‘Appendix 8: Coding Sheets for MACSIM and Sample Out me ‘Appendix ©: Symbol aun ‘Appondix D: Glossary a9 Appendix €: References 343 © author Index “35 Subject Inox 359 fomado de a 4 chemical Plant Sinulation Crowe g otros Prenthe-Hally USA (1968) Digital Simulation : A Boon to the 1 Engineer Tnnovation has always been an exiting and challenging part of eng reetng, The innortie engineer creates new proceses end fs diferent procesting conditions inorder to acease profits. Often, evaluation of the ens for provement f stghfornard and immediately revarding Ths In eprosented schemaically in Fig. 1-1(0)- But an evaluation canbe anything ‘but excng when involves the tedious ask of long and repetitions lela tions cauod by te recycle of energy or material A reprecetation of eee ‘nalatlons fr shown ia Fig. 1.10) 1.1. Satistying an Engineering Need ‘Recpele ooursFequsntly in chemical plans to conserve material and to improve the overall fice, Such recye, however, incodues celevltionsl {fees The engines ends tecnque to relieve hm ofthe tedium of, epriive veyele calulllons and fo fee him for etetve work. Such a fecisiqueshovldorine the sped of digital computers with methods ot handling information,2 ‘ii! inion: A Boca ager cn. -a-E- Oy te ()iteedous Se ‘ewe 1s Repeitin of eon. To te how the need ean be satisfied conser how an engineer presently tions, wheter they Be done by and or withthe aif of niger prosese in the search fr improvements, the eng serryesnso mathematical desertion, that so any creates a simulation, OT ike propo innovations, Tradtaly, in simulating any process he ‘nginest sais with some input conditions and wses the principles of Unit ‘Opcrtions to calvite the apts fom the frst equipment unit o sae. ‘This cepted foreach susceeding uit with an outpat of one unit bing In input tothe next. For example, the enginering flow diagram shown in Fle T2() might be wed by an eglacer todo material and energy balances fot the process shown in Fig. 1.20). Huse Pig. [28 1 ep rack of the (Stculaions and to surmarae th result. While ealeulating the materia! i energy ows, the engines eteatet «simulation of the proces show in Fig, 120). The simulation arrangement is shown in Fig, 1.2%). For esch fet input condons in sreame 1,2, and 3 thee Hea concesponding se of ‘slated answers for steam 4, 3, and 6, The characteristics of this a> poach ae the ioputs fo each wait ate used to caluate is outputs fom the ‘inciples of Unit Operations that esribe the phenomens curing In the vai. 2 The processing sequence and arrangements owe 4. The clclaed outputs from one unit become the input to other 4. The engineer must recognize when he ha x rabandeeror or reyee problem. For these triaanderror or rarjle problems, the engineer tries t0 Epesiy te sequence in which elulations should be done to minimis the work Cries characteristics only the egulpment (De arrangement of the equip. ten), and the input othe plant vary from problem to problem, The rest re handling of numbers ad te nforation transmission fom calcul to calculation (2). the Sdenteation of reyele(), and the apeifeation of the sequence in which elelations are performed (S)~are common to all mong units must be prinerotesiaites ® LA 2 o_. ®. ete 3 Lt |) Amongines’s process flow dingam = = @ feovtitinos] — Satron Bit Suara tt | ite | a] | 3 codeine (0) Simaionanagenert,4 git Smutn;A Boon 194 Ene HN probes and ean probly be handed by am exe Fre art mses an engineering need because rcives he engine fie vaokkesping and quickly handles the reed a eee diated recyele problems. With such a aystem the engine ce respected inp conto, inate equipment arangeinet, ar rc mathematic! model which describes the Unit Operation (or are ePeiRnent unt Theis shown in Fi, 13. The executive computer Seek a prot distor who obtains reir sh coms rotrarene ty eeguing cach engineer to supply Nm wih the eneulated Sevformane of ene equipment unt WHAT THE ENGINEER wir THE EXECUTE usr PROVIDE RognaM Does At cones >a te pet tnt rian cin nn ends Tamm nren se Seem i ais oon ee pot Matrrates eet | a ern he Ue Computations a {Campion "ie peer rer sens ce Soton ato nerrtion of he ets—ANSWER ee 13, Réatoin euen teenie and hese oo “rhe combination of « digital eampuer and he information handing cerns Mogren presents.» powerful technique 49 oth the inure eur a the undergraduate stent. The se ofthis oo makes possible ean of problem involving tens of thowsands of numbert. For e% rep he usrative cae resented late inthis Book required a soln ar onmatey 200 simultaneous equations, many nein, ivshving oe ar PreeD vane variables and 200 equipment parameters. A comprehen soon reatvealded compare simolation can be used predit the eet ae aang condiions:pysial layout, and capacity, to do rass and aaeeeereintcer pil, to optimize the operation quely and safely, to Fre el fininate production botlenecs, to provide depth of know edae te ae siete nyt behavier, to improve control and investigate the roo ra eas camputr coat facia ost ealcltins budget 1614 Stehiog oop ns 5 coat} ad pansing of opecationy sd tain operat and engineer Indl re armany puro: fr Sovlping ¢simaon” Aone suena eri Be ‘uipmen ls erst ad how tea the calaton aro ean Ieee An sm of lh eo ino io oman ourra proves se snes fom anxisting bay progr Re meta anin Ato the qusion har can fe anor by ie Sn se eae reas vet the aie exteme very accurate smut for ann tecnica} tele tien, A ulti fo sup tae avers may ak Wo {Pion anyeas Tis fo fs mos vaable beet Win he computer feck prbles vould snp nt bealleped tne they would be 100 Sompln, However fr ssh amtiour poets it a Aral atatv to SSr'tn cerauneaiged computer simslation, mail for prob i compl {het by tse for hos valving many tober oo hose eg sana ge number of lara or eagle, Fe Tea shows {te setvoned Sion coun, Bocas ofthe ez ven such 8 # ger. Typ rob or ei6 ot smueon: Aon wine ErcnewCh vrlysemisa ood rote oe with an xr alin, cr ot iat roy wet wan 48 Howe hoe et er be te ln send Rema caiesr me te oe se iy unten ead om Oe fio wae i chen tt actos wey te ruled in hn fe ae consort, A compe ln gente gps: or 2 ih sie ic comma iim ad peunmine xis. M8 at Pie pda Cpe man of ha es etre by ese rie inl sy awe a er pine ene. PS 2 at gh anes compa Sl [ermine hee tl soem bon 1.8 a ay dean npn mre prot Th wrt cnc ah a ee Mae of ii comer iw a ic ecb th each eng sry one er dao o seater nena Sgt eee yao sao ses 8 Fi ey nd rvs ae rn sr ete sears lm 4.2 What Isa Simulation ? chp th esos may to cy th one a simulation 0 ete Pets te ea gis ef th povest sown in Fg, 126) Te egies to eit ar tn Uy casting ech ak tr WA cle eo earn Fh i agra he kor hte Sapo ey tho bat extant He fetes te misc e l np af know case th el sasae fo n ebevro te heat chang He, ant ten prose ace ostream 10 VE 0 F120) rah oh enh aong th i i ad ed ets ae ao produced om en ph ne ed eseoternng ad eaeaos ae one South bur mas of he ean by