Interactions Among Size, Morphology, ‘and Tooth Number ‘oath morpirolonytas never been inka -amtroposcopc, widwopomevi, demarg pie, oe swolope vale However, some ‘onships should te considered whens {ng morphologies. The sronget Ions are betwee he same wat expres dere member of igle woty stm Jnre-it~inee Ged erections. exaltTigre 32 Theyyerstr el wi ypc of UM ad UD ey ohare UM pmo at nang csp enacts Darn aay ca ab he wold be ypocone expression on UMI,UMD, td UMS (Fg. 92). To go one sep mexe ‘amples of neni inrfeldcorelaions ‘st ining shoveling on UIL, UI, LIN, fi LI, whieh show sie siniican pai tise conlaions (Soon, 19778) Addisons Srp of gies ane UO, Ut and UC ig. 93) and the dia sesso dg ft upper and lower canines (Seo. 1977, 1977), An example of an inter ‘rit-ia-Seld estonehip ae been (ound foe Canbelis tit and the bypocone of the wpe molars (Keane, 1968; Seot, 1979), One of te few examples of 2 signifeant ‘eine eld telaionhip ie berween Carbelirs uit (UMI) and the prwnsy (Gh) Se, 1978. Because of consistently song and posive lusa-mit—ino-eld orelasons, population Compaions stould focus on only one renter ofa fel fora specie rit Usual, the mon sable member of «dsc shoal be ted because tit exprston on tis tooth Shows the high depee of genetic contol (aad the least amount of environmental pla fey) Shoveling expression, for example is test represented by UIT a thi tooth Shows gener smmery than U2 and» broader ‘age of vation han LI) and LI. la pope fncon comparisons, shoveling can be seared mall four et, but only UIT shoveling Be (isoces sould be wed ina dite analysis ‘avoid the lcson of edmdan information “Attiogh the Key oth usualy he bes eld rember to reson speci wat, exceptions270 os. morwetoay this rie exist. For some ts, such a the hypocore of UM where prominent xpesion iste norm. it is preferable to compare UMD Inypoconefequeneies a tis toth exis re variation in temas of ttl presence snd dogs of expestion, Dental Genetics In the 19508, when dent morpoiogy was ‘ning momentum in anthropologists, Some authors belived tat deri crown {ai ight have simple mode of inheance (asker, 1950 Kraus (1951) and Tj (1958) sted ‘Crabs wit in fami an found parentofsring, segesuion paterson Site: with simple autosomal dominated oman: inbentanc, spectively. The ai tations were etn Ir cown tat eqns ould be edoced to enerequences, th pope Ton geotcs models of Wriph-Fsher— alan coald be applied to the te of exten tnd extinetpopalations. In he 1960s, Tamer (aver, 169) dna tt whenbe converted. Dheronype equences to. resumed gear Frequencies for preisorc ond living. Hopi Indians ape Konia Eskimos and for living Europeans. His goal wat to compas living and preistore populaions 1 exime the level af European amie in the modem [Native American soups. tbe 1970s aoa] tempo corbo- ne or refit simple enese modes of ae tance for iowa rats led workers dwn a itfeene path. Giveo the suture of dena ‘orpbolopicl expression. ee tas Gan be been sight moderate, lage, and oon. ob oul tat imple models of dominant ates Inbetiance only under cerain set of esp sons. For example, one had 10 assome tht ‘rat absence repesened one” homony sous genotype. For tle presence, the assertion ‘was thar intermedia expressions wer asso ‘ed with hetrocygour genoypes whereas ronouced expesions Were stocinted with the dominant homozygous gevaype. Thee ‘ssumpdons regi esubsanilconmbuton ‘Hom the envionment to sont oat he ngs of vaiion of tbe Wo genotypes for tit presence. Is pondering the question of how enon mena fictor oul influence i espeson, CGrunebar's (1852) mode of quaiconinocus ‘arition became be mre” paninonious planation for the nate ané inbertance of morpologial tas, The quisiconinsos ‘model olds tat some dsconinus tas have continuous genotype dsiabetons with undeying_ (absent) and. visible (resent) Seales Separated by psiclopl testo. Inpertane aner thie mode! polgenic with genes a many oc teracing to prods the final penorype. Eawards (1960) noted that many medial significant ris suchas cet Tp/palite, pyloric manos, and spina bia, which were rationally ought of a simple Mendelian ais ere quatconnaots vrs with complex ‘modes of inbestane. Even Though thy were not Mendelin tts, they simlsed the bebavoe of simple inketane model Tnanayzing segregation pats of sx ais in $3 Amuncan hie famiee, Seat (1973, 1974) found two tha confoned 1 simple models of iohentance. Canbell's it pe fated Te a simple Mendelian dominant, ‘wheeas casp 7 followed » pate consist With aosomal cessive iheranes. Op coset amiaation i war found that ow-tegueny tits in arn (ez, cus 7) followed sep aon rsios content with or close to the txpections of ecssive inheritance, whereas Igbitequeny tite (eg, Cambell ta) ‘simula simple Mendelian dominant pata. A tol wait requency ina population shold foe have anything w da wah inher ters, closer pers ofthe data sug ‘har moepolopcal wats, which also how = high conelaion bemees ttl tai fegueny and deaecofexpresion, were hesbole iho- ‘omies (Wright, 1934, 196) with comple: ‘odes of inerance, nt point choos: Wat spe modes fines, ‘One ofthe more teling ines of sop for the quasontineeas model cores om ‘he dstibwuon of shovebsuped acseros art ian ofthe American Souhwes. This it METHODS aie oe approximates a fequeny of 00% | Lvieg Southwest Indian groups. Wea Trait Classifications Ge dasbution of graded eat exresions is Ded, & appoximates closely = nomal uve, whic is the precise expection one ‘ruld bv when 2 quasiconinous variant ‘feomie 2 continuous vanane (Scot and ‘Famer 1997). In 1970, Hanis wed gence dels on a wide aay of cow tas Melanesian amis and concluded these ws “he coleon of da on svn on st "pop tego open ions Sh tar eseation, Tas deine fos iy om te pce son fhe wat {nti ange of raion In sesné fom Ey ws oon reel cvs md Protnced wat exenioan The pele Si is ppc a eres fen ee emiconimoar arene wi comics "MAA ron i ht oes ohn Si finer a ‘Kolaowsi ta. (1980 and Nichol 199, PRpownc’ sprsions Tn his came. paper on shvel-hopet 1990) plied methods of complex $9 incon, Hedligka (1920) ited the pro- on stalss to te problem of mompho- src te z Sen nent taeda eon Sc mat meanest fend sone 2 a ‘opel nkcanes_ mf foan ome Stoveing wu cel ot ject © ‘cons fat mir gen ae ole! {Sop irl Gna its ged om cet Shem pronouns, ba een thse ‘Fs hve jo pes aig a a evelopment. ii sl ot posi © tese SNEMES may ais a dewlonen. loot pat Sitar sa ool a 1) no shovel, 2) trace shovel, 3) semni-shovel, wominmei Pv sc mn ae 2 im he amend of dent gnete ose Daher ised eso ssn plas fom he Zale Cnn Ging tat ne ined binge Sl coizecy ote sy of mabe mology bak ¢ song, Hea son x human popinons. One se ‘one Dues cated iss owe vee + imetaes saosin, ome camct Ra" nce sas Cons beta pe ni Str be poco, Daeg Serco + Feguacooimosima eberwy'o sole nih moe gas of ta pes, Shoe poplin tough tbe Te Canes ple, eek ad Scofoaont geen Antal mit ahence (ade) ad sven dpe ak fear) ecw te hess ec om Yer ah poo! a i 0 fing eat sence om tat proms, ge fnesandng sin Ts. pemeyid ths