Civics Summary

CIVICS
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By Jupis Sengo 0754982679
CIVICS SUMMARY
Local government refers to the type of government that has power in local areas in Tanzania. It was
established in order to broaden democracy and facilitate development, It is of two types; urban
authority- Township, Municipal and city and rural authority- village and district council
Local government in Tanzania was established in 1982.
Types of committees in local government;
Finance and economic committee, defence and security committee, Social services committee
Sources of local government; subsidy from central government, fines and penalties, licences,
contributions or funds from donors, levies (taxes collected like crops), forest products and bus station
A district is an administrative area made up of several divisions.
The chairperson of the ward development meeting is Ward councillor. While the secretary of the
ward meeting is ward executive officer (WEO). He/she is appointed by Local Government
Authority. He/she is accountable to division officer and district council director
By laws are laws which are made by local authority and apply only to that area
By laws in the district are made by full council
Community policing- is the process in which community members are involved directly in the security
and defence of their neighbourhood.
The structure of the local government administrative structure, district and municipal council are led
by full council.
The role of militia force is to arrest wrongdoers and take them to the police station.
The one who is in charge of day to day activities of the municipal council is Municipal executive
director.
A person representing his/her country to another country is called ambassador
The money or property surrendered to the court for temporarily release of an accused person while
case continues is called bail.
A prosecutor is a person who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state. In Tanzania we
have Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP)
Advocate is a person who helps someone in court or is a lawyer who pleads cases in a court.
An area represented by a member of parliament is called constituency
International Criminal Tribunal on Rwanda Genocide has headquarters in Arusha- Tanzania.
The headquarters of the African court on human and people rights are in Arusha- Tanzania
The Human Rights and Good Governance Committee (HRGCC) in Tanzania was established in 2001
The organ which is responsible for the assurance of citizens rights is a court (Judiciary)
The District Executive Director (DED) is appointed by the President of URT.
The government which is led by rich people is called oligarchy
Resident and district magistrates are appointed by the Judicial Service Commission.
The one who contests for presidential vacancy should be above 40 years in Tanzania
The head of government activities in Tanzania is Prime Minister
The head teacher is the secretary of school committee. He/she is an overall of school. He/she is
appointed by department of education in government schools. In private schools, the owner of the
school can appoint.
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Student leaders (prefects) are elected by their fellow pupils. Some can be appointed by teachers. Pupils
should report any suspicious or dangerous at school compound to their teachers
The village general assembly- includes all adults in the village. Village council is led by village
chairperson who is elected by all adults.
Village assembly meets once every after three months
The village government has not more than 25 members and not less than 15 members elected by
village assembly. Among others, there is the village chairperson, hamlet chairpersons and members
elected. Special committee 5 each
 Defence and security committee
 Education and development committee
 Economic and planning committee
 Social and welfare committee
Village Executive Officer (VEO) represents central government at village level. In towns, Mtaa
Executive Officer (MEO) represents central government. VEO or MEO and WEO is appointed by the
Local Government Authority.
Village is larger than hamlet.
Hamlets are combined to form village. Streets are located in towns led by street chairperson.
A cell is a group of houses under one leader called the ten house leader. Also, forms hamlets.
Family is the group of people who are closely related to each other. Some types of family;
 Nuclear family- comprises of father, mother and children
 Extended family/Traditional family- comprises nuclear family and relatives like uncle,
cousin, aunt etc
 Single parent family- one parent and children; it can be due to death of one parent, divorce
or separation by distance.
 Couple family- two married parents without children; due to death of children, sterility
 Orphan family- children without parents; due to death of both parents
 Adoptive family- living together without blood relations, eg. couples can take a child of
another person.
The basic unit of any society is family.
Society is a group of people from different families and clans who live in a certain area and share
culture and resources.
TASAF- Means Tanzania Social Action Fund (it assists different groups especially those families living
in poor households.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was held in 2000 in New York aimed at eradicating
poverty.
Money or property that a husband has to pay to his wife’s family when they get married is called
dowry.
Minor cases in the ward are solved by Ward tribunal.
Money or income received by the government from different sources is termed as revenue.
Some of Non-Governmental Organisation dealing with human rights in Tanzania;
 Tanzania Women Lawyers Association (TAWLA) established on 10th May, 1989
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 Tanzania Media Women’s Association (TAMWA)
 Tanzania Gender Networking Programme (TGNP)
 Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC)
International organisations which protect human rights
 Amnesty International- established in 1961 London UK.
 Human Rights Watch- 1978 New York City
 UNHCR- 1950 Geneva Switzerland
 International Criminal Court of Justice (ICCJ)- The Hague-Netherlands. It has 15 judges
elected by UN General Assembly and the Security Council. They serve for 9 years.
Groups of people who abuse human rights
 Terrorists (eg. Al-Shaabab, Al-Quida, Boco Haram, Islamic State (IS)
 Bandits –people who steal or take other’s properties by force
 Dictators
Multiparty system was established in Tanzania on 1st July, 1992 with the recommendations of Nyalali
Commissioner.
Some of political parties registered in Tanzania; CCM 1st July, 1992, CHADEMA, CUF and UMD on 21st
January, 1993
The first multiparty election in Tanzania was held in 1995. Others followed 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015
Tranquillity means the state of peaceful and quiet.
Good cultural practices in Tanzania;
 Kiswahili language- this is our national language. BAKITA promotes Kiswahili and was
established in 1967. BASATA deals with artist activities in Tanzania established in 1984.
 Traditional dances eg. sindimba, ling’oma etc
 Religion and beliefs; the major religion in Tanzania is Christianity and Islamic.
 Attire- this is the way of dressing eg. Lubega- Maasai, khanga, kitenge and kanzu.
 Ceremonies; wedding, burial ceremonies
 Arts and crafts- eg. Makonde carvings and Tingatinga paintings and taarabu music (coastal)
Bad cultural practices (Outdated traditions and customs) include;
 Widow inheritance (spouse inheritance) - can lead to HIV/AIDs and conflicts
 Beating women
 Women circumcision (Female Genital Mutilation FGM)- can lead to HIV/AIDs
 Early marriage and forced marriage – conflict and reproductive problems
 Killing of old women and albinos eg. Shinyanga, Mwanza and Kagera (old people), Mwanza,
Shinyanga, Mbeya, Ruvuma, Rukwa (albinos).
 Stigmatization of people with disabilities.
A plan is a means to achieve something.
Entrepreneurship is the process of establishing and running a business in order to make profit. It is
an investment in a business. An entrepreneur is a person who engages in entrepreneurship.
Some principles of entrepreneurship include;
 Saving- some amount of money kept so that can be used later
 Creativity- coming with new thing and improvements (think outside the box)
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 Passion- Having real desire of running a business.
 Flexibility- be able to change according to the present situation or demand.
 Networking- be connected to other people and recognize partnership opportunities
 Risk taking- Anything can happen in business so an entrepreneur should take risks.
 Hard work- shouldn’t be lazy
 Self management- money, time and efforts should be utilized well
 Optimism- thinks positively and moves forward and up.
Things that may endanger our district or areas; theft, dangerous animals, reckless, war,
calamities (floods, earthquake, drought), drug abuse etc.
Reckless refers to acts of doing dangerous things without caring on what might happen later.
High court can deal with cases like; murder case, treason case, constitutional case
The main body that advices the president of URT is Cabinet. The president is the chairperson of
cabinet meeting. If he/she is away the vice president will chair the meeting.
The president flag has green colour and national emblem (coat of arm)
People who can be appointed by the president of United Republic of Tanzania include;
 Regional Commissioner (RC) and District Commissioner (DC)
 Regional Administrative Secretary (RAS) and District Administrative Secretary (DAS)
 District Executive Director (DED) and Municipal Executive Director (MED)
 Prime minister among the members of parliament
 Cabinet ministers
 Ten or less members of parliament
 Chief Justice
 Attorney General (chief law officer of the state)
 Principal Judge of the High Court
 Controller and Auditor General (CAG)
 Chief leader of TPDF
 Inspector of General Police (IGP)
 Chairperson of NEC
 Clerk of the National Assembly
The current constitution (permanent constitution) was written on 25th April, 1977
Marriage law was established in 1971 in Tanzania, beating man or woman is a criminal case
Courtship is the process of choosing and attracting mates for marriage
Three pillars of Tanzanian constitution are; fraternity, freedom and rights
A government is a group of people who have been appointed or elected to rule the country or given area.
In Tanzania there are two forms of government that is to say; central government and local government.
Central government has three units: Division government, district government and regional
government. The lowest level in central government is division government.
Leadership in the region