hand A sinlon it of compte cam Esra ie ef anc oe rogram wh eg simi, Analogy eter Ce sination so ee rth ing sts ln = ade up of equipment 2 ey lo himaen ons fit icone Pe ce yes that asa inrmallon Sa Un et teats. Mail Bove sth eh a ce fv Sted by nar aeration fr, the ache Rm as rnd oh te xe POE 1012 atl Simin 7 “The sulation fs thee parte the dat et the execute program, and the set of atherties! mods aed Unit Computations. The relaton- tip among tese i indknted fn Fig 13. The dataset includes the input ondtins, the procersing fequens io order of calulaton, and infor Shion pestinng to theeaeslatons in the Unit Carmpatations. Fhe executive fopam, given te date calls pon diferent Unit Computations accord Fh toa clclting sequence (wih i either devises o is given in the dat fr) and eakults the values of operating variables forall seams inthe Sprtem: Conside now sone characterise ofthe exective program andthe ‘Bait Computation and in particular th demands they pace on Uh engineer creating a simlatio. “Te oxecutive program “The executive peogram fanamits Information through the steams and store ihe eluted rests ean pan the sequence in which esleuations reso be Ganeiit is equcted todos, For example in Fig. 1-26 the exeux tive propram mould supoly the blokboad for stoi the answers would tow tht the eat exctangerfllowed the teeta, and would iow that {hs ochavir ofthe reatoe wou have to be eaeaated belore the operation Uf the eat eachanger could be predited. Several execatve esters ex (Chess, CHEOPS, UWOFS, CHIPS, FLEXIFLOW, POWERFACTS, PACER, CHEVRON; Stevard (197), Evans, ets. (1968), and Rudd and ‘alaon (1958) review Some of hese. Many programs are propitary. Toy ho engincer fob nainy one o efcvely leting and using an existing ‘recite program, He needs to know what the executive program. ean and Cannot do for him, the adventger and dsadvanages of using a particular roprm, he required format forthe input information, and the format Ud fn iting tthe answers ‘The Unt Computations ‘Ase of eSelations that pedis what oscus within an equipment unit {scellod« Unit Computation, Normally ther isa one-one correspondence ‘eovean the Unit Computation and the plat eipment caring out the Unit Operation. For example in Fig. 1.26) the Unit Cempotation for te nie ener ealelite from he input information cared in steams 1 and 2 the eat conditions (tea variable) instream 4."The values given for ‘area 4 shoul te the same a the band ealeultion reported in Fig 1.200) fd he plant conditions of Fig. 1243). ‘The chemist with his atomic model Kit often consrets epias of an infinite varity of meleeuls; the engines can ui his tof Unit Operations to deve a new process or he can patch toeiher Unit Computation to {atcolate an evsing process, TR can Be visualized a6 a buiding-lock ppronch8 gi muitn:A Boon tte eg cr8.3 each “block” or Unit Computation refers to only one Unit Opeslon, for manple, hea exchanger Unit Computation, reaior Unit Computt- reeaeree on Each Unie Computation selcontined and once a cole toh Computations representing most Unt Operations i aval, SeRlay of process ean be quik} astambled by connecting the appro rate Unit Computations tose. ‘Comider bray the concep of creating a Unit Compu hea eachangerof Fig 120) eeaeteis Unit Compotaton should eaeuat the ext temperatare of the hot procers seam 6 of Fig 1.2(2). The falar equation from the eit ‘Operation of heat transfer for the a= VAST ie ay ‘could be wid, But this would require a tralndeéroreaeaatlon wich soanictenay since the concept of efectivness factor has been reported Iicaye and London (968) The ext empeature fo this system ena be ele Tate from Ty Tos) ay where the eestivenets stor, is gven by 1a expl=nru0 en ee vith NTU = UAQWC) pe a 1 = oveal ea raster coeiient 4S exchanger ae rom this simple so of equations the ext temperature can be saleuated ‘Thaw eaeations, ogetber vith the nessa input-output formats imposes Dy he eeu program, make up the Unit Computation. 2 Pe eaccpcr can be very flexible in wing the Unit Computation Kean be gurl or specif, approximate or accurate, and based on fundamentals retrial correlations, Folowingchapes desribe how to choose the ‘del for» Unt Computation from the eptonsavalabe 1.3 How To Create a Simulation ‘To crate a simulation the engaeer writes Unit Compstations constant Moa tock executive program. The ak completed by the overwhelm- Theos Pam Ch Dt rihispolen we sumed rots ai tad oer cma say, Dea en Se 73 510.12 Wow Te Ca Sin 8 ing aan of at oh ery sop wich aan the Sf oh warned thew of Samper nlatin ine fps tin tow ete tq ‘Lit pumig en alan of nord poe rR pan 9 ues sop or stie epens Fg Negras span of he Pome pa 3 sh ‘Same Sone do Wh pots ng ed oes seine ae ttinedand trance oso tan apruch aie cme iy rn 8 pe ingens teeth opstions eps tage ae ute and sng uom Sie, apo enbero coment = ‘Unit Computati — a = Syee ae sir owe gore. Suse ove srymin ee oS ‘gar (Deptt etsae ‘nnsoncrne ema ioe 1.8, Ornette aia es fermion onthe form of eons nomena and job respon contain oo hed andthe esto of sional Ycksrund t= oe a ey tania operating date wed ulin ror mes Te et age the development fh ini Frac Pawo support at —aevisngrvsonable methods {it coma he pose proper and seating a ample smulaon of for masiuaing Faas hte compton dvlop—toul be done {he De ce these noma jbs are common 0 alte Unit Com ali serhaps a hs sage thatthe orpnaton of peonal i mot thar a outs that asm ex avaiable. Fre vie gia fora team efor. One goup rans oath computnon cee, weting exe simple mds coe oe cent Computations and sulting the comolete plant. From ths rer a apatnsenperenc i hot the system beaves and he iporianse aoe neecionn and gins a feling foe the esti ofthe sem to the coat indiiual Unit Computations. Another group can develop & Tee iy handing sytem tha incorporates einle tested dh. Bes er ea when devi Feivua Unt Computation in dea sc tape, Mod ar prepared an ee Ory of A eta te ten ea wel fed abot the Uy condom i needed abot te aces othe oe et ne ie aed oe evi by ae contr “The individual models are combine to simulate portions of the plant nd finaly to simulate the complete plat. This ctv is aczompanied by ihe corroboration of auemblin of plans by comparing ealsated with rnsasued result, by us of teshniqus to reduce the ol computation tine, by promoting the convergence of rsjlecaelation, and by any required ‘Snboratin ox soplention ofthe iaividual Unit Computations. 