coe number sie ete pln in sce, sl pa eh Comins ania be fle aps of posi epson Fr te poopie ton unig al ypc fr geo green wow Spc Pace 80). Sara toda + npr ad eter tat fe- Bulg" te snecing fos of {osu ingurci deedbybek: Deb, rity 6, Tuner I lee wo foo, don sowng pe sand pau fo cap 6 sb cap Erhivcioal umber ef iil) 1970. Ths ta epee the Bt Sep Se uly uc parma fecha wht wall eeme he Azone Site ‘Shane pncte wenaonanrngUsverty Delton? Sem ot terete pou goup. = ASUDAS (lamer cals 181. Tome + Twin nd family sis indicate dentalconcer with hisses, developed an exten- five series of wai clasificons tar included ‘tony ero ast sz wor as. Inco Taboo with ASU, Dahlberg et ison plagues o be duplicated ad csr ae Sih the new ASU vai clsiewons. Tuner tal. (1991) provide a summary ofthe entre ‘tof casifations developed at Chisto and ASU. These plagues have been disubuted tought the werd and are fen erpioyes in he study of living, probs, and fos hominid populations, T developed several ASU standard plagues (shoveling UD), UD: bere deuate Ul. UC; distal socessory sige UC, LC; mip lingalcass LPL, LP2) as part of my disse ‘lon (Seo, 197). The principe io sting ‘pal chssibeaio ae as flows: + Fnda disine ic This ca the the form of saperumerry celusl cusp, a0 coesory ne, arin ober, + This shouldbe expressed in aconsis= ent manner on al member of 10th dict in some cares, Between toot tits aswel eg. acessory ridges 00 ‘ecu suie of premolars) + Once sti isoied vrsion should ‘be examined in numerous cans nd sh tons represen peograpaly divert popalaions + When heful range ofexpresion as bees sample, find wet ha expos absence nd the mot pronounced dese of ait expresion. “+ Alt the omer and upper tours ae ‘em esahised, od addonl examples ta gradually inca in expresioe fom fe (sence) maximal anes, (eae, making some eon 1 hep he ie irene appoximaaly et Gg 94, “The mamberof eras fora specie tits ued by is ove ange ofexpesion, ‘2, premolar mesial and dtl aceon ‘idgen vary to a modest degre in tat (cst absence and thee dees of pe. Feces adage. For wat ht som 2 lage tange of expression, such ar Shoveting, more grades ae called for (cnywhar fom ve sven as a ‘Use examples fom the specie tot you a irene in, not jt eames fiom the toth diet where the tit ie expesed, The ASUDAS hypocone plague inlodes expressions of thi eat (on UM and UM2_ and dbase Workers 10 adjon their obeerion. ‘To avoid such sdjusinens, exh uper nolan should bave it own plage for Typosone variably. ‘The Fria clasieaton fo shovel staged incisors provides ap objet Ison foe a fal to wold in seting up 2 senda plague ae Fig 95). Daa on Aerian Indian shoveling caleced on the bint of the Hriitka= Dabibere scale shows 9 csubuton hat is sony skewed to he right Typialy, he fl shovel category ranges fom 75% to 55% wih caresponingly small wales for see td erishovel and Bailly no aheene sxpresions. ArT developed an eight gade fell for shoveling and sed sa he bass or uke on rn del ae ct ge an he poe se ‘Chattcken pa nero ss pmnoat ec Povey percanie oredt | | owe 5 Men hag in An dis tne iD ade a enn Fa ae sivas moonroof ects Fer steed ent em coting sta on Soutwes Indi bes, ewe picts emerged. Wid absence and oninned shoveling (rae 7) fing che reaper of vain, te ditibton (Towing tm Amesan Indians west fom (Lmeriy skewed 0. approximately normal (Set, 1973 Sep and Tuner, 1997). “Another pace 10 avoid is witcha aon sth eof fret manifests of sige tas spare variants. AC. Bey (96) dope this approach for Cambell’: ic whee she ints “Canbel's pit presen” {Cabell curp present” a wo sepa © vetibes, She alo considers “poove pater, ‘Yon lar and "oove pea X on molar ae separ is. Each it should be rep rected ely once in a population malas | on a ingle member of te eld i coxa “fa The any given individ hood have aly ne grade of Canbel's tit and fo Sicance analysis oly the tai quency 00 ashlee, row and Rot Traits Te foowing se of wa can be wd a8 0 {ng psa in any popelon sy. The ‘ion or subtacton of varibles fom tis pho bead by the problem at hand. te casifesions of most wails, with des {Son of ach gre, canbe fon in Tamer . ta (1991), Her I provide a ei hare ‘Séeaton of each vadable alongwith some ‘onary notes. Moxilay inelsors Ut winging. This tits one of te few moe: Piologal cancer tat 6 ot eee {Eee on crown oF ot Inset, winging is Gee by te nation of he uppe central focor socket (Dabber. 1959). Rater than presenting + Sa of sgh parabolic ace, he dial bode of the abil faces of the coal inion are rocked owas 2.90). ‘Wingigafequeat iin Asan and Asian ese populations (especially Areican Indians, nota fiacon of anterior coo Crowding inal bat few nsances, geneity sed bila wingiag can be distingisbet ‘eat fom eae at reat fom crowding [ype thse re mach mor asymmetric, [x fubtanial age of vasauon occurs from Sieh wingiag to pronounced biseral winging, ‘ot ts bs no been coi on a plage ‘Minimal, a observer shold cls he tit {alent sight moderate, o¢ pronounced. CCounervinging. whee he dsal bordes of he ‘eis unin sar tan ox (Dsibers. 1963, ‘Sone wel as uel wining bec is, Coos is ofen te eu of swing274 cama. norerecor ‘Shoveling. Technically, the desciptive tem highly sorlated tits. That i it he ‘or this it shoud be lingual marginal siging combination of ingu sidges lons the ia (Fig. 92). More precisely, tht single amt margin and sil margin at form shoe ld be considered we sepuae, albet ing. Ordnaty if you hve a ltpe melsuri dg, you wil ao abe tae Thamar ge on the se oth twee ih poplioos with ow foe Soar tong, some ind my Ee ado with om ge way nt) ‘Thott otc Mngt (95) tered Show e seprlya ow ners ‘Drcaenswfocets of 04788 fr males SST0v917 treme, Given te een $n akewy sve ose wl be inoue and renee pope by sera mel an i Te naling cneition on sting he cst fourgae vale 0 Bria (192 ‘Si baine 1956s geben woe ine wo pega soa of Be ASUDAS ‘oe pons fr Ul and U2). Some ern be fs sate nang hveng Shean ul ele oat ty meaning prof gulf Ts spp sien by Daeg aa ts 5), Se pet tt se mame OF ‘ea ter wore (Aan 197 Aa an ‘on, 9; Meg 185) Tet “sagittis saw oor dene Double-shoveling, Lingisl marginal size delopment is tbe primary charcersie oF Shovel, whens abil marginal diag 1 te Rallmat of double-shovsing. These igs ae never pronounced she lng figs. bute ASUDAS plague has absence fl i degrees of tit presence, Mesa and Ga anginal dg on tbe labial face of incisors are often asymmetieal_ with row and greater expression on the mesial ‘ial ie,Soyer (1960) aed he pase doubleshoveling” 10 denote cases of 'eeh tht exhibued oth Uingal ridges and ‘eal mail labia ridges but ot dial ‘aril nil igo Tuberulum dente, Tobecum pojeions ‘ore bsl eminence of the vo wpe ners "anally hae bees eee wo ae ere, Seve, a Lain pe for ens bers ences a7 ‘These clgular derivatives ke te form of cies ges tbe, both of which can ‘ary Fou slip to pronounced, Anodes apet fhe mi variton the mime of ees, ‘Spesalyon UI but alo UL where one. 10. ore ies might be expeed. This wale ‘Sie na nid of fms invoing eae ‘of exresion and number, onal Week ‘eq