METIS “The Wesleyan Undergraduate “7 ‘Journal of Classical Studies ~-Gracionsly fanded and warmly supported by the ‘Wesleyan Department of Classical StudiesMétis “The Wesleyan Undergraduate Journal of Classical Studies Editors Elle Darmaskos ‘Natty Durant Susie Howe Chas Kaltsas ‘Adam Peck Crist Richardson ame 2008 209‘Westman Mens Mision Satement ‘Metis was 3 Gresk tan and the mother of Athen by Zeus She was the god eas of wisdom and deep though, bat so embodied ikster qualities ike ro rmethevs, Her namin Greek also means "wisdom combined with cunning” 2 [ighlydestable personality watt the ancont Athenian. The gal fhe Matic editorial board ws to denw om the abies ad cetvty of Wesleyan etadents to showcase their ovwledge and interest in Classic. In thi frst edition, we've Pooled sx works of those submited to stat we thought were the best exam: ples of ndergadaste Class writing, We hope gives 3 spectrum ofthe di Ferentapproaches students hae taken owing about the Clasice at Wesleyan. Peruse and enjoy. ‘Acknowledgments “The Mats etal hoard wold ik oft thank the faculty an staf ofthe Classi Studer department frthele ncourigement and ongoing export or ‘his project. Additonal we wood keto han our suhocrs wel a al hose vn ubited pleces tothe journal Tremendous thanks ae de aro to Dylan (Galfa fr handing the yout of Mets, We sincerely appreciate you help in making this concept into atangble produc. ‘Westevan Mens Table of Contents Subjectivity in Virgil's Aeneid (Chris Kaltsas The Plague Kaitin Dewide The Honorable Nude CatieSteidl Photographs ‘Anonymous Bainea Mixta et Separata Susie Howe ‘Making the Ancients Accesible Lindsey Davis 4 12 16 26 28 37‘Westivan Mens Subjectivity in Virgil’s Aeneid The Roman ‘Other’ in Virgilian Narrative vis kattsas “The wie of the oppreed resound thoughout Kstry. How dees Vig addres the problems af eppresion and eb? What i Vile onthe scl conse ton of gener nd ls of per? Te paper vestigate the wie of the tie’ in the Acne. The wie of the nw Roman i Vigils Ace i represented in wey ‘hat makes Vis psi scm snbianas~ bu wit utr reerch, we can cover Vig spats for‘ Othersspeifaly wore the yout and eins Arma viramgue cane, Tole qul primus ab on / lia, ft pofugss. (Aeneid 1.12). Chsms and a man Ising the Sos fom Toy/ Ged exe to “Lavinia shores nal), Thee at the Sines of Vig serial epi the A= reid Prom the beginning of bis work, Vig st himsefin uetapostion othe “Mas the dvin spit of tong nd mosic. What does Vig accomplish nthese first wo Hines of the ist bok of the Aeneid? Vig’ native oie a readers Cn seehers ses eliminate om the outset ~ Vig acktitteshis voice ‘withthat of snothethe Muse. Thsinvoaton is especialy important, especially Iva considering Virgil voice inthe entirety ofthe Aeneid — or athe hislack fe cine: mative voice, The we of ice la Virgil Aeneid isimportant incon Sideving the teleology ofthe nara a concep thatbas bees oti debsted since “Ving epic was fist read by the Roman publ: Is Ving wring founding myth that issapportie of Aust ris ita yelled ein of the nevefound imperil ‘povee? Ts ther evens politcal delogy stall I isby exploring Ving subtle the of his oie nthe Aeneid tha one nds thio, more importantly how ‘Vin aliner ie reading onions inbir erative “This essay wil bes naracogial nape of Vig Aenel in that itwill show how the use ofthe reader abject potion I used in the Aeneid t gm pathize with ectain harcer. Ving porpre in doing his a this essy will flemonstae, wl bet forward is own desiogy anda pacifist one atta. Bat before continuing the term “subject-postion” must be defined. Yasmin Syed, ‘who deals echlvly with oman subject-posiions inthe Aeneid, defines 2 ‘hbject prion a2 vantage point or perspective fom which to encounte the Feional wos ofthe naratve This menstha the eader engages the marratve through» medium, which in the eave of Acnid ls through the characters tat 7 Sy iW nn te Rea al Ae Aber Mh rs 28 4 Wesurvan Mens ‘Vr ereates. Te reader thus occapie ths postion, but only in shasng subj ‘hy ith Vigil charters (abject ised her to denote the eaooahip between he characters andthe ener)” Keeping these tern mind this esny sl agus thatthe readers’ subject-postionezeated by Vigil narative allows [be Vigil polticalideclogy to be etl commanicated to the rede thovgh more apetially Vag’ doceine of pai. Vig directing his readers with fsvision (or ace) and wih he oie shows them th horos (and necessity) lof was ceecting vileno asa deirble means of atalning empire. Instesd Vir (pl harris characters and thelr trage demise with au At ED. Reed argues, Fenty becomes merged with ours droog is characters. In ining ws to ‘hore the character’ von, we are shai Vig 2s well’ This e=ay wl fous ‘Gathesepoode in thelter half ofthe Aenedto demonstrate thlspoin. These psoes are mel Aenent tour of Rome with Banderin Book Vi the deh ‘of Mezza atte ead of Book X, and Tur” death atthe end of Book Xi “his euey wil lo cnsier the acai gaze of the main protgesis, Aeneas, Uhrooghout the ess. ‘Book VIL ofthe Aeneid sat Anthony Boyle pus where “Vig text sd Ving woeld osly and problematical intersec" Book VIL forthe mast pat in about Acneas eng the el of Evander inthe war against Lat and {he Tur Ratilans” Here, Vag giderw through the sit of sly Rome” ‘with Brande: (Romanae condor ars Ralerf the Reman Clade! leading the ‘way What des Vigallow sto see? Mazy scholars commen on this eal tour “Eom, bcsue it offers the reader a Blend of Vrgiian and Augusta ie: (gy The te of Rome intl atherpartoa and peaceful with Aeness mat ‘Etapiur.-nemorindigenae Foul rympbse* Brander, explaining the humble Sa gut cig of cul Rowe (ith him site coor, sin tum showing us Sn seaied portal ofthe alent cy showing us the monientspriorum — Tulding foc rs connection to an even ear Rome” Is gut and forested, fil with sncent monuments nd religious centers. The eae: can undertnd Boric point here the pastor elpous, and humble valuesasocated wit he sgvof Augustus ar represented eve, expecialyin the context of vander$s etl Ig ofthe urea. secaa?At the ame ne, however the gaze of Aeneas eaves Bay gai. Wann yin tt EE EE in nn Ws et at me ey an a mente 068 Tame Ni amy at it A i etWesusyan Mans the readers unfilled — bi capita, nar, adn a sense, nar (captured “wondering, unknowing). As Reed posit Aenen pasty in engaging with Ro- Tan history leaves the reader whan empty vod How does Vii fil hisemp: ‘yaar? He does tiswith themed emotional sponses given Arnes even ‘The signare even if Aeneas scat i sbecause he reolces what he ee ‘Vir allows Aeneasa magn abiiy to expresshis emotion diet othe eades andthe makes fim diferent. One good examples atthe end of Book “ise the tur of Rme has been completed, The melding of Vig world ‘wih that of Angus continues on her but through the ech ofthe shield “epicing August with eminaeclterpora ammasTactavomunt (frm is {gad frehead/pouted two flames), "and the reasons of Asnese Tala per c= Dew. tanepotsn.(Aeaeds loved hese scenes on Vales shield His moth- Tri git but didnt now the stores, He doeldered his descendants’ glorious ‘ke! Again, Aenes roles (gid ere. As the readers, howeres we know sy Acness icing even {Aeneas does at: Romans wold hare ben fai Jar with the timp of Abgarta at Actiam and in Rome, and ts could have perpen the tent by ejocinglongede Aenensbothat these and at the ‘wonder of ancient Rome. "Tiss ot an unusnl way to look atthe Aeneid on ‘he contary scholrshave been sng theoretial fameworks tovndestandhow the mader produces the meaning of Vigls Armed for some tie now Ths ‘Vi lows the readers, a canst mesnig fom Aenes'aton so what ‘sithatbeerejocig? Vig howe the renders how Aeneas captivated bythe ‘egos budings ofr Rome and by thefce of Augsta on the erly shi, ‘hich point the seaderinpro-Angasten direction. At the sume time, Aaneasis {so Atgutanized Vig shows Atta «election of Aeneas the founder fe new grand empire randerstour of ancient Ro howere gives usa con Hsing mesnge of delogy Ie Veg showing us the glory oft in hs kel, tebe shoring us the wonder of nature and simply in ou sight of Rome? “Hesoems to offer both tour ~Asgustar asa result ofthe prophecies of Anchises snd dhe Gods in Books VI and VII (in whic Aeneas shown the lois fare {this ta), but the pence mature feaclyancont Rome ets to sem from ‘ings personal ideology. Visi alto confi the war arate ofthe shield with sever scones that presen the tragedies encountered in ware such asthe Rape ifthe Sabines (cine more (wichout moray), othe lack ofustication nthe lath of Ceopain Readers find thi sms notion of ieology in Vig Be- 7 se anon 2 gesaou97 1 Pea 096153 Westrvan Mims legs nd Geog et pts pied the ears n Bok VI, we mat snontnbotsXantnacoa init Hise eet sree maine scons abe nBook afte Ace int nc ws tering me with Pade ete bel md ar ccc wndrhe mashof scn, Rate, 2 See athe stjeceptnfteredermat ke onanew bet ip wither vce inte pe Vg ower ashe a eae clone ave pethanin ook VIL Wess a ening our copia of Aenea congas of Lt ae decoe August) i Bo VI Book Kgs onto comets Fe Der namnding of Acne? mor ba thro evs of a ee goat i led whemodoa fica dhe founeres a ham ae yo yng prove theme n he Reo ma pa: Bok frnsan coin arate a ed gd davng comple sn an the ention of tty eer eee Sutin od) a deh sgh ret Fane com he rede se Pam hs cn poi ew when Be er nding spo and thigh den bel, sere Ale haa im, ese ch a hes a wich ea Hera ra tt young wars mehr queso yey eaten inthe ft pce. Why dow Vigo wsts TURD bute oy ae chaig onder esto ‘un Play! Tet et hte in oaks X and Intrigue Aten’ oT duntonet lent when compare othe fits ftoe Ode ace Shenae ces cance et pt te pgp 8% etn sne nt the Other eps wat As sa FR tas Meno decent clue oan o> ae onpar dan (allegra) dames epost as aa ray ts Beucan eon ofectlend pon and shed ae HS ir tucan jc (ene des sive thew lly a ey sna ce nig Ace nd oe, Theat sa Nm na he df BOX cing eens rhe eth Se ec, Neves cds p being defeated ogg Aces 1 cone er ao, Naralagely Mew prpne te are tol as sce sone may might of anes RacWestzvan Mens Goof article on the “Taneformation of Mesenin” grees tha Vir wed the contemptor drum witha purpose" When Mezeatis ears ofthe death ofa Sos the reader ee a abrupt character sit in Mezanti:he nzes his ams to the sy, he bea the lose of so, and breaks down complet (cnitem, Inbaere).” Ws fom re that the readers take on thle new abjcvity wih _Menentio—he delivers fv speeches dough the repent ofthe speches su cle, In bemoaning the loss of Lave Menentis exposes his purata pleas" by “pening tthe dead body and showing the aience it own slated si. ‘(Tow Iam serounded/By my peopl haved.”) The readers then, tre able fo bul tei jetty with Meaentve ona bas of pty Tae sae ‘osu when Mezetiv speaks cel o Aenea - Mere selflothiog p- pearsonce sain when he bemoans the fa that he was hate by is subject and ‘hat they would desecrate is body andleav stot forthe bea without Aeneas! protection. What srk the reader here as Gotff appropriately notes, ithe lence of Aenea Aeneas ken Book reaentaly lent —allweheerae ie ‘sunt and alle sei inition of Mezentu fatal woand, ‘What ae eer ogither fom thi especially considering the compli: ‘Gon hat wee el behind fren Book VII? Aeneas, the apposed recon of Aust sent allows Menentns to captre the audience; the radersb- ject tars to Merete wt both pty nd sympathy for is est sn, his parental age direct rest of Aenea mucdering