1.4 The Plan of the Book “This book shows how fo simulate comple plant and howto use te esl to optinzs plant operation, The getralpiniles and guidlines are pe ‘Soted through a cave ivy with the PACER execute progam wired {S'evelop a sophaictedcnulation ofa contac sulfuric aid plant, The approach the type decison, and the probemsencounere steadeuately ‘Rated bythe cove provided. These placipes are then summit and fusions of how they enn be estnded to ther probes ae given “Chapiess 2 and 3 decst what simulation enti, describe features ocx to most encetive programs thatean be wed, and give some detail tone parol exzetie program, PACER. ‘Chapiers 4 to 1 cxilne the appreach to the problem ia detail. The concrete enampl of simulation given withthe PACER excvthe program {ithe 31 ton per day contact sufi cid plant ved by Canngian Indus {ties Ld la Hamilton, Ota, Camas ‘Chapirs 12,1, and 1H digust the afpliaion of the simulation work foc plant improvement and suggest wag the enginer can extend the techs ‘gues of smueton, The probleme at the end oF each chapter alo sae the extension of the simulation techniques ‘The empha throughout te books onthe strategy and approach to he problems the ete sty ofthe acid plant wih the PACER exeutve i the ediwm through which the points ae disusedFrom Plant To Computer: 2 The Techniques of Digital Simulation “There are thes dininet requirements forthe simulation of cherie plant The fists an exsuive program, which handles the numbers andstores hem, pases data anoune the Unit Computations, and dtermines the quence of callin i not specified by the wir. Tho second is ase Sr'Unit Computations which deseribes the individual types of equipment found in she plant. The tid the tof data deszibng the initial sea evibles andthe equipment parameters (o be used inthe Unit Comput Th Chapter 1 the idea of an executive program was introduced and its weulness was indicated, This chapter examine cio common to many ‘Rccuine programs and hele Unit Computation, preparing the way it Ghupler 3 Tor a detailed. dscusion of PACER, the particolar executive ‘Fema asc bythe authors, Later chapters describe he detailed preparation Er Unit Computations and the gateing of data fr the sufi acid plat 4ic81 rate # Desert f rmiton Fo 13 as an example and conider many sspects of achieving and exploking & Ail computer simulation of sch a plant. an exceulve program ils eed in tha book is» eolction of sub programs whet fis some oral ofthe allowing features: Hod, which alles ehanges to be ade in how units are con- tected, indopendently of what the uis ere—provided Information Sipased between us ina standard format 2. Abily to determine a sequnce of eaeuatin fhe Unit Comput 3, En alleaion ofthe parame in Unit Computations, ofthe sypes tf Unt Computiie, and ofthe comections between them; 4 cen solinon of the cate to give a easing answer; 5, Eng nerpretain ofthe esl’ ofthe simulation rane cxecatve progam ls supplied with the fed condiins withthe types ‘of Uni Computation an how they ee connected, ane with the subroutines ‘eed it nt beable to produce the desired rests. ery enetve program wl hae sow rules about how the data ace prepared, bow the connections Between units ae recorded, and how the ‘Unt Computtions mest be wien, Met execute propams eer allow {Os usr to spsly the sequence in wich the elultions are to be done oF fan aomataly find sequence foe Bi. The hardest workin achieving a Smnlation to propre the Unit Computations and to ensure that they ‘bey the sules ofthe parila executive rogram. Since a workable, I not ‘ptm, sequence ofenleulation ean gormally be specid by the ser oF found by the exces, Sees. 24 and 25, whch discus planing of calcul tion may be omitted en frst reading. "Whatverexcetive program is used and whatever Unit Computations ace witien, there ae seat common probls in sation, namely, th existence of reyes the anal of information flow, and the finding of tvay te do te aleultont The thes tole are dicssd in ura inthe feat ofthis eater, 24 Developing a Description of Information Flow Information fa st f vue for he vriables ofa process needed to describe Fully the sate ofa stream at any point ia the process. Examples are ow ay femperaure, prewore and composition of @ proces Mud, of temperature Sind Row rate of soturaed steam. Ifermation can fw fom plae to place ‘ot only though actual steams Dut through conte lines, asrue heat ‘aching susfares, and by any ther zchaism which ales fies valuey i seam variables, The sody of information flow na proces is necessary tehen rxpele ents, Without reyes, ealeulatons could be dane one unit4 om Pact Yo Conpew: To Trin ig Gnten Che? es snotet with no repttion. Therefore recycle is discussed before infor ‘ation fw i examined. ‘Tha probiam of recy In cherie pants ‘Mest chenial processes have reoyele of elhee mater or best, Reoyle cans that sen leaving a process uit acts srs tring tha ni Fr example, in Fig. 2] the outpa team from the mer a= its input ‘iesam coming fom the overbead of tower #42 bosaus there ib» conn Tee hsoush three plces of equipment The ouput from a unt eas oly br calculated if its np wn, but fr a process with reyes its input is iy known once its utpit hasbeen calculated. Tho clasial chemical eng ering appeonch hos bean {0 assume values for a8 many scams es are {egired to compote a unit and then proceed unl he ealeuated values of ‘tila variables gre with the avd values. Although steps can be taken to ecelerte the solution of a recycle problem, unaided convergence to atution is tl very widely used, Examples of typlealreyees ae: the preheating of the fed of distilation calm by the botiors stream (cyl of eat): 2, The ws ofelfure ned producto dry the a eto the ule acid plant (cycle of materi); +, The generation of eam fom the heat of combustion of sulfur which ‘When wed to dive the turbine supplying the ai 19 sopport that ‘ombution (eel of matter and et. ‘as bats for farther Gsesson, consider the proces Now divgrams with feats shown in Figs, 21 and 22 and ead Plants A and B respectively. Ths ft Pant A, inlodes several ferent Unit Operations snd hasreyee ‘multi The second, Plant const of simple mixers and surge tanks Sind is ued in See. 24 fo disuse planing the ealeslaton. gute 2. Poss ow dgraey—Pant A igure 22, Maing pre flow apa -—Pa Mixing sinpla Unit Operation ‘As type lament ofa rexgle proces a Fig. 22, comer the mer, shown in Fis. 23. In ech such mer theaptaton is sumed to be suth- fle inane so that he output streams ae texte the same conentrae tion the conten ofthe tank. Tn addition to combining ll the Input ftreams fos unifom misre, the mike spi tbe outflow ito two seams. ‘Two contcl valves ae shown on the outpl steams to ince thatthe telmive amounts of flinch outputs can be varied, The mir i assumed to operate in the steady state 20 that Uber sno accumulation fn the tank, for alernathely, the eapaciy ef the mixer fs assumed to be Yery small Temperature changes aze ignored iv ths simple ease The input tenn flows and compostion are Keown ap ifthe propor tion ofthe fta flow rat sting a each output teams specifi, then the flows in the out ster can be cazuated bya simple material balaee Note that jst as the piesa tank “oles” siulaneously the material ‘alanees for every component, so the model of the tank solves the equations for material balance