DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

Voltage Measurement
StaVmea
 DIgSILENT GmbH

Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany

T: +49 7072 9168 0

F: +49 7072 9168 88

http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
Version: 2016
Edition: 1

Copyright © 2016, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 1

Contents

Contents

1 General Description 3

2 RMS-Simulation 4

2.1 Balanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.1.1 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.1.2 Calculation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Unbalanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2.1 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.2.2 Calculation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 EMT-Simulation 8

3.1 Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 Calculation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

List of Tables 11

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 2

1 General Description

1 General Description

The Voltage Measurement Device (StaVmea) is a PowerFactory element which is only used for
RMS and EMT simulation.

The Voltage Measurement Device (StaVmea) can be used to measure the voltage at AC/DC
terminals and cubicles. The measured voltage can then for example be fed as a signal into a
controller for a RMS or EMT simulation.

The Voltage Measurement Device has either to be connected to a measurement point by se-
lecting a terminal or cubicle for the Measurement Point (pbusbar parameter) or it can be directly
stored at the measurement location - which has to be a cubicle (StaCubic).

The output voltage signals are normalised using the normalisation factor U n/U rated where U n
is the nominal voltage of the element and U rated is set depending on the selected Voltage
Rating (i mode parameter) as shown in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Options available for Voltage Rating

Voltage Rating Urated

Rated to 1kV 1kV
Rating of Connected Terminal uknom nominal voltage of measurement point
User Defined Voltage Rating U nom entered by the user

The frequency output is available only if the option No. of Phases = 3 is selected. The frequency
is calculated always if the option Frequency Output is set to Calculate always. If the option
Calculate only if signal is connected is used, the calculation of the output frequency f e is done
only if the output signal is connected to another model e.g. via a composite model. Else, the
frequency output signal is constant (f e = 1p.u.).

The measurement device is mostly used in combination with controller models. In PowerFactory
it is possible to use a different simulation algorithm, the so-called A-stable integration algorithm,
for parts of the network. If an element and its controller models are using this A-stable integra-
tion algorithm, the connected measurement device should also use this algorithm, thus the flag
’iAstabint’ on the RMS-simulation page should be selected.

The equations and parameters of the StaVmea element are documented in the following sec-
tions.

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 3

2 RMS-Simulation

2 RMS-Simulation

The equations for balanced and unbalanced RMS simulation are described in the following
subsections.

2.1 Balanced

• If the voltage measurement device is connected to an AC terminal, the input signals to the
StaVmea, ur A and ui A, are set to the real- and imaginary part of the positive-sequence
voltage u available from the simulation. Then, the voltage output signals are calculated as
follows:

ur = ur A · U n/U rated (1)

ui = ui A · U n/U rated (2)
p
u = ur2 + ui2 (3)

The negative and zero sequence voltage output signals are not available for balanced
simulations.
• The voltage measurement device has also a frequency output signal. The frequency is
calculated by adding the frequency deviation (4) to the frequency of the reference ma-
chine. The frequency deviation is calculated using the following equation:
dφ
∆f = (4)
dt

The equation 4 is implemented using the following differential equations (two state vari-
ables are defined internally cos φ and sin φ) for calculating the frequency output f e:
 .
d cos φ ur A
= √ − cos φ Tf e (5)
dt ur A2 + ui A2
 .
d sin φ ui A
= √ − sin φ Tf e (6)
dt ur A2 + ui A2
where Tf e is fixed to 3/F nom and F nom is the Nominal Frequency of the network in Hz.
Equation 5 and 6 is used to calculate the derivative of cos φ and sin φ.
The frequency change (in p.u.) is equal to:
  .
d sin φ 1
· (2 · π · F nom) if | cos φ| > | sin φ|


dt cos φ



df e =  . (7)

 d cos φ 1
− · (2 · π · F nom) if | cos φ| ≤ | sin φ|


dt sin φ


The frequency is then calculated using f ref in (reference machine frequency in p.u.) as:

f e = f ref in + df e (8)

• For DC systems, only one input signal is available (ur A):

ur = ur A · U n/U rated (9)

ui = 0 (10)
p
u = ur2 + ui2 (11)
fe = 0 (12)

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 4

2 RMS-Simulation

2.1.1 Signals

The signals used in the balanced RMS model are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Signals (Balanced RMS-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Type Description

ur A p.u. IN Input Voltage, Real Part
ui A p.u. IN Input Voltage, Imaginary Part
ur p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Positive Sequence, Real Part
ui p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Positive Sequence, Imaginary Part
u p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Positive Sequence, Magnitude
f ref in p.u. IN Frequency of the reference machine (automatically
connected)
f ref p.u. OUT Reference Frequency (same as f ref in)
fe p.u. OUT Frequency

2.1.2 Calculation parameters

The calculation parameters used in the balanced RMS model are presented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Calculation parameters (RMS-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Description

U rated kV Rated Voltage
F nom Hz Nominal Frequency

2.2 Unbalanced

The behavior of the unbalanced measurement depends on the No. of Phases option (parameter
nphase).

