Theory and Problems of STATISTICS Third EditionThe late MURRAY R. SPIEGEL recsived the M.S. dep in Physss and the PhD. in Matbematis ftom Cornell University. He had postions at ievard University, Colombu University, Oak Radge and Renseler Poly- techni lastitate, and ered ax 4 mathematical conan! at several ange ‘companies. His lst poston ws Profesor und Chairman of Matherates at the Rensselaer Polytech Insitute, Hartord Graduate Center. He was interested in most branches of mathematics. especialy thowe which involve applications to physis and enginering problems. He wis the author of ‘numerous jour artisis und 14 books om varus topic in mathemati, LARRY J. STEPHENS is Professor of Mathematics a the Uniersiy of Nebraska at Omuhs, He received hs bachelor's degre in Mathematis fom Memphis Stute Univerty, is mater depres in Mathematics from the University of Asizona. and hie PhiD- degree in Statistic from Oklahoma ‘State University. Profesor Stephens has over 4 publications in profesional Jounal. and ove 28 years of experience teaching sates He hs 49ght a the University of Anaons, Christin Brothers Ciilege, Gonzaga Univer, Oklahom State Univer, he Univery of Nebraska at Kearney, andthe University of Nebraska Omuha. He his publshed numerous compute fae test hanks to ascompony elmer sii feats He has worked for NASA, Livermore Redition Laboratory. ind Lex Alsmoe Laborstory Since 1989, Dr Stephens fis consoled wih and conducted sais scm ra for the engintring group at 3M. Valles. Nebraska pi. Spomosng Ete: Bates Gt eyo Con ating aiationD Sey Mars Span Lary? Septem de Oabeises hom Wt See McGraw-Hill MINITAB isa repstered trademark of Minitab Ine.ana CUT uy In preparing this hind edition of Schaum's Outline of State. 1 have replied dated problems with palblems tha eect the eehnolgsal and soolgscal changes that have occured since the seit {tas published in '961-One problem in the scomd edition dealt withthe times of radio tube, for ‘ample, Since ost people under thy probuy do not know what radi tubes are, thie problem se tril as many aters have been replaced by problems involving curren topics sich as health eae ses, AIDS, the loterct. celar phones, and so forth The matemarial and satis aspects have not hanged, Bo the sees of application andthe eompattional aspects of statistics hae changed "Another portant mpresement isthe ntrdution of ssa software into te fest. The deel ‘opment of statsical software pockagss such as SAS, SPSS, und MINFTAB bas data changed "he application of statistics to tealworid problems. One ofthe mont widely sed aii packapes in ‘cademis a wll 8 industrial stings he package called MINITAB (Minitab Ine. 3081 Entrpese Drive, State Cole, PA 16801-2008) would ike 1 hank Minitab Ine. for ranting me permission include Minitab outpatthroashout the txt, Many modeen statistical textbooks include compatr to ‘tare output as part of the text. have chosen to include Minitab because its widely Used und is very Trendy. Once 4 stadent leans the vrious data fle stuctres acoded to wwe MINITAB, and the Stricture of the comands and suhsommands ths knowledge is ead teisferabl to other statistical Software, With the intodaction of pulldown mend and dialog hoses, the software hasbeen made even Frenller 1 inclate both commands nd poledn mens in The Minit dtcosvons in the tet "Many ofthe new problems discos the spartan statistical concep of the pave fora statistical test When the fst edition wk introduced sn 1961, the pave was mo ss Widely wed a tty because i is olen dificult to determine without the aid of computer software. Tod) p-values are routinely provided by statistical sofware packages since the computer software computation af pales ‘Rotem trva satter A new chapter ened "Statistical Process Control und Process Capability” has replaced Chapter 19, “index Numbers" These topics have many indostisl applications and 1 Fel they needed to he incdd in the fxt. The inchs ofthe tecigues of satihielprocess cote nd proses capability in modern software packages has fitted the implementation ofthese techniques m many instr sclings The software performs all the compuations, which te rather burdensome, I chose 10 he Minitah bocabe 1 Tel that is among the ex soltwate for SPC appiations "wish to thank my ile Lana for hor understanding dating the reparation of the book: my frend Stanley Wileman forall the computer lp he his piven the und Alan Hun nd the staff at Keyword Publishing Sevies Lid, London, England, fr ther fine proton work, Finally 1 wis to thank the Saffat McGraw-Hill for ther cooperation and bef. Lasny J. Serenaa SCE Satins, or atnical methods ati sometimes called x playing an increasingly important role in rely all phases of human endewor. Formerydeating ony wih fs ofthe sat, thus secounting for ite name, the influence of satis has now spread o arvutare, ology, busines, chemistry, comma cations, economics. education, eletonics. medicine, phys politcal science, psychology, Sociology tnd numerous other feds of cence sd enpinecring The purpose of this book ito prsent an introduction to the general stil principles which wil be found ust (oll indvidoatsreandes oftheir ei of specaiation. Ichas heen desiane for use tithe 25 2 supplement to all euttent standard tess or a8 4 tethook fort Formal cours in statistics. It Shot also he of considerable vile asa ook of reference for those presently engaged in sppations of Satis to their own special prblens of recach, Each chaper begin with clear steno of pertinent definitions, dheorems and principles togsther with iustrative and other descriptive materi. This i olloned by sraded set of solved and soppe rmentay probleme which in many instances os dats drawn from ata statistical stations. The sae Problems serve to ilusirte and amply the teory. bing into Sharp ecus those fine points Without thick the sadent continally Fels himssif on unsafe groond, and provide the repetition of hase Principles so ia to effective teaching Numerous dervations of formats ae icladed mong the soled Problems, The large nombe of soppkementary problems with unsere serve ara complete review of the Irate of each chapter The only mathematical background needed for an understunding ofthe entire book i aithmetie and the elements of algebra. A review o portant matherotelconceps bed ia the Book i presented in the est chapter which may ether be read a he beginning ofthe course or referred to later as tbe need “The carly part of the hook dels with the analysis of fequsney dsteibutions and astovated measores of central tendency, dispersion, shewnest and kurtous, This Tens quite naturally to a discussion of lementaty probably theory and applications, which paves the way for a sudy of sttpling theory. Techniques of large strpling theory. which involve te normal distibulion, and sppcation 0 as vical estimation and texts of hypotheses and spicance are weated Rs. Sal sping theory. ino ‘ing Students /distipation, the ehisauare-ditabution and the F dlstahaton together with the Snplictions appear in later chapter Another chapier om earve iting sn the method ffs sguates leas togiealy tothe topics of eorelation ind Fetes involung two vatsbls, Molle and partial correlation involving more than two virshles ae treated in sepirate chapter, These ate followed by ‘chapters onthe analysis of variance and nonparametie methods, ne i this Second edition. Two Binal ‘haplers deal withthe snalbsn of time series and index numbers respectively ‘Considerably nore material his been included here thin cin be covered in ost Ast courses. This has been done to make the book wore flexible, 10 provide more useful ook of relerence and to simulate are interest inthe topics. I sing the hook it posible to change the order of many ate ‘apres or even to omit etain capers without dificil. For example, Chaptets [3-15 nd 18-19 ca, fo the mom part, be introduc immhately ler Chapter 5. i iti desired to treat correlation, reeression, times series, and index numbers here sampling theory. Sonilay, most of Chapter 6 may he omit Fone does ot wis to desote too mu ime to probably Ina ft coarse al of Chapter 15 tay be omitted. Te present order fa heen used becuse there isan increasing tendency in modern courses to inode sampling theory and statistical influence as early a8 possible {rssh otha the various agencies, both governmental and private, fr tei cooperation in supply ing data for abies. Appropriate references vo such soures are given throughout the book. In paula,1am indebied to Professor Sir Ronald A. Fisher, ERS, Cambridge; Dr. Franke Yates. RS. Rothamsted, and Messe. Oliver and Boyd Lid. Edinburgh, for permesion to une data from Table MV of thee book Starstiel Tables for Biological, Agrietural, al Medical Research. Labo wish tO thank Esther and Meyer Scher for their encouragement snd the al of McGraw-Hill fr their copeCHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 Variables and Graphs Statins Population and Sample; Inductive and Descriptive Statistics Variables: Dserete and Continuous Rounding of Data Scientific Notation Significant Figures Computations Functions Rectangular Coordinates Graphs Equations Incqualitis Logaritims Aaiilogaithms Compistations Using Logarithms Frequency Distributions Raw Data Arrays Froquency Distributions (Clas Intervals and Class Limits Class Boundaries The Size, or Wath, of a Class Interval ‘The Class Mark General Rules for Forming Frequency Distributions Histograms and Frequency Polygons Relative-Frequeney Distributions ‘Cumulative-Frequeney Distributions and Ogives Relative Cumulative: Frequency Distributions and Percentage Osives Frequency Curves and Smoothed Ogives Types of Frequency Curves ‘The Mean, Median, Mode, and Other Measures of Central Tendency Index, or Subscript, Notation Summation Notation Averages, ot Measures of Central TendencyCHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 ‘The Arithmetic Mean ‘The Weighted Arithmetic Mean Propertcs of the Arithmetic Mean ‘The Arithmetic Mean Computed from Grouped Data ‘The Median ‘The Mode ‘The Empirical Relation Between Mean, Median, and Mode The Geometric Mean G ‘The Harmonie Mean #7 ‘The Relation Between Arithmetic, Geometric, and Harmonic Means ‘The Root Mean Square «RMS) Quarles, Devils, and Percentiles The Standard Deviation and Other Measures of Dispersion Dispersion, oF Variation ‘The Range ‘The Mean Deviation ‘The Semi-Interquartle Range ‘The 10-90 Percentile Range ‘The Standard Deviation ‘The Variance Short Methods for Computing the Standard Deviation Propertic of the Standard Deviation (Chatters Check Sheppard's Correction for Variance Empirical Relations Between Measures of Dispersion Absolute and Relative Dispersion: Coeficient of Variation Standardized Variable; Standard S Moments, Skewness, and Kurtosis Moments Moments for Grouped Data Relations Betwoen Moments ‘Computation of Moments for Grouped Data ‘Chatlir’s Check and Sheppunt's Corrections Moments in Dimensionless Form Skewness Kurtosis Population Moments, Skowness, and Kurtosis Elementary Probability Theory Definitions of ProbatCHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 10 conTENTS Conditional Probability; Independent and Dependent Events Mutually Exclusive Events Probability Disteibutions Mathematical Expectation Relation Between Population, Sample Mean, and Variance ‘Combinatorial Analysis Combinations Stirling's Approximation 10a! Relation of Probability o Point Sot Theory The Binomial, Normal, and Poisson Distributions ‘The Binomial Distribution The Normal Distribution Relation Between the Binomial and Normal Distributions The Poisson Distibution Relation Between the Binomial and Poisson Distributions The Multinomial Distribution Fitting Theorstcal Distnbutions to Sample Frequency Distributions Elementary Sampling Theory Sampling Theory Random Samples and Random Numbers Sampling With and Without Replacement Samping Distributions Sampling Distribution of Means Sarmpling Distibaton of Proportions Sampling Distribution of Differences and Sums Standard Errors Statistical Estimation Theory Fstimation of Parameters Unbiased Estimates Effient Estimates Point Estimates and Interval Estimates; Their Reliability Confdence-Interval Estimates of Population Parameters Probable Error Statistical Decision Theory ‘Statistical Decisions Statistical Hypotheses ‘Tests of Hypotheses and Significance, or Decision Rules ‘Type Hand Type I ErrorsCHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 13 contents Level of Significance ‘Tests Involving Normal Distributions TwoTailed and One-Taied Tests Special Tests (Operatng- Characteristic Curves the Power of a Test Conteot Charts ‘Tests tnvolving Sample Diflerences ‘Tests Involving Binomial Distributions ‘Small Sampling Theory Small Samples Student's 1 Distribution Confidence intervals ‘Tests of Hypotheses and Significance ‘The Chi-Square Distribution Confidence Intervals for Degrees of Freedom ‘The F Distribution The Chi-Square Test Observed and Theoretical Frequencies Definition of Signifeance Tests The Chi-Squate Test For Goodness of Fit Contingency Tables Yates’ Correction for Continuity Simple Formulas for Computing Goetiient of Contingency Correlation of Atsbutes Aadive Property’) Curve Fitting and the Method of Least Squares Relationship Between Variables Curve Fiting Equations of Approximating Curves Frechand Method of Curve Fitting ‘The Straight Line ‘The Method of Least Squares ‘The Leist Squares Line [Nonlinear Relationships ‘The Least-Squares Parabola Regression Applications to Time Series Problems Involving More Taan Two VariablesCHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 16 contents, Correlation Theory Correlation and Regression Linear Coreeation Measures af Corzeation The Least-Squares Regresion Lines Standard Extor of Estimate Explained and Unexplained Variation Cobficient of Cortelation ‘Remarks Concerning the Correlation Coefcient Prodiet-Moment Formula forthe Linear Correlation Cosflicent Short Computational Formulas Regression Lines and the Linear Correlation Coefiient Correlation of Time Series Correlation of Attabutes Sampling Theory of Correlation Sumpling Theory of Regression Multiple and Partial Correlation Multiple Corceation Subseript Notation Regression Equations and Regression Planes Normal Equations for the Least Squares Regression Plane Regression Planes and Correlation Coeficients Standard Error of Estimate Coefficient of Multiple Correlation ‘Change of Dependent Variable Generalizations to More Than Thrce Variables Partial Correlation Retationships Between Multiple and Partial Correlation Cocficients Nonlinear Multiple Regression Analysis of Variance The Purpose of Analysis of Variance One-Way Classification, or One-Factor Experiments Total Variation, Variation Within Treatments. und Variation exwoen Treatments Shortcut Methods for Obtaining Variations Mathematical Model for Analysis of Variance Expected Values ofthe Variations Distributions ofthe Variations The F Test forthe Null Hypothesis of Equal Means Analysivof-Variance TablesCHAPTER 17 CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 19 Modifications for Unequal Numbers of Observations ‘Two-Way Classification, or