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GEWORLD:MIDTERM
LESSON 5: Religion and Globalization Conclusion:
 Globalization has a great impact on religion. As people and cultures
move across the globe, as ideas are mobilized and transported by
Religion- collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and world views that media technology, the religious globalization will go on and on.
establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and to moral values.  It has its pros and cons. People should cope with the flow of information
Globalization- networking and expansion of local products, beliefs, and and choose their own and peaceful way.
practices into universal products, beliefs and practices often through
technology.
LESSON 6:
The most known religions across the world are the following: Unit 2- A World of Ideas: Cultures of Globalization
1. Christianity
 Deity:Jesus 2.4 billion followers Culture – refers to the daily practices of people.
 Founded: 1st C. A.D.
 Founder: Jesus Christ > St. Peter Religion has the most difficult relationship with globalism.
2. Islam Religion Globalism
 Abrahamic monotheistic religious group teaching that there is only one  concern with the sacred  Places value on material
God and that Muhammad is the messenger of God.  Follows divine commandment wealth
 It is the world's second-largest religion and with over 1.8 billion followers  Possibility of a communication  Abides by human-made laws
 Founder: Muhammad with the transcendent  Its “yardstick” is how much of
 Birthplace: Saudi Arabia  Yahweh, allah, God defines human action can lead to the
 Founded: circa 610 A.D. and judges human actions in highest material satisfaction
3. Hinduism moral terms.
 many gods > 811 million followers
 Indian religion or way of life Religious people – less concern with wealth and all that comes along with it.
 No known founder Main duty – live a virtuous, sinless life.
 Founded: 2300 BC to 1500 BC  Detest politics
4. Buddhism  Aspires to be holy
 4th largest religion Both are on the process of globalization but with a different agenda.
 with over 520 million followers
 known as Buddhists  The globalist ideal is focused on the realm of markets and it wishes to
 Founder: Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha spread goods and services while religion is concern with spreading holy
 Founded: 6th Century BCE ideas globally.
 Globalists are less worried about whether they will end up in heaven or
Tools of uniting people all over the world on religious basis: hell.
Books
 Movies AIMS:
 Cell phone apps  Seal trade deals
 Social networks  Raise profits
 Charity funds  Improve government revenue collection
 Special internet sites  Protect the elite from government’s excessive tax.
 Religious schools

Man > secularization Others would isolate themselves to focus on their beliefs:
 It is understood as a shift in the overall frameworks of human condition;  Followers of Dalai Lama – Tibet
 it makes it possible for people to have a choice between belief and  Buddhist monasteries
non-belief in a manner previously unknown.  Rizalistas of Mt. Banahaw
 Mormons from Utah
Religion > going global. Note: These groups believe that living among with “non-believers” will distract
 Migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature of the them and abandon their faith and thus become sinners.
world throughout the 20th century.
 Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites relate to deep issues of 1. The relationship of religion and globalism is much more complicated:
existence. A. Peter Berger argues that far from being secularized, the “contemporary
 Thus, it should not be surprising when religion enters the picture in times world is furiously religious.”
of crisis. Religion – foundation of modern republic.

Religion provides answer to these problems Example:

1. It provides a sense of identity
2. Traditional religious leadership provides a sense of accountability.
3. Religion offers a sense of security.
Questions to ponder:
1. How can religion unite people around the world?
2. How can globalization be a problem for different religions of the world? Or is
really a problem?
3. What is the role of religion in global conflict?
Malaysia – places religion at the center of their political system.
The late Iranian leader- Ayatollah Ruholla
Khomeini - Islamic form is the superior system of government.
Nahdlatul Ulama – moderate muslim association
Pesantren – Islamic school
2. Religion has always been the center of government and conflicts.
A. King Henry Vlll – broke away from Roman Catholic Church and
established his own religion to strengthen his power.