The three-phase unbalanced RMS simulation delivers the complex phase to ground voltages
for phase A, B and C to the measurement device (ua , ub and uc ) .

In the case of the three-phase system, the output signals are the real and imaginary part and
magnitude of the positive, negative and zero sequence voltage that are calculated using the
symmetrical components transformation. Similar transformation is being used for the two-phase
system (modal components transformation).

The output voltages for unbalanced RMS simulation are calculated depending on the phase
technology of the terminal as follows:

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 5

2 RMS-Simulation

• 3-phase system (using symmetrical components transformation)

√ ! √ !2
 
1 1 3 1 3
u = · ua + − + j · ub + − − j · uc  · U n/U rated (13)
3 2 2 2 2
√ !2 √ !
 
1 1 3 1 3
u2 = · ua + − + j · ub + − + j · uc  · U n/U rated (14)
3 2 2 2 2
1
u0 = · (ua + ub + uc ) · U n/U rated (15)
3

• 2-phase system:
1
u= · (ua − ub ) · U n/U rated (16)
2
u2 = 0 (17)
1
u0 = · (ua + ub ) · U n/U rated (18)
2

• Single-phase (system): In case of a single phase system at the measurement point the
option No. of Phases can be set to 3 and the voltage is calculated as follows:

u = ua · U n/U rated (19)

In case of a multi phase system where only the voltage of one phase should be measured
the option No. of Phases has to be set to 1 and the voltage is then calculated as follows.
Depending on the phase technology of the selected Measurement Point, the voltage can
be measured at phase a, b, c, a-n, b-n, c-n or n by selecting the appropriate Measured
Phase.
The unbalanced RMS simulation delivers the complex phase to ground voltages for phase
A, B, C and N (if available) to the measurement device (ua , ub , uc and un ). According to
the selected Measured Phase, the corresponding values are set to the input signals uin r
and uin i. As output signals the real part, imaginary part and magnitude of the complex
phase voltage are available.
The output signals are calculated as follows:

ur = uin r · U n/U rated (20)

ui = uin i · U n/U rated (21)
p
u = ur2 + ui2 (22)

• DC system:

ur = u · U n/U rated (23)

ui = 0 (24)
fe = 0 (25)

The frequency f e is calculated using the same equations as for the balanced RMS simulation
(Equation 5 to Equation 8).

2.2.1 Signals

The signals used in the three-phase unbalanced RMS model are presented in Table 2.3.

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 6

2 RMS-Simulation

Table 2.3: Signals (Three-phase unbalanced RMS-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Type Description

ur A p.u. IN Input Voltage, Real Part, Phase A
ui A p.u. IN Input Voltage, Imaginary Part, Phase A
ur B p.u. IN Input Voltage, Real Part, Phase B
ui B p.u. IN Input Voltage, Imaginary Part, Phase B
ur C p.u. IN Input Voltage, Real Part, Phase C
ui C p.u. IN Input Voltage, Imaginary Part, Phase C
ur p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Positive Sequence, Real Part
ui p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Positive Sequence, Imaginary Part
u p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Positive Sequence, Magnitude
u2r p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Negative Sequence, Real Part
u2i p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Negative Sequence, Imaginary Part
u2 p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Negative Sequence, Magnitude
u0r p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Zero Sequence, Real Part
u0i p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Zero Sequence, Imaginary Part
u0 p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Zero Sequence, Magnitude
f ref in p.u. IN Frequency of the reference machine (automatically
connected)
f ref p.u. OUT Reference Frequency (same as f ref in)
fe p.u. OUT Frequency

2.2.2 Calculation parameters

The calculation parameters used in the unbalanced RMS model are presented in Table 2.4.

Table 2.4: Calculation parameters (Three-phase unbalanced RMS-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Description

U rated kV Rated Voltage
F nom Hz Nominal Frequency

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 7

3 EMT-Simulation

3 EMT-Simulation

For the EMT simulation there are (like for the RMS simulation) two options for the measurement
available (three-phase and single-phase measurement) depending on the setting of the No. of
Phases parameter (nphase).