Two-Factor Experiments Notation for Two-Factor Experiments Variations for Two-Factor Experiments Analysis of Variance for Two-Factor Experiments Two: Factor Experiments with Replication Experimental Design Nonparametric tests Introduction The Sign Test The Mann-Whitney U Test The Kruskal-Wallis H Test The H Test Corrected for Ties ‘The Runs Test for Randomness Further Applications of the Runs Test Spearman's Rank Correlation Analysis of Time Series Time Series Graphs of Time Series Characters Movements of Time Series Classicaion of Time-Setes Movements Time Series Analysis Moving Averages the Smoothing of Time Series Estimation of Trend Estimation of Seasonal Variations: the Seasonal Index Deseasonalization of Data Estimation of Cyclic Variations Estimation of Iregular Variations Comparability of Data Forecasting Summary ofthe Fundamental Steps in Time-Series Analysis Statistical Process Control and Process Capability General Discussion of Control Chasts Variables and Attributes Control Chirts bar and R Charts “Tess for Special Causes Process Capability Poand NP-Charts (Other Control Charts‘Answers to Supplementary Problems Appendixes 1 Ordinates (¥) of the Standard Normal Curve at = Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve from 0 t0 = L_Pescentile Values (5) for Students ¢ Distribution with v Degrees of Freedom IV Percentile Values (13) for the Chi-Square Distribution with v Degrees of Freedom 95th Percentile Values forthe F Distribution 99th Percentile Values forthe F Distribution Four-Place Common Logarithms Values of Random Numbers IndexTheory and Problems of STATISTICSVariables and GraphsVARIABLES AND GRAPHS, (crap. [EXAMPLE 2. The sight of a indivi, which sm be 6 ache Gn 688i, oF 481i, depending om the Data that can be described bya disrete or continuous varia ae called dsrete date or continuous dara, spectively. The nurber of children in each of 1000 fae san example of discrete dat, wile the height of 100 university students isan example of continuo dat, In general, measurements give Fe tocootinuous data, wile enmeatans, or counting, give tse to discrete data Ws sometimes convenient to exend the concept of varabl io Aonnumeial ene; fr example, ‘olor Cina tino «warble that ean take onthe ales” red, orange elo, eeen lie indigo, fad vole 11s gencraly possible to replace such varabls by numerical quate: for example, denote ted by Te orange by 2 1D 10% 1010 100.0, 08 10 = 1090000, EXAMPLE 4 W!= 1510! =.1,0804 10 2 01, oF 001 an 10% =D, oF 8.0 EXAMPLE $. 864001000 = 864 VF, and DooRAIG ~ 3.416 «10° "Note that mutpying a number by 10. for example, has the effet of moving the deimal point of ‘the number eight places the rig, Mohipiyng a number by 10" has the est of moving the devia point of the number sx places 10th ‘We often wrt 0.1255 rather than 1283 fo emphasize the fact tha a number ther than 2eo before ‘he deemal point has not accidentally been omit, However the Zero befor the decimal point ca be ‘omitted in eases where no confusion si resal, sch in tables, (rien we ase purembeses or dts to show the multiplication of two or mote numbers. Thus (813) ‘Sx 318, and (10}(10)(10}— 10-10-1010 10x 10 = 1000. When leters are ted fo reprient. numbers, the parentheses or dots are often omitted: for example, ab = (0\(6)=a-b= ab, The acetic rotation i often asf in computation, especially in fcating decimal points. Use is then made ofthe rules 107,10") = 10" Ware conn co where p and gare any numbers. Tn 10", ps called the exponen and 10 called the baseEXAMPLE HOH = 19m 108 tan = 10% — Ge. 10 hs 4xq00 [EXAMPLE 7. (400.00 0. mean “ks dan” and “greater than.” respestively. The symbols < and 2 ‘mean “Tes than or equal apd “greater than or equal 0." respectively. They are known a8 inequality pmol. AMPLE 28, 42 105 ed i enter tha oF yale 1° EXAMPLE 27. 4-<¥ 56 i sd “4 ethan Y, ic sles thin or ei 10.6" oF Ys Betws Had 6 ‘ncdg 4 but ncluing 6" or“ geste than 4a lee han ou 0 &VARIABLES AND GRAPHS lcniar 1 Relations involving inaqualty symbols ae allo ingen. Just ay we apsak of members of am ‘equation, so we can speak of mentors of an mega, Tham the inequity 4 ¥ = 6, the members sed. Yan 6 ‘Ava ineguaity remains wad when 1. The same number add too subtracted fromm euch memb. 2. Each member is mite or divided by the same pie number EXAMPLE 28, Sine 15> 12.(150) > (13) G6. 48> 2) and S/T HVT is. $> 4) 5. Each member is maltnie or divided by the sme argurise number, provid thal the inequality symbols ure reversed. Locartrams Every positive number ' canbe expressed 3 power of 10 thats ke ean aly ind p such that N= 10% Weeallp the logarith of Nt these 0. the somo logerton of Nad we vite Bly P= tog, oF p~ logy. For example, since 1000-1 ng 10H0 = 3. Sty ince GO ~ 10 2 fogoot When. is gumber between {snd 10 (4.1 and 10). ~ Ing A isa nonber between Dan Tun can be Tound from the table af logarithms im Appendix VIL few dig, 23 Then we posed rt the colun bse h We in heey 3 Th 3.360.739 ta2ie= “The logarithms ofa positive numbers can he found from dhe logarithms of mumbsesbstwse | and 10 EXAMPLE 32. Fiom ume 3, 2261S Miloping Sesesialy fy HD we hase 296 = 100% Ga 0". 2460 10a forth Ths lg 236 SN. p 288 AD, log RO 289, al Bg ‘Often we writs 03729 — 1 gh 9.372) 0, or T.372H; a 3729 —2 4s A710, oF 2312: and oth lognaw- 973 —10 0627 logon = 3795-10 ve ands fort, “The decimal part 3729 inal thes logarithms i ale the muni Te maining prt, before the cma of the manta [vey I. 2,3. am Tad 2 for 9 —and Xt, respively] called the ortriti “The following rules are ensily demoaststed |. For number greater than J, the chastise pits a sone fv tha he numberof digits before the desma point.[EXAMPLE 94. ‘Th characteris of he lps of 2360, 214, 286,236 3,21 and, an the eg Topntben ae 3595, 2999, 15799, and 0309 2. Fora number less tha 1, she characteristic is negative and is one more than the aumber of 208 immediately following the decimal point. [EXAMPLE 25, ‘The sarc of he opr of 0.236, 00236 and 000236 ate 1, -2, and 3, ate feared logan ape T3709. 29% apd 13739, or 9739” 10 8379 —s and 73729 10, spect. Wogarthms of four-digit numbers (uch 8 2.364 and 758.2) ate required, the method of oerpola: tion can be us (00 Probie 136). ANTILOGARITHMS, In the exponential form 2.36 = 108 the number 2.36 scaled the atlogarithm of 0.3729, oF antlg 0.3729 Tee the number whose logarithm s 03729. 1 flows atone that alog 13729 — 234, Antlog 23729 = 256 antlog 33729 = 2860, aati 9.3729 — 10 — anilog 1.3729 = 0.236, and atiog 3729 — 10 =anulog 13729 = 0.026 The antilog of any aumber can be ound by teferene to Apnea ix VIL the row mared 43 andthe comm feuded 5, heared deo the umber ue 425 Sie the charter Sari anlog 34044 = 280 and nog S4284 = «25.00 the mantinss ace not found ia Appenix VI, intespolation can be used (se Problem 1.37) COMPUTATIONS USING LOGARITHMS These computations employ the Following properties: log MV = log A+ oa M tog Mo tog M = log 8 By combining thse ress, we ind, For example CPC - plod +4 log 8+rlog C—slogD—r lon E See Problems 1.18 t0 146Solved Problems VARIABLES. 1.1 State which ofthe following represent discrete data and which represent continous da: (@) Numbers of shares sold each day in the stk market (0) Temperatures recorded every half hour ata weather bureaw ©) Lifetimes of television tubes produced by a company (d)Yeaty incomes of college professors {) Lengths of 1000 bolts produced in 2 factory ‘soLutIOn (a) Discrete; continuous: (continous drt (0 comiavus Give the domain ofeach ofthe following variables, and sate whether the variables are contin tous oF discrete (2) Number 6 of galons (gal of water ia a washing machine (0) Number of books on a library’ sbi (6). Sam S of points obtained in tossing & pir of dice (4) Diameter D ofa sphere (©) Country Cin Europe (6) Dumatn: Points outed on sige cae 2.3.4, $078, Henge he sm of points ma pao ‘Seren be. 34.5.6.7.8.9 111 oF 12, whieh the domain ofS Vane: Dee, ‘ward Vane Comtineoue ROUNDING OF DATA 413 Round each ofthe following numbers tothe indicated sceuraey: (o) 46 nearest unit (18398 nearest tenth () 1365 nearest wnt (2) 368 nearest hundred (0) 248s nearest hundredth (A) 24488 nearest thousand (4) 00835 nearest thousandth) 5.56500 nearest hundredth (6) 450001 nearest unit () S56801 nearest hundvedth (0) 49) 135 e248: 4) 00) 8:1) 1480: 40: 2400: 5 589557,CHAP VARIABLES AND GRAPHS. Adi the numbers 438, £65, 295, 12.48, 665, 7.5, and 9.75 (a directly, (b) by rounding to the ‘nearest tenth according othe “even integer convention, and (c) by rounding 0 a o ncrease the digit before the 5. 295 nas oss Dott proeedie (suport procedure) es amuatie rade are mined ia SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 1s Express each ofthe following numbers without sing powers of 10: (a) 482310" Ge) 380% ur Ge) 300% 108 () BEI Gd) ERB IO) 70.000 10°" (4) Move she dca point sea pass 10 the ight and obtain 8200000 (8) move the dina pint wt places to he let and oa 0000085) OOH a) T8400) ADU. 000 00 7) Povaotrdeo How many signicant figures are in each of the following, stsuming that the numbers aze recorded seuratey? () 198in (4) 0.00280 mfg) 9 houses () 1494050 (e) 100280 m (2) 4.0% 10 pounds Ib) (00028 meter (m)—(f) 9 grams (g)()7.58400% 10" dye (o) Four (2 five) 90 (4 the: eS) one wiited (1) ‘What isthe maximum ertor in each ofthe following measurements, assuming that they are recorded accurately? (a) TESS4in——(b) OOOO cubic eet Me) 3.867 10 Rlometers hrm) (a) The measurement can range anywhere fFom 7LHS1S to 734345 i; ence the maxim ero i (0) Taeuber fic et an rage anywhere em 0.05795 to 05H ence the manu eae is dotons Four sigur rsa resent\VARIABLES AND GRAPHS rena. (0 The acta nae of klein rater than 3844S 10 ht ee tam 37S HS Hen the rerun err 0.000 150,00 ton Fou signet fue are pet, Write cach number using the scent notation, Unless otherwise indicted, assume that all figuces are significa. {) 2,380,000 (four significant Sgures) (2) 7,300.00, 000 (ve significa figures) 1) 0.00000%851 td) 900018400 souurion (a) 2438 10; () 9481 10% e) 73000 10d) 18400 10 COMPUTATIONS 119 Show thatthe product ofthe numbers 574 and 3%, assumed to have three and wo significant figures, respectively, cannot be accurate 1 more thin wo sipnicam Rares. cer teincen 8 7 and 145 Thus the smal! pone alo he pact 735% 135315065 2 We soul keep no more tan oe dobsta ure ia the answer, which i therefore 229 two sgt gure, Nove tat e's unnecessary to cary move sigan pes a are present inte least scale {ctor thie 14 round 87. the padi etx 3A 2 66 — Bao opieel hgres are Incaleting without the as of computer, aor ca he sd by a Aeping more hen ano 0 Age eyo ta ofthe les acct fatwa sounding the rope nue fences a ‘he fea nse Wi computes ic ca supply many digs. we mus be crfl na To Reet hal the dite gin, ‘Add the numbers 419355, 1528, 5956, 12.3. and 8472, assuming al gues tobe significa. Incleltion a tlows the dubia figure in the ton rein ta te Te il owe ih 9 sore thar one dol gre eordad 62,Some lor cin be tte by proseing an esculiton (hee me hate hep ane more signin ‘eomal pace than that nthe Ht serve number The Ha answer, roied to 40 pee th Calculate 475.000.000 + 12.684.000 — 1.372.410 those numbers have the, five, and seven sg rca guts espctvel. Inconel igus re ep adhe a omer sound, In ation method simi ht of Probie 1.100 set Bt ces Soba urs ae al pe “hein ret roundel 485 400 0: eter et. show that hte athe geal Bs. iewotan ay milion or 886 108 Perform each ofthe indiated operations (1.49560 — 1.47322).895.26) (a) a0. 985 « are (hy) 8359 1 dencininators Sand 6 are exact, ae? | (5.480) sts fo aayea93)82) Suatoy1.38 ay (2570001280) ‘00003921 ss gy 152400012) _ (247 1012905101) _ 1549.20) HHL) seis! “This cm ao be wen a 1931 ound oso the our woman HeuresVARIABLES AND GRAPHS DoIssiCSSIND STW 2404409335) 10 WO) agg WE say cy TSB ype Spe AEN “Tis uma be wens TM thous 0 show the ts pict re. Note tha though sic Sigicun figures wee cipal pea i al umbs, some of thew wer etm sbatiog 172 from sea ws30) (soe () tdenoniatn $408 6 are ea, 38 8 (a) UM 6/TTS = RAAT = 2658 (i) Vines = 80 = VII 627 3845009 = 488 Evaluate each ofthe following given that ¥ =3,¥ = 8,4 = 4.and B= te asumed tobe exact. war () ayer 28 AX s BY la) ayy av fe) 200437) 48x -29) 6 (a) 2Y-37 =299)-4-9 = 15=21 AVS BY 0) (71-8) PMY 27-0) 30). 5) 20-57 = 9445-99 2069) ABN —2¥) = (9) = 3-5) 4903) 20-5 3=15}—49- 10) = 2(-13) 409) = 2416 1x 437) 40-27) 2 6 voy +4 = 100) 140-8) wor @ VIET = yaa FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS 1.14 Table Lt shows the numberof bushel (bu) of wheat and cora produced on the POR Farm during the yeave 1987-1907, With reference to this table, determine the ear or years during which a) he least numberof bushels of what was produced, (b) the greatest number of busbels of corn WSHAP.) VARIABLES AND GRAPHS. eWhest ote | of Com Go the ear | “neaen Sto) erst SU) 198 20 5 1380 a ss 1991 ao ‘0 vom 210 ho 1586 20 ho prodad, (othe greatest dotnein when production occured, the orn production dereaed while the wheat production increased over that ofthe preceding Yeu.) equal amounts of wheat ‘tere produced, and (/) the combined production of wheat and sora Was maximum, sowwmion (a) 1985; 19 a 1996 (0) 1992 4) 1990, 196,199, a 1997 0) 19nd 199, 1990 a 1995 1 i. ‘Let W and C denote respectively, the mimber of bushes of wheat und car prodused during the ear ¢on the POR Farm of Problem I-14 It sclear hat W snd Care bot anctons of this we fam indicate by W = FU) and C= Gl) (e) Find when r= 1993, (a) What isthe domain of the variable r? (6) Find C when r= 1990 and 1996) Ha singl-valued funetion of? (Find r when 1 = 235, (©) sea fanetion of W710, 8 sngle-valued? (a) Find # (1990. U) Ca fanction of W? fe) Find 6 (1998. (d) Which variables independent, # oF 1°? (Find € when 1” = 210 so.wrion (a) 210 ( 85 an 10 especie () 1989 and 199) 20) 9: LK) THe ya 987 th) Ye isto eh value hat rca ue (th domain 1 thas eoreponds oe 24 oly one ae {Gerri afimton of nso eth can ame hay he meth oe saa of contponding tac of © (ach ae = 225 tnd = 199 and t= 198), he uncon m lp ‘aud "ns turconal dependence of oo can be writen? )Yersce etch ee ta con ahne her comeponds ot or reales of Cas tern by Tate 1 Simi fonction of (Phys curry 0k fas eid om thr hf a8 termi fen sw-thn pos athe macpndet aa a W mt dagen vena athens we tv ene i a be sadn he inepenint ar te ter he ep vara The Sova mg aroun ues nda valet ae tht then cmd ea the dependent areVARIABLES AND GRAPH Icnar 1 116 variable ¥ is determined from a variable X wording to the equation ¥ = 2¥ ~ 3, where the 2 fd 3 are exact, () Find ¥ when ¥ = 3, -2,and 1 (6) Consisuct a table showing the vals of ¥ corresponding to X = —2, 1,0, 12.3, and 4 (o)_ehe dependence of ¥ on 2 is denoted by ¥ ~ FN), determine F(24) and FOS). {d) What value of ¥ corresponds to ¥ = 18? (ey Can ¥ be expressed as 2 function of ¥? () 8 ¥ a singlesvalued fonction of 17 (@) Is Ya singe-alued funtion of 17 (a) When 3, ¥=2¥-3220) 3-6 (0) ThevaluesofYscomputed asin part) ge shovnin Table 12, Noethal by wing ober values of Xe conaroct many bles Therion P-'3¥ 3 eogalen fo the election of each pow P04) = 2028) 948-9 <1 and POH) = 208) 3-16 You Since Y= 24-3, 743— 24 ad ¥—{(Y +8)-Thvenprenes ¥ esl at afancion of Y. ‘Yes se foreach att cam etme (an here a define numero hee vals) tare Comesponde on an oly om al of (a) Yen sine rm pare, X= 11+ 3). tht coresponding to ach val usumed hy ¥ there sone Wf Z=16 +4 ~3Y, find the value of Z comesponding to (a) Y=2, Y= 5; X= 3, Tyg r=-4¥=2 (a) Z~ 1644) 49) = 1815-9 ‘Given als of X and Y, thee sortepondsa vile o 2, We an deol tis dependence of Z 09 X Y by wing 2 FUN-Y) ead"2 a amcton of and Y") F(a, 5) deta thc ete of 2 when Ye? tod Ys und 9. om pat fa) Shane PT} 28 and Fe 2} = ham ps had “The arbi X and arco npr srs and ZA deemde ariae Locate on the ¥ uss aa cooedinate system the points cortesponding to (a) X = 4 (6) X= (X25 td) X= 43, and (e) X-—04, seaming these values fo be exact.Har. VARIABLES AND GRAPHS, Fach exact value of soregonis nen nly on point the a. Comer ita proved Aare BaIneS8- Praly, of couse, we cam mover hie 4 lsae 2 oi eal sie the proc markt we make hart thickness and coven an nit mcr of Ponnk The Xa fea 1LeLX denote she diameter ofa ball bearing in centimsiees em If 4.58 to thee sigiennt figures how should this be represented onthe ¥ ans? ‘The tae memuremens for 4S es hewsen 45759 ad 4S an oul has be eset Locate on a rectangular cooedinte system the pots having eooniates (a) (3.2) (6) 2,8) (CRD. BCs ACV 2S. AB.) (0,25) and (0), Assume that al given Graph the equation ¥ = 2¥ Pacing X-=—2.