B. Alexis de Tocqueville – French historian and diplomat who wrote, “not
only do the Americans practice their religion out of self-interest but they often
even place in this world the interest which they have in practicing it.”
C. Jose Casanova – religion – source of all political conflicts
3. Religion may dislike globalization but it is using its resources to
promote its cause.
 Technology
 Modern management and Marketing tools
 Availability of English as a global vernacular
4. Religion may benefit from the processes of globalization but its
tensions with globalizations will always be there.
Lesson 7 – Media and Globalization
Globalization – entails the spread of various cultures. (e.g. Films – made in
Hollywood – shown all over the world.)
Globalization – spread of ideas.
 relies on media as its main conduit for the spread of global cultures and
ideas.
 Jack Lule – “could global trade have evolved without a flow of
information on markets, prices, commodities, and more?”
Note: There is an intimate relationship between globalization and media.
Media – means of conveying something, such as a channel of communication.
2
 Internet/social media – is challenging previous ideas about media and
globalization.
 Social media – has both beneficial and negative effect.
 Anybody can be a producer or consumer of information.
 Politicians and influential people created a “herd” mentality, which was
exploited by many.
Example:
Russian dictator Vladimir Putin has hired armies of social media “trolls” to
manipulate public opinion through intimidation and the spreading of fake news.
Conclusion:
 Media have diverse effect on globalization process.
 Media – creating bubbles of people who do not/rarely interact.
 Societies – can never be completely prepared for the fast changes in
the systems of communication.
 Every technological change creates multiple unintended consequences.
 Never fear the changes, instead, all must collectively discover ways of
dealing with them responsibly and ethically.
Lesson 8 – The Global City
Why Study Global?
 Globalization is spatial because it occurs in global spaces.
 Can be seen when foreign investments and capital move through a city,
and when companies build skyscrapers.
 People who work in these businesses start to purchase or rent high-rise
condominium units and better houses.
 More poor people are driven out of city centers to make new
developments.

Classification: Why Study Global Cities ?

1. Print media – include books, magazines, newspapers.  Globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact that it is
2. Broadcast media – radio, films and television. based in places. (Los Angeles, Home of Hollywood, Tokyo, main
3. Digital media – cover the internet and mobile mass communication. headquarters of Sony)
 In the coming years, more and more people will experience
Marshall McLuhan globalization.
 a media theorist who declared that “the medium is the message.”  In the 1950, 30% of the world lives in urban areas
 he meant to draw attention to how media, as a form of technology,  2014, the number increased to 54%
reshape societies.  By 2050, estimated - global cities will increase to 66%