sandarize cbse. ‘Despite sifcutis in sandadiaon, his tri rlavely common in Eopean and European deived populstions, makin one ofthe few postvely expesed tis found in this geographic group. Fos hominods and hominid, especialy Neandertals. fen tb bea’ uber and lingual gee Taking ap evaluation of thi evludonary ‘Sianieace aril seach opie Inverspton grooves. Alon ting il borders orbs einen of UI and fone can Bd devlopmstal ars tht ore Imobe baht cowe sade weg 98) However. many ese, the grooves ocr long the marginal ges so thet "ie upton groove bas more gener pliatn, ST elatocaion of tit tit focus Touon (mesilngal oligo, 0 bt) rater than on dene of development (i= al, 190. ‘Maxilary Canines Tuberulurr dental. This wait which was dacs forthe fcisos, alo expresed on ‘he uoper canines (Set. 19771 thou he femioe can exhiie ridges, expression mow ‘fen tes the form of slgho-ponaurced tubercles on the basal eminenc In some ‘aes these bers have fee apes. Distal accessory ridge. This extra ge is expressed on the Dngual sri of he upper famine between the esentl ndze and be (tal marginal ge sone ofthe ev waits ‘hetsnows segment meter ieenee fin frequency and. degre of expression (Seot, 1977. Iealso wear off fy guiky,Fare 94_ ern reco eg oman et os sree raking observations ofthis tit ificaltio idl-ged ad Bushman canine, To avoid ssosmphie esigas, Tarr el (1997) fet th thle asthe canine mes sdge. Neves, tris lad closely the eatne tuber ‘hich oecirs commonly among the Busnes (lors 1975). Ie considered prevent when ‘he mesa marpinal ne iments and joins A denal berle without. developmental rove separ the to fears Maxilary Premolars Uto-Aatocanpromoiar Upper premolar: ‘opially fave two major eampe—one hace 6 one lingual. Fee he second premolr, he rain axes of the two cups usualy ran in Palle Fe fiat premolars, however, she ‘itl magi ofthe Boca cusp often shows 2 buccalward rates, Albough this rotton i common, 2 more pronounced. bucclvard ‘outa of the distal marie with an asocaed fos or pit ise, Monee a. (1979, who Sat destibed this tat in Papago Indians, lieve twas ited to Uto-Azcan speakers ‘te Amevican Southwest Although a few insaner nave since been found oute the Southwest, est cases have been obeered it living” or preistoneUto-Anecanspeskers (eg. Pina, Hopi f Papago. In Tamer ta (0991), hs rebut inerestng vant of UI is ald the intosagital ride ‘Accessory rlges. On the occas sie ‘fe boca csp ofthe upper peolar sory ridges aoe expressed on eer ec "ges we more common than mesial cron ‘Spe and the second premolar hs 2 ‘Regency of niges than the i pena ‘These ies vary in sine, but the ngs cexpeson i oo limited to dive he eat Seto aay more thn abso and two or tne degrees of tt presence. Accessory ges ae fometines evident on the Tinga xp, bat these ae fr les common than ge co Se ‘cel exp Odentomes. This accessory coral hee can be expressed on the upper and lowe premolar. Loested in the cents [Foove, becween fe busca aod te nga ‘pis cone-shaped tere st off 2 poimed sete, but it does wes deh Sime. Even though it seems to be pil enamel, a wor edoatme shows 2 ditt ‘St Lawrence Inland Eakins have pets the hishes feqeencies of odonomes recorded, For the upper premolars, he dence sf 205% (18/88), whereae the lw enolar equeny is 14.18 (10/71) (Sotnd Gilispie, 2000), Prise Kodi Bande have fequenis of 22% (3/229 for tpper premolars and 3.7% (9/242) foe lower enol (Seat, 1997. Based on these 40 ‘ifs. smth upper o lower premolars fr tbout equally ely to exit odomomes. inion word populations, his tat rae Upper premolar root number. Upper pe mola can expres ve, wo, or he indepen ‘eo fot, Tis varaton i, Boweve. ited ihe mos pa tthe oper fre premolar ‘UPI should only be considered 0 have c#0 feos when the ileradiular projection Sunde fom 1/4. 1/3 of tol oot eng Former, 181) In the usual case of thee fooed UPI, two mots ae Bacal std one is Tngel palling the stern of UM oo. Maxitary Molars ypocane. Exiy in primase evolutionary Nats per mols ned OEE aor ey Icons, pancone, and metacone) that tande up the tigon, ‘The hypocone was an inal ct that orignas fom te disoin- -alcngul (Gregory 1972) Ineentines, fe hypocone bas been weed as one of four Imsjor cusps of the upper tol, But i, inficsa liteevolionry aon that i in the process of being subwaced fom the ‘pet molars of moder hams Fg. 99) ahlbers’s claiction of the hypocone lncloded ides 3 (hypocone absent). 3+ (Gone form), 4 hypacone reduced), and t ‘hypocone nora asa). Tie sale Was the fauncason fo a new elssifcaion that had aheenoe and five degees of tit preseace (Laon, 1978. Forth rle, are Lnvoved ttypocone otine btn ee-sanding cusp on ‘heitolingual ur ofthe potocone. Gade 2 ke Dalberg's gade 3, involved the breseace of smal eonule wath a fee apes. aes 3 through 6 present bypocones of incsting sae altbough the os of UM and ‘Ua eramples made the plaque sfc 19 Fre 99 Ut and (ME bee oe en rd 1 pine 2 ene 3 (ete ad ‘hp neve Soe eo Corals tat, This wherclum projection is a cingular deve on the mesoingul agp of the upper molars. Tt ranges in sie from a slg defected developmental rove toe large fie-taning cup ta amos the sie of he hypocone Fig. 9.10) The tesholé ‘Servers may disagree on what consis Aheence or presence, In populaion sri. rade 3 rofl ed asa breakpoints avoid thie pober, Tr upper mola, he ypical wear gains bcd ingual. When the potcone i worn down 19 1/3 or more of tual crown height Cbvervaions on Carel it are iu 0 take If thi factor i 20 taken nto aeount the overall fegoency of Cambell tat Wook! be sesouly underestimated. Cusp 5, This secon csp located on he sal marginal nage of te upper moss tetween the maucone and the bypocone. ais and Bali (1980) refer to tis variable ‘ibe saconle Once agi, lrg cusp 5 is vey dante, bat sight expressions of thitcare sb, ane as sll vrical fooves extending down the distal sucace of the molar. Ae with many supenameary oc Sal cos, cusp can wenr down relatively (quickly, making observations ifieut in sideFp 910. Yao he epmon fC ad (9) on ses ap exis sh Mesia marginal accessory tubercles. Taree tubules can developalong te mes mare Fige ofthe upper mola. Those tubercles ae ‘ssid. in tu, wi he porcone (esi Dpracone nberce, the peascone (provoeo- fue and the marginal ge betwen he pprcooe ad he prowcone (maxi arcestory Taber) (Kanazawa et al. 1990, 1992), Athough thes bers canbe dict ‘eof obscured by wearin cary alo CObserons on chileen and aol yield the mow retble reso for a ‘marginal ubecles. Enamel extensions. The cervical enamel line ofthe mols typically rons a seittovizooal couse fen the mel the dist usin ofthe upper mols. I some inanes, Tower he exam line defect tovard the reocn eae separating the mesial and ial foo. Ths exeasion ange rom gto pro- touoe! defections, wih the later sometimes terminating in an enamel par. Tis variable is mafet on both he buccal side of the per and lower molar, atbougl focus in fopulaion sudies is usually on the upper flan (Tune ea, 1991, Unger moler root number The wpper ola anchored by te minor