—1. 0,2, and we find that Po 7,-5.2, f 1 Rand sexpesney bee role 14] The pins a thesraphareshem by (2.7.4 S.(be—Sh em Iyt2- 1.03 tna (3) hich ar pte on ecunguar oon sem aso Fig 1-3 Aloft poi Benue ine gaphof = 24 —Sisxsaighv hie wesotine ca FX) 2% — Sane, I ‘Note that ony to pont are sly needed ogruph bear fut. nbs two points determine aVARIABLES AND GRAPHS: ronar. Groph the equation ¥ = 1? — 20 —8 vile of are ce 0 on he cre shoe In Figo The coe called ate 13 tn tera te graph an equation Y— a + AY 4X (whee a anc are commas ad £0) paral fe 0, the vaph isa ne sen Proc FtCHAP I) VARIABLES AND GRAPHS 123 Table 14 ves the umber of patients discharged frm hospitals withthe diagnosis of Human smunadefieney Virus (HIV) in thousands from 1990 (0 1998, Graph these dat, “able Hopital patents charged wth HIV diagnos Yer [190 | 19 | 19m | vom | toe sacar «| : Fit met Rel to Fig. 15.18 thi graph the umber of pes charac with HIV diagnos the dependent sabe an tie be independent varable. Pome ae load esl By coon fad om he {ah nchas (108048), Scenine pnt ave hen oom ysis Ths raph Sle die re 8 & 3 z 5 i i ar ee) Year [Nove that wits othe aes ate ma equ. Ts sified sae the to vaisbl epee essenty ‘increta, Noe ae that The eo has oon ated onthe etal as tut ton be hort ‘ie Inger, the rer sold be indeated whenever pone, caps On the verte axe 8 ingot forse eason teste the zo and ich essing kad 148) cob conc rin hy the eer, then I niet cl tention 9 hese y woe meaon Atle oF £498 Fate 1-6 ic tor graph ar hart, bor gram, Te wt of the a, whic ae a haven pce nth cae snd ca Be mae any convict sire slang a he Bars ot OF,VARIABLES AND GRAPHS. cuar. 1 } 1.24 Graph the data of Problem 1.14 by wing (0) line graphs and (bar graphs |e" g = tomOnan se “Table 1.6 ives the areas ofthe five Grest Lakes under United Stats jurisdiction, Graph the daa ‘Area (square ies) Figur 11 Sil papa graph op che, T contrat he tat hat he ota “Ths, one square ae correspond co 360 0,17, 1 Tolows hat Take Superior wih 20.597 squnte ci “The time T (in second) equired for one compte bration of simple penta of Fength in Centimeters) i shown in Fable 17, which give the observations obtained ina phys laboratory (a) Eshibie 7 graphically a 4 function of (©) From the graph in part (a) imate T for pendulum whe lengths 40cmHAP. VARIABLES AND GRAPHS. sowwmion (0) Sabet 4 rom bath momen MT p= $= 24 24, oF MK = 2028 Adda to bother IY-2 24 ~ 20-24 224 on Sk = 20 Dn th ses y $15 20/8 and. 4 rane rom oe mero un Cqation othe ter spy by caneng sen, The wean ne Trunspoung, ~Sh— 38M IK og -H ~ 16 Ding by 8 -¥6/-8)= 16 Nand B= 2, Check TB seayeN-2§) UM ike ID MO) 10, and 28 = 28 (a) Fit mabipy both rhe by 6 tbe ost eovanon denominator, (BoE) (A) woth Solve each ofthe following sets of smultancous equations () M-B= OH) SKE MY=T fe) WED HSOHIS S047) 39 wwesy-—7 la 342030 Sep bode =? (a) Matis the Be quntion by 7 Dre by 3 aa: Note ha by mulipyng sch ofthe ise cqution By sible mb, me ae ae to wie quiet gust.) 0012 eh he cotisen ofthe uke hae marily a The Subsituter Sin theintcguaton 38) 2h Yh 2h-—-hangh—2. Thus = Sand h Mutply he second equation by 14) 98 —42Y = 9 SubwiateX — Ain he fet equation: S|=4) + MY = 78, Y= 98 and F yt fst eqn by 2: Gr store 30 Muli the sand equation by -S) 380158 fa 260Mati te second equation by 2: he ‘We ve ha ic an ae wih negations, (9) and) to Be od sian Mulipyaquton() by 5 ase 934-1150 ty ton ty isha 886 208 Divide by 216 . a Substituting «4 in equation 8) oF (mend ha b= Subwiting «= 408 5 ~b'm any ofthe phen eatin we obtain = Toouaa bo minde 3 Check a) 220-6) 30) = 1S, and 5 © 1S, 4) 28) 4209) = 5, and 52 = 8, 5H) #6) M3) hand =? INEQUALITIES 131 Express in words the meaning of each ofthe following N50) XS) Oepst — @) wwe Kent (Gy i gener ha 30. (0) ates than or equal to 12 (0) pisgrener har 0 but es tha ou 10 1 ‘Translate the following into symbols (a) The variable X'has values between 2 and Since (6) The arithmetic mean greater than 28.42 but less tha 31.56 (4) mis a positive number less than or equal t0 10. (A) Pisa nonnegative number GIEK ESM EH S66) DME) PED Using inequality symbols sprang the numbers 342, 0.6, 2.1, 145, and —3 in (increasing and (8) decreasing order of ito sowuTion Ge 26-21 <-ap cts see () A> 14s> 06> 21> 3 [Note tat wher the mber re plot sino tn erable 18, theese rao eto In cach ofthe following nda corresponding inequality for ¥ (ie, solve cach inequality for X @ 2we6 ( 6-4¥< wy ar-aee wy -ae®cuar, 4 VARIABLES AND GRAPHS (0) Adding #10 Boh sides, > 12; ding both sides by 3.12 4 (6) Aading 610 tosh sds, AY < 4 viding th ety 4X > 2. Note ht getions we la rnp erm ramones ofa gto the hrm eangns the ign fe ee fom pa foronample 3 > 8-4 (a) Matissns by (6) Mobipsing by 5, $< 3-24 38 adding 1, -¥-< 20 <2 ding by =2, 42 ¥ > =16 LOGARITHMS AND ANTILOGARITMS, 138 Determine the characterise of the common foarthm: (base 10) of euch of the following suber: lo ST (dy 3863 a) H8G0OD (00325 () 74 (9S hy OL 0007 (56) 7828) OTS — ONO sown (4) 10 1569 514) 16 2 SL 5) 9 105199 1, GB 57 ~ HY 6 0 Find each f the folowing logarithms: (@) og82 (7) tog 0.382 be 4638 (p) top 02548 ©) log37300 2) 10g 000159) op 6788. 4) log 008372 (9) top 75% (hy 10800753 (m) op 1832 ©) lop 0.009848 Gd) og921 19g 0.000827) og AIS 14) tog 00001788, fe lopS450 (10g 00503 (a) lg 876,400 sowwmion ® 5, and carat = hae og #72 7) Manvins~ 582, and carat ~ 9-1 hus og 0.90 = 9581 © 6917510 ($7016 10 Mant Pg 30 686 “Tubal dierense ~ 009 “The mas of Ig 4.538 6656+ 8) 08) = 644 to Four hn thas OEE — 668 Tis oct male ew nero, de, Ie tue of peopernal part pendix Vl cat he edt ie te mane it (8,VARIABLES AND GRAPHS. (cuar t (e295 42982) fo) 1490 45 +5) (a) 6407 — 1064s +2 7491903) (6) 6252410 2504 +20) Find euch ofthe following untilogacith (o) antilog 19088) antlog 78687 10 (f) antlog 26715 (@) antilog 48591 Gd) ang 9N267 ~ 10 antilog 41833 antlog 21875 tnilog anilox 09245, antilog 0.4997 nilog 27883 — 104g) antlog 6089 anton 49360 (e)angiog 9.3842 10 anitog $8907 anilog 1.2000 ue us ane ve dts floret desma pt hs the ore mame HOS he ano [oom (i sntog 78657 10. 0.00739, The table of proprtnal parts in Agena Vt can ao Manin of oy 24 = 3856 Given munina — 3882 (e) sig 4089 — 0.464411 10 ~ 4 appoint. antilog H88IF— 10 = 00775 0/6 10 5 tra anog 120801588 (3/29 10 es apna COMPUTATIONS USING LOGARITUMS Cakeulate eich of the flowing, sing Ingithons Lae p= (asta) Jog P= lout + oa og = 08509 hoer 228‘cua. 1 VARIABLES AND GRAPHS, “Thos P= antiog 22184 = 1653 oF 185 ttre spat Sirs. Note he exponent ipa ofthe P= (73.42)0.008620)(0 5183) lop? = log 7342 + Ing 8 MBN + og ep 7h42 = tsk (yigo. san = 7646-10 (-ileosias = 9712-10 (rs49yo0811) aoa oe Pog 784.6 = gf 31 — 1g. e746 = 29947 (eybeonsst ~ $6345 —10 (years 1198, 0 1.20 tee siican gst exponential dence of he somputaton: eaeyonssy _ eM yao P= (5395) P= V873 = (3872)! = [69200 —10)= [89200 50) = 9.780 10 and P= 06(aT TE op = Hox0W036S 4 Slop 837 4logh724 Hoe 438 ogo 0654 ~ 17.5624 1) slog 724 = (09907) = 37608 p= HRT OORRIANES BP log logs749 + fog0.0816 + og 2489 — (op 1784+ ygo.0079) Ma isaso2 0 From (apd 2) we have ‘Supplementary Problems ‘VARIABLES. 1.46 Sate which of he following epee ccrte dt d which reps comtauou te (e)Naner f$20 bil cculting i the Uo Snes any ine (0) Sade enclen in uverity oer «numberof eatcHAP 1) VARIABLES AND GRAPHS Give the doin f cach ofthe flionng vans and ste wheter the vrai are cominuous or (2) Number W of bushel of wheat peodssed ——(e)- Matta stats of a ind erase on farm over #mmber a 36a (@) Time Pet fight ofa wile (Number of asin fai (6) Number Po pea o8 a owe [ROUNDING OF DATA, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES, Lk Round each ofthe folonng ambers ote inte asia: (d) 467385 pats hunted () 218478 pearest ten (6) 12895%$ wo desma ses) 4187500—pearet Rand Go ISK MOI?) Sas (@) AIR72 10) 7300 10" A, RNAS 8 How many sinfsant Sees ae In each of the following, suming thatthe mambers are asurtely rod! (a) Stem (4) 81 mion bu J) S78 pone h) 450.10" en (0 3.10000 (0 000.98 ‘wnaticthenasinum eorineach of he lowing mesures, asad to asta record? Give ‘he mbar fsa igure each se () 120mion bs (oy) S80 (6) 1600 mise (0) 00S md) 30K 1m fo thousand mic ( aon0s17 4) Bonpa10 fe 2140000 (7) 189 ee tneusot curt corel product and quotes,VARIABLES AND GRAPHS ronar. ord : (oy 0360714 (ey 146 4108 036125 (iy 378010 — 1m.264 + 1820470— 73320 fuiaia@ansy— (5075) Gand 7 we ese) VROSTTORT ncn — «9 4120 a) sus -2w Gn aniay 437)-29 068-97 FUNCTIONS, TABLES, AND GRAPHS Avaruble ¥ is determine from acl ¥ assording tthe equation ¥ = 10— 4x (6) Wite depends of ¥ on Nis bots by ¥ ~ FLX) nd FIO), FS FD, an FE What se of ¥corteponds oF = 2.6, 10,16 16, 0,4 10 (6) Fapres exply 36 a arcon of NZ = 38 Pf 7 when) X= 2, Y= 3 and) X= 1 Y= 5.40 ing he too oan WW 387-49 6 2 tnd W whan) X= 1 =—2. ZA and == ¥ cou Locate om restnglrcordnte ya the points ase cordon a (2 (2 3) (0-49 Gy HCN DLE RNAS INC LD, PAL NOB, and} ALDcua.) VARIABLES AND GRAPHS Graph the equations (2) Y= 10-84 (ne Problem 156, (H) P=2EES (1 Y= [Oc Graph the eons (a) Y= 227 4 = 10 and gh P= Graph Y= ay 6 “Table 8 gues the umber of acquire mmuociecy spare (AIDS) det for ales and esl forthe years 189 dough 199, Graph the dita ng tone grape onthe same coor yen, Maw | ag 261 ans MOR SST Haw RNS Fooks | 2519 MID 3926478106 SMT Using th ato Tabi LA cont har chasm t he ones shown ie Figs 19 and 10 Table 9 shows he fn sth per 1.00 se is for whites and n-ne i th Utd State the ‘ears 1990 through 1988 Use an appropriate raph to pray the dt tates ‘whie Te 736) Nonenie | 158 datas 1.67 Table 10 shows he obit voces ofthe plant fn ou sla sen, Graph he dt Pune] Mereory ary | Mas | Jupier | Soom | Uranos | Nepooe | Paro Nenciy [a9 us|asol er | oo | a2 | aa | 30 cose) l Ll 1.68 Table 11 gs the pote plc schoo enlinnts (in shosund) for K through ade grads 9 1.69 Graph the dts 6 Tae 11 by sing «percents component sapVARIABLES AND GRAPHS, (aur Yer a a ee ee es Gres 9-12 1862 1600146? 14H 1S001 Cates: bs 2319 ey SM ae 170 Table 12 shows th mast ats of mss ad fol (4 yer a ld) nthe United Sate the sear 195. Graph the dita sing (ato pe care ving the sume ameter se (2) pap of Your ms Shoosne Tale Marit Sutus | Gesem of tora) | (peent of ttl) “Never married | 28 oa Mand er 92 Widows — | 3s mu Doowed | a Sine US Borsa o Cems Caro Poplin Repr 171 Table 19 show the total aero skit petitions Bi in he U.S doing the years Toot Gri edna sun he appropriate pes 8 rb “Tonal bankroiey Paiom Bed | S612TE S047. ROM TASK 0. TRAN OIETIE 8AS57 ‘Graph te dats, wsing wo types of graphs Beer 0 tou | saser sama sims sans sanz sas sms same 1L73-To he acre ion. Table 11S sho he even cours te world wi telnet population xo 1997 Use pee to sate the populations of te seen cout a the meld the leet putin,cua. VARIABLES AND GRAPHS Tablets Poplavon (eathon) we tka ‘it bari th tan theses or et he pt Consist a Paretchr forthe at in Table 1 98 Table 1 16shows the ares ofthe cran ofthe Worl in mils ar mie. rah the aa ng (e)2 Tote 1.6 Rawle | gs is sate a EQUATIONS (16-523) AEH) N=IS-21N24) SBN H)~4)= 10-5249) ( 2y-6n4-a¥ wh 3QU HHH SB-L) IW -2) MDs H)=e-he-¥) 177 Sove ech of he lowing smuaneous eustions ( sees 19s fo syaye2 Sy" 6z=1_ Baap 6 sv" wet 78 (a) Graph he oquation S44 27'—4 and 7X — 37 = 2% ong he same vet of cordate ate 6) From the graphs detenive she vmulaote soltion of the wo ostions. {ob Use the met of parts a) an (2) 0 bin the mulaneoes seus of equations 2) 10) of 179 (a) Uethe pop of Prob 1.6.) 