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Regional government is headed by Regional Commissioner who is appointed by the President after
consultation with the prime minister. He/she is assisted by Regional secretariat known as Regional
Administrative Secretary
Functions of RC: To ensure peace and security in the region, represent central government in the region,
He/she is the leader of defence and security in the region.
NOTE: He/she is the chairperson of: Regional security Committee, Regional Consultative Committee and
Regional Road Board.
Regional Administrative Secretary is also appointed by the President; he/she is the head of the regional
secretariat, is the principal advisor to RC and is the head of civil servants.
Also, there is Regional Consultative Committee (RCC) made up of the following:-
RC who is the chairperson, RAS who is the secretary, all DCs in the region, chairpersons of district
commissioners, all members of Parliament in the region and chief executive officers of urban, district and
township. They meet twice in each financial year.
District Commissioners are also appointed by the president of URT. He/she represents the central
government in the district. He/she is the head of defence and security in the district.
Division officer; he/she assist DC, prepare reports relating to defence and security in the wards within the
district and submit it to DC and oversee the implementation of the decisions and policies of the national gvt
within the division
Regional Medical Officer (RMO)
He/she is appointed by the permanent secretary of the ministry of health and social welfare. He/she deals
with health matters in the region and is the head of all workers in a region.
Regional Police Commander (RPC)
He/she is appointed by the Inspector General of Police (IGP). He/she is in charge of all matters relating to
the safety and security in the region.
Regional Education Officer (REO)
He/she is appointed by the permanent secretary of the ministry of Education, Science and technology;
he/she deals with all educational matters in the region.
Regional Accountant
He/she is appointed by the permanent secretary of finance; he/she deals with overseeing revenue
expenditure and financing of the region.
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 Tanzania is the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the two countries united on 26th April, 1964 and the
name TANZANIA started to be used officially on 29th October, 1964. The name TANZANIA was
proposed by Mohamed Iqbar Dar Tanganyika got independence from Britain on 9th December, 1961
and became republican country on 9th December, 1962. The first prime minister of Tanganyika was
Mwl Julius Kambarage Nyerere.
 Zanzibar got independence from Britain on 10th December, 1963 (Arab Sultanate)
 Arab Sultanate was overthrown on 12th January, 1964.
 The URT is led by President, under him/her there is vice president, under him/her there is president
of revolutionary government of Zanzibar, under him/her there is prime minister of URT, under him
there are ministers appointed from Zanzibar and Tanzania mainland. If the president is from Tanzania
mainland the vice president should be from Zanzibar.
The national constitution
A Constitution is a set rules and principles through which a country is governed. A constitution is the
supreme law of the country. All laws are derived from the constitution
There mainly two types of constitution which is:-
i) Written constitution- it is a constitution written in form of a document. Tanzania also uses
written constitution
ii) Unwritten constitution- is not written in form of document mainly practiced by Monarch
government
Importance/Advantages of constitution
 It helps to rule a country by maintaining peace and harmony of people
 It helps to regulate the government power
 It protects the rights of people
 It sets duties for people
 It is a symbol for national unity
Constitution changes in Tanzania since 1961 (independence time)
 The Independence constitution 1961- allowed gaining independence, the queen of England
remained as a head of state, the head of government was prime minister and the country hadn’t full
control over internal and external affairs
 The republic constitution 1962; was the 2nd constitution in Tanganyika, queen stopped being a
head of state, the president became the head of state and the country became full control over
internal and external affairs.
 The union constitution 1964; It allowed the union of two countries, the president of Tanganyika
became the president of Zanzibar became the vice president
 Interim constitution 1965: It aimed at introducing single party system. It recognized TANU in
mainland and ASP in Zanzibar. This also led to the creation of (Tanzania Police Defence Force) TPDF
which replaced (King African Rifles) KAR
 Permanent constitution 1977: On 25th April, 1977 and some changes were made in 1984. The
president’s term of office were reduced to five years each i.e one can be a president for the first five
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years and re-elected other 5 years but not to be more than 10 years. In 1992 multiparty
constitution was amended.
Laws made in a parliament
A law is a set of rules which govern a country.
A bill is a new law in making or proposed by members of parliament before the president’s approval
(signing). When a bill is signed by the president it becomes a law. So members of parliament discuss
thoroughly before submitting to the president.
There are two types of bills:-
i) The government bill-is brought in the parliament by the minister or attorney general
ii) The private bill- is brought to the permanent secretary by the Member of Parliament who is not
a minister.
Steps in making a law through the parliament
 First reading- done by PS; the bill is read before the national assembly no discussion takes place.
 Second reading- is done by minister in charge and general debate follows.
 Third reading- is done by the minister in charge; the house votes. The bill is later passed by the
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house. Should accept for a bill to be passed. There must be assent to bill (agreement after the bill
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has been passed and then it is given to the president to sign.
Withhold of assent
 If the president does not agree to sign a bill he returns it to the house.
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 The returned bill should be supported by not less than of the members before sending back the same
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bill to the president after 6 months.
 If the bill goes to the president for the second time he must assent (agree) within 21 days or he
dissolves the parliament and call for new elections.
Citizenship
Who is a citizen? A citizen is a member of a particular country. Citizenship is a state of being a member
or citizen of a particular country. All citizenship matters fall under immigration department.
There are four types of citizenship according to Tanzania citizenship laws:
a) Citizenship by birth
A child acquires citizenship by being born in a country. Parents also must be from Tanzania. It is usually
confirmed by birth certificates.
b) Citizenship by naturalization- this can be done by applying citizenship to a person who was not born
in Tanzania.
c) Citizenship by registration- this is acquired by a woman who is non citizen of Tanzania but is married
to a Tanzania.
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d) Citizenship by descent- this is acquired to a person who is above 18 years but was born outside
Tanzania and the father was at the time of birth of that a person a citizen of Tanzania. So, this person
can apply for citizenship.
Qualities of Tanzanian citizenship
i. Justice- treating people fairly, respecting others and giving them rights
ii. Unity- showing solidarity and showing love and respect to others.
iii. Patriotism- means loving one’s country and being ready to die for it. A person who loves his/her
country is called patriot.
iv. Respect- respecting others views and opinions and treating each other fairly regardless his/her age,
sex, gender or status.
Conditions for being granted Tanzanian citizenship
 Make application to the minister responsible for immigration offices
 A citizen should denounce his/her previous citizenship by oath
 Making announcement to the police so as to allow people if have any doubt.
 Promising to be loyal to the constitution of URT
 Not found guilty of any criminal offence
 Should have stayed in a country for not less than five years (behavior can be known up to that
interval)
Responsibilities of a citizen
 Paying taxes and duties
 Participate in lawful and productive works
 Protecting environment
 Respect other people’s rights
 To protect natural resources such as forest, minerals etc
 To participate in civic and community development activities.
Main pillars/branches/arms of Tanzanian government
There are three branches/pillars/arms of the government; these are:-

a) Legislature/parliament b) Judiciary/Courts c) Executive
1. Legislature/Parliament
Tanzanian parliament was founded on 1st January, 1962 replaced colonial legislative council which was
established on 7th December, 1926 by Donald Cameroon. This is the body responsible for making laws of a
country. The parliament is divided into two parts:-
a) President b) National assembly