at (ro baccl and one fingual). This acest cone iin hs characterize primes foe mlions yeas. Tastee ood condtionrbesically ‘invariant on UME, s this oth fas exit ‘he pe of variation tha sue] fr making ‘mpulsion comparisons. However, UMD it Drymerghic, wih one wo, or eet fea possible, Redoced rot aumber isnot ‘ecompnied by ae los of root cones but {arb te fiion of Wo ore cone. 10 ‘ord oe aumber, ech dint root shold Ive an imecsadcuar projec (futon) stat 1/4 0 1/3 along the total length of tie roateomples Manabu incisors ‘Shoveling, Mesl snd ial Kngual mains ‘gear ot mid the upper sors. They a ab he expres inthe lower incor bat ‘oamach se neat Part of hi batble 1 oth sew the upper ino: ae aboot 509% ae than te owe noe, As soeing cpmson dows high comin een the ‘per and he ower intr (Sen 19773, UL te ayo or populous ‘wo other uate ofthe upper incisor — raping and _tberulen dantle—can be fu in ow foes, bat because ofc, exacts rely sco hse rao te wet Mandibutar Canines Dsl sscessory ridge. Lower canines are ‘scifrm and morpbologialy implied, However, one mively common discrete tit 'Sexpressed on he igual surfs becwen he ‘moan ridge and he stl mapa dee. Ae {Ta found on the sisal lobe seat i calle a ial aceessory sige, Like the come sponding igeon UC his tai shows signi ant sx flrence (Kier and Pron, 198 Noss etal, 1985; Seat, 19770). Ax cown ear ofieaingacs he dial siope of the incisal edge fis. this feanre can wear off uy in i ‘Root umber Upper and lover incisors along wi upper atines, ae one rote eth. (Ofthe amar et, only he lowecain xi bis multiple ot in polymorphic feaeaces. ‘To be scored asa cw0-oked Toth the i coon of he boca nd lingual oot conte Should occr in no less tun 1/6 w 1/3 of total oor length Fg 9.11). This wats ne of the few that is found ost commonly in Eopeans (Seat and Tamer, 1997) Lingual cusp number. Lower remeae lnvarably exhib ingle baceal carp mith vellseveloped fee apex. However, exensive Yaron ooru in the expression of the lingual cap (or csp). In contrast 0 the upper premolar, where tbe lingual cusp is ree efecuely on he median nde of he ‘cel cusp, lingual cusp exprasion on the lowe premolars sf more aymmenical end vasble. Some lover fst premolars, (or crample, have a Ungualeagp fed 1 che feral cusp that leks a fe apex. More commoaly he lingual cup ie welh developed Sd sues a mesial poston on the con. fan ext lingual cusp occur, it i wealy sited on the ge extending ily fom ‘he peimary gual ciep. This esta Lng csp is typically smaller in overlie and lowe onthe octal plane than the pinay lingual eas. although these peiciples apply to both LP and LP, the ext ng earp is farmore common on LP2 (Fig. 912) Kia and Fir (1953) dese 17 discrete ‘rable forthe owe Sst premolars, chidingxm lingual isp. Following tei eral efniton of wha consis & Ungual easp (any independent apex. no mater bow sth), ‘many ower premolars would be sored" {pl nga carpe even hovph pene vr ton in the sie positon of Hoga usp is ot aken ino eeount. Lag (1957) deiner even ts, inlaing mule lingual cups, forthe lower soond premolars. These worker: ‘how tht wef napped vaaon say cocuiohe lowe premolar fel hat har ‘ot been expla ul to da Fox developing new tit lasfeatons, the lower premolars tv ged pace to esi Accessory ridges, Like th upper premolar the ocual suces of the boca cur (roe od) an exit ether mesial rit mes tory ridges on the accessory le semen of ‘he lover premolars. Mesial and inal ges ‘hoold be scored separately, eventhough ey (do ex some love of interacon. With th Tied range of varaion in ie, bene ad wo or tree grades of presence ae consid Pogue to sere thes ides. COdontomes. These cororal tubercles sescrbed unser mailary premolars Temes" root. Although lower ft prem: fn exit wo oot, te expresion of Be Secondary root i ferent from appar"oe mie mc tenn ac on en ‘Sipe esi eben men = pce memoir where diinct woot ae sscitet ‘i tet major exp. The lower Sst ee= ‘ola, by contest, ray exhibits 8 dst bifurcation along s busolingaal pane, When ‘0 row with slighti-noderte separation sm evden is usually involves a division of the disoboccal and Lingual rt components (CS. Tomes (1889) war the ft to seis this roe vacant at bets is ane Mandibular Motars Fypoconuldfeusp numbef. Lower mors ave ive majors: 1) preiecond, 2 meme 3) hypocoi )eascoad and 3) hype. ali Fg 913), When there vrconincuep ‘samba ic involves the hypocoaulié or up 5 As wid the hypocore, the ypoconlid was th Last aon to the pine lower molar stova and isthe st be rece inl or lined akogeter Although the bypocon 4 varies in sie, mo workers por dhe fnqueny of four-cuped or vcore LMI iin aly workers tke Willis King Gregory (0922) pores cus number sequence for the lover mol. Hipker primates and ealy hominiés remined the hypoconalié for the ‘ow parts they nee cbanctand ts 5-55 (verte course of amin evoltion, te ff usp was often los, epeilly om the second Imola A cusp umber sequence of 5. iS, or Sut-4 wold charcerze toe ving populations Groove patter. In the Jower mole the nor caps a sepaced by dep Sasures ot Sevelopmental groves The fue pater varies ipa mater tht impacts easp contact 2 te coal aclu pit In higher primates, the mos commen patern involves contact beeen csp 2 and. Dring hominid eel toa hs pate stared changing, epeilly fee LM. Ip ena humans, i omnon for usps 1 and 4 1 come in contre Berseen these two putes tee ie atid and Tess ‘commoo aleratve whee all four carpe ome ia contact ata single pot. Cevove pattem, ind by malor esp cont, i cheiog at Y@-3 cont, X (1, and +(1-2-3-4) Gorgense. 1985, Although 90 evidence suppers song correlation between cusp nimber and groovepanera, Gregory (1916) linked the two nits Cbgeter in. hit fanous Dropithecus YS puter. For Miocene homo he dsc ton was ance as ost early apes had fe Iajor cusp and 2-3 cusp conte. Tb fac, tow moder humane exit ve cusps and 3 pote on LMI The noteworthy changes simact LM and to vore extent LS ‘Cusp 6. The modsl numberof cusp in he Tower molars ie Bre. However, a revely common supermmerry cup is postionsd Tecweee the etoconid (usp 4) and the Iypocomlid (usp 5) ried fo a8 cusp 6, of the aberedum germ. On te ASU plague, ‘which bas grade O ad Sve depres of tit Drsence Cb is jiged mlsive to the ze of (C5 Fé is sal lave w C5, rae 1 is tssiged. It is boat bal be ie of CS, ben {ele assigned to pad 2, whichis by for he ros common expression the lower fist ‘ols. Grade 3 i eed when C5 and CS ae Set Se resered fer those uncommon Jnsances where C6 exceeds C3 in ie. ‘One complaint leveled agains the ASU coassifcation focuses on te sve of wheter the presence of C5 i oe to have C6. ‘The ypoconullé (C3) immediately dial 0 Gnd say associated wit te hypoconi, ence the nae hypeconub. Cusp isimsned- ely data othe enoconid nd, comesponé- ingly sleet as te enoconlié Tames, 1970). Cusp 5 expeily when lng, can be ‘crneed pareclytereen the hypococi and the entoconis. More commonly, Hower, the Inypocond les mre diecdy behind the bypoconi, witha positon more buccal han ngoal Whaif he sngle