13 Space heating and cooling

Cogeneration of electricity and heat for industrial processes or district connections, which are provided in a large volume withdrawal and
heating is a technology option for increased energy efficiency and thus gas calming chamber. Simultaneous water is injected or is flowed into a
reduction of CO* emissions. In the mid-1990s less than 10% of the glowing coke-filled, preferably water-filled coke chamber, whereby dust
electricity generation in the European Union was combined production is removed before reaching the filter. Thereby the raw gas, and/or
with significant variations among Member States. These variations are surplus gas are discharged in vertical direction from the withdrawal,
explained by different national legislation and relative power of and gas calming chamber so that the particles are separated.
institutions, rather than difference in industrial structure, climate or Depending on particle size, and gas velocity; and larger particles are
urban physical structure. The ‘single energy carrier’ directives have settling into the high temperature zone drop so that smaller particles
provisions that support the development of combined heat and power are vertical-delivered to react with the additives from the raw gas, and/
(CHP), but they do not support the development and expansion of the or surplus gas withdrawal.
district heating infrastructure. The article is partly based on a
contribution to the Shared Analysis Project for the European 03102542 Energy performance of daylight-linked aUtOmatiC
Commission DG Energy, concerning the penetration of CHP, energy lighting control systems in large atrium spaces: report on
saving, and renewables as instruments to meet the targets of the Kyoto two field-monitored case studies
Protocol within the liberalized European energy market. The quanti- Atif, M. R. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (5), 441-461.
tative and legal differences of the heat markets in selected Member This paper presents the field-measured energy performance of two
States are described, and the consequences of the directives are common types of daylight-linked lighting control systems, continuous
discussed. Finally, we summarize the tasks for a European policy dimming and automatic on/off installed in two existing large atrium
concerning the future regulation of district heating networks for CHP, spaces located in Canada. The daylighting performance was evaluated
emphasizing the need for rules for a fair competition between natural based on the daylight contribution to the indoor illuminance and the
gas and district heating networks. amount of electrical lighting displaced by daylighting via the daylight-
linked lighting control systems. Measured daylighting contribution to
03/02538 Control and energy metering in low temperature the space indicates that significant lighting energy savings can be
heating systems achieved in atrium spaces if the daylight-linked lighting control system
Rekstad, J. et al. Energy und Buildings. 2003, 35. (3), 281-291. is appropriately selected, installed and commissioned throughout its
A new approach of temperature control and energy metering in low existence. Results extrapolated from measurements collected during
temperature heating (LTH) systems is presented. The required heat is summer and winter indicate that as installed, the continuous dimming
supplied in terms of energy pulses by intermittent operation of the lighting control system provides 46% annual savings in electrical
circulation pump. The control unit calculates the heat demand from lighting consumption, while the automatic on/off saves between lland
external variables basically represented by the ambient air tempera- 17% in lighting energy. These savings account for 68% of the lighting
ture. The parameters necessary for temperature control can be energy consumed during main occupancy for the continuous dimming
extracted when the heat transfer coefficient and the heat capacity of system, and 31.5% for the automatic on/off. Operation irregularities
the floor construction are known. Furthermore, the control strategy such as a reduced dimming linearity and an incorrect adjustment of the
opens for energy metering in LTH systems by means of the parameters phases of the dimming control system, as well as the inadequate
heat carrier temperature and the duty cycle. The method is demon- location of the photocell controlling the automatic on/off lighting
strated to be at least accurate within 15%. system, the improper maintenance of the skylight during winter and the
oversizing of the lighting system reduced the energy efficiency of the
03/02539 Correlation based models for the simulation of lighting control systems by 30-65%.
energy performance of screw chillers
Solati, B. et al. Energy Conwrsion and Management, 2003, 44. (12), 03/02543 Enhancement of natural ventilation in a solar
1903-1920. house with a solar chimney and a solid adsorption cooling
This paper presents several correlation based models to be used for cavity
estimation of the energy performance of vapour compression screw Dai, Y. J. et crl. Solar Energy, 2003, 74, (I), 65-75.