The president is part of the parliament but not a member of a parliament. The role of president in
the law making process is to sign the bill to complete the law making process.
Therefore, members of parliament are:- Elected members from constituencies, five members
elected by the house of representative from among its members, women members from political
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parties whose numbers of MPs is not less than 30% in the parliament, the attorney general and not
more than ten members appointed by the president and at least five should be women.
Functions of the parliament
 To make laws
 To approve the appointment of the prime minister
 To discuss the nationally budget of each financial year
 To sign international treaties
 To impeach the president, if the need to do so arises.
Leaders of the national assembly
i) A speaker
This is the head of parliament. He/she is elected from among members of parliament. The
election of speaker is done at the first meeting of the new parliament. The first speaker of the
parliament of Tanzania was Adam Sapi Mkwawa. Before independent parliament was colonial
parliament which was led by Karimjee (1956-1962).
ii) The deputy speaker
This is the principal assistant of the speaker. The speaker can assign the role to deputy speaker.
The election is done as such of the speaker.
iii) Clerk of the national assembly
He/she is appointed by the president of URT from among persons who are holding the high
office. This is the chief executive in office at the national assembly. He/she is the leader of
secretarial of national assembly.
iv) Two chairpersons
These are elected by members of parliament from members of parliament. These take part or
lead sessions when the speaker and deputy speakers are absent.
v) The leader for camps members of the parliament
a) The prime minister- this is government leader of all activities in the parliament. He/she
totally represents the government in the parliament.
b) The leader of the opposition in the parliament- this represents the opposition parties and
their standing in the national assembly.
2. The Judiciary
This is the government arm which interprets the law. A court is a place where a judge/magistrate decides
if an accused is guilty or innocent. The judiciary system in Tanzania is headed by the chief Justice who is
appointed by the president. He/she is assisted by the principal judge of high court. The principal judge
heads the administration of the high court and subordinates courts. The principal judge is assisted by the
registrar of the high court. A subordinate court includes the resident magistrate courts, district courts and
the primary courts. Court of Appeal
Commercial division
Land division High court of Tanzania—High court of Zanzibar
Constitution division Resident Magistrate courts (resident and district courts
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Primary courts
Court of Appeal
This is the highest court in Tanzania (URT). It handles all appeal cases from the high court of the Tanzania
mainland and Zanzibar. This deals with;-
 Hearing the appeals from high courts of Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar.
 Support the decision of the lower courts
 Overrate the judgments of the lower courts.
High court of Tanzania
 Hearing murder cases (Killing a person intentionally)

 Constitutional cases, Land division and commercial cases
 Appeal cases from magistrate and district courts
 Armed robbery cases
 Treason cases: crimes involving causing danger to your country like helping enemies during the
war.
 Hearing election petitions
Democracy
Human rights are basic rights and freedom that all human beings have. These rights should be enjoyed by
all people without discrimination.
The constitution of URT guarantees people the following:-

i) Human dignity
ii) The right to life, liberty and personal security
iii) Freedom from discrimination
iv) Freedom of worship/belief
v) Right to education
vi) Right to equality below the law
vii) Right to own property.
Organizations that promote human rights in Tanzania
Human rights have independent bodies which defend it. They legally defend human rights in collaboration
with other bodies. Some of these in Tanzania include;
a) Tanzania Women Lawyers Association (TAWLA)

It was formed in 1989 to educate women and wider society. It provides legal and service to women
and children, fighting against discriminatory laws, assisting women to resolve inheritance issues and
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campaigning on women and children human rights for good governance and greater representation of
women in the government.
b) Tanzania Media Women Association (TAMWA)
It was formed in 1987 by 12 journalist women. It is looking visibility of women in development. It
campaigns against HIV/AIDS and FGM, it fights against child labour and fights against women and
teenage pregnancy.
c) Legal and Human Right Centre (LHRC)
Was formed in 1995 and its headquarters is in Dar es Salaam. It creates legal and human right
awareness. It empowers the public especially unprivileged sections of the society through civic and
legal education, advocacy research and making follow up of human abuse and providing legal aid.
d) Tanzania Gender Networking (TGNP)
It was established in 1993 and focuses much on gender equality and women empowerment in the
society.
e) Anti-Female Genital Mutilation (AFNET)
It was established in 1999 mainly addressing issues of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
f) Media
Example; radios, Televisions and Newspapers; these also help to report about human rights
awareness.
g) The commission for human rights and good governance (CHRGG)
It was established through the constitution. It receives complains from citizens about human rights
and actions to be taken.
h) Prevention and combating corruption bureau (PCCB)
It investigates and prosecutes people who abuse others’ rights; also this body educates people on
matters concerning corruption.
i) Judiciary
It passes judgment concerning violation of human rights. Also defends people’s rights.
j) Parliament
The parliaments enact laws that protect and promote human rights.
Multiparty system
This means that a country is having more than one political party. A country may have many
political parties registered, example in Tanzania there is CCM, CHADEMA, CUF, NCCRA, NLD, TLP,
ACT- WAZALENDO, TADEA and so forth. Tanzania adopted multiparty system in 1992 and the first
multiparty election was conducted in 1995.
Advantages of Multiparty system
 It expands/broaden democracy
 It encourages development through the challenges from opposition parties
 People choose their leaders of choice
 Creates room for innovation and creativity leadership
 People are free to join political parties of their choice
 It reduces the practice of corruption
Disadvantages
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 It can easily divides people in the society
 Multiparty elections are expensive to manage.
 Corruption among candidates increased due to completion.
 Regular conflicts among the politicians
Elections in Tanzania
Election is the process of selecting a leader through voting process. A voter votes the one who is his/her
choice to fulfil his/her expectations. In Tanzania, general election is conducted after every five (5) years.
During electoral process, candidates compete through campaigns to seek support from voters. The
institution/body which carries out election process in Tanzania is called National Electoral Commission
(NEC). In Zanzibar is called ZEC.
Functions of NEC include:-

Supervising and coordinating registration of voters
Conducting presidential, parliamentary and councillors elections
Reviewing the constituency boundaries for parliamentary elections
Provide voters education to citizens
To declare or nominate the elected president, members of parliament and councillors.
Election will be declared free and fare if all candidates get equal treatments and citizens is free to choose
their choices. The following conditions should be abided:-
 NEC should be neutral; without favouring some people