dial eas is sted ‘end the entoconid, otha position is more Tingal tha rial bora? When tis ccurs sme observer fee hit sigmals the presence of cusp 6, even tough theres aly 3 Single dial csp fhe observaton val, the eect on populision studies would be rela tively minor Beene aly apis w LMI, the ey tooth for cusp 6 equencs. However, thee cou be a secondary raison fer the 1 LB cusp number. That, Woes old a Sify LM as fivecusped een though ea asp may be OS and oot the hyoco ‘he defining sal asp er the varie oy umber Cusp 7, Assond sepemamery cp of lower molar icp Tote tbr medias tse Deween cusps? at ‘ASU clasifation, the plague has since (aude 0}, grate LA, and four gras of tat presence (1-3). Gade 1A Ras sive ten Problem a 8 asocaed with he dal oe met ofthe metronié—hence fe mane osemeeonuid Its alo hema cmston expression ten By cusp 7 onthe decd Tomer second mol Gene (1981) poms st that some lover molars exibit bot spose retaconuié md wedge-shaped csp 7,1 {hey cooeear oo te same tot, ty carer be considers single ait For tha nm, 1A expressions shuld be. ssomd, bt for opulton comparisons, worker hl foe eve radon wedge-shaped cy 7 frat ‘videnced by mde | tous 4 (ig 9.8) Protos. This cingular derivative, often fssociatsd wih the bucal groove beeen the pretoconid ane th hypocon is oewed fo. the. mesibuccal comp of the lovee ‘ols (Dalberg, 1950). In aon wpe tHe cingular expesions, Dakfbry (1956) Included buccal pits a grade 1 ins chs feaion. Athoogh the ASU saad follows Datiber'sclasaon fll. incodng buco pie at grade I, no evidence suport the inclusion of negative pits wat Posie ‘gular expressions. Although bac i ould be soured, ther use in esimaig population fequencies of the ptosyhid i ‘oeeonabe Detecting wrnie. The ese ie of the mucoid ually runs a stuight count ffom the esp Opt the cea ool pt lower, in some ess, tis ie begs i fimo ssi nemacon befor chai ous toward the coer ofthe too, be,eee 34 Cup lan een bela ei ftee a \Gename detecting wrinkle Although the ASU ‘Sundud icudes grade O and thee depres f gade presence (Tamer eta, 1991), ost oes bes on grade 3 expressions. Th Key ots for deecng wrinkle observaons ik [DML Iti ena 0 nd thie tis 00 LM2 es, oot number (M1). Tae moda oot umber ‘eer vo. whom alo Rock soos ar often present on stir ot prouting ther or four el Wetdpoptnions amos avaye adhere 0 ‘smal ot amber, but he is sper {mean rot tat can develop onthe Unga ‘ork of tds ror, ene. the are dst |p Sag Ashe ex ot makes fe oth taseoud, the tal (soften tered (on i tnd fGen at 3RMI (hee Toot lower ot mar, This ext root, which Is mom common in Noch Asians and Estimo-Aleus, tere on LM and LG. Foot number 2). Rater han exibiing feta root, LM2 often shows a redaction it root aumber. The ar thee way ha Co- ‘oot lower mola’ rots ean fet reduce 2 Snglezooed tout. Tae root cones may fare along the buceal axis, along the gual ‘or bor. When root fsion pretues the expression of dependent rots for atleast 1/4 to 1/3 of tol root length, the tooth is asia single ote, Observational Methods (nce atnitsthas ben chosen fora poption sey, the worker bas to desde ow o Bet bberve cach it With the exception of shove ing, where tome worker have had successmesunng the depth of he ingul fs (as, 1979 Aas an Rinee 19795, 1575 ‘Bianco and Chakabory, 1977; Dattberg and Milian, 1947, sf as Seon et rmeasre teh op a8 intel scale (but sot TTavee ca, 1973), For mod vals, 90 tana ae contendy pee bean *comson of is and she considerations, tet te mention complaon ined’ by ‘owe wea, cig err, twthbrekagt. iar et al (1870) genie the ie of the typocone dough the ase of poten, ‘i it met iti onsoming expen, td doe nota shape concer pecially for low grades of expression, The meiod sorés well for UMI, which conisealy presses a hypocone bat ies whet for he tore vacible UM and UMD, whee the Fypocone often edued o lox aogier. OF couse. this method regu teh that show very ile we. Became ofthese init ‘ions no worker ne sfopied his eto forscodng vation in bypocone se cr scr tnd eb vale does of pressed when presen. thee dilereat waystocarcteriae population fra pariclar {i Atte mos mclaren beta ized ws present (+) ov abeat (>). Tis fopreach i popular nog Teaches who {ocucon some cri ais. However, dividing tine betwen preset and seen ways “funy” Bey (976259) oo "the Sobioos presence of vt was sored a8 {150 pried tte song ey as ae (0 8 genie minimal expesion of & ert ser tan fo aon” Dig my ‘ueraion reesch, T noted qsesonbie ‘xprelons halon ole othe esol bythe leer L (Seat. 1973). Anpone who is ore own nd ot ai ced in conucr—a be oF not we" Ba he ‘uestion Besa of th diffs inmoad by tesoldexpresions, Tuner (1965. 19868, ‘Tomer et sh 1981) aloe the tay of ‘thing beapoins on ranked sales dicot Ize groupe This wa taped ol is ‘bt pimaly to those where the Hoe Berwin ppsenee and abeence was Olumed tog. howling of Cabel’s tai). I wl fade to specie expression on 3 sand Plaque nd you use ts point aS & ba ap oquenie, hi nese be cor ily of dase collected by" differ worn OF coame, whencier pele umbers sd fequencies forall gree ‘xpresion sould be pre, ‘Atough the use of sandaland ranked scales recommended sooney. he we of tanks in population comparison is iy neces. Tuer (19850) developed a xpeston coe method for deni tas a, sme seule equences bas oa ‘reghed aks, Although this metod wes dam on expressivity move torouhly. i wan ever adopted By other Workers in te Bis for vied by ‘Tomer io. lal popuon nae, in te comet of genetic ama, Tush a valve cle! MSA\or be “man core of afta” lndviduals (Scot. 197 Howevedince raisies pclae eign! © analve"Tegueoces ce samp ‘meta 0 didnot the MSA in popu omprions. Although some quniave Inutod to take all ks ito account mig [roi informtion above and beyond oa ai equeney, st soold be emphasized tat ‘gusscominoous wait are bes charcoal by a sing fequeney a6 thi Species he one of the enise pomal “iscbeion (Falcone, 1960 ‘Asymmetry and Counting Mathods Although the Genton is charterized by minor imagery berween the 0 sides of he Sv, teeth 08 opposite sides of the jm— ‘tinere—oan exhibit aiymmery in St ‘morphology, and. hypogenta(congesialy misting th, especially M3). Many works Fae shows thi asyamenry shows no se pe fence so it is refered to a Sct yma rater than as rectal sya (nogue 1985, Sanders and Maytl 1982; Seo, 1980; Van Valen 1962),Given te lack of eon bias in tis spss, thee are tne metods fr searing ‘nd bulaing crown and rot it equa Sid coune: With this method, flowed fea by those who meanae teeth bu ‘ecsinally by thse who observe mor hobgy. 