STORYTELLING WITH DATA

How one present ones data

Table
9%
Chart
10%

Bar
Pie
23%
58%

Lastly, we can present data using texts (textual).

WHEN TO USE PIE
CHART
When data can be compared and contrasted to one another
BAR GRAPHS
like a pie chart, a
bar graph breaks
categorical data
down by group,
showing how
many are in each
group

uses either the

number of
individuals in each
group or the
percentage of the
total in each group

http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/06/13
/a-survey-of-lgbt-americans/
Bar chart
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2008/02/28/a
look-at-4-globaltemperature-anomalies/
Histogram
TABLES
data display that presents summary information
from a data set in a row-and-column format
Can make several points at once, unlike bar graphs
and pie charts
TIME CHARTS (AKA
LINE GRAPH)
Examine trends over time
MEASURES
OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY
 Summary Measures
Summary Measures

Central Tendency Quartile Variation

Mean Mode
Median Range Coefficient of
Variation
Midrange Variance

Standard Deviation
Midhinge
Measures of Central Tendency

Central Tendency

Mean Median Mode

n
xi Midrange
i =1
n

Midhinge
MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY
Describe the position of a distribution

“statistics of location”, complement of statistics of

dispersion (concerning variance)

“typical value around which other figures congregate”

(Simpson and Kafka)
THEORY
The value or the figure which represents the whole series is neither
the lowest value in the series nor the highest: it lies somewhere
between these two extremes.
MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY
ADVANTAGES OF MEAN:
• It is easy to understand & simple
calculate.

• It is based on all the values.

• It is not based on the position in the

series.
DISADVANTAGES OF
MEAN:
• It is affected by extreme values.

• It cannot be located graphically

• It gives misleading conclusions.

 Advantages of Median:
• It is not affected by extreme values

• It can be located graphically.

• It is most useful dealing with qualitative data

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
14
Median = 5 Median = 5
DISADVANTAGES OF
MEDIAN:
• It is not capable of further mathematical
treatment.

• It is affected by fluctuation in sampling.

• In case of even no. of values it may not be

a value from the data.
ADVANTAGES OF
MODE :
• Mode is readily comprehensible and easily calculated
• It is the best representative of data
• It is not at all affected by extreme value.
• The value of mode can also be determined graphically.
• It is usually an actual value of an important part of the series.
DISADVANTAGES OF MODE :
There may not be a mode

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

No Mode
Mode = 9

It is not capable of further mathematical

manipulation.
Mode is affected to a great extent by sampling
fluctuations.
Choice of grouping has great influence on the
value of mode.
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR CHOOSING A
MEASURE OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY
For a nominal variable, the mode is the only
measure that can be used.
For ordinal variables, the mode and the median
may be used. The median provides more
information (taking into account the ranking of
categories.)
For interval-ratio variables, the mode, median,
and mean may all be calculated. The mean
provides the most information about the
distribution, but the median is preferred if the
distribution is skewed.
CENTRAL TENDENCY
REFERENCES

1. Balasubramanian , P., & Baladhandayutham, A.

(2011).Research methodology in library science. (pp. 164-
170). New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications.
2. Sehgal, R. L. (1998). Statistical techniques for librarians.
(pp. 117-130). New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications.
3. Busha,Charles, H., & Harter,Stephen, P. (1980). Research
methods in librarianship: techniques and interpretation. (pp.
372-395). New York: Academic Press.
4. Krishnaswami, O. R. (2002). Methodology of research in
social sciences. (pp. 361-366). Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing
House.
5. Kumar,Arvind. (2002). Research methodology in social
science. (pp. 278-289). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
Thank You