 The campaigns should be freely conducted; all candidates are free to present their agendas to
people without being oppressed by defence and security bodies.
 There should be secret during voting, no intimidations should be made. Voters should use secret
voting ballots during casting papers.
 Transparency, election should be done openly during counting and independent observers
should be allowed to monitor voting process.
 Absence of fraud and corruption during election campaigns and after results.
Contesting for presidential vacancies
A president can be elected; if the terms of being in power are over, the president resigns, if the
president dies, after the dissolution of parliament and if the president loses quality of being a
president.
Someone can be the president if he/she;
 Is at least 40 years of age and above
 Is registered member of a political party
 Is not convicted in the court of law for criminal matters
 Should be the president who has served for two terms.
Procedures for electing a leader (MPs, President and councillors)
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 There should be registration of voters. This is done in the permanent voters register book which is
maintained by the NEC. Eligible voter is the one who is 18 years and above, the book is updated
before every general election.
 Voters’ education. This is done by NEC to people how they should behave during campaigns and
during election (how to cast their votes at the polling station).
 Nominating candidates. This is done by political parties, after being nominated by political parties
the candidates should take form and fill it and submit to the NEC. The commission will check the
candidate is qualified or not.
 Conducting election campaigns. Political parties present their election manifesto to the voters.
 Casting of votes. This takes place at polling station in the presence of party’s agents and presiding
officer.
 Counting of ballot papers. After casting votes, the presiding officer and party’s agents will witness.
The officer will fill in the form which must be signed by all parties at the polling station. The results
will be displayed in public for people to see.
 Declaration of results. This will include adding the results of all candidates from all polling stations
in the constituency and declares a winner for the post of parliament and ward. The result of the
president will be declared after summation of all results from each region.
The security of nation and its resources
Security- is a state of being free and safe from danger. National security means protection of the country
against enemies. The head of national security is the president of URT or commander in chief of armed
forces. Every individual has the duty to protect the territory and resources/properties found in the
country.
Institutions of national security are:-

a) Tanzania Peoples Defence Force (TPDF)
It was established on 1st September, 1964 after disbandment of Tanganyika Rifles. It is under the chief of
defence who is appointed by the president. The first chief of TPDF was Mrisho S. H. Sarakikya (1964)
succeeded by Abdalla Twalipo (1974-1980). The roles of TPDF;
 defend the nation and its boundaries,

 to carry rescue operations during natural disaster such as floods,
 To train the reserve army referred to as people’s militia (Sungusungu) and to restore peace in case
there is violence within the country. It has branches: - naval wing, air defence command and national
service.
b) Police force
It’s internal oriented body (within a country). It was established on 25th August, 1919 by the British
colonial governed. The head of the police force is the Inspector General of Police (IGP) who is appointed
by the President of URT. The first IGP was Elangwa Shaidi (1962).
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 It maintains law and order, arrest law breakers,
 to protect people’s lives and properties.
 There are units:- immigration services, criminal investigations, Field Force Unit (FFU) Traffic police,
Marine and Dog and Horse unit.
c) The Tanzania Prison Service
Its main function is to rehabilitate offenders. They treat offenders or prisoners in decent and human way
while in prison. Criminals are taken after the sentence provided.
d) Tanzania Intelligence Security Service (TISS) established in 1996

e) Immigration Service Department
Tanzania in the world of culture globalization
Globalization refers to interconnectedness and interdependent among nations and regions in the world.
The world become like a small village due to interaction of people freely and easily.
Indicators of globalization
Things that make the world like a village;
i) Technological development
ii) Culture
iii) Politics
iv) Free market economy
Technological advancement- this refers to the advancement of information and communication technology
(ICT). There has been interaction through telecommunication internet and mobile
Culture- there has been many changes and interaction of culture such as dressing style, food, music and
competitions.
Politics- many countries have adopted almost the same political system. This can be verified by countries
which have adopted western system of multipartism including Tanzania.
Free market economy- there has been international investments among nations. Also, there is access of
industrial products and other goods which are accessed from one region to another.
Positive effects of globalisation
 Decrease of price of some goods due to the increase of competition