9 whe te eusion 22° =X ~ 10 = 0. Mn Fi the ae of ‘hehe prabo rc te Yau th where YO) (0) Use te method inp (a) 49 sale BX? 4-50.VARIABLES AND GRAPHS, rcnar.1 ‘Use tis gona to id the suns of a) 4 =A = $=, ) 247 4 =10= 0,00 54 10K =, and dh eae 38 INEQUALITIES Use inegaly smal o expres ech ofthe fing steer: (©) The sm of point the pir fea otha 7. (©) exe ¥ by oot han 2 Sone ech of he allowing inequities waren a) 345072) 97M ( avesy-3 @ Selene (9 Irises yaw (A) OE LAS-SH) eID LOGARITHMS AND ANTILOGARITHMS @ M7) OOM? OH) ABS) TMS) COMME () 037d) dso GF) mms Lom) TAS 84630000 3s 12065 (2400 la) 28005 aso0 () 95295-10) KIME- DY) 6A. Aso Gi) aaa fo os6ysss (ny o0nsavasss 00454 6041 o 90‘Graph a) ¥ = fog and) = 0" and dss the Sime Fete the to graphs Woe the eaatons (92 og Soe Y= 2 and lng +24 — log nfm feof oss, 1, mere wand pare postive number a Ime cal pte arth of 0 the ae a ite og, 8 Ponte tl bg. og Ts toe tee gas tra one Stow that log 8 = 2208 lon M apprise «= 271828... cle the arate flops Show that logcallog) = buh v0.9 Oo Nand LFrequency DistributionsHar, 3} FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS ‘The ist class (r category), fr esarpl, consist of hihts fom 60 o 62in andi indicated by the range symbol 60-62 Since fie sudents have heights Belonging to thi las, the coresponding last Frequency i 5. Data organized and summarized as in the above fequency distribution are often called grouped data. Although the grouping process generally destroys much of the orginal deal ofthe dati. a9 Important advantage guined inthe clear “oweall™ pire that obtained and inthe vial telaionsips that are thereby made even, (CLASS INTERVALS AND CLASS LIMITS [Asymbol defining sss, sch us 60-62 in Table 2.1, called a elas iterval, The end numbers, 60 and #2 ar called las Fmt: he smaller nur (the ower las tad the larger tuber (62) isthe sper clas limi. The te las od else mera ure olen sed interchangeably. although the as interval is actually symbol fr the cass. ‘A else interval that, atest theory, has citer ao upper slats mit oF no lower elas iit indicted i called an open slaw inera. For example, refering Yo uge groups of individuals he case 1 years and over” am open cls ier. CLASS BOUNDARIES, heights are rosorded to the nearest och, the class interval 0-462 theorstialy include al me surements from £9 $00 1962 IdDin. These numbers ndieated bre bythe exact numbers 898 and 1625, are called cas owrdarcy, oF ru clas inst aller number (59.5) the owe clas Boma and the larger oumber (625) the per clas howd. In practic, the css boundaries re obtained by adding che upper imi f ne las terval the lower lint of the nexthigher els interval and dividing by 2 ‘Sometimes class boutderie are used to symbole canes, For example, ie various clases in the fst eon of Table 21 could e indicated by $9,569.52 5-685 ete To avoid ambiguity i asing sich notation, class boundaries should not coincide with actual observations. Thus if an bscrvsion ‘were 625, t would not he pose to decide whether it belonged 0 the cas interval 59.5-42.5 or 62 5- es ‘THE SIZE, OR WIDTH, OF A CLASS INTERVAL The sz, of width, ofa clas intervals the diference between the lower and upper cas boundaries nd elo refered 1 a the fae widih, clan ie le fngth al eas intervals of «frequency fisttion have equal wid, tht common wid is denoted hy «In such cate ¢ it equ to The tierce Belucen two siscessve lower class limits or two stsesive upper cass hms For the data fof Table 21, for example te cls interval se 42.53.5685 425-3) THE CLASS MARK ‘The clas murk isthe midpoint ofthe clas incr and is oluined by adding the lower and upper las limits and dividing by 2 Thus the class murk ofthe interval 60-62 (4+ 62)/2 6. The cass ‘ark is ala elled the rlate midpoint For purposes of farther mathematical unalsi all observation Felonging to sen cls interval are assured to coincide withthe elas mark Ths al ips nthe clas inter 6D 42 nae consxeredFREQUENCY pisTRIBUTIONS (cHar 2 INERAL RULES FOR FORMING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Determine the largest and sels umber the raw data ad hus find the nn between the lggest and soles umber) 1s he if Divide the range into a convenient number of claws intervals having dh same sve. IF tis not feuuible, se cas interals of diferent sizes or open cls nr face Problers 212). The aura ‘of elas interval is onally Taken etucen Sand 30, depending om the ats, Class intervie also ‘hose so tht the class marks or midpoint coincie with the setualy obese dt. Tas end 0 lessen the so-called groping error involved in Turther mathematical analysis. However. the cass Determine the number of ebserstions ling into ech cans mera ta Sind the elas requen HISTOGRAMS AND FREQUENCY POLYGONS Histograms und frequeney polygons are wo graphic representations of fegueneydirbotions ‘A stogra. or frequency histogram, cots ofa se of wectanges having a) bases on horizontal {he (the ans, with eaters the cis masks and eng eql thes tera sien. and (8) teu proportional tothe cis frequen. Tre can interval al have cl is. the Heights of the tetungis ae proportional the cas frequencies andit is then cistomaty fo take the heights numerically equa othe clase rsquences. the clase intervals do not have ease. exe sights mnt he waste (se Problem 213 A frequency pols i fine graph ofthe class Hequency plated paint the clas mark, (can be ‘biained By connecting the mipoints o he tops ofthe ret The hitogeam ‘The histogram and froqueney polygon corresponding tothe Irequeney snibation of eights ia ‘Table I are shown on the sue eto aes in Fig 2-1 His stoma to add te extensions PQ and RS to the nextlower and -higher case marks, whih hive a coresponding class reguchey of Zero. In such fase the sum of the areas of the restangles inthe Rstaglam cuts the Taal eu Bounded! by the frequsney polygon andthe X ans sce Probl 211), RELATIVE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBLTIONS, The relative freq of cis isthe froquency of the clins divided by the total frequency ofall lasses und is generally enpresed ss» percentage, Foreximple, he relative fcgucney ofthe lass 66 68 in Table 21 is 42/100 = 4. The sum ofthe rela Feguvnces of all lasses is leary oF 100%[FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS the frequencies in Table 2! ate replaced withthe corresponding relative fequences, dhe revuling lable is called relative feguons dsibution, percentage ditbution, oF relatinefequenc tae, Graphic representation of reative-fequency dsinbutions can be obtained from the Bistogram of frequency polygon simply by changing the vertical sale Irom frequey to tlativefrequenty, keeping ‘exactly the same diagram, The resting graphs are called rele fequeeyhaograms (ot percentage Instogramsy aa velaiveFeguenes polygons (or percentage polygon) espestivel, [CUMULATIVE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS AND OGIVES, The total Frequency ofall values ss than the upper class boundary of even clas itera caled the cumative frequency up to ad including that cass interval. For example he cumulative frequeney up toad including the clas interval 66-68 in Table 21 is 5+ 18+ 42 ~ 6S, signifying that 6S students have eights es than 6. Sin 'A table presenting such cumulative frequencies called &camrvefrequncy dsb, came lari fregancy table, o briefly camadtvedsriburion, a's sown Table 2 fo the sade height distnbution of Table 2 Table 22 Hogs | Namber of to State Lee than 25 ese than 685 ethan 715 Lee than 145 Height (ncn ‘A graph showing the cumulative feaueney less than any upper class boundary plotted against the upper ease boundary i aed a camalarsereguoney olson 0 oe as showe 8 ig. 2-2 forthe student height dstabution of Table 21 For some purposes, iti desirable to consider a cumltiverequency distribution of all values ‘rete han o equal to the lower class boundary ofeach clus interval. Beause i this case we consider Fights of $9.5in or more, 62Sin oF mor, ete, thsi sometimes called an "or mon” cumulative dltrbuton, while the one considered above safes thon” cumulative dirbution. One ely bane {om the oer (ee Problem 215), The corresponding ogives are then called "oe more” and "Tess thaw ‘gives. Whenever we refer to cumulative ditibution oF ogives without qualifation, the “less tha ype implies. RELATIVE. CUMULATIVE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS AND PERCENTAGE OGIVES ‘The relaive cumuarive frequency or percentage cumulaiefrequene) isthe cumulative Frequeney Aided bythe otal frequency For example the reitive cumalative requeny of eights ess than 68310 i$ 65/100 6%, sigpng tht 65% ofthe stadente hase height es than 685i I reltve cumulative Ireguencis ae uid in Table 22 and Fig. 2-2 in pleeof cumulative frequen cies the resus ae called relate cumulation feguenes datebuton (oe percentage cunaative dre Hons and rela eumalatvefeeqency polygons (or percentage opie) especieFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS onan. 2 FREQUENCY CURVES AND SMOOTHED OGIVES Collected data can usally be considered a heonging to sample drawn fram a large population, Since so many observations are avaiable ia the population, it theoretically posible for continuous {ats to choowe claw intervals very stall at ll have sible numbers of observations falling iti tach cas. Thus ove would expect the frequency polygon of flative-teequeney polygon for 8 lage population ro have so many smal, broken lite segments that they cowly approximate curves, which Ie call frequency curses ot relatvefequeny ewren. respectively ts reasonable o expect that such thcostical curves cane approximated by stoting the fe quency polygons or restive frequency polygons ofthe sample the approximation improving thesample Sz ie increased, For this reason, a fequensy curve i sometimes called «smoothed frequency polygon na sinilar manner, sneered gies are obtained by smoothing the cumultivetrequency pay Eos, ‘or oives. In aly easier to smooth am ogve than a Teguency polsgn (ee Problem 2 18) ‘TYPES OF FREQUENCY CURVES Frequency cures arising in practie take on certain characteristic shapes, a8 shown in Fig. 23. ‘amrmeaat SEs LY Fas The symmetrical, o¢ bellshaped, requeny curves are characterized hy the fst that observations equidistant from the central maximum have the same frequency. AR important examples the fora core. Tn the moderately arpmmtrical oF skewed, frequency curve the til ofthe curve 0 ae side ofthe central maximum is longer than that tothe oer. the Tonge ail oscars tothe righ, the euve is sito be skewed to the right ort have pie somes, wl the revere stu, the core id to be skewed tothe left ot have mega skwnes Ina Jshaped oe reverse shaped curve 4 maimium oes atone et [A U-shaped frequency curve his maxims at both ends. [A bimodal requeney carve has two maxim. A matiodalfequeneyeurve has more than two maim[FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Solved Problems ARRAYS 2A (a) Arrange the numbers 17,45, 38, 27,648, 11, 57,24, and 22 in an ara, () Determise the range ofthese aumbtrs (e) Inascending order of msi, the ara 6,11 1722.27, 34, 3,45 4ST In descending ode of mopeds ie aay Te 8 38. MITT 2D A (@) Sioce te sat suber 6 and the test numer $7. the ranges $76 St “The final grades in mathematics of 80 students at State Universiy are rsouded in the acon panyiag table oo 1 2 & 0 Oo mH ee ee 61 63 75 87 SOB oR 2 SM 7 OM mt % OR 8 7S 9S TH wa 7 om % 6s nS Cs 6 7 BM 2 & % 6 a 7 ‘With reference 0 his table, (@) The highest srade (@) The lowest grade (0) The range (©The grades ofthe five highest-ranking students, G2) The grades ofthe ve west-ranking students (The grade ofthe student ranking temh-bighest (2) ‘The numberof students wo reeved grades of 7 0 higher (i) The number of students who received grades below BS (The percentage of students who resved grades higher shan 6S but not higher than 8S (The grads that ais not aprsar at al Some of hese quetlon af so dese thal he tebe ansered y fet comune ara. Tai ‘canbe soe ysubdng he data int omnenent cates snd plcng each nub taken fom the Be ino te appropri cn sit Tate 23, called an ry abl By then sang the mbes of each ces tat an ara, asin Table 24 he eed wry haine, From Table 2K ately ny to anew theabow questions, (o) The ies grades 97 a, The five highest-ranking dents ave sade 87 96.95.95. andFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS (car. 2 0.0.8 95,97, 9H 18.39, 39. 1,16, 26.7, 7.78.75. 77 wos 0 15.66.67 67 68 68 68 0 m9 95,28.28.15.2, 96,16 16. 9,7.77. 78, 8 HH 9, 79.79 58 6.97 () The grade ofthe sue! ranking lenthiphe i, (0) The umber of students essing grades blow 85 6 (0, The prenage of denis esing sade bhe than 8S Wt not higher thn Si 4/80 ~ 61.2% {Ut The grades that id mo appear ave O through 2.54, 8, 6 $8 4, 10.9, 9, 98, 9, ad 100. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS, HISTOGRAMS, AND FREQUENCY POLYGONS, Table 25 shows a feguency distribution of the weekly wages of 65 employes atthe PRR Company. With relerence to This table, determi: (0) ‘The lower limit ofthe sith class, () ‘The opper imi of he fourth lass (6) The lass mark (or class midpoint) ofthe thie class (4) The class boundaries ofthe ith cas, (@) The se ofthe fifths interval (The fequency ofthe tid lass (2) The relative frequency ofthe third lass (i) The class interval having the fares frequency. This is sometimes called the modal class irs ts eequency i then called the moda ist frequenFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 26000-26999 rm-299 (The perentoge of employees earning less than $280.00 per week (A. The percentage of employees earing les than $300.00 per weck but at Hast $260.00 per week so.umion (@) $3000, 0) 28998 (6) Thess muck ofthe ir as $27.0 + $28.9) ~ 5274935 For most sti puposs, hie (©) Se of ites tral = uper foundry of clase ower boundary of th case = {pots suas 9es $1000. lnc alltel have he sme ve 000, to/es = 024 = 246% S270 00-8279, Total number of emplyes caring ethan $20 pe eck = 16+ 10 = M.Perentag fey Namber of employees ering le than 30000 per week hut at tet S240 per ek = Orit + 16.F10= 50. Pecetige of eepayercrning le than S50 per week Sat lest £26) I he cass marks it a fequeney dssbution ofthe weighs of stadens are 128, 157, 146,155, 164,173, and 142 pounds (lb), id o) the casvnterval sz, () the lass Boundai, ad ()the las limits, assuming that the weights Were measured tothe nearest pound (RCL ICRT Ee) or 125.1485, 1905,.0 17S[FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS. (crap. 2 “Teint as boundary 1325 — 9 = 123.5 an the tlt boundary i 1775-4 ‘ne umm dasa oe 91. Tha i he cls dare ae en by 15100, 14 5195159516857 518851 (6) Sic the us Limits ae steps. we cose them a the iat eet to the ae ound, Represent graphically the results of Problem 2.4 om the Hb The ass toungare re ted by Uh ln ete asd Bes, sn the asia ‘The smallest of 150 messurements ie 5,18in, and the largest i740, Determine a suitable set of| (2) cass incervls (2) class boundaries, and (c) class marks that might be wsed in Forming a Frequency distribution of these measiements ‘The ange ie 744- S18 = 2260, For a minimum of fe caw itera, the cassie sie is 226/85 048 apprnimaey, for » manimum of 20 caw ira, the cweieral ne 2.26/m~ 0.1 aproxmatey. Consenint choice of cewitesl ses bing Between O11 and OAS Would be 0.20, Oe or 0, (2) Column 1, 2nd I of te acompnying able show usc intr, having is 0.2, 030, sus si0-s30 suse 530 58 sa0-s48 550-589 sm 38 600.623 630.608 90-600 e069 670-708 50.609 120789 70699 073 ‘Note hath omer neh rstcls cul ve ben leet rom 16 for eneple ncolrma Tec tured wit he lower ht tht ss intra ou have teen een 345-5. (0) ‘The cas boundaries oreonding to clus and of pat (oar gen, reset, By 1 SO9S-5.295, 5295-5495. 5495 5095. 7285-7495 1 Sons 5395 5395 S495, 5085 saps... 7195-7495 I 509554855495 S98 5495-6205... 7095 2495Har. 2) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS [Note thatthe cas Boundaries are sale ce he cannot cine wth the obser mess (6) The cas as comsponding o clemson respectively by 15195 5395,.0..7395 ME S245, S585..0, 7885 MT 295,598... 71285 “These ls mars have the dsagranag of ot iting wih the observed measurements Ie answering Problem 26), a student chose the lass intervals $10 540, $40-$.70,.. 690 720, and 720-750, Was there ansthing wrong with this chose? soLTiON “These clas intra verti at SAD. 50,720, Thos a measurement record 8S, fr emg ‘could te pad inlet it owe cat itera, Sone tats jy thc by nee To Hoc io such seiuous ess oe cts an lf the tbr ‘The abut enone by wing tne caer 10 a under 0, SD to nde 5.10. this cine, the ean Hits cima ih he car undaie, ap the slat Parks cam oie wih he Th genera is desimble 0 avd overlapping cs imeras whenever posible and to choose them ‘She ners for Prt 1 coud ave teen chosen nt 8095-598 5395-5698 ses Wit “Suga A dtdange hi parca hoe tht be clase marks dont csi wih he neve In the following table the weights of 40 male students at State University ae recorded to the nearest pound. Corset a frequency dition, a Ce M6 158140716? Wh 126 R176 319 Sk 6S Me 12 Tos 1S 3s Wl 1513S 180186 MSS sownion “The rest web i 7618 and he sales weight 1918, so ha the range 196 — 119 = 518. fe casita are ed, he civ tera ie 59/5 ~ 1 apron 30 letras ee, {he cetera wre $730 Sappronmatel “One conve chic for th Eueral seb 1b, Ao conven to cote the east snarky a 9 135,130,135, 18 Th the cae nero am be tbem ae HAS12,123-12%, (2-32, ‘Wahi teens Boundan are 1175,1235, 1273. which do nt come th he Ober The reir equtey dsbuion i shown in Table 26, The cer cohima, cle ally or re shea Uo tabulate the cs ues fom her da ad wal ted i the Baal ee ‘enation othe equ dstrbte, Is unecessay o make un aay alTough i avaiable eat Be ‘et in abulting the regen OF coune, ober possibie aueney dations et. Table 27. for example, shows a frequency iuton wih only seven ca a whih he aera 9 (Construct (a) a stemvandclest display and (A) bistogtam forthe weight distribution in Problem 28 using MinitabFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS ronan 2 ‘Ths som-andie comma of Minish produc the utp shrn nF. 2a The servant “inthe third colon. The numb tnd he peed th thd em fensalh the wcond clue conta ane of he went Il [2.1 1 18 or 1 Te tt Ihe tpn te bt tthe send ef Gp For enample thecus. 