simultaneously. ‘Tho Unit Computation Tie phy can bo md by 4 Unit Compstation cal MIXER Thue ean nether fi 29a noma shead ow te an sompotton The ie mode ts intration pit 166 rom nt Te Comp Toa Tesi fig Staen Chop. \ iguoe22. Asien. inthe output sires. A sceam ea then be stn a. carir af information in ont naga oie of ffornation, They can be epesnted aoe ay with ne for seams anda dimond for he mixes, a8 shows eee The arvows show the erection of material ow. Associated wilt cach euipnent it or Unt Computation ita set of eaumant paranetes, eh Se Sporn the tua fof ach utp steam ofthe mie. Sere ere enue parameters wood be te es trae coe Cite ar cxchanger ot the bed dep of a eatale rescore car oe ett forte Ont Computation MIXER ia follows: Given Fae ose purber ef apatxretms and the eqipent prams ao rae ea cordan ofthe ow each euiput sa, fd he Rows ESSRRIN cut seeame by spe mats al. Te ogemning pecan) fo inplenet this engl Unit Coca eeigntormards Note hat MIXER ca be ued fr ming ce imac ay vt al Yeon tear ave ential onpotian and fenpertire sc: 21 Dna « essipcon ef lomaton Fo ” From the abstract fr this modular Unit Compton, it seen tha sven the input eeims andthe equipment parame, ons can calle {ho onipot steams, This the basis frm of the Unit Computation for ‘Simulating the flow Behavior of an equipment unit for spied operating conditions. The more general cule is och more esl han this nd Later hopers wll pve examples, Some predetermined rl, stig which infor fnaton is known and which to be cleulated is seni tthe programmer before he cn write any Unit Computation. (A Unit Computation inn general a5) st of mathemati! manipulations foc celeaating euputinforaation from given input information. Thus a {Uni Computation fan information modi a that it ese Information from it input streums, modifes I, and suppl the modified information tots ovtpat sean To pliy late dieusion, ast of dtntive gm tol wil be adopted for the vaciosIypes of Unit Compulsion, as shown xo? > awe 28, Types of Ua Computon and ae ib ‘Modarity wean tat each Ualt Computnion must be writen so that the elution is independent ofthe sures ofthe input formation an the tse ofthe oxi information. Then, provided thatthe information i pass feeween uni in am ageed Torta, soy Unit Compattion could be con nected toy er The analogous 0 agesing to use a standard ric ocket and plug so thn anyslecreal deve ca be connected fo any other ‘one, Furthermore, «pen Unt Computation may bused for several erent cuipent une of the fam basic 1p inthe sie proeesing scheme, thereby rely redcing the rquied programming eo.8 Fr at To Come Tw 2.2 From Process to Information Flow Diagram [A process low dingram depicts the equipment and pipes which make up {he lan The pipes ae show as arrows pang In che deeton of mae ow: Such a dageam ean be encoded in mura for fr uso in he com> putes Ths done in two sep fit, a information flow diogran is oon Frcted from the process flow diagram, and then ths diagram putt umercal form The fet sep ls Secured here and the second in See. 23. ‘Two example In Fig, 22. simple process flow diagram i shown in which the wns of + equiprmnt ave either mer as showa i Fig. 23, or storage tanks, The lihis have be conveniently numbered. The flow diagram in Fig. 22 is Sitended to show several features of te connections between unis wich, hull be und in any low diagram. shoal be eaphsied thatthe process ip ised here ony forthe soaeatons beeen units and pot Tor The Composition changes eflsted by the unite tems, of a process Information flow and atiation “The flow of material in pipes ism ow of information between units of quipment. The unt of equipment eoduces a phyial of chemical change ie owing retetial and iran iteration moder. These cores have ‘own inet (tf in simulating chemical plats and ae defined and ampli= fed below. 'A steam is any connection between Unit Computations in whic the sales ofthe seam varabls (o information required to dese it tae {ds nox change, The sce soriablas are those quai whieh are needed {especie sae othe sear for the poxpous ofthe simiaton. trie se of stcem variables includes tempers, pressure, andthe ow rte of ‘Srey component. However, the tempecstire ofa coolant orth pressure of ‘Exnsrument ar line ay be all at needed. Additonal quantities ray te Included for convenience among the stetm variables $c a8 tot fnihipy of foal flow rate, which could be ealeulatd from other sear nbc. svar considered "known st fod i is vacabes have teen eakvlted asthe output of some ui, or fis temporary assumed Tegument arts or Unit Computations, medify information recived from input seca and plage fein opt seams. Some examples of such Unsarea puinp(petate oder, a heat exchanger (emperaturemosin, Wester (composition modifier by ehemieal change), and an absorbee {composition medifer by physical means. Some Unit Compuiaions do ot 4. to gaan ote mately ote a 2 socked reset, ‘may'be split into several Unit Computa for each Se process units may be ignored in the sialation, Sach as a sure lak, which dos not moi iaformaton ne aay ee ‘oss snc volume and composton ate centnt Howec «sorte sa ‘oul be inde een tare i capil torn nen beng cope Wi Init Compotations are chosen for the simul pea onthe abjetten "ach Unit Computation is represented by a suit ‘. 4 The flows of infomation betwen uit re dan at deed (seas) becwesn eynbot with ae {seams tween symbol with arows inatng the Gen 4. The steams and symbols are separate inthe direction of Raw. The numb ve: sible 3 mow slams ray have For example, the infotation fo da 22 are Figs 26 and 2.9, respectively. ly numbered, usally ascending thetane umber, rams corresponding to Figs, 2. and Although te afcraton ow i exh te fran ow aga il gel estnBle he pr w agar there will be differences in that some st da is are not in both diagrams. Thus the surge tanks of a ar abe F,27 Scan the pres bin sty steand paca Sigs spa ar flo my eal elton fo dy uses. Examples are cost flows, passage of infornati 7 aeclerate he esictions, and ow of presuce formation inthe dns ‘pposite to mateit fw. The tse ex Soret Th pl is dicused in mare detain0 from Rot care he Teo Di hour 2 torn Aw grams Fe 23 2.3. From Information Flow Diagram to ‘Numorical Form ne information fo dora sori encoded sumer for a of ran a att pctady of ending wil be dca, OF tee he compton, Far ert bert conics th ration ee ma dag. Toe PACER cxeules ie oso ma SE entrant Bow Sgr Tho proeaes mati ach uit inte information low diagram is give on row ofthe prowess matin The contents of that fo are the number of the paral uni the sa tthe Unit Computation representing the uit, andthe inp team rar oes poudve numbers) flowed by the output sre morers (8 mecung mame, The proces matrix fr Plat Ain Fig, 2.68 shown in Table 21 mete Fels i istic oS “The cer ofthe input and output steam numbers ina row ofthe process _natin important for the tne