hie ony eld, Ving ues Merentios -herm at Gotonggets no hong Area tiumph overthe Other ater, Me entlsir eed to haves sympsthins the ter Thebsbarie, nated Morntas (Geserbed se rupes-immol, an uamovg i) shows us that he ely ent soburbarcaferallOn the contrary Ment sows us that he can ave pets ‘arctim just ike Aeneas. He even shows ushie staunch acceptance of death at fhe hands of Aeneas, ile sil being ble to tae Aeneas wth te travesty he commited agsinst Laasus” Viel shows us instead the Barbar savage mature fofwarand minder Aenest doesnot neeitry il Menentis because he wants foybut atthe ame time, Menentis lie wounded boneith Aenea! sword before he dies od gets no peace before die. Aeneas sys nothing let alone s- ssring Meenas of is ight toa basal ~ even when Meventis submit to his fae" Vig alo shows ws tat being an epic her not neces what Aeneas Fg REIS Rin A eho 4 (10 mses 2 Get as8 85 Wasuvan Mens wants, Before being called oft, Viel shows ws again and agin how Aeneas Invst be dragged om where he to where he mus go always at the beckoning ‘ofthe Olympian gods This wag, for Aeneas and for al of those involved was “unvoidable snd Virgl gies the eade subject glimpse at how brutal fight ing is both by showing the detsuction of people andthe bloodshed tha ain the alan countcysidered, While Romenceded tobe founded through this wa, ‘Ving agin leaesusconfaedn our position as subjects inhisrarativ, Liars so brutal and arouses our apmpathic then st nt beter tobe aginst warn ts totality? Vigil wuld agree. Ail episode canbe found in Bock XL which Wiliam S. Anderson cals “the Sedat Bok ofthe Aeneid” The death of Camila, anTalianwarprneei, further iluminates Ving ase of other” and the postoning of the reader in the naive. Uni hepoine where Cull disse prowes hereto be» wae tio of good ith - she canbe relied upon abate, and se is oyal to Tunas od tothe army defending her Walaa homeland, “The readers lear wo respect ‘Camil not oly was she born amongst the wilderness but se was saved from eat by being raised by woe in de allan forest. Tus the rae knows the Tegtiay of Camille ofvlder~sheemore than ost mento ight. As «Fel, Camila is presented here x pebaps the most exireme form of Othe? inthe Aeneid; she lea woman, fist and foremost. Women ae not portrayed a fighters nay other capacity athe Aeneid so Camilla represents one basi i= Terence benveenberefand ll other warcosin the epic (though she isdescribed fanaa’ at cetan points inthe narrative). She also the prot ofthe wil termes the complete opposite of what thisrarisaboa ie the founding of new {vation This already ints sense of wanes in the reader ax JD. Reed Segoes a Roman eader woud ave viewed thls‘Other’at“siplyconguersle" jus at in the sense tat later frm the Orit were sen as babar bythe Romans ‘Soyer are the reader subjects in resin to Camila ther deat? Some would all de ccantances of her death questionable a est when ptt the pespectve tht Vag create forthe reader subject. Camis afer spoting rest of Cybele dese in gol, decides to make amove to obtain some bounty fohangina temple of Diana or oherwisekep ferherel. This move forspois, tthe reader as leaned detines et for death red fr splls rested in the ‘eats of Baral and Niu in Book Lx, a wll as the marker with whch Pa lav ded (Qh golden be). Neverthe, Aran one of Aenea Tejans made ambush on Camila that was made under dabioue cecunstances tbe. He ils Cans, but only afer paying to Apollo thet his mark ses home in Ca is Rat 5‘Wasuivan Mens silent, He doesnot seek any pesto glory fr this ction ~ init the reader hears Arran’ prayer and recognies that he kills Carailla with no end in ‘mind Ths completes Vig purposesin killing Casilla. By showing the Ca- lla dressed ina tigeeskn and dyngto a Thjan spear Via essentially Or tntalaed Camila Her death tthe eowardly dishonorable Arans (in which ‘he soul “a indignant the hada below”™) dograds the ose ofvilence by ‘the Trojans even farther asin the eae ofthe Mescatns episode. Not only does the image of Aranepreen a problematc reading of the Trojans forthe reader sabjet, but the babu costae of Casilla ise shows a dengration of the savage natie of wae. Ifthe Aeneid em epic abot the fated enonanters of cieinstons then Caminita consplenous cli in iat of characters only to show that valence fan untamed and wncotelale fore ust ike Caml _Atthe ame time however the Tejas jute vilent athe untamed Camille HF not mores, Amune presents a alippery, cheating image ofthe Tijen; the ‘manner which Cals des cannot be conde fing fr lther awa prin cxssorforthe glorous:ace of Trojans. "Ths, dhe poison ofthe readersbjoct le complied even fre Tak- Ingall ofthese evens thelr tcl how ae we suppoted to vew thi Second “Trojan Wat? vialene realy the mean oa necessity end? Tithe ware ted to happen then st must besa Vig howe, doesnot har ok hist snd he shows histo we ery though the tragic deaths of chasers sacha (Camila and Mezentius. Vielnesisaforein the Aeneid thar eadersubjecs males us cringe wiht tebe consequences Asfor Aenea andthe elton he makes oa Augustus, this doesnot bode wel fora post reading of thee rolesin ether Vigil world or hic tet. Whi indeed, the war ws fed to hap ‘pen the moment the Grd set Tio alleme the doaadaring of Acne hows thatthe mor basis upon vehich Rome cms ites founded (pus Aes) is Shaly at best For August ths reading of the Arne the supposed founding nth of Roms tragic the sens tht provides ise mora justia for Iisown was and bates at Actium, as elected onthe shied that Aenen obtine fiomhis mother As the reader subjects, wearletunflild by Aenea journey lcsse ofthe questions that Vg poses ou: ithe belicose clare of wt re ally something that shouldbe gro whetherby Aeneas or Augustus? Thsis ‘shown ettrinnootherpace than tthe end ofthe epi where Aeneas hesitates Inhiskilingof Tunas. Atte al moment, whea Turn begging for Aeneas {olay down his hatred” Aenea finds justification in Tur murder of Pallas — Dut for us dhe readers that doesnot sem ike quite naugh. BR pamela wb) 2 Rea GDN SE 10 Wasurvan Mens, ‘Vegi Aeneid poses alot of completing sues forusto consider asreaders “Werasthe method to found new empires suddenly sems ike monly queston- she ground, not worth the galing consequences demands, With us viewing ‘lle the action that takes place nthe Azeld, we nevertheless ind no way i ‘which wat usted except by the demande af powers that are ouside any of {he human charter’ means of control. By sympatising with the Othe, and ‘ot wih the Roman,}D. Reed reninds ws the sbjetvity of Romets not that of ‘Romans; rather the nation ea collcion ofscbjectvtes wih which it demand ‘hat dentty be molded oft the form ofall Romans" Wemastconsderherethe totaly of Vigil epcin snaonalit bacote context. Vig: work a found {ng myth fra ciation founded in blood an the ejection ofthe Other ~ is thiwhat the Augstan word was sel ike? Vg sem to be telling us that ‘wat savage and groesome shold notbave been the answer (as cliché asta ay ound), “he peat atitode with which Vig approaches this outstanding, tai the way he makes the readersbjet question te lence ofthe war (= pec the mon droge of Anas the flection of Angasts) is one that hould apply tow evento. Works Cited Goto H.C. Tanestions of the Amescan Phllogial Assocation: ol 14 (1984) pp. 191-218. "The Tesnlarmatin of Merentins” Perel Chestne, Reading Vrs Aenld: An Interprotive Guide, Noman: ‘University of thom, 1999. 148 ‘eed, LD. Vis Gane Nation and Poetry in the Aenel, Princeton: Pincton Press 2007 Sith Riggs Alien, The Prisco Vision in Vig Aencie. Austin: Univer styof Teas Pres, 2005. Syed, esmin. Ver: Aeneid andthe Roman Sl Ann Abor: Michigan ras 2005. ‘Ving, AENEID Vit-XILEd.R, Deryck Wiliams. London: Bristol Chia! Press 1996, B Retewns aeee iil lili li errererrr rte meer TTT rrr iit tii itt iti ert eee ‘Wesurvan Mens The Plague Kaitlin Dewtlde “hs story set daring the Athentan plague 430-429, desc the plague fom the pepe of young amare i sl ving bx her weal father’s howe. AP ‘hough Ariadne certainly doe not exer a model Athenian woman, she dees have Fermoments as a dif young moma, by fusing nero are wth her for ‘th wearing herve hen har berthed it and meer eng aloe eth i et ul chaperone However he plague turd Atheian city eit head as shown Ly Ariadne deseo Be and ncn ole ata dat which Matter the incre Feeder women recived darig the chaos oft plague. “The amy sory My name Arado, and Iwas fourteen years ld when the Great Plague began ia Athens The plage tle my Bane my ales bother one of ‘ysis and my Ds end away fom me And in teeta sre vcs ‘uy fom Hades "Thee are my meme. Idori claim ope real afc ely aia storie wl be tainted ith is Bet promi I wl ty wo zecoed what Fs wih recon, Till aot nt he th to pote those with weaker eonstiaons Twat 39 uti enn ilo a pep of hs ee eet Tend Part One: The Beginning Pericles ha packed sin the city ike sadn ca barely leave the house for steppngon someone. Imagine me, daughter of ne ofthe wehies men the ‘Sharing irene to fame ws bry an ace old to his name! Com planing bowere enotan option my ites an important member oftheCoune, [ha wotnPesleshad inprtion fom Zearhimselfto maka thie dciion And 20 ce argues with Fuhe least ofl ng alow thi daughter no et wed My two ‘serfdom and Miri can at len chim sight importance ly the connections hey ave ought ny ther trough thei mariage. Father on lows to members fou fly: my moter, Gala and my der ‘broths, Tacs. Tater ha high hopes foe Thacyldes andi aleady working ‘na prego manag to Price thin cousin ce emoved. wou fel badly foe Thucydsles being dic hope ofthe flan al fhe weet mean tome The isi uly and ricoas. Apo, her ficial scars tured her bater and rel ven though shes ony gt ‘Oalyso many women relucky enough obedlessed by Apo osTand my ‘Wesusyan Mars, seo faodora have been rodorasnd I both bare log, wavy ached age das tyes She pregnant again so you woaldatbe able tol but she used tobe slender heme Iino Tm borat ~Mothertllsme so eery 5p ‘Mister and lzaora ae the nly people who Delve in me and suppor my ream ofa dvi know the gods ane Fubbeewoald never allow cha thing, but cathy bu dese ie nonetheless ‘Mite bros, Keron who soa ten yeas ld amchome yesterday orn ‘stator chiming one ofhis poorer ends was home wihafightelihness, “Win do you associ with people so beneath you, Kheion” Father ep shusyy “You wllgow up tobea great man Stop tallingtofrmer’sons” ‘et Twas cron although I dart alk after Father After dinner | pubed ‘hein ade, "What ind ofseknes Khe?” “Tdast hove Buthis ras salle was relly sek "Phage my litle oer sound the shoals. Dont worry. Tin sure is “The next dey hoor Father came heme with a crease esween his eyes He sa dowa to danerpreccupd and bury Istene to Mothers chat. Tew fom pas experienc Sat ashing questions woulet do any good and wou at ng hi, Twalted uni lteznoon capt next dy and snck veto end “Hermione hous, avldingthe set dvelers enews pose She hed no idea “ht war vrong but agreed at her itherooked worse at well Onn way bck, “hing elisha caught my eye [turned to see aman stumbling down the ‘ec lbuglbe was ot semuch aman ata del Hissin wat red and Bothy, dhe stutbled peda choking dowa the beet crying ontfor water Fear ort raemy cross and gine home. "Tati, when Faber adhe kad some bad news fr ws Thnewintncivey whats he god wereangry and Athens was being punished. Part Two: The Foar My hous has