 Increase of employment due to international investments
 New technology is adopted in our country
 Access to market for Tanzanians
 Advertising Tanzanian tourism, eg. Due to presence of media like BBC, CNN, VOA and DW. There are
some sessions/programme of Tanzanian national parks run by these media.
Negative effects
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 Moral decay, example drug abuse, poor dressing style and immoral sexual practices
 Poor countries lose their trained professions to rich countries through brain drain.
 Poor countries lose their market due to low technology (production of goods)
 Spread of diseases, due to free movement of people eg. Ebola and HIV/AIDS
 Increase of crimes, eg. Terrorist attacks like Al Qaida and Al Shabaab
How to combat/overcome negative effects of globalization
 Education to Tanzanians on how to cope with the challenges of globalization
 Restricting the import of substandard goods into the country
 Protecting local manufactured goods by encouraging people to use local goods
 Strengthens regional integrations eg. SADC, EAC and COMESA.
 International organisation of keeping peace in DRC and Somalia against terrorist and rebellion group is
called MONUSCO
 Tanzania National symbols include the following;
National flag- our country is independent
Map of Tanzania- border of our country
National festival/celebrities- memories of different events took place
National constitution- preserves the laws of the country
Uhuru torch- peace and love in our country
National anthem/song- prayer of Africa and Tanzanian people (it has two stanzas)
The coat of arm (National shield)- it constitute different things of our nation
Tanzanian currency- money of Tanzania which is shillings in form of coins and notes
 Coat of arm is constituted with the following
 Hoe- farmers in Tanzania
 Axe- workers
 Spear- traditional weapons of defence and security
 Elephant tusk- our natural resources
 Uhuru torch- love and peace of independent Tanzania. It goes throughout the country
 Man and woman- unity and cooperation of people
 Uhuru na Umoja- motto of our nation (people should work cooperatively)
 Clove and coconut- cash crops in Tanzania
 Flag- independence of Tanzania
 Yellow colour- mineral resources
 Red colour- fertile soil of Africa.
 Our national animal is giraffe; laws can take its course once somebody is caught for stealing.
 The author of our national anthem is Enoch Sontonga (1897) the song is sung in Zambia and South
Africa as well.
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HISTORY
HISTORICAL EVENTS
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 Nandi resistance took place in 1895-1906 (mainly 1906) in Kenya under Orkoloyot Samoiel
Koitael. They destroyed British telegraphic lines. Later on British introduced Kipande system as
well in 1921. Each adult African had to carry a registration card. Also there was Devonshire white
paper in 1923. Nandi were protecting their land from being taken by settlers.
 The first resistance in Tanganyika was Coastal resistance under Abushir bin Salim of Pangani
and he was killed by Germans on 15-12-1889 in Mpwapwa. He was betrayed by chief Jumbe
Magaya of Usagara. Hassan bin Makunganya of Kilwa Kivinje(1894-1896 when he was killed in
1896 at Mwembe Kinyonga. The other was Bwana Heri of Zigua- Tanga was defeated in 1894 but
he fled.
 Hehe resistance 1891-1898 under Mtwa Mkwawa (master conquerer of land). Title was Mtwa.
He was the Hehe leader and had headquarters (fort) at Kalenga. He had good army (adopted the
way of fighting from Ngoni- stabbing and throwing assegai; he killed German chief in commander
called Emil von Zelewsky in 1891. He fought Guerrilla war and killed himself in 1898 in fear of
being captured by German (remember he was not killed). His head (skull) was taken to German
and it was handed to chief Adam Sapi Mkwawa on 19th July, 1954 by Sir Edward Twinning. The
proposal to return his head was conducted during Versailles Peace treaty of 1919. Other names of
Mkwawa were Mkwavinyika, Mkwava while his father was Munyigumba (died in 1879).
 Nyungu ya Mawe was the leader of Kimbu (Ukimbu) in Tabora. Titled Mtemi.
 Mirambo was the chief of Nyamwezi. He died in 1884, he participated in long distance trade
(central route). He used mercenary soldiers called Rugaruga (about 1500 soldiers). He used to
fight against Arab traders who interfered his trade. He didn’t fight vs Germans. They exchanged salt
mined at Uvinza with goods from Yao. Titled Mtemi.
 Isike was the leader of Unyanyembe in Tabora. He fought against German 1886- 1893. He killed
German trader called Gieseck in 1886 after being cheated in trade transactions. He was hanged
himself in 1893. Later on, Unyanyembe was under chief Fundikira. Their title- Mtemi.
 Machemba was the chief leader of Yao (Lindi and Mtwara). He participated in long distance trade
(controlled southern route). He fought against German. In the course of war, he was defeated and
ran to Mozambique in 1899. He also defeated German in 1890 and refused to pay property tax.
Therefore participants of long distance trade were Yao, Kamba(Kenya) and Nyamwezi.
 Mangi Meli was the leader of Moshi. Titled Mangi
 Mangi Sina was the leader of Kibosho resisted Germans and tore their flag. Titled Mangi
 Collaborated societies in Tanganyika; Bena and Sangu under chief Merere with German against
Hehe, Chief Mangi Rindi/Mandara of Old Moshi with Germans (Harry Johnston) against Mangi
Sina of Kibosho in 1891. Also, chief Marealle of Marangu with Germans against Mangi Meli of
Moshi.
 MajiMaji was large scale resistance (July, 1905-1907). It was led by Kinjekitile Ngwale (who
used magic power) from Ngalambe tribe against Germans. The war fought in the southern part of
Tanganyika. More than 20 tribes participated, some of them include; Ngido, Pogoro, Matumbi,
Ngoni, Sangu, Bena, Makonde, Mbunga, Zaramo, Ndendeule, Luguru etc. The war started at
Nandette village in Matumbi society (Lindi). Matumbi refused to pay taxes. They used water from
river Rufiji, they believed that water could turn bullets into water by throwing stones into water.
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Kinjekitile encouraged them that way. They were defeated but it created spirit of nationalism to
Tanganyika. The main reasons/causes were to fight against exploitations from Germans, taxes and
harshness of Germans. Hehe and Nyamwezi didn’t participate
 In central Africa- large scale resistance was Shona and Ndebele (Chimurenga war) 1896/1897.
It was led by chief Lobengula. They firstly fought in 1893-1894. They were fighting against British.
In this resistance, Lewanika the leader of Lozi collaborated with British to defeat Ndebele. They
were defending their natural resources like land and cattle. Lobengula was son of Mzilikazi and he
signed treaty with John Moffat in 1888(Rudd concession) under BSACO.
 In West Africa- Mandika society under Samore Toure (1891-1898). He fought against French in
Guinea. He used guerrilla war (war of forest). He took long time because he had good and strong
army, used guerrilla tactics, he had many soldier. Samore Toure died on 29th September, 1898.
 In Namibia- Nama and Herero uprising 1904-1907. Nama was under Hendrick Witbooi while
Herero was under Maherero.
 In Uganda strong states: Buganda Kingdom under Kabaka Mutesa. He signed Buganda
agreement in 1900 to take control of Buganda against British. He had about 52 wives and this
made him to be respected more. He had enmity with Bunyoro kingdom which was under Kabelega.
So, Kabaka collaborated with British to defeat Kabalega. Bunyoro used title as Omukama. The
leader of Buganda kingdom was Kabaka, the prime minister of Buganda was called Katikiro, his
advisory council was Lukiiko while the treasurer was Omuwanika.
 Toro was under Omukama Kasangama fought against British.
 Jaja of Opobo in 1880s in west Africa against British, he wanted to defend his trade of palm oil
 Tukolor was an empire led by Ahmadu Seku
 Asantehene Prempeh was a ruler/leader of Ashanti/Asante in Ghana. The king and founder was
called Osei Tutu. The capital city was Kumasi. The kingdom was established in 17th century. The
people were known as Akan fought against British. The symbol of union in Ashanti was called
Golden stool. British wanted to be given golden stool, Asantehene resisted strongly.
 Lunda of Zambia had the army called Zimba.
 Bemba of Northern Zambia fought against British
 In Ethiopia, King Menelik II was the leader of Ethiopian resistance. He signed ucciali treaty with
Italy in 1889. He won during Adowa battle of 1896.
 Societies collaborated; Bena and Sangu with German vs Hehe, Marealle of Marangu with German,
Haya and Karagwe in 1890s, Kilwa didn’t join Maji Maji (considered themselves as weak). These
societies collaborated due to; diseases like jiggers, fleas and rinder pest (killed cattle) and small pox
weakened these people
 Division of labour began during late/new Stone Age. It based on age and sex.
 Germany took direct control from company (GEACO) in January, 1891)
 Societies around lake Victoria and Kyoga are known as Interlacustrine regions. They include;
Bunyoro, Toro, Buganda, Karagwe, Ankole, Rwanda and Burundi.
 Chewa and Bisa of Malawi fought against British and Portuguese.
 The finding of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama was financed by King Henry
 Kondoa Irangi cave paintings were drawn during late Stone Age.
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 The scientist who explained the evolution of man was called Charles Darwin
 In 13th C Kilwa was the only town which could make its own currency (currency from copper)
 European notations that fought for river Nile were French and British.
 Katanga was famous for production of copper. Copper was used to make bangles, earrings, bowls
and brass.
 Communal societies in Tanzania include; Sandawe, Tindiga and Hadzabe
 Ha from Kigoma exchanged salt with cattle from Hutu and Tutsi from Rwanda and Burundi.
 The famous traders in slave trade were Hamed bin Mohamed (Tippu Tipu). He supplied slaves
from Congo and Ujiji. Mwami Msiri involved in trade between Congo, Unyanyembe and East
African Coast. He built his empire in Katanga Congo called Garaganze 1850- 1891. Also, there was
Mlozi who involved in this trade. (Tippu Tipu, Mwami Msiri and Mlozi)
 Slave trade included three groups namely; Arabs, Chinese and Indians. Societies which
participated in slave trade; Nyamwezi, Hehe, Zanzibar,
 The first foreigners to visit East Africa were Asians (Arabs, Persians, Indians and Chinese) who
arrived in 8th century. The coastal city states included Kilwa, Bagamoyo, Mombasa, Pate, Lamu,
Katanga, Sofala, Malindi, Mogadisho, Kisumu, Pemba etc. Gold came from Sofala-
Mwanamutapa(Zimbabwe). This gold was controlled at Kilwa.
 Fort Jesus was built by Portuguese in 1592 and destroyed by Arabs in Mombasa Kenya in 1698
(fell).
 Words introduced by Portuguese in Swahili language; mvinyo, leso, karata, meza, gereza
 Cash crops introduced by Portuguese; Maize, Cassava, pineapple, groundnuts and cashewnuts.
 Sofala was captured by Portuguese in 1505 while Ovimbundu of Ndondo (Angola) empire was
captured in 1482.
 Former names of some African countries
S/ Former name Current/new name