of information Sato the Unit Compa: tion, For example in a feat exchange the fst input and cusp may te the proces id andthe tevond inet and output ihe het exchanger ld (Or in the cvilation csleulation of Fg. 26, the ist output the averbed fan the scond the bottoms, Ths the proces matrix encodes the ene ‘ricuse of the ffermation flow diagram: 1 Wht tear inks what unis 2, Themams of the Unit Computations eprescting each unity * 5, The onder ofthe input and out seams of «ui tn ac, sven nly the procs mtr the information flow diagram can be completely recnsiaced, Another tal advantage of the procs mati that the engineer evn resdily understand ard oud i “The seam conneston mt in aay with thre nts per row. The fat ent i the stream number and the cond and third are the numbers ome 222 fom tnt To Cam: Toa Teg of ie Simon Chan? “of the equipment units from which that atzeam comes and Co whic oe, ‘Rspeciveye Thus the steam connection matrix for Plant A as scen in ‘Fable 22 tan be construed itor from the information flow diagram of Fig 2.60 the process matrn of Table 2.1. Note that fod seams are showa, fs coming fom, and product teams as going to, uit ruber zero. Tres be seen tat of the three em of iformatin nthe races mas only the fist ir etaned inthe stream conection matrix. Thus there is rather indiciion et te type of Unit Computation nor ofthe onde a input tnd ouput steams of uni. “The incidence mate ‘Another way ef encoding the information Bow disaram the oeidence anatin shoven in Table 23 for Plant A of Fig. 26. The eft oftrn contains {he equipment number and the remaining columns corespand cream imi A yma "1 ahows tht the ety suber ae ha ‘Blum esters the equipment number given by te row. A symbol *— ‘Sone converely thatthe steam leaves the equipment, A Blank er 220 Sons hat be stream doee not eomnect to that equipment Thossinc steam ‘Qinter a Tenses unt number and enes uit number 4 he column for Suum has Yip row 3 and "41" cow 4 rte uta of e clu ie zero the steam connets two units. Hf tbe sam is tithe stream sa fed, and ift 8 —1, the steam is a produst. Rego if The proser can be deine immediatly in the incidence atx if no ‘Ratrengement of rows would put the 1 above the oH in each column taaun23 Tne Bram ane elas ae ansanet e080 es avin a 2c sy Thos siren 7 in Table 2.3 indates sat theres r=yle Minch which steam fs tesponsble wil depend purty onthe numbering ofthe units and seas. “Phe Incidence matric contains the sme information as the seam con rection sari and thus has Ts ieformaton tan the press mattis May bee on i ing a ‘The adjacenoy mae? ‘The axjaoncy max for Plant A of Fig 26 i showa ia Table 24 cise quate nazi in which a given row snd column number corresponds toaspetife unt A"I” sonst eonaection from te unit given by the row rumtr tothe int giten bythe caluaa number. A zto shows that there fe connection in that cretion, Thus uit number 3 is comected to unit suber 4s Fig. 26and 60a" appeacs in ow 8 column 4 of Table 24, Ta si nar Dat unit isnt conneced to wit 3s that azo appent ine 4, column 3. Since no uit in connected (0 sl diagonal elements are er. Te adjacency aati x mon etal for mathematical manipulation to fad ceyele a wll te shown inthe nex eetions However it fas the last cotent ofa the satiesbeauss no fest or product steams and no steam sumbers oppose. [Although the adjseney mate sn the incidence mali contain many Zres ‘td could waste compiter memery, bins bit ottin ean be used to redone Gast the nosmory sequent 24 Planning the Caleulations—Finding Recycles" “Thin section and the next show how to find quence ofelelation from the numeral fmf the information flow diagram, These wet ry be ‘ome on frst reading i the reader asumes that a saquence of clelation specie exeraly ty the er. In Pant Bof Fig 27H iclear that wnt | canbe elle tet snc the inp se agua se the unit an be ‘calcul tea ale be svn that uns # and 5 Form a eye Loop. Unit 6 ‘ould be done i unite and $ were eaeulated, Uni , 9, and 10 could be done togsher if unit 6 were calculated and when they were complet, ‘it 11 could be called. This example shows that some units can bePn rom Ra: To canpu The Teri of Dil Satan hv 2 cect caelied ard some ows be cleat togeter a pat ceo io "« compulr unfortunately cnno! leo athe nfrmaton Now dita for Pan Wig 7 bat must work o is mural equate. How can aoa touted to carry ut the clelatons 1h oly wre Mat encoing uh athe ree matin "ei aning of the exes als rata ino pss: The paring ont thoes whch fr part of esl Toop and {hose uch ate or sl be) det clea; 2 rena Seton ofeach ofthe separate ele oor onl tt meat by srs ab Fs OS No weoysle—saial processes? : 1 here is no rzyle in an information flow diagram, the units san be caialtned obc ater another, starting from a unit which as ony (know) cate caleting fe At Teast ane woch unt must exis; oterwse hee tees Giee ml hs been cae its out reams become tow Teeiosubrequen unis tent oo oftiee vn has all isinputs Bown, te ae caluited. Allis ean be sequentially ealelted if and only Haare sno revel. tee we rocar sone with no reyes. A pat of a proces wish MnO rector dun be enlled sil apd lis units can be eal sera ele poses son in ich an output scam of «wit ait st 1c SSE ean areaes Even there cee nay be a a teat er sean be dvi calculated because he ist wit neon Soe tne An cxmpl its Land 2n Pla Bf Fi. 27 fed a eld unt 9 oi beached we has an kon se Wal pus uis ave been dey clad and tee a8 ia ee, then Te proces hs at ert one reese oop nina scp roves alc of us whch a downstream from the scone) en I of Pam Df Fig. 2.7, Onc the rea oo ht toon. Am exam nam se wi be dc clued Therefore we ae et ait apt fom the elo, ob cea sree ae the eile problem has ben sed i etapa ofa plan may otal be cut conned ae sconce uch ht tere is sone pathol the ere ny un ioeney ter ani cada ele Thee may Aton ae re ap min eye and the Ga problem Howe ie 24 Pamioa tm CaaioneF ing eyes 25) test to-do the calelaton of such set. Examples of two rxyle ses are tts (43) and ye (89 10, Fig, 2.7. There are actully two rege Joop inthe wt 8,9, 10, "The unis of any information flow diagram my then be avided ito two props thot ia arial es and tose Incl es, No ple of rexel fess can be conned in both distin or they woul togte form a ‘Se large repel et Tue f the reyce sea ate costed as pseudo Th he formation flow dag 9 seri set oP uals and pean ‘hich cam be eaeulatd eequenialy, provided each recyle set can sell be eateulted, For example in Plant of Fig. 27, the sel sets 12,64 5,608 9,10, I were the parentheses Indicate poeudo-unts “Tn the plan of calculation ofa proces consists af: 1. denying seri sete and reste sels and placing them in feasible ‘senlaton sequence; 2, Finding how fo alent each cease st “There ae ivece ways of achieving 1, which wil be deveribed vex, Thee ss two basialyeifernt ays 10 00 2, namely to ealealate the ene fete set simutansusly orto find