become a prison. Mathes unum ful ofits assem: tip ocked Kher heel adn lade dheouse.Tdobt se coulahave devised ‘re torture forme Le fr csp bres ofthe ous al ‘Ny betrothed aon, amet vist tnd Twas 0 git see anyone other ‘han my fal that for ence, Lmanagedto show the proper noun of enthusiasm dour upcoming eps scheduled fr hi MS doit ke Lykaon fon dof particle i. He sera tome an chseqious,grspingweasl ob ested wit is polit end soc sanding Inotber words bets an Athenian an. ‘Lykaenspenthalthetimehewasherespinng coos and Tams 4po=y- phate fis many close share with th plague and how the gos ad protected Be 8Westra Mens “codon Tan sue yok dn mandrel roca foment bs gta SunCECahy morta me The sync tr i ing hn Sechemccoebaoren Waele a gol gce nt tlre Frente he cx pes ned ene ods ror ge we ean Ee pm slogan shaped tre “it feed wad {Guten cn waa wena now? mae Are cd wena ape marae col be ae Ll prope Nother che mp oe pnt a ae sot set ch ce Moccia Tene aie swig aptlondee ec sinc pd ett gy sett eo Se iirc nectyegenectadions! SECT land meen rg eft ‘Tien lee etre preperation asses pongn rite ae eg pes spurte bled tar ener gv eo stb encanta pend tanger epee ‘Cine Ha palette mp hot I ee ‘Goremtenpai nc mare esol te eon Trower Part Three: The Chaos _My diy wall wth Lylaon bce pect oppor fer observation of the pgucsyeptons Thee crea notes fits mifortnes and potenti alle tions seemed to begin with headaches and edening ofthe ees and mouth A severe cough and sometimes etching flowed Air that the were’ ery tongue crawled over the body ving the pant in burlng agony. Those at this ‘sage could not eas the toch of any pice flothing on ter skin and seemed to cry went te Ths fg ad sen nly oe man surie and he alos thre of Hishagetothedioase. ‘When tld my mothe fis urd n xctement ce bogan wesping, fr -spparenty Toyides had become sick yesterday. Ou ete fay panied os ther hae, hiebewed onl closer and closer tothe rans ofthe Underwo. He died within the week. “Asbo the plague trac, the behavior of many of Athens cies wan “ ‘Westzvan Mens nat way worse Tho psenc Karin pred tog al as echelons seemed ‘Dek as undo ad fin, perpetting aelespre fe tat guy (eed no rampaathedonlmnand dg foronSe Citzasbrowght dowel ‘ha Toca sometimes dst eaare the simple honor of proper funesl—msry ‘erejast hom on the pres often! Tenpal ronll go Peres hm id ofthe dese, eving the cy witovr ron tho ral confor of his eden Athens asin compet and wer has and ne one was doing anything! 0p Part Four: The Deliverance uodocis sbnd ran overo our house almost in teu this morning, Dei fochp bom thka come cw wh te lage He climed endorsed ‘hanno anyone but at ecoktbeartowatany longs oeenda ot ot snund and wait for my beloved sero die Lolo ay ots verso covred her skin abe rahe aoand the bed inthe hoes of vr aie of dese proxy to dea I it my i tying to choke back ‘Ra Oneapled out end fatelde down my cheek n.acoo ly tc ‘eet [get paced my hand onber sweltering cos.“ ok, Dom Ti, ere crwth her nti th early hous of the morning when se conwused on st tne sn thn oped resting Standing 1 en paced cans on eral yes toe for pnge sss te ver ST rst her bushend tog er 2 Poper Peuel boaghtnow' mended to get ont before Tost my iy pon my == corte. Merle ut ofthe hoe and ea. 1 it now where Iwas ging Ty new | nenod to pet amay When I stopped unning, pig or breathy Tooke vaovid so ge my earn and bv Thad runins clan warnowtwo secs ver frommyhows. Trev cstrestaay when nti aman seaming ofheadache Haagen odo bak ta at ight, 1 knw telped alee headaches 1 il bad sea nny ter canteen and banded tothe an ling hit wold help. He ‘essen, ming amestinstant ei “Tend vlig tht ping thi ran ad lessened the hore pl chest noord ad let Best of ln the cuent chaos ofthe lags no one so fear Tonite soil rulesying 2 womess place wari tbe ome. 5 Tome ustnot inthe tional sense ofthe wont, 15Wesunan Mens The Honorable Nude Roman Matrons as Venus By Catie Sted! “Tre rumerous bra dart aheomntof ie Roman EnpreareweExown toy trp ter many works of andi and are re Unt cently theo much recs end anton ot deoel tothe feld fear as ‘ae works portraying women had ben largely writen of One ust now recog parca tenon ha ofthe Venus Porta agro ef fineay satus which or fy the decented worn a enlgaratios ofboth thenseles end te Gret-Rorean ges Vos The sociation wth Vers noteworthy ano sl ut the mast Intrging (ond erpe shocking atu of hs sess tha thy ar porinyd as laruie Vea aii cpy ofthe original Grek: Kren Apt. husky qu: tins to cone oe Ho git Ren ie have ved he sats? What did theseclaton with Von defor the patton ne iage of hse omen nd fal tryin ply fe aden tal publicly ceptable nasa where ner al omelet asic taboo? Ts paper dese ect searcon the ue, vehi argues that hgh the Romane’ pprpriion of Ves hg image was tronormed int that of marche and maton woman. This revel image nas lee honor en comomearte acne women ashore ansible Ro- man maton wh posed lh quae eth el zen if 1tisno get secret that mach inspiation for Roman sexipture came fromthe ‘Greeks While thirty grew to entices oe unique characte the Ro ‘man att til produced many copes of Gree wos ad dew rom he Cas {Grek sculptor frinspration, While mach chabships devoted the stay of rmalportnite nd divin atnry—and indeed thisnteres mio the emphasis ‘lice on these caleges in Reman socity—statues of women are begining fo ec grsterInters fm scholars and for god reson they ae an equal rich subetof Raman sculptare about which thr Is much tobe exmed. One putenlar category of female sculpture the Vers porta deserves special atin fon. Whereas fea nad wa iemly taboo in the upper echelons af Rox ‘an soca and the aly wornen wh woald have been sen taken public were profits or eiver thee eater represent Roman women as nade models of {he goes Vena Scholars nowrecogaze this westmentof the women shaving ‘been not on socal acceptable, bt sls honor. When mentioned in ancient souices these statues ar ofen sociated with tombe and addrasedina fnerey 6 Westrvan Mens covtet as commemorative wots for deceased women of vite. Daring the ate {Stand 2adcenares the manbe of womes honored through mythological por tcature reached bxpeskand though aulple dies oaldvebeenpostayed in theta tomb Vets provides the mos prevent and contrvenl example due toler unvene! completo paral mud nde story of ach diy ps tilly fe brant fas epreseted both weakness andheplessoess swells agi and sta, When stociated with mother-and female yodesses, ‘rane represen ih frtlity and power. Ter isthat fine ine separating Pos ‘hie latepretations of these guzes—are they the woman the goddess o both ‘Rad fen then what comes ofthe association of women with Venus Tange thal, ‘Gough poblc Female oty wae considered degrading, Roman soit viewed thenssptars ar bth honor nd acceptable de to specie sssocitons with Vena adepted bythe Romans aswellae the method of combining navidua and eained characertes commen tobot aleand female Rowan porate noe Fer sugges that ei tas erected to honor rel contemporary worsen were those edited by Octavian to Livia and Octavia in 38 BCE; before that no tition of honor ares for women ested, Bren nce sates of Noten bese more common, they often served dynastic purposes—Roman Upto and would-be emperrs or other statesmen would we dese women {leis thee clans to power through stociation with beastly depicted vvontan bearing ofthe characte of ‘god! Roman matron” he depiction Pimper women goddeses—evenasVenus—was not wncommos, bat they “Src ypicly represented as aped versions of dee rather than sues “The orginal model upon which these portals were based was the Ki lan Apo literreeeted by & Roman sulpor asthe Capitaine Vena. The oid de oval of original 2th century BC sapture by Prats tat ‘round ap dopleel ina sncuary a Kids when its orginal eommistones ‘Gece the goddess iheness onthe bss of er andy The tate was rvol ‘Doauy fort dl ofthe naked female fora and eae to be appreciated by themes ater he initial shock ofits reveal by Prats tested bythe um ‘peat Roman copic produced We have ony textual records of the gina bt the Roman copes entine to provide valuable inst into the way the origi Prottlean work tay have looked, A Roman copy fom heat th cetury BCE (oat 1 provides one xampl fhe frm thats general sociated wit the aide the geen ands weight on her ight le, exhibiting the classic Greek Contrepponta Inher efthand she bolder drapery thought uncearifsbe sin “iy an a1 ewe vWestman Mens the proces ofremovig and droping oliing up guint cover hee Gen teal prementamongacholar here stat ther vse inthe proces of [nuhieg Apluoite gcesup tered though her atensonharkeen caught by something —generly accepted ta be aan wh bas disturbed bee bathing isa "Her hand broken sway inthis particular woek may hare been moving to cover hee gent an the gel detedqoeeon i whether hes dplaying a show of grt morety, or ratag nanchalely-and een peshape alicoey—to ‘he intaeny movals in mythology have never fed wel fer glimpsing naked _gaestes (The punishment was offen an extemal afl death), and thie que tionis as much debate oer Aphrodite temperament tis the ection ofher Jhind, The representation ofherbodyvluptuous and fleshy by today’ standard presented the Clasalidea of ety, and men ae sd to have expertenced un fontealabe urges upon viewing the cial ate ints oper empl I this ‘Sener naked body was intended a seal provocation. Itshone light onthe ontzest betwen pre vine Beaty and the dangers ofthat Feral sexsaliy. “The Capitaine Vera 2 Roman work based on the Kos scm to be the example upon which the Venus portraits are ely based The Capitaine Ves (Gee Fg-2) bear sil poset the Kal, though her weights ome onthe ‘opposite leg. Her drapery les wntnuched over 3 vessel presumably used for her bthing ital and her ai rellects more orate Roman sion The mai ie ncein thi pic ithe plcement ofthe goddexts hands the Capitaine Vensis ‘akingmoreofenefort to coverherl indicating more ove show ofmodesty than the Kei. This an be ed to Roman carl azocitons nd adaptations ofthe goes eich wll be dscmsed in deta at ter pl is important to rot, though, that whe she Is iplaying mode, the goddess hands were stil Intended bythe ator to hight her nakedness. This draws ateton tothe leaty ofthe dele foraeform while still malting that the goes istry ing to aod the ateton ofthe viewer witha downtured gze—also «change from the Knidia and the protection ofher hands though ere they do herlitle This Roman ide ofthe gdosat modetsnd uncomfortable withthe Hen ‘of tn onlokeris one tat ie refcted inthe Ves portals, and ultimately up ports thei nono nertions “The practice of honoring deceased women with these Venus porta os ily ara yay ink the bri uae of more common women those ofthe imperial women’ gen inthe let century CE. Ths women commemorated were gnerly chaste, respectable and industrious trons and the sue tl took. theformofa portithead sopanade Venusbody. Aswithmanymalepertait ‘ears, the beads ofthe women depicted di not match the age af the youthfal ‘Westevan Mens nied nied dag ees oan et doped nscfag einen at dialed the wet aa cep o tTenghey we conned por be eee iittancotan act The women we lef eldlege nd WETS Gyan or sen peo Be Db xa ia ELS cammeaoc stn near con ie lr (Bae ae uae depseds Varo 8 Cer GypthinCo- aa a cha aml of spe ei 3)- re ex es a sno andmou anf mcschp argh and pointed Here, SOLES ESS trea vad eng he oie be CEE Lpeatne