N
1. Gold Coast Ghana
2. Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe
3. Northern Rhodesia Zambia
4. South West Africa Namibia
5. Nyasaland Malawi
6. Benchuanaland Botswana
7. Zaire Congo
8. German East Africa Tanganyika/Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda
9. Somaliland Somalia
10. Dahomey Benin
11. Dark Blue Guinea
12. Upper Volta Burikina Faso
13. Biafra Nigeria
14. Swaziland Eswatini
15. Ivory Coast Cote devIr’e
16. Basutoland Lesotho
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 Bartholomew Diaz reached at the Cape of Good Hope up to the fish river in South Africa in 1488.
He didn’t reach to India because some of his men died on the way.
 Salim Ahmed Salim from Tanzania was the Secretary General of OAU from 1989- 2001
 The last sultan of Zanzibar between 1960- 1963 was Abdallah bin Jamshid. The first prime
minister of Zanzibar was Mohammed Shamte under Sultan regime.
 Kaole ruins are found in Bagamoyo.
 Benin was created by Edo speaking people.
 The capital city of German government in Tanganyika was Bagamoyo later on Dar es Salaam.
 Dar es Salaam was formerly known as Mzizima. It became a city in 1961.
 UNITA in Angola was led by Jonas Savimb (puppet to imperialists) he died in 2002.
 Mobutu Sese Seko overthrew Patrice Lumumba in 1960 in Zaire (Congo)
 The Bantu in Africa are identified by their languages.
 People on the earth are termed as mankind.
 Zinjanthropus means East African man.
 Frontline states (FLS) are those countries which were fighting against apartheid in South Africa
and independence of Zimbabwe. They started in 1970. Mwl J.K. Nyerere was the first chairperson
until his retirement in 1985. He was succeeded by Keneth Kaunda from Zambia. These countries
include; Tanzania, Mozambique, Angola, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe joined in 1980
after being independent.
 RENAMO (Mozambique National Resistance) 1975. Was formed as militant organization and
political movement and anti-communist. It was formed against FRELIMO by Ossufo Momade.
 The group of people who share common ancestors is termed as Clan. There are two types of clans;
Patrilineal clan- based on father eg. Sukuma, Gogo, Sukuma, Ndali etc. The other is matrilineal
clan based on mother eg. Makua, Makonde, Mwera,Yao, Kamba and Kikuyu)
 PERIODS OF MAN
They have been divided into: Stone Age and Iron Age.
A: Stone Age- This is divided into three groups;
a) Old/Early stone age (1,750,000BC- 750,000BC)
 Man used simple tools. They were called chopping tools
 Man had little control of his environment due to crude tools used.
 Man depended on hunting and gathering
 Man ate raw food and lived in caves.
b) Middle Stone Age (750,000 BC- 50,000BC)
 Man discovered fire. Man discovered and made fire by the process of rubbing woods and
hitting/sharpening stones
 Man roasted food and could live in cold areas , burnt forest and killed dangerous animals
 Man wore animal hides as clothes
 Man made sharper and harder tools like spear, arrows and knives.
c) Late/New Stone Age (50,000Bc to 1 BC)

21
 Man painted rocks using dyes to show younger generation animals to be hunted, example in
Kondoa-Dodoma and Iramba-Singida. Example of stone tools have been discovered in East
Africa; Ismila- Iringa, Nsongezi- Uganda. Also, Amboni caves in Tanga.
 Man started domestication, permanent settlement and agriculture.
 Man started language
 There was division of labour as well (based on age and sex)
B: Iron Age (1,500-)
 First iron centre in Tanganyika was Engaruka (Arusha), Uvinza (Kigoma), Karagwe(Kagera),
Ugweno (Kilimanjaro) and Ufipa (Rukwa). People who engage themselves in iron smelting are
called Black smith. Famous iron centres in Africa include; Meroe-Sudan, Ife- Nigeria and Nok
culture in Niger.
 EVOLUTION OF MAN
Evolution of man can be explained by two theories i.e Religious theory and scientific theory.
Stages of evolution of man
i) Primates
 They included apes, chimpanzee and monkeys
 Man ate food like insects, fruits and walked on all four limbs
 Man’s body was covered with hair (hairly man)
ii) Australopithecus
 Man walked on two limbs (bi-pedalism) but continued living in forest and caves.
 Man became vegetarian (could eat greenish food) and was still haired.
iii) Homo Habilis
 This is man with ability (practical man)
 Man became tool maker (he could make tools)
iv) Home Eractus
 Man walked upright posture
 Man discovered fire at this stage and could cook food and use tools easily.
 Man also could speak
v) Home Sapience
 This became intelligent man
 Man used refined tools (microlith)
 Man practiced small scale agriculture. Later on developed Homo Sapiens Sapiens who
made clothes from animal skin.
 The agreement for establishment of UNO took place in San Francisco on 26th June, 1945. UNO was
established on 24th October, 1945
 UN Secretary General is appointed by the General Assembly. He/she stays in power for five
years. The first UN secretary General was
 The commonwealth secretary General is appointed by the Commonwealth heads of
Governments; He/she holds the office for four years.
22
 United Nations Agencies (Organizations)
a) FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation)- established in 1945, headquarters Rome- Italy
b) ILO (International Labour Organisation)- to raise workers living standards established in 1919 and
put into effective 1946 headquarters- Geneva- Switzerland.
c) UNESCO (UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation) – education for all, cultural
freedom established in 1964 headquarters in Paris-France
d) UNICEF (UN Children Fund) to provide care for children with disasters established in 1946
headquarters New York City- USA.
e) WHO- (The World Health Organisation) to provide healthy and fight against diseases established
in 1948 headquarters in Geneva- Switzerland.
f) UN-HABITAT deals with human settlement established in 1978 headquarters Nairobi-Kenya
g) UNHCR (UN High Commission for Refugees) to help people who run their countries established in
1950 headquarters Geneva- Switzerland
h) UNIDO (UN Industrial Development Organisation) to promote industries and its sustainable use
established in 1967 headquarters in Vienna- Austria.
i) UNEP (UN Environmental Programme) overcoming environmental problems including global issues
established in 1972 headquarters in Nairobi- Kenya.
j) UNDP (UN Development Programme) established in 1965 in New York City.
k) UNCTAD (1961) and WTO (1995) (The Conference on Trade and Development) to promote
international trade and relationship established in 1961 headquarters in Geneva- Switzerland.
l) GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) to fix lower tariffs and fair prices of products
m) IMF (International Monetary Fund) stabilizing financial matters established in 1944 headquarters
in New York City while WB (World Bank) provides loans to developing countries established in
1944 headquarters in Washington DC- USA.
n) The international Court of Justice. It has its headquarters in the Hague- Netherland. It has 15
judges who are elected by the General Assembly and 5 members from Security Council. They are
elected every after 9 years.
 The traditional story that may be true or not is called myth. It can narrate about natural events or
early history of people.
 During Barter trade Pare had iron tools (iron smelting)
 Some of titles to African societies
S/ Society Title Leader