3 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS 2210 From te data in Table 25 of Problem 2.3, construct (a) relativesequeney distribution. () hisingram. Gs relative frqueney hniogram. (d) a Trequeney polygon, and (e) a tltive Frequency polygon, sowrion 2LIL Prove tht he total ate of the rectangle in Wistogram i qual tothe tot area boupded bythe corresponding fequene) polygon and the 3xFREQUENCY DISFRIBUTIONS onan 2 The pro il given forthe ss os hsram costing ofthe sang shonin Fig. 26 tthe PAR Company (Problem 2.3) tve new employees were hiro at weekly wages of $285.34 831683, $885.78, $356.21, and 837450. Construct a Troqueney dstibuion of wages forthe 70 422000 and oer” A dhdangz this thatthe bk fom tls mpeg cern a Tate 2940) Tati 200)FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Tate 2940) Table 2940 In Table 24 dirs sie of 2000 has ben nA dase ta ns nfrmaton lot tthe ter endo he age len he dev atl ine the wpe en the sel the lge the cine siete reser il be the oupng eos CConsirut histogram forthe fequeney distribution shown in Table 294d) (CUMULATIVE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS AND OGIVES, 244 Consrut (a) cumulstivesiequsncy distribution, (6) a percentage cumulative distribution. (6) an opive, and (a) a poreemuge ogive from the frequency dstbution in Table 2 of Problem 2FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS cHar 2 Tawe210 T cumuuive | Cama w | tovinansiaons | 8 23 teens | m toottansonen | a totem |e 8 town snoo | os tewinanssanon | 6s 000 souution luiveensefequeny dination sre shown n Table 2 "Noe that ath ey column 2s obuned hy ang acon ens rom cola 2 of Tale, ‘Each entry i column 3 is obtained om the previous columa by diving by 5. the Lota frequency, sod (© and (d)_ The ope (or cumaine sequen pogo) shown in Fig. 24a) an the peseetge Plow ° 5 Ae ‘ges asa) ‘Woe nasa) @ o Pacrtge Corte Feary rom the Frequency distribution in Table 2.5 of Problem 23, consrt (0) an “or more” cum Intivefrequency distnbution and (8) an "or more” ov, sowuTion ‘ the bottom of Fable 2.5, thus 7 = 245,17 =2+5+ 10, te. These enis canFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS "Or More Wages Camiative Peeeney S500 oe more 6 20.00 or move 23000 or more tls eosin by sabuacting eh nr in olan 2 of Tube 2.10 he ol ey 68 i E i: i 5 Wate in clin) From the opives in Figs 2-8 und 29 (of Problems 2.14 and 215, respectively), estimate the umber of employees suring (a) lew than $248.09 per week () 829600 or ore pet mes anc) lest $2630 per werk but les than $275.0 per wesk (6) Refer hes than ov of Fi 2% cont vr i inssting the "Wass ax S538 00 Tha tine mcs the one wtp with coordinates 2, 8) ene emp ae a e (0) Inte “or more” oe of Fig 29, onstasverile at $26.0, This ne macs the ove a the oF more per week ” - - sige “es than” opie of Fig. 28. have Required number a nploees— uber ning ‘ham 8750 per west" umber ering les than S260 per neck 2h = 1S Note ha the sbove rests cold jut ewe ve be obi bythe prove of interpolation inthe ‘S240 an $290.0, the required numberof employes should be of the way Deween the eerspondingFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS sao bade a2. a hey en a fh = Thee 2.17 Five pennies were tossed 1000 times, and at cach tos the numbor of heals was observed The numberof toes during which 0, 1,2. 3, 4 and $ beads mete obisinad is shown in Table 2.12 (a) Graph the dats of Table 2.12. (©) Construct stable showing the percentage of tosses esling in «numberof ads ess than One ha sor6 (0) Graph the dts of theta in part ‘Naber of Tons sowumion 2:1 sms a hsogsam of he dats. Not ht theft as of he istgra the tal gaa cy blendFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS (6) Retring ote reared Table 219, ot that it shows simply a cumulative-requeny dstbaton and pecentagecumulatve distribution ote mumber af hese shold te oar hal the ete “Lest Tale umber of Tose | Numero Heads | (came regency) | cama frgueny) ew than 2 1s 2 Use than § ms ms 46) The req graph can te presen ier it Fig. 2-2 oa Fig. 213. gure 213 mon natural for presenting dete dase for example the pcentge of tes inhi hr i eee than 2 ead equ the percentage in wich hee wl Be fw ha 175, Usisor 123 hed otha the me percentage 1826) shold row orth vles ond the havo in. Fugure213 howsthe cumulative equenry polygon, or aie. for the data and esemtily wets tbe [Note that Figs 212 and 213 corespond, respectively, 40 Fi. 210/and 211 of part (). ret Fig 213 FREQUENCY CURVES AND SMOOTHED OGIVES 2LIR ‘The 100 male sudents st XYZ Univer (Table 2.1) actualy constituted 2 sample of 1546 male sadents atthe uber (2) From the data provided inthe sample constuct «smoothed percentage frequency polygon UGrequeney cure) anda smoathed "ess than” percentage ogFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS From the results of either construction i part (a, estimate the number of students atthe university ving Rights betwen 65 snd in, What assumptions mist Sou make? (6) Cam the taut be used to estimate the proportion of mae heights between 65 and 70in? i the United States havingFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Another way of saying his ha the profit o hoes ha peton ele random from she 1Ste stolen bat x hog tne 6S and Mia 64S, 08, oF Sou oF OM Benue the ‘toeaip to probly comidte i Chaper rately caesar ole cal pr ‘We oul consider the rere proportion to Be 64% (uth 8 much geste osrany than before) ‘ony we were convinced hat the spe of LOD student ron the oul ale popu of he itd ‘Sits was ry random tang However thes somehat sil for seve revs sh 08 0) ome cote tert may no have eached thr mutmun hee and (2) he Younes generation fa end Yo Be ler haa tr pret. ‘Supplementary Problems (o)Arrnge the numbers 12, 56 42,21 5 18, 10,3, 6, 34 65, and 24 nan aay and (6) determine he “able2.4 sows the feqency bon ford numba of nutes pe wesk spent wang TV by 4 (o) The upper ei of he Mh as Up The equency of he fourth css (8) ‘The relative eqns of the ih cas (i) The centage of student who wesly viewing tie des no excent 60 inter (i) The erenage tudes ith wing nes reer tha or gu 16 990 mites (0) The peste of sens whose vienna times ae est intext le tha 100 mutes Tati 214 fon) stun CConarct (a) Nstoram and () a Trequeny polygon coresponding 10 the fequeney dstrbation of abe 28, For the uta in Tble 2.14 of Problem 2.20, cor (a etve frequen Aston (5) x elie Frequency hstogtr, and (celiveoqeney ponFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS cna. 2 For the dain Table 2, cot a erie owen dstbaton. (8) pesemae came insbion,() an ep ant (ha prtetge ogc (Nove tht i tere seid cma “dation resto one made om le than” Ba) Using te dain Table 214, esate th centage of tut that hae wowing ie of) tha S60 “Te inner damete of washers pede by 4 company can he casted othe Heats thousandth of a0 inch ihe clas marke of fequeneydiribation of hee darren im inches by 021, 0324 (5270590, 0853 and 36nd a he lasemtrl (he as Wound (he as a. “Te flowing ale sows the meters in cemimeter ofa sample of 0 al Bearings mama by 9 iy 8 nana La ims ie 219M LL mins LR aan Loe 0 For te dat of Probiem 22 contr a) 4 hitogra, 4 reguene pose, 6 elatveegenes “stribnon, rl oensy Rtg). rene regusney poigon()cumsntne een) ‘tration a) perenazecumulatve drioton, an one sod (3 econ oe From therm Probiem 2.2, deri the esenae of al bearings hang diameters xen 1'Pe (not nea | 736cn and) been 1780 snd 1 Tae Compare your rel eth tone ork Probie 228 forthe data of Probie According tthe US. Buea of he Ces, Caen Popo Reports he 196 popaon othe United Stes 38284000, Tuble 218 pes he pent don For vous 2 runs (o) What ithe width ei, of he eon lana The fourth cat ner? (0) How many dren esnterval es te thee? Mow many ope cls irae ae thee! Hoe soul he a tase neva be rien 0 that 8 class with wile at he nxt 0 et shes tee ‘What perentge ofthe pop s 35 er of age er? What persmage ofthe pation What ptenage of he aes te oe 70 eas? Tabi Lise How wosld you mai the Arbon 40 that senag hitogram a ese polygon soak econ Pevorm the conteuton aig the madieton in pathcHar. 2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS Tati 2s Refer to Table 215. Asse tat he oa popuin i 265 on and tha he is “Under 5” coals tates noe abe yee Ok. Detrbe te mute of nian sons one inal ont (4) Const a smoot percemape Faust polygon an seth percentage ove correspon 0 (0) From theres in part ema the probity th et sew than 10 our of TV per wok {c)_ From he ets prt a ema the probity haw tent viens TV fr 1S or more hows ee woh a) From theremin pet a), timate the probly tha a ts vews TV frles than $ hos per (a) Toss four vin 50 ime a table the numberof heat teach os, (hy Const a fraueney dbuton showing the numer of tose in wih 8 1.2 and hes (0) Const a perentgsdnnbationcoresponig 10 pit (dy Compare the peretage Oeste apt () withthe theoretical ones 625%, 25%, 37.5 {6250 (proper to, 4 sl!) ane tyes of proba Work Problem 238 wath 0 morte the oui al ef the experent more in ree with Theol easton I ot sive posse enum or the aie mes,The Mean, Median, Mode, and Other Measures of Central TendencyHAR. 3) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AVERAGES, OR MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ‘An average is value that is ypcal. or representative. ofa se of dat. Since Such typical values end tole centaly within a set of data arranged according to mugritade averages are alo called meres of ental tonne ‘Several types of average can he define, the most common being the arithmetic mean he median, the mde, the ever can and the harmonic man. Each has advantages and dvadvantags, depend ing on the data a the intended puspose THE ARITHMETIC MEAN The erthmerc mean. or belly the mean set of N numbers Nie Ny Nias is denoted by X (oead "bac" and deine 88 EXAMPLE 4, Ths whic msn of he mar 3,512, an 196 the umbers Xue My OCCU fi ons Sa ies sespectively fe, osu with frequencies Fic fon) the aitheie mea fk 64; vO where N= 51 the sora! regu (Le the coal number of ese) [EXAMPLE 5. IFS. 8.4. and 2 cur mi equnccs 3.2.4 and I reste theanthmetie wea i ‘THE WEIGHTED ARITHMETIC MEAN Sometimes we asiat with the numbers YA. certain sighting factors (or weights) visitng depending on the ignieunce or iportanse attached to the numbers. In this case tied Ew totme be scaled the weighed ertnerc mean. Note the similarity to equation (2), which can be considered a Weighed anthmetic mean with weights fe fof “)MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY fowar. 3 PROPERTIES OF THE ARITHMETIC MEAN 1, The algerie sum ofthe deviations of set of numbers fom tei arithmetic meun i 0 [EXAMPLE 7. The deviations fhe munber 63,512. and 10 from he artnet can 7606 8 =76,3— 76 Senel2 Taand WTA ord, de. 28.44, and 24 wihalecracsum 0446-26444 240 “The sum of the squats ofthe deviations of set of numbers X rom any number ais a inimum if and oaly iF a= (8 Problem 427) 1 f,aumbers have meal my, fe aumbers hase MHD My. fx mbes have maa my, then the sean ofall the numbers i fir Sims 4 far fim fom t+ fama Reh F Ie that is a weighted arithmetic men of al the mca (se Problem 3.12). If Ais any gues or assumed orthotic mean (ich maybe any number an i the deviations of from then equations (J) ad (2) Become, respectively, “ o where N= Sh, f= Ef. Note that formulas (3) and (6) are summarized in the equation Wm Ad Gee Problem 3.8) ‘THE ARITHMETIC MEAN COMPUTED FROM GROUPED DATA. ‘When data are presented ina ficquency distribution, al vals fling within a given class intra ar considerd tobe colnident wth the class mark, o midpoint ofthe interval. Formas (2} and (0) are ‘ali for sich groupe data we interpret Xa the class mark, fa its corresponding lass requeney, fsany gucrsd or sesumed clas mack, and, X)~ A the deviation of frm A ‘Computations using formulas (2) and (6) ae sometimes called the lone ad short method, respec: Lively sce Problems 3.18 aad 3.20) elas interval have equa size c the deviations d = X,~ Acamall be expressed as cy, bee, «can be postive 0 negative integers oF 2210 (Le tL, 2,45, ..), and formu (6) becomes vo EE) 068) ” whic is equivalent to dhe equation £ = 4 + cee Problem 3.21). This called the coding method for ‘computing the mean, It sa very shor method sod should always be uss fr grouped data where the lasrinterval sizes are equal ce Problems 322 and 3.23). Note tha athe coding ma the vals of the variale are ransformed into the vals ofthe variable w according to ¥ = A cuHAP. 3) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ‘THE MEDIAN ‘The econ ofa et of numbers arranged in oder of magnitude (nam aeray) either the idle value or the aithmetic mean of the two middle vals. Fr grouped data, the median, obtained by interpolation is given by FEM, Metin = ty + (2 =="). lower class boundary of the median class (ie, the lass containing the median) umber of tems inthe dats (tual reuency) Sum of frequencies of al cases tower than the median class Frequency of the median hss "az ofthe median cas interval Gcometricaly the median isthe value of ¥ (abies) coresponding othe vertical line which divides ‘histogram into two parts having eal areas. Thi value of is sometimes denoted by ¥. ‘THE MODE ‘The mode of set of numbers is that vale which occurs with the greatest Fequency hat i ithe ‘most common value, The mode may aot exis, and even i does exe it may not be unigue EXAMPLE 10, The set 2.2,5,7.9,9,9, 10 10 1,1, and 1 ba mode 8, EXAMPLE 12. The st 2.3.4 4.4, 5.5.7.7, and 9 as ceo modes, 4a 7, adie called Hada A istibution having only one mode is called wximoda nthe case of grouped data where a frequency curve has been constructed tof the data, the mode wil be the valu (or values) of corresponding tothe maximum poiat (0 pals) on the curve. This ‘alae of ¥ is sometimes denote by ¥ "From a frequency distribution or histogram the made can be obtained fom the formula ower class boundary ofthe modal cas (ie de cass containing the mode) exces of modal frequency over frequency of rex-lower clas ‘exces of modal fequency over feguency of next-ighe clas ‘ee ofthe modal cas interval ‘THE EMPIRICAL RELATION BETWEEN THE MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE For unimods! requency curses that are moderately skewed! (asymmetric, we have the empirical relation Mean ~ mode = Ximean - median) (0)MFASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Figures 3-1 and 32 show the eslative positions ofthe mean, median, and mode for Fsquency carves skewed to the right and Ill ressstvely For syimceel earcs the mein, mods, an median al ‘vinci ‘THE GEOMETRIC MEAN Te geomet mean of set FY positive mumibers Ni Kas Kies Nis the Nth oot of the product ofthe nue oye ay EXAMPLE 12, The eon mcin oF the mer 2.4 and Wi = VBI) =o = 4 We can compute hy logusithms (ge Prohem 3.35) oF by using # castor. For the gsometic sean fom prouped data. see Prabems 3.86 and 391 THE HARMONIC MEAN 1 “The harmonic mean H of aso of W numbers Xs. ¥ 1 athe reciprocal ofthe arthmstie mean ofthe repeals of the sums: (2 For the harmonic mean from erouped Sita se Problems 399 and 3.100,CHAP. 3) [MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ‘THE RELATION BETWEEN THE ARITHMETIC, GEOMETRIC, AND HARMONIC MEANS ‘The prometic mean of a set of positive numbers X}, Nay, Xy i es than oF equal to their srighmetie mean but is greater than or equal to ther harmonic mean, In symbols, usoek 1m) “The equality spas bold only ll the numbers Xi, Ky .