muh sctins nn not qty demi TROT ES oe the ad tat othe pal Vs exept in conte Ne et dln nde yearend ao. aang Din rec aman snr ae inc and he fm pnp! ng tian! tun ou rhe apropely many wisp wees ped rer ipa enscomidced feline Tove wha ee ee en br nance wis prs owe Pei Constanta alien were te pac Neeef mn feu oilers Ter hse suc coder cil aecepale fpble aiy pac ar wane ve haa! Fron chur it Romans Fe enact pecs of ho at EE ie Copan’ ean ype wollte en el so Fe May wea ne ne tt pie Ny 2 ons ceepaying ens so eed gl, cr tg oildontbenoredarssingc nation tie eae ERE newt crit oh dh eta tenet be Vn en br eit woulveecn ot TENTED fata notte angel nthe bn othe godine aero el wi omating renin ud uo might ea hg stag mets st ere Set cn of ie are ae ptatced bemcgeda Apri te deeate otek Te Lecerel borane Sip bang asoced wh dane TELOSF ode wl hare pty bec cho one pte, COR Se Shade bende yentyinpeaindento cede anew Roma ~Wesurvan Mens mage ofthe diy borowed rom the Gres. Ta her nto rol the goddes of love isnot on thought ofa chase, moet and representative ofall of hese qualiespossesed by Roman matron, “lrsemultywasnot of pry ete ey ba rather candalous and dangee ‘xs entity unto elf, The Roman perspective tht of “productive ad pristine Somali comes rom the legend of Aenea who was born of Vena, deoding ‘her athe orginal mothe ofthe Julio-Clandane. Throogh the wo propaganda ‘byvatiou pero tok themesirert the gpdes 2nd leptimine thei pow, ‘thei ofthe Gresk Aprodite shid into the more matroaly Roman Veni (One example ofthe goddears role in female fein society i the elt of Venas ‘ertcordin The cl eres the vesslon ofthe get who govms the I fentions ofthe heats of women, keeping thls etc dese inched and t= Ing ther hearts to pase forms of ow. To achiev this, wizwous and respectable ‘women, ormatrona woud engage the ual bathing and sdcrnment ofstaues ‘ofthe goers. The Venu in question woald mt only be baat, but so po- ‘ied snd emerge fom the tual ae rapectbly caste brid! le seers ft, thatthe le of many Venus cle waste comb he moce stl, uncontrolled, sd inmorl lore of the Grek version of Aphrodite and replce hat image with the responsible, ign and fertile oe ofthe Roman Vena In 29§ BCE the ‘tof Venes Obsoquens--Vena the Obedien—was founded withthe fines tht bad hen collected em women accsed of commiting adultery The mision of thecal as not suring tn tum the srs of women eho had been anchate cr unfhl bck to duo asocned wth the homed, care of one Ihosbnd and family and the socially mpectble and response date that went slong with then", “These qualities, den ae the ones evoked by te Venus ports in memory the deceaed matons The port’ band, ike those of the original Capita- lineand Knian states, emplaienakednesseenarhey lhe othe matzons! moder tthe sen avldan fice that accompany the bodies cl he afore ‘mentioned ality to contra onc owe sexually even in 2 state of ach ili beauty and overt nad Because the sme bossy and nakedness hat promptod serual deste ls indicated fry, he combination ofthat tat and the om ‘posed expression crested atlance benween des and cont nature and scl {tystht when exhibited bya woman, wae a quality te tated and memorial ind, "These were le ute that had tobe crf cltated i young women sd young wives, and the Ven poate alo repeeseat tat aspect of ening Iie and soiety. Thee women were capable ofbeingboth semlandsocilboigs, Wesurxan Mans set proce efpring (prefer male) and plas thir shen a well as ‘prcnnt thelr husbands’ wealth ad tts at important events ad social one> Mocs or gatherings” This issue ofcairation so brings up the concept afbeanty ‘uns--an bse etsy fled wes Venus due to the ate afer elm of ‘cote (eal emai raring, bens te) as wellasthe prevowly dscuned ‘itn wich women engaged in the bewotiestion ofthe deity heel. A great ‘ary of claborate kyle ae lnclded inthe Vers potas ad ope pint ‘finussion nthe study of this gear of sexpeue isthe meaning behind those ‘Sipe The matron inthe Ny Cadsberg Glypotk (Pg 3 wears what ean only be Br cibonts wig formed ofhundreds of ay singlet cutis Another sje whichin- ‘Fader siilrrngetsisvisiblen ig 4—i dhs ease he womas ins styled in “large crown lke iseatthetopofkerhlrline Acioserlookat Fig S sages tht ‘huss wig What appa tobe the wom octal hairisvsly pulled back tea bunk sl, and the crown of bat looks peched stp her ead as 2 sep te piece ofadommeat wih some typeof binding holding the wig together and “herngt toes hea. The hates ofthese marons wood kav been another lene ovewees hat the statute donot epeseat Ves here (ithe event (hat he pore ics di not make it clear eno). According to Dames the bai of Vous heral-was won worn in wave eter centrally pred or worn in ‘ais stop herhead, D’Ambresasbinge ap the disesion of overall importance ‘tthe hatin terms ofinterpctation. She suggests atthe wigr and corte ai Styles may have incteated the prestige and socal ankof these women a they rep cto lage amount fie and labor presumably by servants or dave. be ‘To mtson why anyone woul argue with ha interpretation, bat he ext claim, ut he syed ha eye adranced the digs evoking both modesty and ttre” geste fmpeesion that she eacing somewhat inher interpretation ofthe maton hac es pus "Bly it doesnot appea tht thexe women were being ‘spud! i any sway, nleat the argument fr euch a statement were tht ay ‘unmstronly qual Tver being disguised trough the asoclatlon with the Reman Venu. Var ‘Gus tas sat howerey that tvs en particu chaste, socially pone, circle matron to whom thes tats were accorded and ths that “Tyumen canbe distegaded. Between the porta ends and inscriptions ore. tans that would have been asoited with ithe the scelparesthemsélres or tbe tombs thee would have Been no question as to the Ment af the women {pited 2 Vers Saco ther 10 reason why an elaborate hump ete ‘elloraidadby wig, wold have oggsted eter modest oral, ales thea Ayuda Aden pe 103 aWestevan Mens fre was ineesed by greater lls ta the woman wealth. The primary parpose ‘tthe decent hair n thee statues ans to bare Deen to ao the impression ‘fschnes and feminine elation that were zo losaly fated with Venus. At vith the portat heads which represent contl over the sexaity ofthe make ‘ze fom, the taming of the ich, analy ai coald also represent the way in shih hee women were (opposed) capable ofconroling sd formingratre {nto a socially apeopriste an coveted image of female beau. This fits the ea ‘fealration extlynot en the clvtion of Bet, but ofthe sil neces: ‘acy to maintain it in apart wy tht woald both enhance he tats fone Jnuband and family and alo ones wn image Ts cear that these tates were aceped ina publi contest and not cond eculshaching odes forthe expen oft. peope knew they tree an allusion tothe godess Ven beceseo th volupoous ad es ies {ae form ofthe body and bese of epitaph that woud have accompanied the fcalpare rat east been sociated with the tombs in sme other way Because of ‘he varying halle and the matron portathesde depicting eater s>than the body however people also knew that these satueswere not jet rersons of Ven bt rather rel women being ented with erin death, Being ented with the (Grek Aphrodite might hve indicated beauty but would net have done much tis t chow offs woman repitation and chance In Rome, hough the image ofthe goddess had been consciously changed to celebrate he ole as mother of Aeneas and therefore ll Roman edhe represented etl, altatd woman, both semua an pach nd in conta of ll ofher feminine charm so ast to Incite any outrageous expenses ter salty Whereas public nut in ie wat for dave and prostates, mod dean this pariculr way was quite desinble ‘became it transfered to the wemais image all ofthese uals associated with ‘ena depicted herat a tagein ie lnwhich he was most besa most fer til and most valuable to Roman society Ise acy argued that the jvenated bly ofthe mde (jareated in ltlon to the fs expecially) may represent the Roman women who ndrtok a second mariage afer te rea fst an aving ley proven erty was ven more alae thas before This ‘rented the mage of roca ejevested woman with mor experience and even treater sil of eltivtion nd department “The epportunity for study and scholaihipof these places i gett thst shih hs lrendy been done provides window nto the Roman word depict ing the completes of gender, societal relations 2nd the lengthy reach of Roman pac even nto the es of he gods 2 ‘Wesurvan Mens 2 sti om ih ee pie fdas Ro sae Eye Doering ‘nen ingen em. “otf Ronen Cy eCopt Vo (AREY) (ep femacraonsut nee Smeg poles) ge Rea oma dice sei Mar (ria Settee ome oie ‘arf nrasi)gee omer oman eter Vin np ofa pre ‘Dingle i igure 4mm pases, fon. en/na a ‘agama vo) Wesuran Mens Works Cited Boatwright, Mary. “Jat Window Drsing? Imperial Women a Architect Suapune” ia Matheson, Susan B and Kleines, Diana EE (et). 1, Claudia is ‘Women a Reman Art and Society, Univer of Tera Pres Aust, TX. 2000 Bonfite Lares “Nw a Costume in Chia Ata Americas Journal of Archeology, Vol53, No.4, (Oc, 1989), p. 49570 Yamba Bre "Nadty a Adommen n Female PortatSclptare ofthe Sec tnd Century AD a Matheson, Saban Band Keines, Diana EE ed.) 1, Ghat (dn: Women in Roman Art and Society. Ualversy of Teas Pres, Astin, TX, 2000, Amc ve. “The Calculus of Venus: Nude Porras of Roman Matrns” in Kampen, Nate (ed) Senay in ancient art: Near East Egypt Gress, and Italy. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. 1996, Fes Jane. Roman Porras a Context Waker de Gupte New York NY.2008 les, ChistopherH. The Roman Nade: Herle Portrait Statuary 200 BC: ‘AD 300. Oxford University Pres New Yor, NY. 2005 ‘Saunders Gil The Nade: A New Perspective Harper & Row, Cambridge, MA, 1989Wesurvan Mens fate ie hl rb esha he fo fate of bli paWesusvan Mens Balnea Mixta et Separata ‘Gender Distinction in Bathing in Pompeii and Herculaneum Susie Howe tng thee werd ase i ey rein ecll reat stg wpe Betas ear hl Misnpr clan amas audi scar aafemragi te cee celts a pbs td ere fly ht Foca mata ina ceeefonhe Towser impetigo mpd toatl dco nd aaa enn oy Asbathing was each centr agpect of Roman itis not suprising that the bathe elect 29 many ofthe senate ofthe clare. One such example ofthe tendency ofthe ats to conform othe noms of Reman society ishow the bathing compleres reconciled the need to be scanty cd whist bathing ‘wth he inclinaon to spare the texes in buting establishments fr resons ‘of decorum. Inthe Republican period, bathers were divided by gender in sepa ‘ate buildings or eparte suite of bathing rooms, and woud not share many ‘paces a the baths, f2ny. Wit the advent ofthe Empire, more conservative ‘eases wer taken propriety sak, ever resulta in gion to mandate ‘ich gender division, psy in response to a perception or rely of loosen ingmort. To moe elective bic the bath system of regulating bathing ‘ines was atemped so a8 lininate any oveap between bathers of epposite genders, but whether o not thie was actually able to ural the trend toward ‘nized bathing is uncleae. The progression from moderately demure 0 stity ‘mora follow the changing atitudes ofthe polis and popular ofthe er od ‘remplies the interconnected nature ofthe bath andthe clare ofthe bath rs. Inthe city of Pompeii the tabla Baths represent the practices ofthe Re ‘pablian period in thee ayo, including distinct sites for men and women. “The Cental Baths by comparison, which were under eonsractionatthetime