N
1. Sangu Mtemi Merere
2. Bena Mtema/Mtwa
3. Hehe Mtwa Mkwawa
4. Ufipa Mwene
5. Nyamwezi &Unyanyembe Mtemi Mirambo, Isike &Fundikira
Ukimbu Mtemi Nyungu ya Mawe
6. Chagga and Pare Mangi Mangi Sina, Mangi Meli, Mangi Rindi
Buhaya Mwami Gwasa and Tagalala
7. Karagwe/Haya and Kerewe Omukama Rumanyika
23
8. Sukuma Mtemi Masanja
9. Gogo (chief Kigole of Mtemi Mazengo and Kigole
Kilimatinde)
10. Zanzibar Sultan Said
11. Luguru Mtemi Mangungu
12. Sambaa Zimbe Kimweri
13. Nyakyusa and Ndali Malafyale Lifumu
14. Rwanda and Burundi Mwami
15. Bunyoro Omukama Kabelega
16. Usambara Smbamwene
17. Unyamwanga Mwene
18. Ngoni Chabruma
 Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) was the organisation formed by some African and Asian
countries not to side by either capitalists or socialists. It was formed after the meeting in Bandung
Indonesia 1955. It has 103 members from Africa, Asia and America So NAM was formed in 1961
having headquarters in Belgrade- Yugoslavia.
 Contact between Tanganyika and Europeans began in 15th Century. The first Europeans to arrive in
the coast of East Africa were Portuguese. Other Europeans came from Spain (Portuguese and
Spain)
 Vasco da Gama succeeded to reach reached at the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 later on to India in
1498. He passed even the coast of East Africa in 1498. His voyage was supported by King Henry
the Navigator.
 Famous area for salt in Africa; Uvinza (Kigoma), Bilma (Niger) and Taghaza (Mali). Salt was
obtained by;
 Gathering
 Drying and burning of the reed plants found in the marshy areas (Manganja of Malawi)
 Trapping sea water into pans and leaving it to evaporate by solar energy (Coastal people)
 Boiling and evaporation (Uvinza)
 Charles Rudd was Cecil Rhode’s agent in Zimbabwe. He signed treaty with Lewanika to defeat
Ndebele. British didn’t help Lewanika as they promised, they took his land.
 De Brazza (French) signed false treaty with chief Makoko of Congo in 1880.
 Carl Peters signed false treaty with Chief Mangungo of Msovero of Kilosa of Morogoro On 29th
November, 1884. He was termed as Mkono wa damu- the man with bloodstained hands.
 The market for Slave trade in Tanganyika was at Bagamoyo.
 Traders from Malawi traded with Tanganyika were called Mang’anja.
 Filbert Bayi from Tanzania won 1,500 metres in Athletic (Olympic games) in 1974
 Political parties which opposed TANU during the struggle for independence were;
i) UTP (1956) under Ivon Beydon (ii) AMNUT (1959) and (iii) ANC (1958) under Zuberi
Mtemvu
 OAU was formed on 25th May, 1963 by 32 African independent countries having its headquarters
in Addis Ababa- Ethiopia.The first chairperson of OAU in 1963 was Haile Selassie of Ethiopia while
the first chairperson of AU was Thabo Mbeki from South Africa in 2003. The idea to form AU was
24
proposed by Libyan leader Muammar Gadaffi in1999. So, AU was officially launched on 9th July,
2002 in Durban- South Africa. Morocco withdrew from OAU in 1984 after recognizing Western
Sahara as independent territory. She joined again in 2017.
 President Kikwete was the AU chairperson in 2008.
 Pan- African Parliament (PAP) was established in 2004. The first president was Getrude
Mongella from Tanzania (2004-2009). The headquarters are in Midrand- Johannesburg S.A
 United Nations Organisation (UNO) current UN was established on 24th October, 1945 to protect
and maintain the world peace. It was formed to replace League of Nations (1919) which was
formed in Versailles-France which failed to prevent the occurrence of the Second World War. It
include all independent countries in the world (Current UN has 194 members). Palestine and
Vatican are non members of UN. However they attend UN General Assembly as observers.
Indonesia withdrew from UNO in 1965. There are five countries with VETO power; China, Britain,
USA, France and USSR.
 Bachwezi and Shona are famous for iron smelting in Africa.
 The group of people travelling together is known as Caravans.
 The new form of colonialism economically is termed as Neo-colonialism
 The leaders of MAU MAU in Kenya in 1952 were Dedan Kimath and Waruhiu Itote(General
China). Dedan Kimath was hanged in 1957.
 The Sultan of Zanzibar completed to build his palace in Zanzibar in 1832.
 British colonized Zanzibar in 1890 and declared her colony in 1913.
 The army that defended British interests in her colonies was called King African Rifles (KAR)
established in 1902.
 British established the body to recruit labours in Tanganyika called Sisal Labour Bureau (SILABU).
 The history of East African Coast can be explained well in book called PERIPLUS BOOK written by
Ibin Batuta in 13th Century.
 The political parties which united to form ASP in Zanzibar in 1957 were African Association (AA)
1934 and Shiraz Association. The first chairperson of ASP was Sheik Abeid Aman Karume and
the secretary was Thabiti Kombo. ASP was opposed by ZNP(Arabic party)
 Tanzania foreign policy is Non Alignment Movement (NAM).
 The trade established to replace slave trade was legitimate trade. It was the exchange of goods by
goods or goods with money. Africans were free to produce their own resources and sell it to
foreigners. It led to intensive exploitation through unequal exchange.
 The community that built the ruins of Great Zimbabwe was Shona.
 The first German governor in Tanganyika was Julius Von Soden (1891-1893) while the last was
Albert Heinrich Von Schnee (1912-1918). The second was Friedrich Von Schele and third was
Herman Wissmann.
 Indirect rule was applied by British in some colonies where by local rulers were used eg. Tanganyika
 Direct rule was applied by Germany in some colonies ruled directly eg. Tanganyika from 1885-1917.
The top German administrative system was governor
 Assimilation policy was applied by French; Africans had to adopt French culture with some
conditions. French regarded her colonies as provinces abroad; headquarters were at Dakar- Senegal.
25
 Association policy was applied by French after the failure of Assimilation policy. French believed that
it was only possible to rule Africans by being close to them without changing their culture. Under this
system, French started using some local chiefs.
 Indirect rule was firstly introduced in Africa by Fredrick Lugard in Nigeria in 1900.
 German governors in Tanganyika- 1st Julius Von Soden, 2nd Fredrich Von Schele, 3rd Herman Von
Wissmann, 4th Edward Von Liebert ..... the last was Albert Heinrich von Schnee
 The first British governor was Horrace Byatt (1920-1924), second Donald Cameroon (1925-1931),
He introduced indirect rule (executive council or legislative council in Tanganyika) in 1926. The
other was Edward Twinning (1949-1958) and last was Richard Turnbull who handed independence
to Tanganyika in 1961.
 Pan-Africanism was the movement of all Africans all over the world to fight against exploitations and
oppressions.
 Central railway from Tanga to Moshi was constructed in 1893-1912 to productive areas like
Usambara and Kilimanjaro
 Central railway from Dar, Morogoro, Singida, Tabora, Kigoma in 1905-1914
 The former EAC was formed in 1967 and declined in 1977. The mother countries included Tanzania,
Kenya and Uganda. The treaty to revive EAC was signed on 30th Novemver, 1999 in Arusha. It started
officially on 7th July, 2000. In 2007 Rwanda and Burundi joined. In 2016 South Sudan joined. So
currently EAC has 6 members.
 South Sudan joined UN and AU in 2011.
 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was formed on 4th April, 1949 to defend western
countries against aggressive nations. Its headquarters is in Brussels Belgium
 Long Distance Trade (LTD) There were three routes
a) Nyamwezi- (central route) In Tanganyika they traded with Sukuma, Hehe, Haya and Gogo.
Exchanges were maize, cassava, millet and salt. Outside Tanganyika they exchanged salt from
Uvinza-Kigoma with copper from Katanga and Zambia. Nyamwezi collected taxes called hongo.
b) Kamba- (Northern route) with Taita and Luos. They exchanged maize, bananas, beans from
Chagga, Sambaa, Maasai and Pare. Pare brought iron tools (hoes and axes).
c) Yao- (Southern route)- from Tanganyika with Nyakyusa, Fipa, Bena and Sangu. From Malawi
(Mang’anja) , Mozambique, Zambia(Lunda and Bisa) and Angola(Ovimbundu).
 History of Kilwa