chillers. They were developed using a detail thermodynamic model, This paper presents a parametric analytical study on the enhancement
contained in the ASHRAE Toolkit-I, for (1) identification of chiller of natural ventilation in a solar house induced by a solar chimney and a
parameters along with data from the manufacturer’s catalogue and (2) solid adsorption cooling cavity. Some details on sizing such a system
simulation of the energy performance of screw chillers. The new are also provided. Theoretical analyses are carried out to investigate
models were compared with those currently used for centrifugal the ventilation in the solar house with solar chimney alone, cooling
chillers. The energy performance of screw chillers from two different cavity alone or with combined solar chimney and solar adsorption
manufacturers was also compared. cooling cavity, without considering the wind effects. It is found that on
a typical day, the solar house comprising of a 2.5 m* solar chimney, is
03102540 Design of low energy office buildings able to create an airflow rate of more than 150 kg/h for the studied
Gratia, E. and De Herde, A. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (5), 473- house. In addition, the ventilation rate at night is also increased by
491. about 20% with the solar adsorption cooling cavity. It is expected that
There is an increasing demand for higher quality office buildings. the proposed concept is useful to be incorporated with a stand-alone
Occupants and developers of office buildings ask for a healthy and building or with a cluster of buildings for some favorable climates.
stimulating working environment. The advent of computers and other
office equipment increased the internal heat gains in most offices. 03/02544 Experimental investigation and analysis on a
Highly glazed facades, often with poor shading, have become very thermoelectric refrigerator driven by solar cells
common. This, together with the extra heat gains from the electric Dai, Y. J. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2003. 77. (4),
lighting made necessary by deep floor plans, and the wider use of false 377-391.
ceilings, increased the risk of overheating. Decisions taken rapidly in Experimental investigation and performance analysis on a solar cell
the early stages of design can have a large impact on the performance driven, thermoelectric refrigerator has been conducted. Research
of the finished building. For example, choices of the overall form of the interest focused on testing the system performance under sunshine.
building, the depth and height of rooms, and the size of windows can Experiment results demonstrated that the unit could maintain the
together double the eventual energy consumption of the finished temperature in the refrigerator at 5-lO”C, and have a COP about 0.3.
building. They can also halve the daylight levels, and increase summer Further analysis indicated that the performance of the system is
temperatures to levels that affect the occupants’ productivity. Later in strongly dependent on intensity of solar insolation and temperature
the design process, radical design changes are rarely made. The paper difference of hot and cold sides for the thermoelectric module, etc.
uses data from practice and meteorological data for Belgium (northern There exist optimum solar insolation rates, which let the cooling
part of Europe) to determine directions that should be used in practice. production and COP achieve maximum value, respectively. It was
So, this research represents a help for architects to design energy expected that the refrigerator would be potential for cold storage of
efficient buildings with a good thermal interior climate. vaccine, food and drink in remote area, or outdoor conditions where
electric power supply is absent.
03/02541 Device and procedure for the withdrawal of raw
gas, and/or surplus gas from a shaft melting furnace 03102545 First and second law analysis of a new power and
Mitteldeutsche, F. U. U. G. Ger. Offen. DE 10,123,297 (Cl. F27Bl/lO), refrigeration thermodynamic cycle using a solar heat source
20 Mar 2003, Appl. 10,123,297. (In German) Hasan, A. A. et al. Solar Energy, 2002, 73. (5), 385-393.
The invention concerns a procedure and device for the withdrawal of The first and second laws of thermodynamics were used to analyse a
raw gas, and/or surplus gas from a shaft melting furnace, particularly novel thermodynamic cycle proposed by Goswami in 1995 that uses an
from a coke-fired circulation gas cupola furnace. Furthermore the ammonia-water binary mixture as the working fluid, while producing
procedure is suitable for the material, and energetic utilization of both power and refrigeration simultaneously. The thermodynamic
wastes, whereby the raw gas, and/or surplus gas loaded with smoke, and performance of the cycle was optimized for maximum second law
dust particles are withdrawn directly from the melting, and overheating efficiency using a commercially available optimization program. A
zone of the furnace shaft through at least one horizontal gas maximum second law efficiency of 65.8% was obtained at a heat source

Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2003 407