Consider the effect of the effect of the internet/smartphones on GLOBAL CITY

relationships? A. Saskia Sassen
 Prior to the use of cellphones > no way to keep constantly in touch, or to  Popularized the term “global city”
be updated on what the other is doing.  In the 1990s, her criteria for what constitutes a global city is primarily
 The technology (medium) and not the message, makes for this social economic.
change possible.  New York, London, and Tokyo
 New media are neither inherently good nor bad.
 The question as to what new media enhance and what they amputate Homes of the world's top stock exchange
was not a moral or ethical question. a) New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
b) Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)
The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism c) Nikkei
 Television – turning the world into a “Global Village” where all are
listening to the same story.  Limiting the discussion to these three cities prove to be more restrictive.
 This scenario created a cultural imperialism because most, if not all,  Recent commentators have expanded the criteria Sassen used
are American cultures and values overwhelm all the others.  Considers Los Angeles, a movie making mecca and can now rival
 Herbert Schiller – the world is becoming Americanized, value of New York's cultural influence
consumerism prevails.  San Francisco, home of the most powerful internet companies -
 John Tomlinson - Cultural globalization is simply a euphemism for Facebook, Twitter, and Google
Western Cultural Imperialism” since it promotes homogenized,  Others consider something “global” > great living places like Sydney,
Westernized, consumer culture. Australia.
 Defining a global city is difficult, a better question to ask whether a city is
Critique Of Cultural Imperialism: global or not is
 They ignored the fact that media messages are not just made by  “In what ways they are global cities?”
producers, they are also consumed by audiences.  “To what extent are they global?”
Example: Asian culture – proliferated worldwide through media (Hello Kitty,
K-pop etc.) Indicators for Globality
Economic Power
Social Media And The Creation Of Cyber Ghettoes:
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 Sassen remains correct in saying that economic power largely  Sheer size of city populations across the world, urban areas consume
determines which cities are global. the most of world's energy.
 New York has the largest stock market  Cities only cover 2% of the world's landmass but consumes the 78% of
 Tokyo houses are more corporate headquarters global energy.
 China as the manufacturing center of the world  Cutting of carbon emissions may affect food travel.
 Economic opportunities also makes it attractive to the talents from
across the world.
An example solution is vertical farming
To measure the economic competitiveness, the Economic Intelligence 1. Planting in abandoned buildings of cities, more food can be grown in
Unit has added other criteria like: denser spaces with lesser water, cities will be greener.
a) market size 2. Terrorist Attacks
b) purchasing power of the citizens  Major terror attacks of recent years have also targeted cities
c) size of the middle class  9/11 attacks that brought down the twin towers of the World Trade
d) potential for growth Center in New York.
 In November 2015, coordinated attacks in Paris by Islamic State
Authority of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) .
 Washington D.C. seat of the American State Power
 Canberra, a sleepy town but Australia’s political capital The Global City and the Poor
 Economic globalization has paved way for massive inequality this is
Cities that house major international organizations also be considered as more pronounced in cities.
centers of political influence  An example is in Manila, it is common to find gleaming buildings,
a. United Nations (New York) alongside massive shantytowns. This duality may even be seen in rich,
b. European Union (Brussels) urban cities
c. ASEAN (Jakarta)  Gentrification - driving out the poor in favor of the newer, wealthier
residents
Higher Learning and Culture  Banlieue - Poor Muslims that are forced out of Paris and have clustered
A city's intellectual influence can be seen through the influence of its publishing around ethnic enclaves.
industries:  The middle class is also thinning out.
 New York, London, Paris  Globalization creates high-income jobs and this creates a demand for
 New York Times unskilled labor force.
 Harvard University in Boston  Middle-income jobs are moving to other countries.
 Hollowing out of the middle class on global cities has heightened the
AUSTRALIA'S THIRD LARGEST EXPORTS EDUCATION inequality among them.
 In 2015, the Australian government reported that it made as much as
19.2 billion Australian dollars ( roughly 14 billion US dollars). *****END*****
 Los Angeles, center of American Film Industry.
 Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, one of the culinary capitals of the
world, birthplace of New Nordic cuisine.
 Manchester, England known for its post-punk and New Wave bands
like Joy Division, the Smiths, the Happy Mondays.
 Singapore, becoming a cultural hub of Southeast Asia.
 Global cities are now more culturally diverse, an example is having
different type of cuisines from different parts of the world in its vicinity.

The Challenges of Global Cities

 Global cities conjured up images of fast-paced, exciting, cosmopolitan
lifestyles but such descriptions are lacking.
 There are also undersides like their place is a great sites of inequality,
poverty and violence. Like how globalization works, global cities also
have winners and losers.

 Pathologies of the global cities based on the research of Chicago

Council on Global Affairs
 Cities can be sustainable because of their density.
 As Florida notes: “Ecologists have found that by concentrating their
populations in smaller areas, cities and metros decrease human
encroachment on natural habitats. Denser settlement patterns yield
energy savings; apartment buildings, for example, are more efficient to
heat and cool than detached suburban houses.”
 New Yorkers' low capita per carbon footprint is because of its train
system.
 Singapore and Tokyo also have low per capita carbon footprints.
 Los Angeles are urban sprawls, with massive freeways that force
residents to spend money on cars and gas.
 Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai are dense however the lack of public
transportation, and government's inability to regulate the car industries
have made them extremely polluted.