of the ancient Veruvian eration, had only ne suite of baths which indiestesthat ‘frmen and women wer il being separated, temporal separation between menand women bathers would be rqeired rather thn pyscal one, Pompei ‘herefre has evidence forthe reacion to possible increased mixing ofthe sexee In the lat Republic nd ely Empire and the transition between the two styles 7 fey Wl Wien Ri Hal sg evo 89993 28 ‘Westeva Mens ofsegegated bathing. “The oldest baths in Rompely ooopying fll ty Mock, are dhe Stab, ‘whlch had accommodations for wemen very eaty on and were i all work ing order by at eae 80 BCE when Pomped was founded asa calony ste Pig 1) Thess bathe seers rome af the exes ia the Roman word to get the hypo- cut yom intaled and had many amenities kes swimming pool palestra (courtyard exrcz pe) Iaconicam (ey hot oom) and desrctocim oom for undressing and scraping oll of afer excise) svalable to patrons, addod throughout the years. “Thee were adiions made to the baths that were pa forby the duumvit ending mea, ofthe town whose actions and support would hse openly legitimized the practi ofbathng observed there’ Thelabrum, or adel poo in the mens calaram wat nother such it of the municipal gor ment evidence ofthe status f the bath a Pomel. he bath aves spa ‘ate entrance for men and wore, Ibead at zach sd leading tothe spat, ‘on-ommusiablefathing suites, cach eqlpped ith apodytes, teidaris, ‘lds snd fight, The same race Rented both thecalde, but that was the ony connection between the two complexes. The coloomaded palaces, hich served ae foal point for most of the rooms ofthe bath might hare been _iableto both mer and women hut thistay not havebeen the cas especialy ‘ace dhe Forum Bathe a both Pompei and Hercalaneum havea palaest c- sible onl fom he ment site ln thistle of buthing ality, men and ‘romen woul have been seprsted during the bathing proces taking pace fa ‘he temperture-conrolled rooms, and could pssibly have mingled inthe ou door eerie and swimming sess, bat itis ea thatthe faites for men and swomenstee aot equal insizeor qual "This wel-equpped bth expanded and improved upon in the Republican period, exempllis the modostsnaiieeeguding baling held dang the tie ofthe Republi, and because of the exercise area accesed exclusively fom the men baths the spaiton berren the sexs may have been enforced ina ‘Physical and architectural way. This man that the actal Bathing within the ‘stem of heated rooms woold have been done with members ofthe same sex “This is supported by many sources Som the en fis century CR, sch asthe [asi Paeneting the Dicacalae Aportloram and reverl mosaic represeats 3s i an ahi Chen Ait (Ci, MA THe MIT se, Issn Rope Lins Pega ty ta Aerte enp 205) 1210. 5 nan enon ig ihe Roa Aer ey ef vet‘Westsvan Mens tion of female bathers which state tht women prefered to bathe naked ke then eamingecicnm forthe ack of shame? from hater Chistian witers be {oning athe en Empire When women had no choice bu to buthe in he cemtny fm, ewes iscouraged to do so witbou abating costume. ‘There Fame woaote fom the second century BCE about the wif ofa consl who Grdered the mis bats tobe completly card so that she could se them to athe here This shows the Repetlica modest beans the Empire there tbeno sich ales of feminine shyness with regard to bathing tis pone that when th eater bats at Pompei were constructed xt cise forvvomen warnot yet nfachion. "There isieed alser mosaic the vil ‘Stik Pasa Armeroa dating fom abot the th century CE depicting women swearing bikin ke etre and exercising, indicating that when women exercised they weuld be covered bt would not necesury be clothed in the actual bath Inguaite (ce Fig 2)", This woud colacde wit tho pln the Stabian Baths raen lke them from the Republic where the balers would be sepated ‘soy and only the men would ase the plaestra and ovtor ares wt the Tupest era When men and women sacted sharing the eerse round it nay have been part of the reason why the Imperaliss reacted aginst mixed athing sad stated tole genet. ial trethat nthe Helenized ar ‘av ofllaiy lie Campana Sic and Mag Gracia the Greek tition omen “Sdwomea bathing in separate thle was followed fom the very fstintrodc ‘om of baths ar eiely asthe Sth or ath century BCE and not renin the origi (Groce palacsts would men and women mia® Varo writes thatthe bath in Rome were wrigilly double baths, which would be appropriate baths srouldhae een atzodvced to Rome fms Campania, whichin tam would have ‘Wapted the Roman bat from the Gresk origin” During the Republican pe- ‘God Vtravies describes balnea separata and how they shoal be constructed [ReDe-Architectr,asfthere were no ater desgn option frbaths®, isnt ‘star hat Pliny the Eder ret makes reference tbls sat andlaws tat being made against mined bathing, sagging a possible change overtime in bthng practices ands ewig toward more open and mixed groups ober ‘Another ponble son why mized bathing may have been s0 frowned Pac Bats ats Ui Pry 199 1. Gin epirsl eateVa Rona Ca ‘Westrvan Mens pon va the bn of women who woul feqent sch ctablihimens whether Upttaton afte popcorn. The perception ith the woul be ‘roster ning the premises king for busines sd bag «ener ice Tis pos in athe Me the Suburban ats one he aes Traaneum whee thew wn ofl osmodation aes prerce tall sot yt any women tating the wold are oe frcerein Shane Tiss ented bythe typeof cele tat could be expected st thse ats nea te hub mn sory decoders Sthermen ad ther etna Ree lee with chaperone new af kepng och neroy company wan asalncemayealen nosey ane ost pare the le lens ais recounted by Ovid In telat mpc thearea cunt ome women ang tg etch women ere ten psd tobe of Gblor mors sa wel ot heen wee a ‘pele socety Mittal nd jr dicen womenesecsngn te bas ‘Sthmensndeataspenonon be epttions het des bot Marts0 Prot ar of pec women cl engage erignre maleate, they desde elasrpos a some ath rong women om sing fe poly woking th autor fhe gods to spport ae con pe Stn bens cing th pols poplar titwul aaliermore ower Sop tee stiles an the bath operat hemes. is Mages onectn to make between batig an prstation,ow beter © “ieee nes bs than taht whee etn be fille fr ropeste {en Pompe os inown to hoes ble colton of promt snd ‘rete ee Lane chet my dee ath th poe tate woul conga te bate hey ad th own quarters of tty twit plier tad Inara pga here a oman Cac who ignores alte men tt and etsy dow tay ones rosa She i ct has more common wh another wma, maton meson in seater epigam lending een moe digty ther characte. Natal 181 hie nda, ml Roma Atco Mae 30— Ae, {Seer Cte or es Cuno, Rasen Show, 9) 22 2 Feasl 2 ylation tat uw. 24 Cay "ag and tela Wowe a Pup” Cs Pree "Acan Sos in a Peel at‘Wesurvan Mens rams therefore are not evidence forthe pretence of protation inte baths Derse, but they are evidence forthe balaes miata and the practic of bathing ned groups leas peeps the scandal of women bathing with men andthe ‘ippose threat tat there women were of epute that offended the mons of Society and were the impetus as to why some emperors elt the need tolegslste tgpint mined bathing andthe wihed ways oftheir subjects. Tn accordance with thie dea of Imperial distaste for mixed bathing, Pom pls Contra Baths are an example of baths fom the eof the mpi, where ‘here was only one suite of bathing rooms styled inthe grand and air Imperial ‘vay fied with large ls windows and the test in bath technology, which ad ‘been under constriction since afte the earthquake In 62 CE and tl had work going on atthe time ofthe city’ destraction; this indicates that they never ae- tual came nto we ata (8 Pig. 3)" These baths, to, occupied one eatie enttllysituaed isla ofthe ty, indicating the status they woold have ad if they Had ben opened to the public, Because It only ad one bathing st, this san example ofthe sift vay fom bullding pial parted double bath othe temporal method of egregting the seaes daring the bathing po- ‘us tht wa tempted in helper es, relgating women to the morning ‘hours and men to the prime afernoon hous”. This ye of bath means that there woul nly be one gender preset atthe complex at any ane time ifthe texupoal segregation method were employed ia Pompei llowing the palaess to be used by anyone withoat interaction with anyone from the opposite sex "Ths would ec toa more complete separation of ees more complete than the tlie Republican eye baths, lke the Foram or Stbian, the bath proprictos Sctully ehered tothe edit of the emperor ike Haan, Mars Aurelius nd Alemnder Severus Itscemns very posible though, that thse Ines west ignored bythe public in cera ate ike that of marie couples a fms, “There multiple epitaph fom the second o ded centuries CE that mention wives who would not attend the baths without ther husbands and theres some Crilene to soggest that marred comples would bring their hdren with them, ‘Rough his was not ley tue fr every bath complex, and may not have been the ese in mpl “The devin to translton to mare elfctive and complete division ofthe sexes in the bts ia the perl eas evidenced by edicts ie that of Hadan 7 Lewis 2 me ey, The Cols Papel Lenk: Tas don, 297 158 Famer St rams 2 Westrvan Mens Tnnningbalnes miata, Pomp shows jst his transtory stage with the Cen tral Bathe in comparison withthe Stablan Baths andthe Feram Baths, going ‘om the olderdowtle bath tage to the single sage. These dea ofthe emperors trying to increase the decorum of he Roman ctien had ther beginnings next {he end ofthe Repalic when bath were being bail jst forthe ut of women, sone benefiction descibes by female ofan measres that may have been Slightly reactionary This teaston mast have happened relatively quik if the Sabian and Forum baths were beg added on to and adapted throughoat the st century BCE, and then in the frst century CE the Central Baths were ‘bing bu im» completly ferent styl. Technclly though, the change tn rently behind the transition eno ha severe, 2 itl inoles a sense of pvacy ard modesty just magnied. Justhefatthat any emperor ruled against ‘td bathing shows at es aight change inthe perspectives on bathing with members ofthe opposite rex. in the Republic there was never any concrete Tagen potting mized bathing, jst gener elactance to patcpat in sach aces. Ifthe Imperialts sensed debauchery in the baths, then ether there was an incrsed amount of lc ecuerences,o the senttisof the Romans changed, however ght to make them take notice ofthe state ofthe ‘als and ther bathers ‘isle that there musthave been some progression overtime with ead to the ideas eld bythe Romans canceming the practice of bathing with mem ber ofthe opposite se, but Garret Fagan proposes in ating in Public inthe ‘Roman World tat the opinion ofthe Roman emsined constant ovr the cen- ‘ries adhe picks on stati examples of perceptions ofbathing insted of con- ‘dering the dynamic evoltion of bathing, One neds only to tay the 18th, 1th and 20th centuries to prove chat it wllaly that humans contnaed with, the sameway of hinking forded years. However, Tagan prefers to post that”-mied bathing varied rm reploato region... machin the same way that nde snbathing i vcouly practiced on the beaches of oder Europe. ani the Empice no doubt conizined bath to atthe tates of bath the pred and the pervert” While this nay be true to some extent, he ignores the passige of Ting: psd fine in which he preferences and