The three-phase unbalanced EMT simulation provides the phase voltages for phase A, B and
C to the measurement device (ua , ub and uc ).

The output voltages for EMT simulation are calculated as follows:

• 3-phase system:
The phase voltages are first transformed using the αβγ transformation.
1
uα = · (2 · ua − ub − uc ) (26)
3
1 √ √
uβ = · ( 3 · ub − 3 · uc ) (27)
3
1
uγ = · (ua + ub + uc ) (28)
3

The output signals are then calculated as follows:

ur = uα · U n/U rated (29)

ui = uβ · U n/U rated (30)
p
u = ur2 + ui2 (31)
u0 = uγ · U n/U rated (32)

• 2-phase system:
1
ur = · (ua − ub ) · U n/U rated (33)
2
ui = 0 (34)
p
u = ur2 + ui2 (35)
1
u0 = · (ua + ub ) · U n/U rated (36)
2

• In case of a single phase system at the measurement point the option No. of Phases can
be set to 3 and the voltage is calculated as follows:

ur = ua · U n/U rated (37)

ui = 0 (38)
p
u = ur2 + ui2 (39)
u0 = 0 (40)

In case of a multi phase system where only the voltage of one phase should be measured
the option No. of Phases has to be set to 1 and the voltage is then calculated as follows.
Like for the unbalanced RMS-simulation the voltage can be measured at phase a, b, c,
a-n, b-n, c-n or n by selecting the appropriate Measured Phase, depending on the phase
technology of the selected Measurement Point.
The three-phase unbalanced EMT simulation provides the phase voltages for phase A, B
and C to the measurement device (ua , ub and uc ) as well as the phase-neutral voltages.
According to the selected Measured Phase, the corresponding values are set to the input

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 8

3 EMT-Simulation

signals uin r and uin i. As output signals the real part, imaginary part and the magnitude
of the phase voltage are available.
The measurement is analogue to the measurement described in Section 2.2. The only
difference is that in the EMT case, the input signal ui is set to zero:

ur = uin r · U n/U rated (41)

ui = 0 (42)
p
u = ur2 + ui2 (43)

• DC system:

ur = u · U n/U rated (44)

ui = 0 (45)
p
u = ur2 + ui2 (46)
u0 = 0 (47)
fe = 0 (48)

For the calculation of the frequency f e the following phasor is defined (the input voltage is
rotated through an angle of −φref ):

uab = (ur + j ui) · (cos φref − j sin φref ) (49)

where in this case ur and ui are non-normalized values (normalization factor U n/U rated has
not been used) and φref is artificially created rotating system.

The following differential equations are being used:

 .
d cos φ uab .r
= − cos φ Tf e (50)
dt |uab |
 .
d sin φ uab .i
= − sin φ Tf e (51)
dt |uab |
d φref
= 2 · π · F nom (52)
dt
where Tf e is fixed to 3/F nom where F nom is the Nominal Frequency of the network in Hz.

First, the expression for df e from Equation 7 is evaluated and the frequency is calculated de-
pending on df e as:
 v
 u d cos φ 2  d sin φ 2
+

 u
dt dt

 u .
(2 · π · F nom) if df e ≥ 0
 t

 1 + 2 2
(cos φ) + (sin φ)



fe = v (53)


 u d cos φ 2  d sin φ 2
+

 u

dt dt
 u .

 1− (2 · π · F nom) if df e <0
 t
 2 2
(cos φ) + (sin φ)

3.1 Signals

The input and output signals used by the three-phase EMT model are presented in Table 3.1.

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 9

3 EMT-Simulation

Table 3.1: Signals (Three-phase EMT-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Type Description

uA p.u. IN Input Voltage, Phase A
uB p.u. IN Input Voltage, Phase B
uC p.u. IN Input Voltage, Phase C
ur p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Real Part
ui p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Imaginary Part
u p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Magnitude
u0 p.u. OUT Output Voltage, Zero Sequence
fe p.u. OUT Frequency

3.2 Calculation parameters

The calculation parameters used by the three-phase EMT model are presented in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2: Calculation parameters (three-phase EMT-Simulation)

Name Symbol Unit Description

U rated kV Rated Voltage

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 10

List of Tables

List of Tables

1.1 Options available for Voltage Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 Signals (Balanced RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Calculation parameters (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.3 Signals (Three-phase unbalanced RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.4 Calculation parameters (Three-phase unbalanced RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . 7

3.1 Signals (Three-phase EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.2 Calculation parameters (three-phase EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Voltage Measurement (StaVmea) 11