sequence of ealeuation within the eee cet. Both simultaneous and sequent methods will usally requite pete aleletions (tration) un the steam vaibles have seathed ‘ales which siya prespectied evtrion of error oF which change by to moe tan a preset aun rem oe eration to the nex. "The mathodssvaable (or separting & Now dagram into serial and rwcyle sete are fist dieueed, Then the problem of solving &ceeyel tt ial i oxanined in See. 25 Secs ing the seal and vcysl sts? ‘A number of ways have been proposed for separating th nisin seria set fom those i eel ats The process matrix ean be we for a sysen= te sence at desorbed bo. Thetis procsing languages of compatation [Botrow and Rphol (196 have been appleby Sargent and Westerberg (U964) to deerine the rnjele stucute The ajaceney mati has been the bss for several ates on this poblem [Covet (1969), Norman (196), Himmelblau (906) and for disatsion in cent books [Himmelban and Bischof (968), Rudd and. Watson (1968). The separation of serial and feojle els of un dicsted sing Both the process matic the censy macs The process mats “The separation of svat and reyele fle canbe stated wing Plant B ‘of Figs 27, whos corresporidng proces mati ix sown in Tele 25. TheFy am Pi Te Ceo Tw Tes sion ep? method contin in repeatedly scanning the rows of the prosss matix to Find nit whieh can Be calculated. Tonamigg euch ov of Table 25 inten. A unit ean be caused fall its put seams ae known, sir Beenuse they are Feeds or Because they Te MaRS ap aE SE 6 MxeR oh WIE ‘come fom other units which can alrendy be calculated. Unit 1 has ony feed Strecasteo td tus can be calculated, This makes seam 3 know ‘Then uit? con be clelaed Bests seam 3 now known ed team 4 Fra feed, Bot unt eunnot yet be calculated besause team 7s ot known, Ren tath steam 3 is now known and seam Os «feed. There ave 0 ‘teams which an be calclated among tose remaining, Since some TIN certain unetelated, det at east one recyle et. This true by the Untnagon of reel: an input steam) depends onthe values of variables cree out meeam (8) of she sme unit Thus eral set composed ocly ‘Tuite Hand 2 hasbeen eat ‘url sts which fllow all eycle ses (end wil be directs cxeulble can be discovered by eanning the emaning unt 0 find one whose outa Seams ar etet not eomneted to aay nit er are connected to 8 unit in seer sil see Ths i the converse offing a serial se atthe lel. In ‘Table 28 its clear tal vn 4 doesnot qual’ because stream 8 isan tpt torunit 5, Nether dogs unit 5 because stream 7 isan input to writ & Oaly Mine Il Bein seval set Becaoe steam 231s nt the apt to any ott (Raining unt. With anit Ht zemved, no. more units can be found in the alae nit I. For example, unit 10 as ouput siream 19 connected qe unit Gwen tough steam 71 i connected 4 unit 1 js found. geocel,thse nie wih emai fier the stil ea he beginning and si of te process have bean removed may be part of a esjle st oF are Sea et joing two recy ste, For example in Pip 2.7, units 486, 13, and 10 would remain after peal 8 (2) and 11 were removed, The ogee matrx tan be used to find which uss are in which resyele sts by Fog Pacem 2 trying to find sequence of ealewation for those unis. Tis i: dscsse in ‘Tie ataceny aire ‘The adjceney mates i another tool for separating sral and reeyele setsof unite The information flow diagram for Plat Bf Fig. 2.7 again Stoves. asthe example and i adicency mtx Ais shown ia Table 2.6, “By definition, there ea unity in ow f, column oF A (le element ay = 3) ‘and ony ia steam gore from the unit covresponding to ow tothe ‘nk conesponding fo eolume jandetkeise a, = 0. osname Masse Xt Par BP. 2? Toe = By if ‘Suppor the column cetesponding to a uit in A’ his only zeros as for unit (ef Table 26. Tht srs that no writs eonnesteé to uit Ty oF in other word only feed srenme ent unt I. Then unt canbe recorded ‘a fist or aa alealtion and removed from A’ by srkag out is clara and i ow, Thi sen sn Table 2716) wate unit Lis removed from A ‘nee unit Tis removed, unt 2 sa zac carom and ca thus be removed feel Thee are no more 0 elu. ‘Soppote the rw eorspanding to anit as aly 205, as does un 11 of Table 26 This means that unt Il snot conreted fo any ether nit and Sil be dives caleunbe once all otter urs have been caleulted. Thon Ut II may be seconded on it for ner aleulation in eat of the pes ‘vay found unit witha zero row. The unit 1 emoved fom A’ by sting Dut as tow and olumn ae Table 2.16). Thee are no more 20 rows ard 20 Iisic AY has been rodaxed (0 mate A bere all the remaining unite weer, aan 19a sie in rage ets orm sera et between a pir of rengele ss “The sume separation of iia and ial serial sets has Bem achieved both by the process alin and bythe ajaceney masa. The further unraveling ‘ofthe remaining unis ino dsc eee ses can be done die by weomen ora oF a Cue 88 ZH0 Roms Lies ea wn Tener ade ood Ren aie to Mais, eed ae rae 4024 Paine Causing ace Fa ‘of the adjacency mate but only by exhaustive search using the proses Ima, The identifying of dierent recycle ses wih the adjweney matrix ienow examines een revel sexs—powors ofthe aacency ‘The reduced atncency matix A, formed by removing sro rows and ‘olunng, cam be aed t deni ue diferent eel see an sited, the feeyle laps within each se If the rexel et tobe say eating al the unis ofthe set slnltanousy, then it my not be nse to iden ‘eel loops within the set Homer the set ito be wlved by sequent ‘Sllation ofthe wnt han the roel Tops may nes (be ten, “The method offing reysle ss and thelr oops egies Ging tbe powers ofthe adjacency mie by matrix multiplication. The usual rule Annies, namely tha the) eemeo of the product of to mates and is Sou bs, with sb as the (yk) slements of A and B, respectively. “The trate, however, Boolean; that acleanaiiton o+0= ora! ais Doolean mulipiion:, 000 =0 © uno mot “This is equivalent to using ordinary arthrete and replacing all postive Integers by uni "ie the th power of A has Been feud by (»— 1 bers mall cations of A with li ca Be proved [Norman (1965) at A" shows the paths whch exist fem any uni to any cter nit through m steums, As With mre Aunty nthe) clement of Ailes hata kas one path ‘eu scans exits om he it corresponding f0 row 0 the unit eore- nonding to calnn j.Conveaely, a2ro implies no sich path Tat (r —2,h-.