culture ofthe Romans were clanging", There were cetinly gene tend inthe publi pyehe that would atleast explain the architectural styles that can be seen at Pompei ven amongst the Emperors these were changesin mentality about buting™ Tagan icomrect ‘when he sae tat therecan ben"... Banket.. simple cr univers. solutions at Froma, kesusWestrvan Mens to such thomy questions. as tha of the gender dsinctons i Roman bth Teeth cannot deny that dere 2 razon why Pompei as ali tle of eso thatthe Repullian style bathe havea ditiney diferent structure fom the Impesl baths "Pomped is unique in ts breadth of archaeological evidence espe elton to the bats in and around They provide timeline along whic ‘outlet tac the anion frm Republican to Impesal bah architecture Ped praca, Begining with the Sabian Baths from the east pecod of the iy history and spanning ll he way up ual the otrepted construction of ‘ho Conta Baths, te buts show the progression from modest balnes separa to the muchedebtedbalaes miata. The methods of ving te sexes inthe [bah changed ove tne, going from ebvins ply egegtion to what can Uy be aupposed as tempor separation, fany separation exited a alia she Empire, The practices flowed concerning women ia busin the Romaa Re pric and Bmp een inthe evlution ofthe babs from Pompel and ese pan refer Inge occa sues dain wes the mentalities ofthe Roman oalton. Tai eentalyto Roman fei one ofthe reasons why baths ae Poe acne ode sty of thecltral sensi of Reman bath goers auc ae tei sano Te catnaets eSarn memeol Eeeidran ee Pl fSnis DihGar gen eing iP be Ro Wri me arbor Gry ge Pre 199)Westsvan Mens Works Cited ‘erry Joanne he Complete Rompeit. London: Tames and Hindson, 2007 ‘Boling Cay. “Mamiage and the Roe of Women in Prapeli”Clas Presents tion forArt and Society in Ancient Pompei Delsiag, J, and D E, Jonston, ede. Fit leternstional Conference on Roman, Baths 30 Mae 1992 Joural of Roman Archaeology Portsmouth, Rl: Thom 00 Shor, 1998. Fagen, Gert. Rethingin Publeia the Reman World Ann Arbor: University of Michigan 1998 flaston Harold W. The Pavats Lf of dhe Romans. Chicago: Sot, Foresman Jest std Company 1903. Ling, Roger ompet History, Life and Afri Tempus 2008. ‘ielon Inge. Thermas Et als: the Architecture and Cultural History of Ro- smn Publ Bathe, Arcs UP, 1990, Seindal, René “Vila Romana Del Carle: « Lumutious Roman Villa From ‘Around 320 CB 19 Oct. 2006, UNESCO. 6 May 2008 hip /eghtescindaldk/ight/456_Vil_Romana_del_Cssletnl>. “Vituvin on Roman Eats from The Ten Books on Arcitectre See “Art and Socity in Ancont Pompei” course packet. ‘eg Piet: athe and Bathing in Clasical Antiquity. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press 1992. ‘Westrvan Mens Making the Ancients Accessible A Look at Sir Arthur Evans’ Interpretation of Knossos By Lindsey Davis ‘Sir Arthur Bran ha en argly redid a the excovtr of on ofthe mast important archacloil finds ofthe late 19% century nary the Pelee of Kaas 40 located on Crete However is exc teen ver is dscovery end deseo make the ste appeaing tthe mass drove hint use questionable feciqus ring the ‘excoumtin and restoration of Kasi Though as heart was the right place his ‘meade ae come unr rotting from modern scholar. Ts pape provides tn eth okt Ean’ ert at Kose and hw thse xe be he oy isteday “The discovery of Koossos was signin find for tefl of archaealgy, ‘msing wealth ofmateal and information on cri period ofthe ancient “Aegean ron. The ste, termed the Palace of Knossos octed on Crete and ‘asexestion reveled Throne Room, Temple Repositaris, megon, wind- ingpaagevays and collection ofevdence that speakrofan advanced clare Figure I shows = plan ofthe place and its labyrinthine stracture. Tats vaslous som, exerts uncovered afc elated to eligi sce, wring ordkeeping and dally Ufa well as objects of high atc valve and worprix lngly advanced technologies Knosos ike no other st, bas aed a dtalled lookintothe if ofthe Minoan race of people who present astriing contrast tothe ainland-baedcontemporcey, the Mycenaean ‘Oar undentanding ofthe Minoan cults i based langely on the wor of Sie Actus Bran the acknowledged discoverer and excartor of Knossos. Be ‘lanlng a. 1900, Evans worked atthe site for 31 yeas during which time the Palace became an icon ofthe Argean region Asthe primary excevater ofthese, _Branrwae abet fer isle interpretation of Knossos tothe wold He den- ‘ied and anaiyed ever apt ofthe Minoan peopl, incading ther eign, cals and chronology several way, Evane was 3 tus poner of ache ogy He helped poplars stratigraphy, the science of distinguishing between {epost of si employed s number af specialists onsite, and was known for ‘hs caefl sifting of materi His recordkeepng was immaculate ane listed very tem found with rei deal SRE Hai enti ew Yor The hing Pr) 6 2‘Westxan Mens ‘Yeas sole as Knosowinterpees problematic Weapped up nthe sx citementofhis iad Evans could not separate his motvs om his study. Speci- {ily he wished to make Knostor accesible tothe public He wanted people to Interac withthe Minoan rl and to appreite the nique and ental role of ‘Know inthe alent wri This agpcation ld Evans to depict the Mincans in ‘ways which, while appealing wer not avaye Based in archacologcl evidence. ‘One point of contention i his analyst of Minoan religion and halasocrcy ‘hich relited too exlly to myth and popular ideals. Another is hisremaking of ‘he Knossos Palace, for his renovations overstepped scintlic sty in fv of tourist proofing th st. Moreovey, vin actiayadvertsed is finds toa wide range of people, avoking mythology to dramatize hs ind. Evans impact on Keosos was strongly fflenced by hs dese to make the ite andits uur ae- ‘ces othe pub Hi interpretations reconstructions and atitude toward publicaterest al dlstate this ambaion. Interpretations and Influences ‘To elfectivaly discus Evan interpretation, we mus Sretloakeathowhecameto -woskat Knots By 1894, Buns ad been interested in ancont els and sero Fara numberof years He believed thatthe etchings he found so fen on these antes were indicative ofa writen language and that by racing these atic to their pot of orig, he could find evidence af a caltze with a prehistoric weg eystem? Evans next determined that Crete was the mostly Iocation (fa writing cle and ae touring a nomber of es, he chose to pursue x ‘spotcalled Kepil, vans didnot tumble upon thissite by chance noe was he theft discover. Auber of researchers had already shown an intretin the aes, most notably Minos Kalakaenes, an antiquarian who bad ist begun to work onthe its n 1878: Several French archaeologists andthe great ein ‘ch Schliemann himself were jst fw of many who aletel Eva to Knossos) ‘worth! Evan sidestepped the others aucceeding where they ould not In 1894, he parchased enough ofthe and to all other exczvations and then collected fas buying theese ste in 1899." Kepls was belived to contain astocks pile of mater and Evans was eager to begs excavating” Brand enthusiasm for publty became eident in 1896, even bere he {amphi Mth Analy the Mica Ny (ew at i ane 28032 Wesvan Mens dnd filly parched Koso, when he gave 2 formal mame to the cvlztin Ihe hope ta ind, the erry review Jounal Academy, rane refered tothe ancient people ofKrestossMinoena! Through this designation Evans tied the ‘eto the Homer poems inictng that alechad been Minos, dhe ryt Cal king of Crete? Thi was dhe fi step Evans took toward making Knossos 2 ste of major intrest. Every subsequent anal that Evant composed bore ‘he assumption of Knoeto aa mythical and. He created a eting where “the ‘yt Ul gradually took on historical aii” an enormous dr for pa leatenton." For Bans the st room found at Knossos proved the se historic nd sythologlealsigifcance In Api of 1900, lesan month flere had began ‘iggng Bran uly neared axoom with benches along its walls sal frog. ment offresco printing and che remnants of one wooden abject." One sie of ‘the ror followed sx tps down 8 sone-walled ara im which some pices of pottery were fund.” Evanebllved that thi pace wae 3 throne room 2nd ‘Tse basin, the se of plat lender and the center of aligns activites (Gee Figace 2." The wooden object became a throng, et called he "throne ‘of Aral)" which was dhe name ofthe legendary Mines daghter. In ater ‘terpreatio, however, vansnamed the throne asthe seat ofthe king himsel€* sndmaeapointafealingt the odes throne Europe" ‘Afer Brant Weatfed thls oom, the site was designated the Palace of M- ‘nor st Knossos gund, mel: perpore canter of eligi and goverment" The ‘ames that Erane ge to thet roms ellctod the grandeur of tls dea (One oor bscame the Temple Repositories ther became the Royl Potery Storey, dhe Grand Sucate, and the Queers Megaron. Yet Evans ought not ‘nly evidence of royalty, but culture and elon In exploring these areas he proposed mimberaftheories each which was highly appealing the public 5 mon 14 enh Lan pi ft Sut al Daath orgie {hy Ben Ne wp iin Cony. 2) 30 re)‘Drawingon the then popular ideas of matelarchal theory and maternal idelogy ‘rans dade thatthe Minoan elgion revlved around a Mother Goddes “rans was easly ableto support thistheory asthe Mother Goddess was apo ‘dy ene a her rpeeetations According to Bran she was “arate god ‘Tony hunts, queen of ena ea goddess [and] eat goes. indeated ty dove by birds of elie appearance; by ons and leopards, As Lady of th Underworld her emblem was the spotedsoake™ Vitaly ay seference to ature weed to this omnipresent being™ A number of on-natsal symbols there slo nald to belong tothe Goddess, on of the most prominent beng the ‘ouble-ae symbol” This emblem was found not ony i the apy named Hall the Dou Anes, but alsin vious other forms and numbes in lesions tround the ate™ he Enns continued his exciton, the Mother Goddess took on another manifestation: hat of Divine Mother snd Child God" Thisimage was ante live one fra number of earon. It ew sympathy forthe Geddes surtaring tatere and, most impotan served a a procaror to the Christan Madonna {nd Christ." Brans was abl oe the Minoas tothe Madonna, majorattr ‘onto sligialy-cnscious populace and he locked onto this Mother-Cild [nage with fervor, desperately seeing out any instances ofits appeaanc hit eteiation often impeding hs adgment. lump of limestone ear te Lite Palsce became a Mother Gaddes gers, wit 2 "smaller nodule curiously su ted [] an inf The sae at fl ono «sea stone and brone gurine Sronknown oxgin, which Evans wed to sport his theory One of Evans biggest aogument for the authentic ofthe Goddes and Chil involved the ston Goddess figrine and ix snares to 2 Boy-God state” In thie ltetane, Evan fervor mos: deinitely overtook his judgment. Although be red the statues ana ear example of Mother Godéess and cil, both God Te Sraror Bam th Pie fice enor: Macs 919 FF __Camyone Kann 8 he pho of Maen (ngs Te Une Cage 200). Westzvan Mens ess and Boy God have been outed a forges" I ation to misdentiying the pieces uthenticty, Eran sto misientiied she Bey- God gender. A num: Deroffesturesonthe tatvete markit ot asa boy buts "prepubescent gi « fact Bane laed overin his wish fora Mother Cid paic®™ [van ene inten had been oes iform and atrat the publi dest tig the Mother Goes a religions Figure would hav been an excellent Chole, As noted, dae Mother Cid image appealed to 2 Madonna-Christ n= ge bul Eras connected Christianity to Minoan eligi nother