-y Ky af Mei [EXAMPLE 15, ‘The wt 24, husatmete mean 4.67, gometre mein 4 and harmon mean 3 ‘THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE (RMS) “The root mean square (RMS), or qudhutic mean, of ast of numbers Xy, Xs... Hy is sometines and dened by AMPLE 16, The RMS Of th 6 13,4, S408 7 ‘QUARTILES, DECILES, AND PERCENTILES Ira set of data is acranged i order of magnitude, the mile value (or arithmetic mean ofthe t60 idle values) that divides the set into two equal parts i the medi. By extending thi fe, we can Unk of those valves which dade the st into four equal parts, These vale, denoted by Q, Ox and Q ate called the frst, second, and shi quartiles, respectively. the value Q3 beng equal tothe median. Similarly the values tht divide she data into ID equal parts are called dees and ae denoted by Dy Ds,. Dy. ile the vals dividing the data into 100 equal parts ae called percentder and are denoted by A. B-Boy The ih decile and the Sh percentile correspond tothe median. The 28h and 7815 percentiles correspond o the frst and third quartiles, respectively Collectively. quartiles, devils, percentiles, and other valves obtained by equal subdivisions of the data are ealed quanis, For computations ofthese fom grouped data, se Problems 3.44 19346MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY icuar.s Solved Problems SUMMATION NOTATION wo Sow Saw Expres cach ofthe following by using the summation notation O) eM) HO ED FON esr Sener ey fe FMAM AIM AY aN w Sx © Sa @ Davy Kem wy Som Prove that SY (a, 4 bY, —e,) aE" Ay + ADM ¥, eB 2 where a band eae any Sook, +84, 02) — [aks bY 1) + (aks eH, ear ake Me eB) MM Nebo eM) EH Beto Pole’ epeeCHAP. 3) [MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Two variables, ¥ and ¥, asume the values Xj = 2, ¥ (= 8 and Y= 3, Ypa 8, Mya l0, Ta 6, respectively, Cae (@) SX, (8) 3° Y, te) DAY, td) SI) EPR ACME, @) LAY and gy ECOL HIY __ Not ta nach ae he sir /om a YBa en ome ad >is derstood as. Ths Santor evampe short fr Et (0) ENA) 4-5) 44) 4-8) -2-524-8—7 ©) EY a3) 61-8). (10) 06) 3-8 ¢ Do5=s f) EAV = 2-344 (95-8 + (40) « (896) = 6 H40 40a (EMS 57 pF H(A = 4 25616 64 108 E737 (8? e110? (6? =9 + Be 100 36 = 209 DENT) = -IK5) = 38. ing pos op and (Nowe tae EMU) AEA G) DP yar +58) «10? oa? & Say ne-n= Eur -vy=Ee-Ey 01, sing pst (a) DEH a4 and EL, AF = 1, cele Co) C24 +3) OY Lh ALA =e and OE a-5 so.wtion fo) Seay oa)= Lays ¥a-2¥y, + (610) <9 ete 0 Ie dered, we a omit the snrp ad we 3 ple of St, wo ong these bhreviatins are THE ARITHMETIC MEAN a6 “The grades of «student on six examinations were 4, 91,72 68,87, and 78. Find the arithmetic meat ofthe grades yp oEX Meolem oot esre mao Freguenty one tt he erm atrae synonymous) with armetie mean Sty peaking, howe, hist inset sce there are sveraps ther than he net mean “Ten measurements ofthe diameter of csinder were recorded by 2 scent a8 388, 409, 392, 397,42, 395, 805, 392, 39% and 406 centimeters (em). Find the anthmetie mean of theMEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY icuar. 3 SEX _388 -400-4390-397 H402 4295 +409 392439 F406 3982 “The following Minitab output shows the tine spent per week of ine for 30 Interne uses swell asthe mean ofthe 30 tines, Wok! you say this average is typical ofthe 30 times? Data Dispay 666777779 6 8 19 10 10 10 10 10 12 55 60 ‘column Mean ‘The mean 10.4 hows not typical fhe ines Noe that 21 of the 30 nese ia dhe ge gs at theresa 104 hour A grest Sadan the mean is hat trong afeted by etree aes. Fin the arithmetic men ofthe numbers 53, 6.5.4, 5.2, 8.6,5.4,8, 3.4, 5,4, 8,2 5 amd “Tere we St $4 903% 14a 6 eA ho 7 ANd tne 8 Th SA _ SIN _ (65) + 8) = AN 419K) = A) OIE) _ ‘Out of 100 numbers, 20 were 's 40 were Ss, 10 were fend the remainder were 7, Find the anthinetic mean ofthe numbers. sownion Aste’ ial grades in mathematics, phys, Ealsh nd hylene ae, respectively 82, 86,9, land 70. Ifthe respective ceils received for these courses are 3, 8,3, and I. delermine an appropriate average gradeHar. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY We ssc mihied arithmetic mun she wiht associated wih each re bng ake asthe mame rtrd Ts Jn & company having NO employs, 60 eaen $10.00 por hour and 20 carn $13.0 per hour. (a) Determine the mean earnings per hour, (6) Wold the answer in art a) be the same i the 6D employees era a mean hourly wage of 10.0) per hour? Prove your answer. (6) Do you believe the meun hourly wage tbe typical sowmion w (4) 81000) + 20) 81300) 596 (0) Youre the sn To prove this suppor that mers fave mean oy and ha numbers Tok Let hefner dup to My and the numbers a up 40 Then by denton ofthe met and matt ry and Ms = an, Sine f+) mbes ad wp (M+) he itm nan of th hth 2 equ The ts ely exten ‘Ween uy shat 1078 va" hoy wage the src that mos of he empty ae 100, ‘thc soot to far ton $1075 peter, Ie ust be fonemted that whenever we amare Themed int snl mur (a i rina ergs, mete ly tower or “Stuy 1 Be ee rnd. some eit thera ovation.” ofthe data abou the rncantor thr serge} shod be pen Ths scaled tN cio ofthe ata Varo meses Of Four groups of students, consisting of 15,20. 10, and 18 individuals, reported mean weights of 1 48, 153, ad 140 pounds (IB) rexpsctvely. Find the mean weight ofa he stages souwrion yo LE 150062) + 14 + 59) «HHL <7 17302 0 1 ehe mean annual incomes of asricultral and nonaricultural worker are $25,000 and $35,000, respsctively, would the meun ata income ofboth groupe together be the 830.000?MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (cna. 3 would be $3000 ony the sumbers of sere ad sonst workers were the ne “To durmine the tru mean ania ose we woul ave to Know the relive number of woke io fac group, Suppose that (0% of al workers are cura workers, Theo the mean would be {oio2sco)+ 1.903500) $3400 thre ere equ mabers of th types marker he ean would be (80)25.000) + (0303800) = 30.00. Use the frequency distribution of heights n Table 21 10 ind the mica cit of the 100 male stants at XYZ oniversiy The work ioe in Table 3.1. Note that al ens having Hig to 62 nces in, 9106 ate ar coniered as having ih in ee The problem then est nding he men Height ‘ib waders ants ave Mig fon Te base Reh Sin ee. many cere preentShtehguer are aor nesig te aborts cse or ramps Probleme 120s 322 Table Hagia) | Gen Nak on | Fea) oe 5 on EA TM 8 asig eee Tor PROPERTIES OF THE ARITHMETIC MEAN 316 Prove thatthe sum ofthe deviations of X, Xs....Ay fom thei mean is equ etd 8) ads Ry cady = Me Rb the eons fH. ty om hea & Sum of devine == E145) -54-e(Si)-ny-nx0 wre ne te wed ia pl of 8, We ou sie, ave eid aici io X, proved bechianns MZ, MAY Zee RA Yass Hy + Ys prove thal 2= 84CHAP 9 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY EZ, Dusen Exery Ex ry where the subsp om X,Y, and have bes ome ae whee means (2) TE numbers Xj, X04 Xy have deviations from any number A given by dy Npn An sdly = Ny ~ A. tespactiely, prove tal L4 ¥ (0) case Nay Naess hve renetive eqns fi ff a hy 2c kao th terol in pro) enced th — ae nas 7 DH aie Sparen ys EAsEd Ma+dg there we have wad 5 place of 2%, fo rei. Second method Wehive d= Aor 8 =A 64 omiting the sbssps ond nd X, Tha, by Problem 3.17, reavdnae St sie the mean of & wumber of ona al ea 19 is. oes fil, AEST Noth mal there obtains rom at (ay ein with a suming rom = {ok instead of rom) to 8 Theeuit wequalen WX = And. where d= (Se Ja/N ‘THE ARITHMETIC MEAN COMPUTED FROM GROUPED DATA [319 Use the method of Problem 3.18) to fod the atthmetie mean ofthe numbers S,8, 11.9, 126 Hand 10, choosing a the “guesed mean” the values a) 9 and (8) 20,MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY cHar 3 devaions Sods tsdyde Sete set 3 Thue ves (0) The devition oF the en name frog 2D ae 18, 12,9, H.-R, 1-6, and 10 and Benes Tow Use the method of Problem 3.1 to find the srthmtic mean ofthe Heights ofthe 100 mle sadens at XYZ University (ee Problem 3.15, ssoLuTion “The work my be aranged os 9 TaN: 3.2. We taketh un meu Lo heh cas mack 6 (which ts the rst freuen) bough any cos mark can Pew Tor AN ht the Compote ‘implr ia thei Probaon 813, F0 sorca ie tor ec ow. ws on pans in Probar 82 Shere eae the at hath dot Glu 3 of TANG 3) ar a egress ‘cass Mack (2) eager) ” vo GP (@)_ Theres ilnratd in Table 12 of rohan 3.28, where tore ha the into clan °° one thal he rare im enorme ha NX, Na ave a marks, hi y= Net G He. Then any twa chow marks Xn A fr example wl ee byHar. 3) [MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (2) By pare (athe deviations ofa he cls aks fom any gen one ate ples of fie =e) ‘Then ng Prien 3 sb, we have as Eilon Dove ta this i cguivln othe rest X= 4+ wbih ip be obtain fm X= ody pcigg dv and serving tat d= Gee Poten 31) ‘Use the result of Problem 321(6) 0 find the mean height of the 100 male students at XYZ. University (se Problem 320) ‘The work say be arranged at in Tle 3.3. The method als the coding method an shoud be employed west pone wo | Ean 15 GA e-ws (Gone 323. Compute the mean weekly wage ofthe 6S employees a the PAR Company from the frequency Aistrbtion iTable 5, using (a) the long method snd () the coding method sowmion ible 34 and 3.5 show the sltion 0) and (bh, espn esi suo | sso asi en sto aso 3000 aa Ek =siR asMight Ye supposed tat ror woul be nro nt thse bles ince eng marks atta $254 998 64998 nen of $25500, $4800, ee Irn Tabi thee ra sue Marea heh Instead hon ¥ ture out to be $29 7c 8279.7, und he dere vel Using Table 29d), Sind the mean wage of the 70 employess atthe PAR Company: sowurion 1 this case the las ira do ot Hav eu se nd we man we he omg mtb 5 shown ia tans asm Sao 2s00 ams By 2 Ef someon = sn30 THE MEDIAN 425. The folowing Minitab outpat shows the Hime spent per wssk searching on line for 30 Intern sts ae wells the modian of the 20 times. Very he median, Would you say ths average Iypical ofthe 30 times? Compare your results with those found ip Probe 3.8 Data Display Pag ss 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 x Column Meaian ‘soLuTION [Noe that he io mile vale are oth 7a he mean he ho ie vas 7. The man ns fovod tobe 104 howe in Probe 3.8 The mec ove pal tenes hen the en,cHAP. 3) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY ‘The numberof ATM transactions per day were recorded at 1S locations i large city. The dat swore: 35,49, 25, $0, 30,65, 80, 85,82, 76 48, 325,47, 52nd 40 ind (a the median number of Tansetions and (2) the mean numberof wansuctins. (Go) Arransin order, the tae 30, 2,95, 47, 448, 5, 255 68,7,225 ad 28. Sine thee ‘Stn odd umber of ems, there ony Ob mil value, 5, shih the Faure edn (0) The sn ofthe 15 values 182. The eas 189/15 = 19267 "Note thatthe medians: notated Hythe to exe vals 228 an 125, wie the mea it atte by lat ashe meta sive ter nccton of he serge abr of dally ATM 16 (0) 85 and (b) 190 number ate aerangd in an aeay, how would you ind the radian ofthe umber? (o) Sige here af $8 ten aod mb, thre only one mie value with 4 amber Below an 2 (6) Shwe here are 150 ems am even mer, tee ae two mie alae with 74 suber below ter From Problem 28, ind the modian weight ofthe 40 me college students at State University by sng (a) the feguency dstbution of Table 27 (reproduced here ab Yable 3.7) and (the ‘orginal data sownon (6), Pint method (ne nterpoaion) The neigh inthe fauey dsbution of Table 37 ar assed o be comiououly ssribted taut cathe edu tht weiht or mich hal ie rl quency (0/23) hes above hates ow Weak) | Feces re Toa ‘Now thes ofthe fist hres cis ogee 3 $:49~ 17, Thus iv the dee 29, we eqn te or ofthe 1 ns nthe fourth sue Since be fourth cle era. aS-1S actly ‘Srrepond to nights 4 0 1535, te mean sunt be 312 of the way betes 1445 and 1335 that the median tease sas 144s) = 1485+ 0) = 1468ps0 3 rae un bes in the outh ls whch sete 329° Show how the mean weight in Problem 3.28 can be obiained from (a) histogram and (4) aCHAP 4) MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (0), Figure 3.48 shows he lan cmlaive iene polygn (a peel eve) comping o {Ne wcieein Poh 3 Themed the sbreis ant Pon thse wha oniae my "To commpute alae, we se fom he nla tangy POR ond RST tt 2070 ’ Tw Modi = 1485-6 RQ M45 6225 146756 bor 18h to the gears! tenho ud Tic ala mah era uppronmly et fromthe 4.30 Find the modian wage of the 65 cmployocs at the PAR Company (se Problam 23) Here W'= 6S and N/2~325. Sine the sumo the Ht a nt tre el sun 1) san ( ‘THE Move ASL Find the wean, ian, ad mde for thes 4) 5.5.2.6, 5,9 8.2.4. 6a (8) $1.6 887, $0. 5.489, Ui) Areas i a a, th umber ae 87. 