2 worker scons ony left or gh antes for tit expresion. The Caveats often ste tha oly oe side ‘vil be core. bur i eames on hat Sides missing, the toon from the ote Side can be used. Ths matod is the ‘nos efcient in ee of scoring dnd tabulation Because tb aie of eymmeny ‘Sremoved from th process. “Toot count With large collection of loose th tis te ony method tat an be followed when animeres cannot be mated. Bascal, all tet bot et tnd gh ae scored forthe expesion fof os, When the di re tabulated, the population fegueney is based onal Teeth score whee hoy a tines or no Some worker ae this method for desing tat equncies even when sing whole dentions (cass ot Stal Indivival coun: This method combines ements of the side and tooth court Imebods and. provider atonal for eating with he ee of amet. For erivng frequencies based on navi oun all eh ae Scored for ro ac ‘oot tit. Howes, when individual Se scared for 4 wat both animes, ‘nly he anime wih the highst grade oft expesio sued Yo characterize ‘hat indvival The taonale for this procedure i aan vil ha nly @ Sings genotype dein dental deveop- ‘neat If evo animes exhibit graes | nd 4 phencrypes, which ofthe Wo test Tele the andeiving genotype of tht individual? Adherent of this metod outed it she more pronosnced pen type that best relecs the endeying ‘eoype The hypotedcal cae above menos 285 would be scored atin the al balton (ot 1, ot 2.5, and ne 1 and 4, he dee ter "akemacves) (Turner and Scot, 1977: Tamer eta, 1981, Although te debate over sport coune ing methods as bees conttous at ines, s0 like asyamery exists i dena morphology ‘ha any metod cap be tied to ave tk siniar resus (ef. Seat, 1980). Tae oaly ‘metiod that has a major weakest ithe toth ‘count method. Given the hgh degre a sy ‘mazy in aonmetic dent tit, a tooth count silly increases sample sae with very Tide mew inforaaon. As sample sine ie & ‘ical elemeat of eimaing sample variance snd eating hypotheses thi method sbould et be followed excep inthe case of loose tet whe thee it n0 other choice. Inthe ASU system. tend count method is prefered alough mss fer ite om tose obtained byaside count Innwaobserver and Interobserver ror Tega sniphforvard maner tach stents how to observe a dine example of shoveling, Cabell’ wat cup 7, or ny otber crown ‘oot wait However, o rake consent obec ‘ations on ranked scales and wo itinguish he ube expesions tht separate absence fom presence, seach on dental morphology equtes experience and cation Inthe lest seve egregious examples of observations fre so far off base tha they ace posible ‘The reason fr such observational eon may be from inexpeence, the lack of adequate ‘openional deition, bai lghing, poor ‘magaifieaion,hareé observations or some ‘combination tees Although researches ely addst soch things. thee isan clement of wan” in the Ssady of deal morptology. 1 donot mean the Sudy of such it isnot scenic is Spy an acknowledgment tha some exper ‘ence i fei wo make handed or tousende Of indiidsal decison on "present or asenttnd "grade of expression when present” Before seting off on any dental mompholog- al sere, woulé Deboove any worker 0 beer ample of ea or skaletons Tors parular Set of waits. Then, fier « oath ‘por, eum to the same sample and epe your obtevatoas. This assessment of ine ‘hserer enor provides a Beochmat for our revearc, You wil Sad that some observations ante repeat vey high evel (903), Shear oer vars pose problems is fonsigat seaming (Nicol and Tune, 1986: Scot, 1973 At tat pit, ou either want 0 hme yor lls oo tat tr cause the most problems oelmine them fom yar tit i ‘Aker gaining expeence and esting Your bli to veplieme observations, you a ready to begin your andy. However, the issue of {nor not ently behind you. When 300 Tabulite your dasa eva your ta fe ‘uence, you shold so assess your resus In te content of comparisons with er Ober ses I you fing a tu shoveling frequency (oF SO in American Tndant Sou sould ‘value your breakpoint a ost workers ve fend thie fequeney 1 be 90-1008. IF you find a cusp 7 fequency of 05 in a Nae ‘Amencan fame, you should lex 08 your Scoring metinds as thst is esha 105 in ‘mom populsons ad only 40-0 in Aca ‘oho have by far the hgbesx quency of ts ‘nt inthe werd (Sea Tomer, 1997). POPULATION STUDIES Detining a Problem Sis of popalaion vain in dent mar ology come ina varety of fms. Worker ave variously focused oa 1) 2 slog waa ‘one population (Chagla, 1960; Curzon, 1973, (Curzon eal, 197; elico. 1979; Golstn, 1931 Joshi eta, 1972; Kosi and Hala 1982; Shaw, 1977; Townsend and. Browa, 1981; Townsend et aly 1990} 3) mule sis in one popolaion (Bait etal, 1968; Campbell 1925; Goldstein, 1948; Hans tal, 1975; Kal nd Pras, 1981; Kin tnd reson, 1981; Meyball et a, Ist Mooress, 1957; Nelson, 1938 1049, Thomsen, 1958) Tuner and 1977); 3) single iin mole popes (Catponet, 1963; Helitta, 1920; Jorgen, 1955, Kens, 1059; Moris, 1970 Soe, 1977, 1980; Swouh and Saki, 196, 191 “Treman, 1938; Tuer, 1971); or 4) malig > ts in mltiple populiions Gewese cal, 1989 K-Honra, 1977; 7. Hann, 19805, 1990, 19510, 1991, 1991 5h, 10908, 19922, 1993; sh, 1993, 20m, 2006; Richards and Tete. 1979: Seo ad Dalberg, 1982; Seou et al, 1983, 1985, Sofeer el, 1972, 1986, Turner. 1983, 184, 1985e, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1980; Zubr and Khaldceva, 1979) ‘When workers make observations on desl morphology, this # wally in Be con of # problem or st of problems. Howe, one morpbologia sudies ae desea ‘tre. To observe, tabulate, and ep frequency of tat in = poulion i nt x problenvinted approach, eve bough sch Cescpive dies am ull when eer ‘sseshe data in broader population nasi ‘ltbooph mos denial marboloia a Iyses focus on beweee-goup companies, some within-group analy i posse. Foe trample, you i «sample fom oe pap lnton, seven! ies cou be added 1) ex ciffeenees—do mules and females show Ngan dlfennces in the foguncy nc txpession fa morpolopcal wa? 2) focus tng asymmery—do diferent mortoasal ‘ibis show the same levels of sym ae some wait more asymmetic tan ‘then? and 3) i inaction dient ‘morpoloscl wis inte same and ities folie show signifest conelsions or = ‘hey expressed idependeaty of ope ano? ‘Should erm dimensions be measured log ‘with morphological was, one can att ‘wheter tse reerpressed ingen) (of toth size If your sampe is compel of families or twins you can adress. gente ‘Sues tough intemal coreatons 20dconeariance~ discordance rates ia MZ and D2. (win ser of wich ean be wed to esimite ety. The pin is ha ou can dens some problems if you only have a single popuiion sample a your daposal. However, {Pyou obser muliple samples, you can enpoy mats of compare alas and is 2 wide range of problems. ve the pas toe deeaces, mos sais of denal moppologal vaiaion have fcased “npmblem of population oii snd aion= Sipe To a pioneering efor. Tumer (1971, TBE, 1984, 19858, 19855, 1986s, (9866) ened museums acoss. the Weser Hemaphere io observe ele sees for mn sn oot mogholog. His gal ws 1 Amine whee eth could a nigh the problem of Naive Amedean ocigin. Tt ‘vt in is context tht Tuer kite clla- era withthe igus Josep Greenberg and the genic Steven Zegura who colectively Nermaled the Uimesave model for the oping ofthe Americas (Grenberg eta maser, Cvall-Sfora et al. (1994) found ‘ung support fee he t-te model using ‘ver 100. nuclear alleles. Altbough recent IDNA snd Y chromosome studies may halenge th three-vave mocel i remains & tommon sang point for dncosiont of New Worl semen ‘Whar be ued is tention Aa, Ter 11976) found dena morptology didnot ‘appr the long-held notion thatthe Zomen. up's Neola population, were ancestal 1 der panes populations. He ged tht ‘heJomon were acetal tothe Aina who ad been peipeind slowly to the norher ‘sms of Hokhido and Sakhalin. The snes ‘am of the modern Japanese poplaon were ved more ely om the Ain msnand rng he Yayoi intsion of 200 8 Despite ‘nl esac to hea, Jpanere den trope subsequently stppored is nding GK Hamar. (992: 7. Hania, 190,191,191, ating te coe of more intensive work Ain Atal, and che Pai, Tamer (1987, romano sues 257 1989, 19) found dena divide berween North Asians and Southeast Asian. The smerphologial pers for these wo sp ‘refed to Sinodonty and Sunday. ‘pexively. Congarive analyses New Woot populations were derived fom Sinodot acesors in North Asia wheres Polyrsians and Micronesians wer derived from Sundadon group of nr and mand Sous si In is we of sanded metods to make servations on tousands of invita, for ‘ores of spies sou across Asi, the Paci. andthe New Wot, Tuer eleva the soy of dena! morphology 10 a hight level. Now, geneias snd crores ado pay end deal rts ecise of their rly in astesingpopuon ‘laonshign, The wok of Kish (193, 1997 196, 2008, 2006, rsh ad Teer 19 6 ‘Affe and Laka (1983, 1987 1988, 1969) Sn Hawley (1998, 200) n Inia, log wi Sepals ree aed nope Yaron Sco end Ture. 197), bough most rece side fos on pop lon reasons. evo areas wher dental orpbology bas art but untapped promise te 1) adsense and 2) ei en- feion in forensic comets. Elgar 2002) has demonstra this promise in her seach ton Exopen, Alan, and Afca- Ament estos. Admixed groups show nemeine Grown and rot tut equnces, bu the pe ison wit) which we ean tse tee als Teguies more rca fn his texbook ot foresicandvopoony Byers (2001) has one smal able upeuing how a ew del es Alferamong Baopeas, Acs, and Asians represen only the tip of te sceberg on ow morptology could be wsedo ey nd vidual et ain in forse comes Living or Dead? ‘The fst 10 years of my carer involved te analysis of thousands. of denal cass fom ‘Soutwes Indi tribes and Ameen whiteamily and twin samples (Seo, 1973; Seat, and Dahlberg, 1982; Sco aad Pour, 1984 ‘Scot eal, 1983, 1988). Over te past 20 {years my fous has shied amos ently 10 Stele collections fom the Amarian Age and Nort Adanic (Seat, 1991, 199; Scot and. Alexandenen, 1992; Scat and itp, 2002; Seon ea, 1992) snd, more recvaly, from Spain, I have also ken Sivanage of the Special gun of tat and Compared the denttons of extinct and extant Kodiak Islunders Seon, 1994), With thie lexpeince have gained several ings io the advantages and imdvanages of staying cass and ele casts Advantages. As cass ae cbisined fom living populations, you cas exh your owe agenda ia tems of sample size and age pole ‘Because of filings, we, ab oth les many ‘workers wo call mprestion focus ni ren aed teanges whose crow moriology Js Tes impute by the ravages of ame ahd discs IF you have the scores an 3 Popa Iioo's approval, you can ebain thousands of impressions like Aland Thelma Dahlberg (ig among th Pima Inns, With les ine nd more limited ecoures, ii il feasible 1 calles one or wo hundred impresons, ‘wich is ge enough sample to provide a 800d poplaice charset, Disadvantages. Unil 1 sued Basque and Spanish cast in the summer of 2005, 1a forgonea oat major dindvanage of caste you can ony observe cows tals. Moreover, ‘Etiough condone vary between populions fasts fom ving popalaions poe sigiean problems for serng some ite, Ts problen 1s especially tue for groove pater ud otber ‘vasabis Joeded pomaiy on the cul surfaces ofthe premolars and mol fn eet Dopulaions, caes hat been rampant. 0 Significant fetion ofa sample i lot bewane Slings obscure a at's lots. Final, if you have only eat, that means you hive m0 tengo vacation to speak of, 5 pbs of micrvelton cannot be asics, ‘Ske ‘Advantages. A big advantage in suyng ‘elealrmnin te incon of an ase Jn your morpbosial protocol. Root vasa cm even be observed Whe & oth hee Equal ipo sth ably ost gd seres dsufbuesd trough time, vis ‘mats posible evaluntemitoecitonay changes inthe denon. Disadvantages. Dowasies exit te stay of skeletons. Forexampl, a palgraphic ‘et of ie is tut once individ save Infncy hey usualy ve un middle ac dultood. Any given skeleal calcio ht 8 relavely small percentage of chiles nd teenage, etary those individeals whee tech ae leas impacted by disease and vex Dental ation i major limiting corn the ey of colton Beaute air hun populations wore down tet fst amet Taser rae than modern popolaion. Even it selgively young india Gate weal 20s), we th protoconeis wor, pre oe vations on Carbel's rat am leu ‘make. in aiden © wea, poxmonem ot Tos lao ast to reduce sample san. Are SSngl-fooed anor teeth are peily abject to potmonem ss, te uae Sample size for als such as shoveling nt ‘mbercalen dele ave rood gray. The ‘ulooied mola, especially root tis, ‘yply ve the largest sample sas. Th, {Esould be ome a ind tht 100 sles ‘wl not provige a sample of 100 forte sas you ae ceria ‘To ise sampling inion of il ‘emans, cbseatons on 155 St. Laws Isind Eskimo shleons yielded the following sample sizes fora sundae of tte Ul shoveling 29), UI tubecalum dale G8), ‘UC isa accessor ge (4), UPL odoncmes (Sb, UME bypocone (70) UML Cartels ‘mit (58), UMI cusp 5 (4, LPI mlipeling cope (54), LM detains weak 26), LM hypeconli (70, LM grove pe (63) LMI cup 6 (43), LAA easp 7 (8), and tace-notd CMI (39) (oot and Gilles 003). These number indeate tht wis on the amex et ean be Score in stow 20% of the til seca sample, Premolr us we omerhat beer, ying samples sizes of tout 308, The multinoied mars iid te thaze simples, bat eves ba ony 35-60% ti et fom the tor sample ae seorble ‘Toe varinon in fequencis between emits Tosca tey a impacted vaaly by cows rer toth lose, and oer envionment tHe, Byway of const in asample of 1528, Pima Iadan cass, about 80% of the tl ‘ample could be observed for ULL shorn, ‘UMI Cabell’ ti UMI poco, LM ‘asp namber, nd LM easp 6 The only tit EM tht wae invely ited was srove tem a 50%, sopping the err point on the flan of linge onthe cea saris of ‘A sa pout in he cath) debs wher tf ese soi subd shades of ‘hopcogyon cas oron al eet Forte, (he oe of 8 ood gh ad a 10x magaiving lens a highly eesommended, Given tbe sme ‘herons condone is ard 0 ay ether has sor advantage Casing enor can bean issue a ar bubbles an obscethe ee whee A nici scored. Uneated casts present 2 Yr) hl appernee, so many dents ab hem ‘wihbaby powder develop seca fo enanced ours. Pesonly, 1 fin it easier 10 make ‘hnenaions on ext wea With baby power batts may bea marer of tate. Although rel ‘sth ven ses of esting eno, he eral ees fst ght making sube expressions Gia o obser. Ore as to be carl 0 ‘amie the eis oc under good gh om A peesble angles or suble tat expressions ante oveooked ey ‘One etd for studying cown morphology a, do not commend i itor bser- atone in ving individ. NO only do al ‘eth eect ph ut he reflectance i exces ad by the presence of salva Altough Jane exprestone of tit are observed easly ‘iv, any sight aniestaion a hard 1 sore Becatse of ligt issues and the imi ‘uber of views available drag such examin tons Forunely, mos artrpoiogss ape ‘Sate the Linitasons of otra ebsevaons, fo is soot a major problem in dental ‘morphologic sis. Permanent oF Deciduous? (Over 90% ofthe papers published 9 human ental morphology focus 08 te permanent eatiion, Some eearter, in partcuar Kazuro Hana (1956, 1960, 1963, 196) snd Paul Sl (1977, 1980, 1988), pas a few ‘hers (Gane, 1986, 1990: Jarzenen. 