ways wel “The Minoan dove was edt the dove ofthe Haly Spe. The death ofa young gd and mage of botecies (by means of their cryalies) became a refer fence fo resurrection. Pally the enter ofthe Mincan reigion was believed to havea spit of Christian “decency™ Al ofthese ideas combined gave the ‘Minoan religion a nadem aeociton "vans made firher connection to moderty by rating the Minoans to rmavarhal concepts The ese of masarchal theory and maternal ideology seers icredbly popular inthe ely twentieth century, tnd women were becom: Ing depicted moreoflen ax ature rather than a the temptreses that eer generations had describe. In choosing the Mother Goddess as anion, the inoans fl into the familiar aegnry af peimtve worshipers, aswel as being Alesgnatd moder thiker. The poblic was eager to elleve that the ancient ‘Minoan worhiped femal rather than male divinity. Moreve, the Mother ‘Goddess was an cal detiabl, simple image forthe publi to understand “Laymen coud mack any representation the su asa manifestation ofthe Moth Goddess peaceful ese, family and comforting, Thalassocracy Religlon was ony one spect of cular dented by ans Inintepeting sll of ‘Minoan sciety—it religion architectrg ar, ceremony snd writing —Erans {gave the opinion thatthe Mnoane were the dominates of ther time. Evansbe- Tieved thatthe Minoan led all che Aegean, Inching the Mycenaean people fof mania Greco, and le that Minoan at was the most ofen traded, and {he tong val power ofthe Minoans negated fortification wall." Pans drew ‘many of his inference rom mythology ard stoic wrtings and his ele that apatin 7 a keweees aie WESLEYAN Mens ing Minos re the Minoan continaed to tnfuence his views Inthe Ss en- fury BC, Thucydides had waiten that the sea people of Crete dominated the Repealed by their ing Minos?" Evans kewise believed thatthe Minoans i ‘hel thealands of the Archipelago bot he went farther He names the My- ‘enneany the primary people ofstadyn the Aegean, aran“ofshoo” ofthe Mi- ‘oan race His theory ested on a ects view of Mina chronology Bans ‘Eeigated the pevod of the Minoan ae containing an acy Middl and Late ‘Period, with ach ofthese divided into Sections T, and 1 fr arp LIL ould‘se Late Minoan I)" These three peviods were sald to span fom around 100 DC to 1100 BC and the end ofthe Bronze Age Evan placed the destruc tion ofthe Minoans t 400 BC, coesponding oa Mycenaean invasion fies ‘which Bruns believed the conqueror did act ozcpy Knossos” "Evan dating sytem was ruc to his interpretation of the Minoan bet stappea he overstepped his bounds in malataling it. A number ofpotsesds focrulin the Long Coridor ofthe West Magazine, believed tobe of «specie tine period, dow matks of burning" However, the ests in which the pottery tras fuod wer replaced by Bane at« dierent lye one which coreesponds ohks own dating ofa Mian destrection period The bain andthe cor ‘Ret dating ofthe poteryskgify hat this destruction oceurced mich tr than rane had proposed, ye his placement ofthe css and his nots forthe excaa tion hi ti fact Alough his replacement was not monaental i as most ‘Certainly intentional. Other spots within Knossos have inl inconsistenciey ‘ringing Bran motives ino gestion. Stil, mos ofthe concerns surouning ‘van dating ae mina, and the gretr scheme of his chronology is accepted. Hr suertion of Minoan sopresacy howeve; sls acknowledged “A profusion of evidence, cing tablets which Evans concealed fom the publ agget thatthe Minoans were nthe l-powerfl race he prported Tanto Ee One ofthe most common moder bel that no ene owes (dominated he oa nthe Minoan period Another theory that Egypt atleast Geary valued Mycenae as a more portant trading power Wace and Blegen Site that Egypt posesed a Mycenaean pottery to Catan pottery mito of ve = Mo. Bt tno ale A Now Gi tne act Kos Men Yo sk Fe ng 99 23 Chenu. Sia “The Mythof the Manan Thlasocaey” Hsia: Zieh fi Ale Seaton 50855390" 2 ‘Westra Mens to one, nating that Myesnue ws the mors dominsnt fore inthe Aegean.* ‘Ban teatment ofthe Minoan writing system alto dferefrom modern view. "Much ofthe diengence between Brans perception of Minoan power and ‘he moder pereeption lis in our new understanding of Linear A and B. Lineat [Aand Bare the two wring ptems which Evans dscovered at Knossos the fist being hieroglyphic andthe second, more advanced Linear B,qustalphbetic®™ ‘Byans used thewe Ends to support hi Minoun supremacy theory, believing that ‘he Linear Bsciptonthe Knossos tablets wasindiative ofbreanertic records tnd thus of an advanced cvlustion™ He also believed hat the Mycenacans ‘most have has este of writing, bt tha! twas entirely independent fom the Tinguage ofthe Minoane” "Ate time no on could prove van wrong since refasd tn allow oh sto stay the tablets Hed ever intention ofbeing the fist read them” {nd ignored conteraporses who reggested thatthe writing was Hellen A ‘number of Linear B tablets ave sinc been dacoveredia mainland Grecend- ing tothe Bell that Line Bis infact of Hellenic rather than Cretan oigin®™ “The decoding of Linear By Michael Ventas seven more damning to Eran! ‘heorles, becaose fi, oo find that Linen ian archaic Greek script, not 2 ‘Cretan one Since Liner B supplanted Liner Ain the LMT period round 180 yeas elorethe destruction ofthe Minoan stlent cometh gret Mino anchlation must have been alfcted bythe Mycenacene Tus nates tat the Minoane didnot completly dominate and Usen de oat but, more iy ‘hey split power with he Myeenseans. rane propagated Minoan geates in other ways. He di not find any for lication wal t Knots like those found in Mgcense; based on this Frans ‘cavisionel the Minoane a bth peace-loving people anda great aval power, thle defend iteel/by seu rane ured thie lst pont to connect Knossos tohlt Ihomeand of England whose people were taanchly proud oftheir own neva proficiency Ye thi martime prominence seems tobe more wish than fact ‘Modem researchers sggesta umber ofressons why She Minoan had ess mas ace 17. Bu 7, goneyeeseet‘Westzvan Mens sive fotcations One ble that they el itl nce for ear wal a hei ‘Mind location let them protected by waves The Minoan could al have relied on the confusing aby lan of ther architecture for protetion, ‘Tposilty Evans did not credit When the Minoan dd ght as evidence ‘eget they dd teas oat probably on land, aot in sophisticated ships” Al- though an all powerful aval society was an nrguing mage for Britons Living ‘Ratfaporay tothe excntion evidence pins aps his nterpretation af Minoan caltre Reconstruction “The mos: controversial of Bans’ actions at Knosos wat his se of reconstc: tion both in acitectre and int n reconstructing, Evens hopedto makethe ns ashandsome as they once were. One night he woke atthe sit envisioning “herr with hs plamed ly cow walking own the Grand Staisess and he sought to make thigh ral to visio ait wa 0 sel" Yet a Koossoe the line between reconaruction and forgery was Bseed. While B- tv ie ofthe site inched sch imagery as the Pres ing and mythological ‘gute later bocame lear that is view was not aays coeect Neverthe Fe fly renovsted Knossor according this own visio. Wood and stone were teplced wi cement walls and ors were added wheethey might act ote ‘Fechave belonged la is recostveson of avast murals were pieced toget “fom small ments and each example of feesco i eaousy sma othe rise syle of Frans’ dy: Though wily atective tothe polis tis uikely thatthe Palace ofthe Knosos sas close a epics as vans’ lied hs Bane gaadlly rebut the Knosros Palace, came to resemble nota ancien struct, btn anstalxly twentieth century bling” One aS fr this opinion was Evans choice of balding materials, In ancient times the vs majority of Knossos wae bul f wood, much of which was easly Ken ‘Shale as cypress” Envisioning mass tourism, Evans deemed durability tobe themes pressing concer, At Gt Eranx worked wit ay stable mate if tot crit ones He cated pinewood supports and cu stone columns uni the To20e! bu twa at his point that Evans abandoned is previous cor and Senate, Ct Que: Bs apo Exe sn ins an: ia san ote 200 2 ‘Westrvan Mens turned to a simpler slution,Forhis remaining reconstraction Pans used fe fo concrete, new technology that cond be soppoted with tel gies ® Con {Gete was the most durable material of ranting butte use became a soe ‘teonfasion for vistors and searchers ike Itas oft df to tell what, ‘ras teconstrcton and what war mat Brans chimed to proses Koso that ‘rime the original bt concrete “pisted pale buf indies wood!” wat cer failynot an exact ubstitite* Moreover, vas plastered his reconstructions Siectlyon top ofthe ara of these, dsturblng tue antiques in for of ewer modele "Concrete wor a cotroverial choice, even in Bran’ day, but at east ans tua areatonae explanation forts use, Some supports ofthe palace were erod- {ngand he needed strong and dorale materi to keep the runs rom cram ‘ing, Thisestfeation does not ld true all cases asin Evan rebuilding of the Throne Room. The room itelfwe in surpsingly good thape when fosnd {in 1900, but by 1930ithad to ex stories which were notin the aig de ign and could not have hen, athe drone ise was fea inches below the [pound Bran constructed the cokimne for She room based onan image kn 1 rae, hen procnded to cover the stracture with led pitched roofing sp ported by ir beans remaking itn ero-conereta®” A sanded contruction bf scalding and tin woud have been suficent, and could have been placed Sound the suture rather than ull into the Foundations Instead the Gal ‘rject was made to resemble a modem bulding, both inside and ov. Brans Widod« member of elaborations tothe om, including two new, unfounded fpf ecos on ether ide of he throne” The spying erences between the'Throne Room as its found end art -ppeaed ater econsrction can be ‘sen iaFgure 3; the newer mode! islet completly unecopninablefom the ‘ongina. Resoraton ike this one cused some to cll Knossos balling "the best pesered and finest examples of Art Deco and Art Nouvesarchitectare inGresce”™ ‘Ban work on Knossos’ iseot was no les drstic andthe added fe gesqnaree um rnd oie oc, en At Arce OK‘Wesvan Mens oscf the Throne Room ar only one example of rans artistic restorations a ‘oro. “There are a mumbe of fainting thes, all of which wee found in ‘arying sates of fngmentatio, Daring excvation, Frans undertook a project To vcore them as they appeared to the Minoan. Yet these painted creations the ot tne reconstructions a there were rarely enough remain of any single Fresco to remake t etre Instead Brane employed a team of artists to rece tts thefeses are envisioned thm tobe, A numberof images atthe sits have Teen called into question but two examples are particu emblematic of Er ov inlencn The st the Pret King, reveals he impact of Bans religions interpretations and the second eso known atthe Cot Ladies, shows bls reine on modem themes. "The image ofthe Fries-King& the only “royal porta” that Evans eer peated, and to Eran the Gare represented not only a get ruler, but 2“ ‘ine om ofthe Great Cretan Mather Goddess” bearing the rang ile Mines” "is cow wat the most pol piece of he fesca, fort served to identy an ‘therwineunremartable image: Bedecked with Hes and peaenck feathery, the own bestowed to ts weuct both Bighood and testo the Fath Goddess” iad Evan found this pining intact, wold indeod have been a monumental dicovery Instead the Pres King