489, 45 408 ua S16 Develop a forma fr determining the made from dit presente in FsguensyWstibution so.ution Asim ha i 4 epee tno horn re Stone cca ang ceo mob hy ee san maaan cae Wie Gn th woes meshes tiem sf ann Pe eon te 8 and. represent apse he uso he moa cane one ar th se eet et aia ell doe From mir tous POR nd PST. eve n-sr‘Theres has he folowing itrting interpretation. I parabolic 0810p hove the thee mpi of he ope ofthe ysanes eg he sc the mata hs parol Find the tal wage of the 6S employees tthe P&I Company (se Problem 3.23) by asng the Formula developed in Problem 3.32. Hexe fy = $248.95, = 1610 6, y= 16 14 2a ote = b+ (5 (st ‘THE EMPIRICAL RELATION BETWEEN THE MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE (o) Use the empirical formula mean ~ mode = Hmean ~ mein) to ind the modal wage ofthe (65 employers at the PAR Company (©) Compare your result withthe mode obtained in Problem 3.33, Mode = mean = ieen~ ins) = $279.77 3827.7 $279.05) 27.64 o THE GEOMETRIC MEAN AS Find (a) the geometric mean and (8) the arithmetic mean ofthe numbers 3 5,66, 7,10, and 12 Assume thatthe numbers are ext,[MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (2) Gromer mean = 6 = /CTSTETOTTITIOND) = /4S5800. Using common logit eG $Tonss400~ {13.967} O80, and G = 643 (othe nearest handed, Aleman a lel og = 83 ne + og + og6 + og? +90 0812) = 0471+ 06890 D772 0770-08881 + 1 0 1.0792) (0) Annee mean == (8 45-£6.4647 14 12) = 7. Thies te facta te ome “The numbers X15, Ns osour wih Frequencies fi feof WER fi A+ f= Ni the ttl frequency (@) Find the geometric meas G ofthe aumbers. (©) Denvean expesion for lg 6. (6) How can the results be used fo ind the geometric mean for data grouped into a Trequeey isttion? sownon on VIR Maas - Vy whee N= TJ. Tht ie soetines cle the weighed geometric mea, toge = Ling aint xfs) = 1 ite + flog + + lowe) LY pies, ERO ‘where we atu hall he aber re pose; there, the logan ae ot defn, ‘Noe that logit oth pete ean oa of postive umber the aimee men of “The rel canbe wed fo find he geometric ean for grouped aby taking Mi Nino a4 an Take ad fi fafa atthe Cotesponding cs eqns Dring one year the ratio of milk prices per quart to bread prices per loa was 3.00, whereas daring the next year the ratio was 2.0 (e)_ Fd he arithmetic meas ofthese ratios fr the 2-year period (0), Find the arithmetic mean ofthe ratios of bread prises to milk prices forthe 2-yeue period (Discus the advisahily of using the arithmetic mean for averaging ratios. (a) Discuss the suabiity ofthe geometric mean for averaging rabos souwtion Meu rato of ik to bd poss ~ (300+ 2.00 = 240 (Sine she ai of ik to bed pe forte ea 6300, te rai of bread 40 milk prise {31/200 -0331 Siar he anf bead to mak ps for heron yea 1/200 = 630,MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Icnar 3 Mean rato of bead ik pies = 10355 +450) = 0417 termi posi the mean eam apprpacaerae However, I/O417 = 240 72 The shows that Georgette rein of nts of bead 10k pres — TSK — VOTE? = VE ‘Src hes averages re exprcah ur concn thatthe geome ea re sul than the etic moa for aera alos or hs ye of prod ‘AH The hicorial count in certain culture inesed fom 1000 40000 in 3 days, What was the svorageporsntap increase per day” ‘Sins an reas fom 100040 i 500% wens one Ee 0 conta he age psntge rene per day woud te 30041 ~ 1008 Te owen wold py that rig th fst ay Fhecount wont rom lt 0200, ring the etn yf 300 o 400, nd he hd sn {oo tose, hh cour ote fae To determine ths average pete ees, ews denote yr The Toa ci coun ae 2 ays = RK +) + TMG + rr = LON 2 Tolar count fr 3 ays = HM 4 +A + Ar = ON + 0)" “Th at expeson mast 90. Tha LOKI 4)? = 400, (14) = 8,1 4 = an = "his isc he campoint fama ee Prins 398 a 3.98) ‘THE HARMONIC MEAN bebe dHGefedebobedeg) jmemypeaensy Jes fen convent to egress the acon india fem Het. ThusCHAP. 31 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Compirnn wth Problem 35a the fc tat the hamonic mean of ever postive numbers During four suocesne years home ower purse oi for her Furnace a respestive costs of S180, £090, £1.05, and $1 25 per gallon (pa, What wes the average cow of eal over the yeu peviod? sowwTion ‘oppose hath ome wer ust the ne Guay of ech ey HDs. Then toi S400 $900 + 1090+ $1250 Aveat 8” Far aniy pad 0 stones ‘Thi he sare a te aie nun fe conte pr gallon tha, (8080 + $090» $1.05 4 $1.25) = to ont 4000 ‘eta quay purse ~ TD TITY + 952 “This the same as he Ramone mean ofthe cope lon “Thirst wold ete sme cnn dlls were get eich sur Both verging poses ate vet, eah average being cnt under rent prevaling cn Te shod he pote hat cate he uber of ellos used changes rom oe eat another inten of [Acar travels 25 miles at 25 mph 25 miles a¢ SD mph, and 25 miles at 75 mph. Find the arithmetic mean of the thee velocities and the harmonic maun of the thre velostics. Which sowwmion “The aerge velo requ the diane vel divided bythe oa ne andi a tothe (Fy‘THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE, OR QUADRATIC MEAN an Find the quadratic mean of the numbers 3 5,6, 67.10, and 12 aati ean = RMS = “ y Prove that the quadratic ican of wo postive unequal numbers. a and, greater than thie souuTion od SP) 5 a that 8 > Dah ab 45 0,0 ef 20 Ba ch nine a cee any ea amis ma om oe eee toe th Landy > Li Note that [a1 = VBR and oy f= ‘QUARTILES, DECILES, AND PERCENTILES a4 Find (a) the quae Q. Qs. and Q, and the does By, D....By forthe wages of the 6S smplojces at the PAR Company (ee Problem 2.3) sown (6) Theft quale Q that wage obtained hy counting N/4~ 5/4 ~ 16250 Recs begining with {hon owen se Ss the tsa contin Rann we mut ae 28 (1628-8) othe Tes The send quartile si obsined hy couming the fist 28/4 ~ /2— 65/2 = 325 of the ese Since hes two ches compre Ween we mst uke 123." 18~ 103 he 1 cts om the ene 25% ofthe employe tn 26825 on 50% cn $279.06 and 75% carn $90.75Har. 3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (0) Theft, scons ninth dole ate anne by counting 8/10, 20/10... 94/10 ofthe ess ‘esining wth he es me) dase Th 2, -s209954 85 6009 5286120, print ©? oa 5 @ ‘Column Standard Deviation Standard deviation of sett = 5.21 ‘Column Standard Deviation Standard dovLation of see = 4.14 soLution ‘The Manta package wses the formulaTHE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CHAP. 4 and terre the stndard deviations a othe samen Problems 9 and 4.10, Te names in Probe ‘Tioteobanabe fam tow in Probl 49 we oly thaw in Problem 43 by W RTON= Ty Sie I" 8 for both ote VRTEW= 1) ~ LOS apd frst we be {1 O9085)487) = 8.21, the standard deviation given by nab, Sty, (106085) 87) 414, th standard deviation pen for set 2 hy Find the standard deviation f the height ofthe 100 male students at XYZ Univesity sce Table 20, From Probl 315,32 3.2, = 674Sin The work an bearings ak in Table 2, Cas Maron] ¥ ~ eras] ay | Frgueney 9 | JF if a —eas was | esos o us isms auazss0 » 358 65025 | rssers =E fawn yaa 23527908 COMPUTING THE STANDARD DEVIATIONS FROM GROUPED DATA 442 (2) Prove that, (6) Use the formula in part (a) 10 find the standard deviation ofthe set 12,6, 7,3, 15, 10,18 5 sownonCHAP. 4) THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DI RE LEX _ 03.400) e(F 40% 4057s ce suns) 9g so VFOP = vi Modiy dhe formula of Problem 4.121 tallow for fequenciescovrsponding tothe various valoce of ‘The appropiate ocaon Nove tat mh bone summations we hive wed he arent frm with und f replacing Xan So repang Pe and hh 8 Using the formula of Probl 4.13, find the standard deviation forthe data in Table 42 of Pras 11 souwTiON The work sn he aeps a a Ta 3 where ¥— (> 4/97 ~ 6745, a obi i Probie 1415 Ne tht th etd Hke sat of Prob entae mach tedious Somputnin. Prem 17 hows ho the cing meth pis he ean: minerTHE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CHAP. 4 ‘Gas Mark) : | = vep sow | Saas sown Wo Pded)(aedyndnd wing te eof Prien 4 anes and th and onesie nate mot 2a Fa -B- PF 2 ES (EM) snd the oon igh the ge Stow tht each ts mark in een dition having cls interval fea ei coda into a cortesponding vlc according tothe relation X =A cu where iva piven lass ‘mark, then the sandard deviation can be writen a8CHAP. 41 THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION Amer met Wecan ako prot th elt ety without ung Proten 415, Since Y= A a P= A 2 an oP ode ate Find the standard deviation of the heights ofthe students at XYZ University (se Table 2.1) by ‘sing (a) the form derived in Problem 8.15 and (bth eodine method of Problem 416 sown the sevatonsd =~ we alma ofthese zee ~ Ta aco emedin Tables [rarer he compotion iTable Se pealy spied compare hem wit hoe af robes 1 edd 14) For hs reson, the coding tho shoald be wed wherever possible (a) See Tate 0) See Taba cue maeay | a Frequnsy ” fe o of sae « ° Deas | Seo{THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTIIER MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CHAP. 4 418 Using coding methods, find a) the mean and () the sundard deviation forthe wage dsibuton ofthe 65 employees a the PAR Company (sce Table 24 of Problem 23), The works he arrange empl a shown in Table 6, (2) = soos “Table 47 shows the 10's of 480 school children a certain elomentary school. Using the coding method, find (a) the mean and () the standard deviation Cas makin [tH mR MoM I We 110 Te Frequency 7) 6 NS The inetigense gute is SES AMSR eer Noel a aang SAS soy Mee Sct raw ‘ @ foe a( 3) vin ) = 4VERHS — 10.47 » a Sy — af (2 V0 (a0CHAP. |THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION CCHARLIER'S CHECK 40 ‘Use Chatlir’s chek to help vesfy the computations of (a) the mean and (b) the standard eviation performed in Problem 4.9. To supply the reired check, the sons of Table 49 are ado thow of Table 4 (wth she ception of colin 2 shih Fepeted in Table 4.9 for convenes (From Table 49,32 fp 1) = 716 from Tale 48, fes N= 286+ 480 = 716, This provide he From Table 49, 5. /li-e NP =4386 fom Table 48, 5 62.6230 few = M4 2(06)6 "80 4386 Ths rove the regu chsh he standard devon Take ee SHEPPARD'S CORRECTION FOR VARIANCE Apply Sheppard's correction to determine the standard deviation ofthe data in (a) Problem 6.17 (@) Problem 418, sd (e) Problem 419. lo P2805 and =A Cometed_yrnnae= f= 2/2 BSN5-¥/I2= 17795. Conected SundndGeviaon = amet arin = 778 = 2940 PeMSal, and c= 10. Cormted yarane =? 0/12 241 —W/I2= SOR, Comeced Pa ton40, and ed. Coreced vance = — 2/12 =1a960- 8/12 = 10827. Coed Standard deviation = 1027 = 10a‘THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CHAP. 4 Tate ss Fest Tesh T T 100, } os , oo } o's o | ° s | os me | | | | i os a 86 hos a ” 9 Esem| Shea 1422 For the second frequency dstbutin of Problem 28, find (a) the mean, (8) the standard devs: ton, (¢) the standard deviation using Sheppard's correction. nd (a) the atual standard deviation from the ungrouped dat “Tae work ie arrange in Table 4.10, Fate 0 EwaCHAP. 4) THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION (a) Tocompute the standard dition rm he asta weighs fhe ns pen in the problem, i sonvenest ist to subuast a sutable number Say 4 101. Hom ech gh and ten se the fiom which we find tha) al = 128 and Sa? Vice RE-ES) Heoce Shepp’ correction spl ome improvement in this ae EMPIRICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MEASURES OF DISPERSION 42s For the distribution ofthe heights ofthe students at XYZ Universi, discuss the validity of the empirical Tormolas (2) mean deviation = (standard deviation) and () semianteruarile ange = (standard deviation sownon (@) From Problems 44 and 411, mean Gviatin + standard deviation = 226/292 ~ 0.7, which is cloe (0) From Probe 4 Gand 4.11, semiimergunile range standard deviaon ~ 198/252 068 wich ‘Thus the emi formulas ar valid in hi as ‘Nove tit nth hove we have not wel the standard deviton with Sbepac's cote fo foup- Ing sine no sortepoacng cores as ben defor the mem devia or emanate ranse PROPERTIES OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION 44 Determine the percentage of the students’ 10's in Problem 4.19 tha fall within the ranges () Yeu) Y= 35 and (£25 soumion (o) Terange a 10 fom 45.540 1646 £4 += 9597 +1047. Themumbe of Isin he range 6 (Ba) ass eeassere se (OEM) a a9 The perentage 1 in the ange X16 HARD = 1.6% 0) Then of om 950161693 12-9897 43104, The me of 1a te ne (SE )ore ter meas see tsere ste warren (N= NS) U8) ast ‘The percentage of 1s inthe range P+ 2 ALD = 940%,‘THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CHAP. ¢ (©) The rans of 1 fam 646 101274 in PE = 9597-1047), The mner of 10 inthe rane The percentage of 1's in the range 3816 179.7/480 = 99.9%, pracy 100% The percents in (0, a (0) age foray with ton he expected OF # ao inition 68%, 9545s, 4 9.958, expose ‘Nove ha ne ave no td Shepp’ cretion fr he andr devin, his i sed teresa ln aiveste uae cy with he ane. Note otha ie aoe resem ala be obtain by og Fa {ito Probe 432 Given theses 2. 5,8, 11,14, and 2 8 14 find (a) the mean of each st () the varlanee ofeach se (cy the mean ofthe combined (or pooled) sa and (d) the variance ofthe combined se Ce) Mean of ist set= [25+ 841 + 14) 8 Mean of scent Set = (248-1) = (0) Vac fn (ha eta? (MA = Var smondiet2-8h nis AP ean (6) The mex of the combine The vara the combine ets is panfasasfelsmF ai Auer met (by formas) teh ad _ es) 10120 MeN sed ‘Work Problem 425 forthe sets 2, 58,11, Hand 10, 16,22 ese the ean of he to ar und 6, pete while the arian are he sa a hese | the preceding protien, mal fais ye mtsar 3828 ‘which es ewe 2025 fem appeable in thie He soe the mR temo Eta we seCHAP. 4) THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION 427 (a) Prove that wp bg whee p and a given cont 8 minim if and only (2) Using ae prove tat div isa minimum if and only f= & of puted) Daag y 4 EEE Tous he expres iminium when 4 — 9 (3LAI/N Maing he ek f pat a ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE DISPERSION; COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION 428A manufacturer of eevison tubes has two types of lubes, nd A. Respestively, the tubes habe mein fetes of X= 1495 hours snd iy ~T47S hours and standard dvitions of ty — 280 hours and rq = 310 hour. Which tbe his the arester (a) absolte dispersion snd () relative (6) Theaboletedapersion 44 = 280 hou. anf ig = SIO Kou. This te Mss the restr site dpe, "Thus ube 4 the aout olive writin, iyenson Find the cetcons of variation. ¥ forthe data ofa) Problem 4.14 und (6) Problem 4.18, using both ncoreted and corrected standard deviations souution w Manor) = Werte Moons Semel 5 rem 42109‘THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CHAP. + 430 (@) Define a measure of relative dispersion that could be used fora set of data for which the (quartiles are known ()Musrae the aleulation ofthe measure defined in part (e) by wing the data of Problem 46 (@) 1.0, and Qs tegen fora set oft. then J (0; + Qs) 8 measure of he a's cen tedeney. oF erage thle 01 (0; 0), th em-inergunrile range fet entre ofthe datas dgerson We hn tos dene meatre of elie person at H@-0)_o.-o He @0)~ 01-2 hich we cal he gure cot of variation, oF hate oon of aie des 0-0) e761 6504_ 397 “ O50; wal reset i828 STANDARDIZED VARIABLE; STANDARD SCORES. 