-) fs geeraod (ora recyle process, sme diagonal clement f A* wil eventually Become nity. But any unit | corresponding {oa dingonl wy hus path vie mstreams fem wat ack co seit |S.a reac loop Al the roa laopr san thos be upd, The powers of A {fe Plant B ae shown fn Table 280). Idomying reyet sts—the reachability maix Ie the Boolean sof the powers of is Formed, an element of wnity ress wherever uy exits in any power% Flom Pet To Comte The Tvs ti Srion Cha. 2 (The over ot mae A a? joel ee a 14 “The revaling ati, nage en cords the somneetons from unit #10 unit J via some numberof streams ‘Spas shown in Table 28(0). Then else a matic R, equa if and tn if at eat one sich connection ens La the tit a n> >, Ry > Re the reachability matrix eecords whetee any connection ents fom wnit | eo uit win ony Chait) number of seams. Thus, = 1 and only if ome connection {jets ‘Now the transpose of ether A or Ry thats AF or RE, has the efit of evening the dcetio ofall the 1") eonnstions, since rows become ‘Glan and vee sera, Ina reel set ihe: i by dfrition not only same ceetton'f ay but alo sore sonaction j-~ The ceachabiity matt Re and is transpose RE are superimposed and a unity kept only where ity hin bot Rand RE, The rest cll the Stersestion, it wot WeR.OR a) nnd i shown for the example in Table 29, Now ry = 1 only iJ H8 fe. 28 Pie Cations eye Se 31 the flow diagram but r2,y = 4-1 anly if) +f in he flow diagram, “Ten oy and ony i both, aNd Ey = hae son Ts wl re 29 ‘ ht Rega ete: SI) Seats liminae any uit which ie tin some rye st because then tere fot be a convection fom thal unit 1o any eter in both dieetons. But by the definition of a fycle tx ll marbers are rutully connected. Thus thy nonzero row oC W wilt ll member of ene eeeysle set Any unit not se included n'a weyele set and having a nonzero ow of W wil reveal a Thrtherreayele act Any wail tot in some rele set aod not an inlet or ‘utah unit then ina sari set beiveen 2 pal of eee sets and wil be Sietiycalulable when the precoting eee set has Been clelate 25 Planning the Calculations of Rocycla Set* ‘Once the rexsle eis of unis have been identified, the single question Femains: how shoul an arieary reece tet be eaeulted? Remeber that ‘rey itn cyl et x connate Lo every other unit by some path, ‘Tere ace two basclly dierent ways to aasner this question. The calelations could be dane sequently, hati one ust afer the othe, Continuing unt the change ining gen steum varabe fom on tration {oth neat ees tha a preset coerce. “Atenas, the elelations could be done simolaneousl, that i@ om Pin Te Cobpute: The Tetniae et Opa Simla Cn? a1 he units inthe set could be ole at once by some numerical method Shoe proces are ually norlinesr, ths method woud alse rege ere fon, These two distin way the sequential and the simultaneous, are ‘dheused In Yorn and then compared Sequential ealeultion’ ‘Suppor thatthe caleulation of «reece sti to be accomplished in tome sequence one unit at tioe, unt all units have been done, The quence is repented unl te change in every steam vatiable from one eration to the ext i ss than some preset tolerance, This is sequent ‘lleltfon of a eejle set For each sequence of easulation, thee i @ Uhigue set otras he cur sean, whose variables have no been aur Sed befoce they are meeded cn the ist Heaton, These vases must be hen starting values What iste "best sequence? How can it be found? These re Key ques tions and the subject of ruc eset research, The best sequence sth one TINEh minis te tine of compataton fora given accuracy, but unert (By to know the acta? minum time, one must aendy ave done the Sime caleuitions several different ways. Tis obviously Ufets the purpose ‘of finding the best sequence beforhand ‘Minimum computation te, the real eecon, must be transaed nto some equivalent erteian which ie applicable ntl, Several workers have “honen fo iiize either the number ef ent steams (Shannon, e196) snare generally, the total nunber of seam variables inthe cut streams {Tobin (3962), Sargent und Westerberg (1964), and Ce and Rudd (1966), (Ofcourse the ler eter inches the former os seca case when all ‘ream hve the same nuriber of variable. f bas not ben proved in genera Uh nach ceria Imply minimum computation tie, Moreover, 1 sem tnlbey to be provable sine the oturbune on the eazuations eased by Muinng slos ofa steam variable must depend on how far the assumed ‘auc om ts ultimate converged vale, Much research neds fo be done ithe convergence of calculations and on defining criteria (Or the best. equece “Writer efitesion is chosen forthe best sequen, that sequence ean be ound either by sptematiz eat [Sagentand Westtierg (196, Shannon, cat (1965) oF by ramercal manipulation ef mates (Rubin (1962), Lee Sha und (1986). The agora of Sargent and Woserberg ad the more evel ons by Christensen (967) we aTieprocesing language o fd the ‘inimnum number of recycle parameters to asume known. Rubin (1962) PModuced his own countereariple und Lee and Kad (1956) have to sot {ov search technique for some cack. Chvistensen's algorithm could fod + hart anid on St rei, $50 28 Pring We Coast of ce ot 3 1 beat squense whore thes ther methods le To illest the iene in the aumerleal approach, the prove matrix andthe eee mae of Lee and a (965) Spd ia to 28 om Le nd Re, wh recy et : "Te proces mari canbe used to Gnd a workable vquence of calcula) ion fora resycle tet by exhaustively earching among the seams of the {ecyole set, Each svar examined in tir toes thal seam were hoo, ‘wheter sun of he proces mari woul! how tata uniein the get couls ‘be caleulated, Ths in te proses mats for Fg. 28, Table 210, een if ‘ream were knova, no further caleulations could be done Infact no Single stream, asured know, can enable te ta tobe elelte. pais fof streams ate then examina to S23 they Were knows, whether the st ‘ould be eased, eer 20, Rete sift and Ra (6 1m Table 210; if steams 1 and S were known, only wnit 3 could be csleuated, Bot if reams? and 7 were Lou tho oie se ould be eae lated in the sequence (1 435, 2), Note that sires 2 and Tae reales ated when unit Sand 2 ae dane so thatthe assumed yale canbe spleced a_i Cangsn “sce ‘by nevly calculated ones nd the sequence repeated Ino pe of reams oul ead lo a compete falevlaton, thon all somminaions of these would be examined. Por ange rycle sets the mumer ef combinations of reams3 homo To Cam: Tha Teg of get Si ur or mor ata time woul! be too lage to wacrant an exhaustive Toran sebivary number of team required 1o be assumed known, for comparison, he epee matrix of Lee and Rud (1968) is applied to the same reyes set in Fig 18, Suppose that fn lg. 2.8 the rege loops uve bese found by using the adjacency mati asin Sa. 24. There ae fout oops which av, bythe streams comprising them: 2, 3,8), (0 4,2, and (6.6,7,3) Theve loops can he represented in the’ ysl mae given in ‘Table DIL, where the rank of @ loop ithe numberof streams in ieand the Thre Frequency isthe number of mesa seam is in lop. ee ip ee ‘The minimum number f streams 0 be cut (assumed Kno) in order tw chminae ll sy eam he Found ithe following mane. Asean fis ‘Sid to te conained in another stream ji each Toop i which steam £8 found ls nvlves seam. Ths rears [and 3 are entaned in steam 2, (Steams &, 6, and 8 are soniained fn steam 7, and scams (5 and 67 omtaned in steam 4 Sige no more reyee loops could be cut by any Steam than by the sem hich contains steams 1, 3, 5,6, and 8 a te clminated. Then the remaining ejele matrix i shown in Table 