wa initllylscovered a asl cllection ‘tfeagmentsincledinga iy crown and neckac, aight thigh clenched band, Sad few other body piece al acted on diferent levels ofthe Noxt-South ‘Corridor® At is Evans declared the fragments unexceptional and designated them to thie separate gues It was omy ator that Bran had one of his at fins iliron pe ry to recreate the pieces asa relight rele Giron diss hiting and changing body parts which dl not sxm to fi and adding many rw forms to the work st Bran nsistence” A number of scholars today take [Bou wih is interpretation ofthe fragments suggesting other posses No toe inteprctation fas been ally accepted, but mest agree tat the fragments of the Psat ig did motal blog to one igure One analysis claims that iy jew ‘dey was only ever wor by woe lo Mineaa plating and offrsan aerate re- onstruction t Gilldrus creation (igure 3)*Tn thi version the Post King, leery =waeioe Tris dear that with the Priest King, vans overeached in his interpreta Boater Gomer Westevan Mens ‘lon. ‘The fngments that were pieced together cae fom sepamte are and ‘were lngelyseattered when found. In many instances one cannot all fans redone frescos even resemble the orgs Yetits important to note thatthe Pest King along with a number of other paintings, ts pesecy with Eran interpretation of Minoan religion With the ality to corral wha the Knosios Fiesos depicted, te posite that Evans ange hie pater toward images that ‘would sopport his ideas He had no quale about insisting that 2 mamber of ‘other pecs backed is regjous views.” I ght of thi the Priest King res ‘questions about Brane tr Intentions, The poslity of misleading designs ‘hould be talken ntn acount when stadping the Knossos frescos ‘Modernism is another eae whichis evident sn Evans’ recontrctons. ‘Viewers t Knossos were stack by the “pay Earopezn appearance” ofthe ‘Minoan igure images whlch ofenzeemel to wear modemn designs and hair styles In one pice, Eras desrbed «group of women as “sh from the cif ‘eurvhands with hl fx and eared abou the head and shoulder He com. puredanotherrescoto the wallpaperof Wiliam Maria founder of Art Nowess “The Court Las one ofthe Miniature Fescos described by Erons with numerous efrences to moderiy (ee Figure 4) He began by commenting {hat this piece had a much eee movement than those of Clasial Greece and spoke ofthe womens choice of dex Making mention oftheir cured hai [led sleeves, and sweeping skirts, he called thelr otis “quite modem fash fons and said that they gave a"colete effet a style mach in voge atthe time? Brane sl sid thatthe seated women were decadent and that they rev {ain jeweley and clothing uta modem women did He soggested thatthe tote soon wae 2 ocuson female comardere ad convertion, comparngt tan "English dinner sri Te lndividvals were branded "2 mother giving Sorlaladvice to her daughts” with no evidence or otee samples presented for ‘his tection, and with thelngasge ofthe women imagined a twentieth cen try gossip” This commentary woUld hare been extremely appealing to people in Braet, leading them to believe thatthe Mincans ved jut ike modem > ena 2s a es eine ae fn {soy ‘Sue ns Tefal Mie (Londo Mian 192-068 i 5. aaeeen ”Wasuaran M1 ‘Bransnext commented a thesis ofMincanpaintingtomodem art Srna He compared the fresco to ooo ye naturalism and spi wocks by {An Noreaa att" In prseating te hig-ranking women as subjects of mod rm paating be dtfed the pois connotation of thelr status and brought ‘hers nto the common resin” Brans rounded out his description by descb- ing the Minoane to match a modern perception of ancient woman, He stated bow clay thi piece spoke of he "mstarcal saga” modern popaa theory of eaty stite, and of ew the fro women “rab shoulders withthe rin che Court blone™ ‘The econstrcton depicted thi socal mixing, but ‘one ofthe origin agents presented women next to en (ee Figure ).As erhis usual rating, Evans bad Gon reconstruct the image in his own tle Tased on fragments and Bath me seem ts have taken betes i the plece Publicity (lea rant work within Knosos andthe way he portrayed the Minoan inshad alot ofappel He presented an allrencompasiag dey which accorded to modam views and portrayed the Minoan ciation not only a great aad Conquering, bats eve and peace. He eested and comuneated on Mi ‘oan at that ould hve ood in modem art ess and at Knossos he selped ‘Comnerch)moderitandutectue layered In ancint rine Yet these actions Swere annie form of publicity For Knorsos to be rly popular, Evans need ‘lta more ately publicize his discovery Ths was a naturel cours of ation for vans aan wi «uate for pblicy” aed 2 “eumutic inne” and ans employed aveide vert of mediums atuacng scholars and Iaynen fom ‘round the word to Knossos" Jourmallectare newspapers an of cous is ‘en four-lane st ofthe excavations The Palace of Most Koosos were all hod with he tent of publicity? vans lad a ung cltoauip withthe London Times. He often wrote pcos meantto broadcast new find t Kose, advertising all aspact of Knos- {os that might have appealed othe publ Ta ane atc, he even wrote onthe ‘Smarties between dhe flew is ofthe British ingsand the ly cow ofthe Minoan culex® Mest often, Pane’ newspaper aries relered his fiscintion ‘with mh, the gripping series ofthe snclent wes wene a perfec way to Westman METS rama hs ida 1909, one of Bean fst eile tothe Times introdced the pablete Knossos by drawing them to the stories of Minos. Heald ears that it wast Knosos that Daedolo ble maze, the Minotaur ad raged and the Famous wings fears had heen ested" In August ofthe same yas, rans uncovered aac made to lool lites bull Horaggeteto Ties waders that {he image was ny ofthe Dewi] nial which won the heat of Pape, ‘ore ops Sennatonalit trie were reqoentypablihed oe which even Lnked Crete with ani that thiy one yeas lterEranscoetied to place Is finds imal Wht" At the end of i excvations when he nly covered tomb at Knossos, Bran ft reaction was to wie the Tes aang the bara at + possible esting pace of domeneus, the mythical grandson of Mines” there waste to no evidence fr thi cli, but by 1991 Frans mame rar go revered thatthe res quicely printed th story. Dythlogy t Knees wor propagated nt oaly nthe paps; bat in jou nals and elaborate plays. In one ating show raged for tours ana had 4 tuoape ofhis Cretan workmen perform oa the ste se dancin the Thostal ‘Area ofthe Palace” Evans araged this dance based onthe legend of Theses, ‘who was snd to move ina salle way to symbolize his excapefom the Laby- Fin” The dance and muse were clled trae reenactment of « Minoan syle performance, yet there srt na evidence connecting modem waditions to those bf the Minoan" Bor Bran, he diay war meant to atact ists 2nd ‘hove them Knoete ina lively wy. He had no quale about equating prevent practice to past ones, nor wat he estan to ase diferent kod of dw: the ‘hore geome side of Minoan myth. In oneal ofthe Monthly Review Er ans refered wo the “haunted ground” of Knossos and “de ry Sng aad his ‘man-eating bull!” which the ste av 4esoation and ahising”™ Bvansnever {an short of ways to sensation is find. Mythology offered an eadlesreaen ‘om which adrian. Conclusion Si Arthur Bran’ soe san archacolgit was deine by is age «me when ancent terts were considered a yelnbe resource and elhnograpy—the beef TOL Saha Baan Te aot Mime 13 09012. ~®Wesus~an Mens shat moder customs could explain anclent ones—was stl widely practice." "To mos of hi contempories Bans Views were not only sound, but revel onary His advancement af Koons enriched ur knaledge of Greece and mode Cretan important pact of weld story, attracting a mast of isos fy yea wo coud view the runs interacial Yt as much 5 Evan wot asahed light on Minoan clare, ir ac of agiation keeps modem scholars in the dack, Regus of theix popalar ped, Brans reconstructions are not ‘pure Minoan aris, and decoostrecting Brats’ reconstructions painful {ask for modern archcolglts, Todays excavators rly on Pras’ notes to de teeminehow Koso’ stitial appeared, and in many cocumstances these note are ee than trustworthy Ar evidenced by the burt potsheds of ‘he West Comrie, Evans sometimerrcened objects incorrectly fe didnot think they ft tr sata ine ped. the popularity of Eran’ wock ae ‘ed another problem in some cases, van ideas were proven wrong, but hit ‘rors wet uncoreted When the cuatorfor the Parsieae resco dscoveced the orginal was raiealy dierent than the reconstruction he chose to eave it ‘aalerd™ He paced smal, more accurate graphic econtrcton nest the puting bt theese protected tom revision, Ofcourse, witht phe omenaliy modem depiction tad become qt pope, and had edveted ‘hany people about Minoan titi tchnigase. To dhe erator, earful of losing ‘story itd aotmaterifthseluaion wasincorrect rans greatly furthered public owledge ofan ancient cilzation, butte cost of his achievement was inaceare a pice Coo high to pay Bren Evang lnmgioative reconstructions and interpretations ae relatively fatal, ls meth cds of portioying them crest too much smeertsinty. Instead of vig 2 small, moun of dents eidone, weave a mss of potential fle interpretations, Sinfasexatingasthe ters olen the former would be more helpful toward tenvloe undenstandisg The information we have loumed about the Minoan nay well bese, despite Bran ltentions, becaaee individuals who care shout thet research ae rlaerablet thei enthusiasm. In people with predisposition forthe dramatic thiss an even greater dangec Through Evans’ workst Kass, ‘wovilcontinus toler boot the Minoans and heirelaionship with conten ‘porary ancient powers Yee mat bo cael to view the st ind witha more ‘ject eye than at interpreter Pg Pl pln inate th pt a of a Sse ne rte an he Pig He aon Novi Halo gn Conpny 200236 ‘re Trne Ra era ofr Rept eof th Sa Cae: rt Ps and he ge ey (atin ‘Nw in Pani Company 2002) 152 gue Pring a retin Ser nin A tere OR Of er gee fe Gt is See rns Te lao (Lend actin, 1921196) 46, xup TP “west” ar ba Jos en bigs 228038 ‘Westavan Mens‘Wesexan Mens Wesusvan Mires Works Cited ‘Brown, Ann. Act Brant and the Palace of Minos. Bath, Great Britain: The Pian Pes 1985, rans Sir Arta, “Knossos The Place” Annual f the Bish Schoo at Ati~ e256 (1900):370, ‘ray Sic Athos. The Palace of Minos. Landon: Macmillan, 1921-1936 rans Si Arthas. “The Palace of Minos Monthly Review, 6113 (1901): 115- ‘2p reprinted i Deu (1961): 284300, and Daniel (1967) 150-65. rans Sir Atha. “The alae of Knossot® Anal ofthe Bish Schoo of Ai ene 10 (1908/1904): 182. Farnous, Alsendve Kaosiot Searching for the Legendary Pace of Minos. ‘Tans Davi. Baker New York HanryN- Abrams In, 1996. Ger Katy, Knossos & the Prophet of Modersam. Chicago: The Univerty of Chicago Press 2008. Horwit, Sy The Fig of Lifetime. New York: The Viking Pres, 1981, imley, Davina, Cvtn Quat: Beith Beplorey, Hucevtors and Histor ‘ne London British Schoo at bens, 2000. Lapa Kenneth Mates ofthe Soaks Godse: Art Desi andthe Forging ‘of History Boston & New York: Houghtoo Mii Company, 2002. MacGilia Joseph A: Minotaur: SirBrane andthe Archaeology ofthe Minoan ‘Myth New Vk Fall and Wang, 2000. Paley Leonard RAN Guide tothe Pasco of nose New Yok: redeick A. Prag ie 1969. Preris, Donal and Louse A. Hitchoock, Aegean Artand Architecture. ong Keng: Oxford University ees, 1998 ‘Stan; Chester G. "he Myth ofthe Mian Thlasoeracy” His: Zech ‘ire Geachicte 33 (1988):282.291 55