1956; Lakacs and Wale, 1984), hve devoted time to de analy of Sesiduos morphology. but they ar exceptions the le nao ely infenal review ofthe Be Losier (1950) setvely cscouragd the stay tha the ae observable on peimary tthe the same as those evident on permanent th, 0 few new isis cul be gained fom the Study of desdvour morphology Although [Lasker wat conto notte oveap betwen ‘rimary abd pemanet crown and root mor pology, deciduous tein do offer another Prspective oa morphologies variaion Deciduous tet, a the developmental recaaos of te pemanet eth, presage mor hologielcharcersis that ar exhib in ‘he permanent denton For example, hilien from sign and. Astan-drvedpopdlaions tien show shovelsbaped primary incisor, tren though the text ae Smale and tat evelopment never races the same level ‘Tas exhibited on dm lo foreshadow the expression of variables inthe pemanent tmolar Geld (Fig. 915). 1 is common to sor Carel cap, the hypocone cusp 5y and ther fears of the peor upp sola: fn dn, The same ue for groote pier, fisp 6 cusp 7, the proto, detecting ‘wrinkle, and sat eigonid crest co the Tower mols. Dahberg (1945) and ors ofenFre 96 Anite tion wd, non UM so et i epi ed an ee ican xis ne pra ena tho nd ee tases considers dial the fit member of te “The mos anus teeth in the primey esto ae the upper and love ist molar The uper fat mole ypicaly a two-sasped ‘oot one buccal and one nal) that shows a gene sir to upper pra alba somewhat wider inthe BL dimesvon, The Tower fis mary moe se most unos aby oot is elongated an ateopetenee izection and shows some tiles to te sectoral tid premolar of monkeys and apes Although these tech ate also succeded by lower premolars, hey do oo lok ike the premolars of mer aman, Although Lasker's comments iy have éscouazed few worker fom consierag ecduows tooth merpology, mote port liming foi spl size. Mos eseachen, who collet cass, prefer individuals with all Uhr permanent teh (except for M3). Ths, they typically focus on school-aged chiles sound the age of 10 yeas of olde. Some deciduous tect ae preset in soc s sample. bot numbess ae lites. AP note, thee ase rtively feu chides ia ahteologea ‘ssemblazes, so this limit the avaleblty of mary eth in this coment. Te researcher want o adds isues with sesidvous denial morphology and there is 2 che ot there for new sien they Have > cllest impressions hom prescooke oe Sndewanepaged chien This aos ‘mined denon and eakances samples for teeth thar ar let exiy (mostly he ico ‘The tec soma eo sane py teeth skal, ot this des rut re lela eobecton with very god peste to provide enough cases take op Sausiclly vad sample How Many Traits? 1s 1950, WC. Boyd used the blood soup systems (ABO, Rb and. MN) to. teas erldvide genetic varition. Rou dees Teer, Cavalera a (1954) aya 20, alles to celieste mona and global ete tieentaion, Livingstone (1991) ‘wll ‘ruedhathe expanded sali mre le {au wrgsreemeers owe as many vais possible in the eval of popuicn Early deal researchers uly foc on¢ Timi numberof deus vribler—pmly Shovel-siuped. incr, opper mor ea aie, Cabell ti and lower mol uh ruber and groove pater. Some augment this Saney wth few atonal ta 2 ince wingog apd loner mer cu 6cas 7, the poet, dsal igo rst, and Sefheing wen {only ingle oo ised tprepsen ach ei he mmber of elas” Cas al beeen Se and Ean 7 Hamar have tational used iro nine mombologal variables ia thei eouision sdies, wit thir emir fects Grrcown tke cl K. Hanan, 1968; pinta, 1992). A recent stady by awumora and Hudson 2005) on Asian Aenal vation employed 16 rats following fame pars ofthe ASUDAS, bathe cade tal ove root rit (UP oot number). In 2 Sy of Eas Alan deans, Tamer (1987) Cherved 28 dental variables, including six ‘not, nan analysis of ancient Egyptian, Tesh 006) uosd 31 denal varbls, not teaming palsine and candibular toc! and fein om, When T had wo aes wheter (te ely period nkubtans of Kodiak Ind (Kacremak cifeed in any significant way {ne ler period peoples (Komisg) 1 sed 2B deal vuabes of which 16 were crown ‘ed were oot eas (SCO, 1991, 1982). If your oserasons focus on dena eas woud conser the following ist of eas ‘imal set key oth alo note 1. Bisel wingiag (UL) 2 Shovel shaped ineisors (UD) 5, Double shoveling (UI) 4 Intepion grooves (UZ) 5 Tuberc denale (UH of UC) 6, Ceres rat UM) 1 Hypocone (UM?) Cusp $ or meaconule (UM) 9. Dis acesory ge (LC) 10. Mile ingulenspe (LP2) 1 Cusp umber faypoconud MILD) 12, Groote pars (L¥2) 33, Cap 6am) 14. Cusp7 LM) 15, Prouylid (LMI) 16, Deesing wainke (LMI) 1 ketal emia ae analy, the follow {ng crown and rot wais should be added to thelist above: 1 2 3 4 s 6 1 nae extensions (UM) UPI mot umber [UM root aber LC rot munter ‘Tomes ot (LP) [M1 root umber GRMI) EME mot mmber Depending on geogphic region, 2 researcher might one or mor ofthe olo- ing its to prac 1 ° Labia onveity UTD) Premolr odctmes (Nook Asia, ‘Ames Arts) (UPL, UP2.LPLLPD) ‘Uro-Aztecan premolar (North and South ‘snica) UPD Butmen eaniae (Aca) (UC) Disa gon est (LM) Marinl meres (UPL, UP2) Mesin and dal scesory ridges (UPL, UPR.LPLLPD) Procconle, mesial acessory tubee, mesial pancooeabece (UM) ‘ein fovea LMI) ‘Concluding Thoughts opeuly, have provided Some direction and gulelns for fume sudents of human dental orpboogy There ara plehor oF imeesing ‘isadal and pocessal sso to aes ‘using own ald root varauon. T sronly ncourge stents 1 evaluate the carat Stas of torphologial sais and thnk of was 1p push them forward. The development fn tt leiatone would be one place {sar The ASUDAS sa foundation, ie the “gst was an eer foundaion Dahiber, tou if shoold ot be considered a fished Doojet Likes large medieval ead,‘workin progress. To complement metodolgl- al advanceneas, sew" pes of pmblems Should be addressed, Ae noted, the uae of ‘wot mapbology a admintre adie andthe ‘nic ideniesion of frese remains se fee grounds for expansion. Evaluating the possible ation of mutual seleeion ot mot: Prlogy is anther reeech sven to purse. ‘Aad, many scbolars ae begining 1 ole ‘nthe same morphological feaues in fas Nomis thar we amie in ving and recent seleal populatons. Delinexing lons-em: ‘eoiuonry tends and asesing how det, Tehavier, and climate impacts erm and rot morphology are on the horn. The fre Say of ental moroigy is ight 50 fr all of you contemplating research ins area 10 ‘uiguow famous Vules, “go fori and prose” REFERENCES ‘Aas IML 1979. 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