212 Since # lop of rank 1 ean only be eat by eutng the one remaining team. fircuns 2a 7 most be eat. Fortnetely this breaks loops 3 and 4 at he Ses fe 215 Pola te Cane ol oy Sat 26 same tins, Therein, atsuining wales for eke vale of teams 2 and 7 Ssltllow a iesteelation of all the uns ia Fig. 28 i the wequence {H.43,5.2.Tral the loops canaot be Broken by eating Loops of rank Rid and Watson (1968) and Christensen (967) should be consulted for she algorihme need. Simultenoous ealelaion™ “The eaieviton of reyes by simultaneously solving its equations ts boon dicused by Nagi (1987), Rose (1962), Nophal (1988), and Rave and Norman (196), 1. san be showa that if he equation involved elie, then lculting the recyse et requires onl adrest solution by Sailsbie mates methods to find the aniwer However for nellear equ tins the answer mus be obnned By sucess al Some insight ito the finmlencous approach ean te pxined by conskering the metiod of Nagy (1957, 1964) ‘giv ha ben a leading proponent a he application of the theory of tinne sens to shea plats. Hie method mey be summarized as olows For eay comes system volving reel sel of algebraic equations are Sorta by taking a lane foreach component of fr the ttl ow of muss orenetaya¢each ui Referringoa genera stagewise operation shown In Fig 29, the following ae deed: 1 he faction of the tear leaving unit retuned to unit js “His he ow leeving un 7 Fis the flow entering uit a5 fs, id asumed known tris the faction of flow lensing uit a5 a prodect. |— re it Hiepef here ace muri nthe callton, he following set of algebraic equations Js edly prodoced fa desnibe the sendy sat othe process: (a 808, asf maak Fa OP = anFa = Fas ef OF, =k. 4 = 80 Bal + hye itd o rt eating6 fom nT Coma: Tass ii Simaian chp. “This st of wr lnear equations can be solved by standrd matrix methods to find the flows #, Fora liner system the smstaneous approach is certsaly the better one “The min ity Is tat fer ehemial plants are tely linea in the Sehavins Fora nit with nolinesr equations, the values of the spite, ‘ust te obiined from seat approximation of whe mods equations af he Tf The siulaneous eaelaion ofa plat mould then involve alerately the solution of the linearized equations fr each et of 6, and the repeated {djusment of the values fall the 3, Comparison of sequent! and simaltencous ésleuaton of a racy set “The sequential eproach—eration volving successive subsilon Fie 2.10 represents a ner followed by apie returning part of the output to Ue miner tn the apliter the material entering the anit i vided ‘Score fraction a, Note th bot the mle andthe sles ex9 te escribed by the Unt Compuation MIXER defined in Se. 2 raur210, Anlitionsfesnuinesatappaeh easing Inthe metho of successive subaittio, the ew inseam 4 snl aero sineit nunknown, Thus Gow Bis 100 moles per asa fist pproxina fiom peling frat qs forthe flow A of 100, To the sevond iteration around the eeeyce seetion, the next approsimss tion ofthe ow in 2100 (1 1-8) moles pet he andthe second uppeoxin tion of flow 10a (( + a). This calultin can be continued giving he revutin Tale 2.1 fortwo vals of 3, 033 and 059. isis the Faction rehired inline 4, tbe How in Ain ite too (ha seat ss ss + 2°!) or, wih the sur of the geome sere, dyes Ma(t = ay — 2). The tit dy 28 M+ oo As = 100K ~ 2, Acscen tht wih 4 — 028, afte tre Or four terations, the change in 4 e020 Simmer 7 from one lop 40 the nest i very aml. This recycle process i sid to Convenes rpg Ii inreated to 090, he eeyele Bow fs increased and inisscen in Table 213 that the proces converge vet slowly. Process With Telively large reese Nowe may be expected te converge slowly In such erative esleaatiors ‘The smasencusapproeeh—det ston Tei oprarent that the problem repoieted by Fip. 2.10 can be solved ety by inspecting the two Balanse equations 100-1 A = Bor unit dnd d ed for unt 2 whence TO) ~ 2). Ths for 2 = 0.3, Boo So mes per brand for #= 0.90, A = 900 mols per Fer real nonlinear tems, no direst comparison ob the same ease ean te made of the seqoental and simulincous methods of ealelaog a recyele ‘SL The timate cele, pes of computation and acuta, wiles ely ‘pend onthe pariule cae studied, ad each ethod wil probably alays Teauperir tothe ote for some types of problems. 28 Summary “This chaper bas intrest several concepts and dfsitions common to the simalion of cimplex cheneal plans with any execaive program, “Tse mere the problem of eee the low and mediation of iforsson, And the planing of the ealelntion. “The Hansiaton ofthe proces Mow dngram into an infrstion flow singram nas deeb, Alternative methods were desrbed For repeseting {Heinformation flow diagram aureialy and methods for Ieting recyele3 om Punt To Como: The Taig of itl Sulton eve? loops ftom such numerical representations were examined The next caplet tw consider the method used by PACER in greater dt ‘Using a simple cramp, the veguenbal erative approsch to solution of recyue probs ins, been compared to a simultaneovs approach. The Herne approath weed by PACER allows nonlinear modeling of any desired sophistication. prostems 21, Take proces flow diagram bavng eye fom Hptaearbon Poses lind Perot Refinery 1 (or earp the area proses p30, of ‘igepeonyene proces I80h Const a8 lformatin Row daar fed umber he ulead sean. Espey trom tis dng alone se sogoznce in which you would ek ‘hconouler to pron be culations, wovpng together thre wisn the same nye oor. (Consul the green mar, ncnse mati and anceny ea fr {hs proves Civ the ejacency matt fo ncoag and ave i ry the lformaion Row dng fom Then ge hi he idee an (Moca matizes sn eum and have im add tM formation. low {isgram what be ean for each mas {e) From te adsocy tr for is proces find the veri sof wits at tbe it and outlet ef he proces. By wing powers the eed dh seg ain, fede teow tsa te prec Fi the rine me fstab ut nord halen repels san Be lest Ertequence write te elt over equeee ef extn an or Pith ht pat 112. Wee an agit for Sing th eral stand recycle set ofa ven aa Sg Mare How ny words of sonpater memory woul be regured for {Heashcrey mur of a proce th 7 is each element coed one Nes How any nors would be nutdel each elamentacupiedone ary iors asst ord? 2. (0) Wheo two sj lope cooing m and mines, espa, shar one Dr mae ay 8 nit hy form fogerty oop ef up to Gn +) Then ow cout sod composite Tloope be grovel in fing athe han 2 rem 9 reese loops fom dag element ofthe power of A sua 6 1 For tarps cone two io Fi 21 (0) ny, ben nn the al Be over than 2 agonal ements of At Wht equa Hom would age fd ut ung At ad ann We Unt UNvshares? Uae os an ramp the atom in i. 213 24, The ones ofa syle stem sdf 5 the minum numberof streams {Deccotsotha te cluaoos san be efooned nn ect enc. What Te te ord of teal forth ses shown in Figs 27 and 2.87 Can the tres mas, te aleseony atin the sem cpecon mais o the [reece mati bee to enify te orer ese of ven formation