43 ‘Astdent eceived a grade of ona final examination in mathematics for which the mean grade ‘ras 76 and the standard deviation wat 10. On te Binal examination in phi, for whieh the rein grade was 62 andthe standard deviation was 16, she recived a grade of 0, In which subject wa her relative standing higher? SoLUTION “The standard varies ~ (¥ —)/ mee he deviation of ¥ fom the mean £ in tems of standard deviation © For mathemati == (64 ~76/10 = O8 fo pyscn = #2)/1605 Ta Ube stunt had s grade 08 of standard deviation above the mena fa athenati, but nly 0 of "and devon above the men in pie. Thus her rate stand washer nme ‘Tae vruble r= (X-")jew olen coed in ecsnal ning, whet towa wr andar cre (@) Convert the 10° of Problem 419 into standard scores, and (6) construct a graph of relative frequency versus standard sere, (@) The work of convering the dt no sandard scores can be arranged tin Table 4.1 etatve Frouener (%)CHAP. 4) THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION Table att § 96041105 Frequency a a oY 33 w Added othe tbl for we in pat) ae the 1 lan marks an 10, whic ave regu Zt0 The graph of eve frequen) vers = sor tae equenypgon i Showa in Fig 4-2 The Imada symetrsl und shy ewe to the gh ‘Supplementary Problems 4434 Find ie cage of the mana ous hea in Table 38 of Problem 3.58 436 “The trest of <0 messoremens 4 loam) fhe ange 046k id te smallest mensaremen"THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CHAP. 4 ‘The fatoming begs the number of wees nel 0 jo 2S ler worker tht i hob as rel of eorporauondownasing Fd the ang f the dia bon 6 mon ow 438 Find the bate ets of a) 182, (4) 1156, 61621, 4), eb ~VEand (7) £40 236-352 439 Find the mene deviation ofthe ea) 8.7.9, Sand (24, 183.8 4S Find te met deviation of he sts numbers a Problem 3, Find the meta deviston of the anim lads i Tale 28 of Pram 3.9. (ty Wha pacenige ofthe sine hate Bween + MD), (¥ £2MD). and (¥ =3 MD} Forth st 10,9, 12.5 4.2.6 he eu eto a rom the sun and rom the min. Very ‘ht he meam devin Frm he etn mo rete hun te mean deviton om the mesh. For the dination in Tale 39 of Prob 3.0, ind the a devin (a sb the mca nd (8) abot For the dntbtionin Table f Problem 362 tnd the me devin aboot he msn ni) sot {he ned Ue the res of Probes 32 and 3 sive ening Forms for computing the sein devin a) shut the mean and (aout ch mean trom weeny dbo. Ap thse formule en he est of Probe 4 and 4a “THE SEMEINTERQUARTILE RANGE 448 Findhe eminent engefor he dtrtion ofa) Probl 19h) Problem 3.40.68) Probl rove that far any fequeny dibuion the tot percentage of cass fling in the interval HOr+Ov)4 410, O11 SP, tsho same i for the incr! QL 4(Qe Qu? En your sme 1a) How would you graph the seminterguurie ange coreyponing to 2 sen egueny dni? (0) What ete ions othe semcantenutile ne Co theo ofthe dition?CHAP. 6) THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION “THE 10-90 PERCENTILE RANGE. as Fin te 1090 perce ange for he seribons of) Probie 3.59 and) Pole 3.167 ttre he “Te nth prenilfor home ling pcs in cy 35.50 nd he iit percentile or hoe sling Wat wvartge or diadvantages woul 20-80 percentile ring av in compariont 4 10-90 pee range? ‘Azone Pole 451 wih ference tothe) 10-90 percent ane) 20-80 perenne, ad (0) 35 percentile ange, What the elation hetwaen (andthe sennerguaie sang “THE STANDARD DEVIATION 456 as, Find the standed deviation ofthe ses (36,217 5(0)32.46,28, 52.44.46) 0.0,0.0,0, 1,1 (oy By adding tach fee motes in the e362 1.7, $e obtain see 8 11.7.6 12.10, Stow that he to sts ve the xe standart deviation bes mens. How te the meu ised” (0) By mating each othe mers 6,21, 7 and by 2 ad hen ig Swe obtain he set HTT 22701915. What the los betucea te sandr devon nd he mes fo he 0 0 (6) What properties ofthe mean and standard deviation rst By the paula st of meri par ay an Find the sand deviation of he et of momerin he rithms rogresuon 4.1016 2. SA Find he sundaad deviation forthe dsibtions of o Problem 39.) Problem 34 nd (6) Problem Demons the use of Chai’ chasm each prt of Problem 459 Fin) the mean ad (the sanded devin forthe dribtion of Problem 2.17, am exlin the ‘nian of the rls bein’ ‘When dita fave tellshaped ition, the ander deviion may be approximated by dvgng th ‘ance by Fr he date pen a role 4, compute he andar deston 2nd compe Se ge dd ty (oy Find he stand deiton sf the set aes Tale 3.10 Probl 3. (6) What percentage of hemi daneter es Beween 5.4 2. and XE? (0) Compre th peseatigin part with thowe which would eho be expe ithe dk Ary Shcpantscorsction to each tnd deviation i roles 459, I each cae, dics ther schTHE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION (CHAP. 4 (a) Find the sean and wandard deviation for the dat of Problem 28 (by Const «freer dsb for he ds and nd the tnd deviation 16) Conpaze the esas of pet) with hat of pr (a), Dtemine wheter a apication of Shepard ‘omen peedaces Bete ss Work Probe 166 forte tof Problem 2.27 (6) OF oa of mares the ftom pase, kth ration y= 1p ae Prove thatthe (oy -Aply the res of par (a 1 Probie 8c) roeresion wih the Ge term wand common dierence i) even by js? ~ Id * (oy Une gat (4) in Probem 438 ins Use 1224304 (4-1) = Sein Dy F fee efor tine [EMPIRICAL RELATIONS HETWEEN MEASURES OF DISPERSION 2 comparing the standard devon otsned in Prob 459 wih be corresponding en deviations of Prion tty 442. and 4s determine whether the tlle ees! laon bos Mean aon = (standard doviniom, Account or any deren tha may ce By comparing he stun deviations bind in Prblem 4.9 wit he corepondingsem-interguuile ‘anger ot Problem 44h. decmine wheter the following pra) rlton elds somite ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE DISPERSION: COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION ws (nfl examination in sities, th mean rb of group of 150 stent 8 und the and “The tiation af SAT sore for grou high nl ens re guile sore cal 0825 and Scores fortis e109 of ih shoo! studentsCHAP, 4) THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND OTHER MEASURES OF DISPERSION Forth ae group 15-24 years the st quale a household canes qu to S.SO0 al the eid Sturie af Hound incomes Tor hme si aoup S280 Calune the guar cxfent ‘roe tat th mean and standard vito et and sere ae ul tnd L respectnly. Ue Probe 480 cota th (2) Conver te grades of Problem 3.107 nto standard sere and consrutx riph ofelaveFegensyMoments, Skewness, and KurtosisCHAR. 5 MOMENTS, SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS where N= SIN, f= 32/ The formulas ate suitable for caeulating moments from grouped data, RELATIONS BETWEEN MOMENTS “The following ations eit between moments about the mean m, and moments bout an acitary sng = mi — Ari + 6 fe (se Problem 55) Note that mf == COMPUTATION OF MOMENTS FOR GROUPED DATA “The coding method sven in previous chapters for computing the man and standaed deviation can ako be wsed fo provide + short method for computing moments This method uses the Tact that NA + (or rally, Y= A+ cu 50 tha fom equation (6) we have Which can he wed (0 idm, by applying equations (7 CCHARLIER'S CHECK AND SHEPPARD'S CORRECTIONS CChisier’s check in computing moments by the coding method uss the wentiis Esha Swen Shwe aD ae 2D ew Lue WLW IL WT ssw Ewe ye D at aS wee Swe aS wey Sheppard's corctions for moments extending the ideas on pape 93) area flows Corestsd my = m= Comrentd m = mg— fm “The moments mand my need 90 correctionMOMENTS. SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS char. s MOMENTS IN DIMENSIONLESS FORM “To avoid particular unis. we ca define the dmenvoles: moments about the mean #8 Fm Yat VPs the standard deviation. Sine my O and my = Pe have ay = and ~ 1 SKEWNESS, Skewness isthe depre of asymmetry. oF departure from symmetry, of a dstbution. IF the fe= quency curve (smoothed fesueney polyga) af a distribution has a longer tal tothe ight ofthe sata ‘axinium than tothe ef, the dincibuton sd to Be skeet fe ight, oF to have poste skewness. the reverse i tr, ie sid to be shee the fi otto ave nets aes. For skewed distributions, the msn tends tion the samme sie ofthe mode a the log i (> Figs, 31 and 32) Thus a measure ofthe asymmetry s supplied hy the diference: mean-mode This ex ‘bemade dimensiones ie divide it by measure of dispersion, sacha the standard devon, leading to the definition Skewness = Sard deviation ~ ww “To aol using the mods, we ea employ the empirical Fru (1 af Chapter 3 and define 1, Equations (1) and (12) are called, eespetively, Persons stand second coecint of skewness ‘Other measures of Skewes, defied ia terns of quails ed percentiles, are a flow: (Qs= 0s) (02-0) _ =a, Quartile cosfcent of skewness = (Pn Po) — (Pa 10-50 percentile coefiient of skewness felt An import mesure o skewness she thd moment sout the mean expres in dimension tess oan nd ony Moment cots of sownen~ on ~8P “Another measure of skewness is sometimes given by hy = af. For perfectly symmetrical curves, such KURTOSIS Kurtis the dice of peakedacs of «distribution. usually takea relative to anormal debution, [A disirbuton hiving #rlatvey high peak, suchas the curve of Fig. Ic) i calle lepnkari while the carve of Fig 51), which Aatoppc. scald playshurt. The noes! dition shown i FigSile) which i nt very peaked or very ft oped. called mesurt‘One measure of kurtosis uses he Mueth moment about the mean expressed in dimensionless form and is given by Moment cocen of kustosis = ay = hich soften denoted by hs. For the noel dstrbution, bs ~ ay ~ 3. For this reason, the kurtosis i omtimes defines by {Py 3). sich i postive fora leptokurticdsibution, negative for platykutie Aistbution, and zero fr the normal dba, "Another measure of kurtosis 5 hase on both quartiles and percentiles andi given by @ aor uw vere Q = (Qs ~ 01) i he semiinerquatle range, We refer to «(he lowercase Greek eter kappa) 1s the percentile copicien of kurt for the normal distribution,» as the value 0.263 (ee Problem Sts) POPULATION MOMENTS, SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS, ‘When itis necessary to distinguish sample's moments, measures of skewness, and measures of kurtosis fom those corresponding fo populition si which the spl ea part eaten the esto £0 tse Latin symbol forthe former and Greek sytnbos forthe hte. Thu if the saps moments are denoted ym, and. the corresponding Greck symbols woul be and (a the Greck eter ma Sobverpt ar¢ always denoted by Latin symbol, ‘Sinful ithe sample's measures of skewcess and kurtosis are denoted by ay and ay respectively, ‘te populations skewnes and kurtons would be ny und (isthe Grek eter alpha We aed know forn Chapter 4 thatthe sandard deviation ofa sample und of « population are denoted by «and respectiveMOMENTS. SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS cna s Solved Problems MOMENTS Sind the (a) fit, (4) second, () tind, an (a) fourth moments of the set 23,7 10. souuTION (The fit moment or urthmetic men, (0) The fourth moment Find the (a) fit) second. (c) thin, and (d) Fourth moments about the mean for the set of| ‘numbers in Problem Grey DUANE 2-08 10-0 sto sms YU = x7 _@-6' (9-047 6)' 48-6? + (0-6? Find he (a fis, (1 second, () thie and () fourth moments about the origin 4 for the set of numbers in Problem 51Har 9 MOMENTS, SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS Using the rests of Problems $2 and $3, verify the tclaons between the moments 0) mgs m0) my Sin 2 nd Ce) me = = ro in = Imi? ~ 926~(HQV132) +20) = 986-92 He~ 36 (o) mandi +6 ~ Bit = 390 = 435596) 6B) NOP = 2 Prove that (2) my =m m2. (b) my =e — Sins +2, aed fe) my = — doin Gn Ai eo aa PISCE UIT E By extnion th metho, ca die sma rests or my ms COMPUTATION OF MOMENTS FROM GROUPED DATA S86 Find the fist four moments about the mean for the height distribution of Problem 3.227 fe = Er [cans [Ewen | Em 7 Find nb) mae) mdm) ms Ym) (0 XD 2 lor the datributon in Table 47 of Problem 419, sownon 1 w'(%g8) mmaHar. 5 MOMENTS, SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS =I +m = A576 ~ 311.967) 118 4467 = 2096679 = 202.8158 TVD =A bm 44 Rf 94 195619897 HE ~ 1087 We (Td VPA) =a ad oo 2m to = (7 4219619607) + 15.487 = 951.206, 8 319 Tousen res Pepa = SIRTF TATA ow 3a PT 2494 nt 34m sm 995.571.9976 91.0 te ou significa gues CHARLIER'S CHECK SS usrate the wse of Charis check for he computations in Probe 57 sowwTion “eos te eed ck. nt Ta 52h clans shou in Ta tht eon Tench fhe olomngpoapng the Bre ken frm Table 3 and he eon stake from Table fart) | Sfacn | SeenMOMENTS, SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS Icuar. s ee W264 40 = 116 Epes ba Ym 62S fe N= MO 2285) 0 = 856 Efe iP = 1788 SR 42 AEST he N= OH HN 508 4 8 = 88 Sytee nts mas Sm AY AE SAE 4AT fies = TSE 44D) + 6340) 4234) + 480= 122,18 SHEPPARD'S CORRECTIONS FOR MOMENTS 59° Apply Sheppard's corrections to delermine the moments about the mean for the data in () Problem sand () Problem 87. Contd me = mu fem: + sy? SKEWNESS ‘S40 Find Pearson's) fit and (t) scond coeficens of skewness for the wage dstibuton of the 6S cmployses tthe PAR Company (xe Problems 148 and 4.18). sowumion Mean = $279.76, median ~ $279.06, mode ~ $27 50 at standard devin x= $1540. Thus mae _ $299.76 27150 ie coast of towne 2016 grass, or 01s mean - median) _38279.6 - #27946) Second eecet of shewnee = eRe =a 3EPT916= $2706) _ gangs, op 013 Ite orci standandevistion die Probie 421(h ee cosets Besos, epee Mean mode _$299.26~ $2750, mean _ maar) _ 1627926 — 127904 ache = SST ‘Since he oscar posi, the dstbution skewed pve (to height,cuar. 5 MOMENTS. SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS Find the (a) quarile and (b) percentile cefiiens of skewness forthe ditibuion of Problem 510 (oe Problem 3.48) ‘soLution (0, =$20825.05 = Pu = 8279.06 0) = $2907S Py = Dy =S258 12, and Rey = Dy = $30.40 Ts () Quarle sorttoen of skeaness = 25 2 $268.25 _ ops Tea STS RS Pup 2P + Py _SBOLM = UEDTOA) 4925812 yg (0) Roce cetocnt of sewnes = 2 = OL REI $89 ogo Find the moment cosfiins of skewness. a, for (a the height dstibution of students at XYZ Universi (ose Problem 56) and 2) th IQ's of ckmentary school cde (se Problem 5.7, 1 Steppnts orton for grouping ae we [se Prblem $0 hen m 293 nin ora Cone a = rae Gm OR or 012 Peg 108 oo Stepps orton for grouping ae wed ee Problem 54, then [Noe that both dbus ae moderately skewe,intibuton othe Kf (nepal) a shen eatet feb) reser ha Ia fort KURTOSIS, S18 Find the moment coofiint of kurtosis, ay fbr te dala of (a) Problem 5.5 and (4) Problm 5.7 gm 199399 ; anna OH ana or 204 Ue Seeparts ost ae wee Probie Sa thenMOMENTS. SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS cua. s Shepp someon are wa fe Problem 4H then Since fora norma isibtion a, ~ 3 tfllows hat both bution (2) an (6) ae plac mth Tovar pekesnen ir concerned, dtnbaton (b)Apprumtes the nomaldsbuion mach beer than doe dribation a Howser rm Probes 812 dette symmetries 0 at (a) Calculate the percentile cooficint of kurtosis, «= Q/(Py) = Pa). for the distribution of Problem 5.1 (0) How well would it be approximated by 2 normal dstibuton?| sowwmion (5) @= £0) 04) = 4829075 $265.25) = $1126 Py~ Fy = HO1.00-S25812 = 286 Tas Laity hy) = 02Ke ‘Sint for the noma dstbation is 0:26, flows hte pen erbuton be meu, bouts paket he somal) Ts the kutons of ths detent sbou th sa shoul Be fora normal detibuton tnd len usta Yeleve tht would be apostate wel by nora Find he profit that the ths Tew went th fort can Be he side as geThe Binomial, Normal, and Poisson DistributionsTIE BINOMIAL, NORMAL, AND POISSON DISTRIBUTIONS rune? fern ents (‘Jere (Jee (Jue er Dison (acl he rnd atin fer ames Brod ho zoe a wneen fie eects etry, Sm mete the bimbo se ed Fle Tate 7A_ Binomial Disration EXAMPLE 4 In 10 one of hi sin the mn numberof ea n= Np (10)3) = Sth iste ena umber fein 1D foes of techn. The tunard deviation n= Ve = (O07 = 8 ‘THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION One of the most importent examples ofx continuous probability disribution the normal dsb tion, nrmel eure, ot gausson drihation (is dfined bythe esytion Ye ie ? whore = mean, ¢ = standurd deviation, # = 314189. and ¢ = 2.71828... Tae total area hounded by eure (3) and ihe ¥ axis T:hence the aes under de curve Betwsen two ordinates Y= aubd X= b hore a h ropresents the probability thst X lies tetwcen and b, This probability is denoted by Pract <>) ‘When the variable ¥ isenpessed in terms of standard unit(s = (X — 1), eauation (3) iseplaced by the sowed standard form oe o re In auch ease we a that = mormall sedated with mca an variance I Figure 7-18 srg ofthis undardizadnormsl curs. It shows thatthe afas included between =~ land +t 2-2 und +2, find z= —3.and + are cua, respectively. to 68.27%, 95-45%, und 9.73% ofthe tos arch, which ‘The table in Appendix Il shows the ars under this cave Bounded by the ordinates st 20 und any postive value of: Fron thi tabi the urea twcen any two ordinates can he found hy using the Symmetry of the cure about = = 0 ‘Some properties of the norm ditribation given by equation (1 ane Ht in Table 7.2