 The remains of Shirza ruins can be found there since 12th C (Arabs and Persians).
 Shiraz built Great Mosque from Coral rocks
 Ibin Batuta (Moroccan explorer) explained that Kilwa was one the most beautiful towns in
the world in 13th C.
 Kilwa was attacked by Portuguese in 1505. They built fort known as geresa.
 Portuguese built fort in Kilwa.
 Kilwa was the first town to make its own currency made of copper from Katanga.
 The state house of the sultan of Kilwa was called Husuni Kubwa in 15th C.
 History of Bagamoyo (13th Century)
 They traded with Arabs and Persians as well
 Kaole ruins can be found there
26
 There are Shiraz tombs there (local religious leader graves). People believe that those
tombs have magical healing powers.
 It was the headquarters of Germany in East Africa later shifted to Dar es Salaam.
 The First Roman Catholic Church was built in 1872 and it’s where the body of Dr.
Livingstone kept before transferred to Zanzibar then England.
 National museums in Tanzania include;
 Makumbusho-Dar, Butiama- Mara, Bujora- Mwanza, Halwego and Handebezyo Mwanza,
Majimaji war museum in Songea, Arusha Declaration museum in Arusha, Moravian church
museum in Rungwe Mbeya.
 Colonial war areas- Lugalo, Kalenga, Songea, Mahenge, Masasi, Nyangao, Kilwa and Tanga.
 The name given to early Iron Age way of life in central Nigeria was called Nok- Culture.
 Egyptian kings were called Pharaohs and buried in Pyramids after their death.
 The capital city of Congo kingdom was Mbaza.
 The political party formed in Gold Coast in 1947 was UGCC. In 1949 CPP was formed and gave
independence of Ghana in 1957. Ghana was the first country in Africa to attain full independence
under the first leader of Ghana called Kwame Nkrumah.
 Berlin conference was called by Otto Von Bismarck from November 1884 to February 1885. It held
in Berlin-Germany. The aim was to avert the expected war after scramble for African colonies, to redefine
the sphere of influence (boundary) and to abolish slave trade. About 14 European nations attended and
two from America as observers i.e U.S.A and Canada/Denmark
 Commonwealth is an organisation which includes all countries which were under British. It was
established on 11-12-1931. The headquarters is in London- UK. The head is Queen of England. The
founders were Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Britain and South Africa. Tanzania joined in 1964.
Some countries have joined commonwealth though were not under Britain; these include
Mozambique, Cameroon and Rwanda. The first secretary General of commonwealth from Africa was
Emeka Anyaoku from Nigeria. The Commonwealth summit was held in Uganda in 2007.
 The African chairperson of AU is elected by the General Assembly. He/she holds the office for one
year.
 AFRICAN ECONOMIC INTERGRATIONS
a) EOWAS- Economic Community of West African States)
It was formed by 16 western members in Africa on 28-5-1975. These countries include; Benin,
Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Cote’dvoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Nigeria, Sierra Leon,
Togo, Cameroon, Mali, Niger and Conakry. The headquarters is in Lagos- Nigeria.
b) COMESA- The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)
It replaced the Preferential Trade Area (P.T.A) which formed in 1993 in Kampala- Uganda. COMESA
formed on 8-12-1994. Its headquarters is in Lusaka- Zambia. Tanzania withdrew in 2002 because
of several reasons. Some include; multiple membership, political instability of some countries like
Zimbabwe, Somalia also financial contributions were problems.
c) SADC- Southern African Development Community)
 Previously was known as SADCC formed in 1980. SADCC was transformed into SADC on 17-8-1992.
Members include; Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia,
Seyschels, South Africa, Zambia, Eswatin and Tanzania. It has headquarters in Gaborone- Botswana.
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Benjamin Mkapa was elected the chairperson of SADC in 2003-2004. In August, 2019 John
Pombe Magufuli was elected the chairperson of SADC after 16 year of circulation.
 In 2001, AU established its own organisation of promoting economy called New Partnership For
African Development Organisation (NEPAD)
 Dar es Salaam became a city in 1961. The transformation of headquarters from Dar es Salaam to
Dodoma was done in 1974.
 Historical sites in Tanzania
 Slave trade areas and Arab influences; Mji Mkongwe Zanzibar, Kaole (Bagamoyo), Kilwa,
Ujiji and Songea.
 The area where stone tools can be found in Tanzania – Ismila in Iringa
 Shiraz tombs and styles can be found in Bagamoyo (Kaole ruins) since 13th C. It started to
decline with the arrival of Arabs in 15th C.
 Rock paintings can be found in Kondoa Irangi (found in Kolo village)- Dodoma was drawn
during late Stone Age.
 The remains of zinjanthropus (fossil) can be found at Olduvai Gorge- Arusha Tanzania 1959.
 Iron Age (iron tools) used for irrigation can be found at Engaruka- Arusha (Engaruka
ruins).
 Ambon caves can be found in Tanga.
 Modes of production in human history
i) Communalism (Primitive communalism)
This was the first mode of production in human history. There was no exploitation of man by
man. Man lived depending on nature (environment). The basis was collectively ownership.
The main activities were hunting and gathering. There are societies like Hadzabe/Tindiga
(lake Eyasi- Arusha), Sandawe and Ndorobo in Dodoma and Singida which still live in
communal life.
ii) Slavery
This was the second mode of production in human history but the first exploitative system.
The main basis was exploitation of man by man (slaves). It had two classes; slave master and
slaves. Slavery is the state of being slave. A slave is a person who is forced to work in the
field of the master. Slave trade was organised by; Arabs, Chinese, Swahili and Europeans.
Some Africans who benefited from the trade; Mirambo, Matakal (Yao) Kivoi (Kamba) in East
Africa and King of Dahomey, King Jaja of Opobo and Samore Toure in West Africa.
How Slaves were obtained?
 Through raiding villages (attacking villages and taking powerful men)
 Through selling criminals of war
 Through ambush
 Through tricks and false pretence
Slaves from East Africa were needed to work in Mauritius (sugarcane), cloves plantation in
Zanzibar others for domestic activities in Persian Gulf, Europe etc.
Abolition of slave trade in East Africa (three treaties signed)
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 Moresby treaty 1822
It was signed between (British) Captain Moresby and Sultan Seyyid Said. It forbade the
shipping slaves outside the sultan’s domain/territory. British ships were authorized to
stop and search suspected Arabs slave carrying dhows. This treaty didn’t succeed.
 Hamerton treaty 1845
It was signed between (British) Colonel Hamerton and Sultan Seyyid Said. It forbade selling
slaves outside East Africa of sultan’s possession. Sultan Seyyid Said died in 1856, but slave
trade continued until next treaty.
 Frere treaty 1873
It was signed between (British) Sir Bartle Frere with Sultan Said Barghash on 5th March,
1873. Slave trade was illegalized and this led to the closure of Zanzibar slave market in
East Africa.
Reasons/Factors for slave trade abolition
 Industrial revolution in Europe- slaves were less important due to machines
 American independence of 1776, it was declared illegal trade in America
 French revolution of 1789- revolution against King Louis xvi insisted on rights, liberty,
equality and fraternity among people.
 Sugar competition between British and French in Mauritius and Re-union islands.
 Humanitarian reasons- eg. Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson said God created all men equally
iii) Feudalism (15th -19th C)
This was the third mode of production in human history but the second exploitative mode.
The basis of feudalism was land. There were two classes as well; landlord and serfs/tenants.
In East Africa, feudalism was divided into the following forms;
a) Unyarubanja- in Tanganyika it existed in (Zimba) Karagwe and(Hangaza) Buhaya
(along lake Victoria). The basis of Nyarubanja was land. Classes were Batwazi
(rulers) and Batwana (serfs). Serfs had to pay rents (rent in kind, labour rent and
money) to landlords. In Uganda it was known as Mvunjo and Busulo. Classes were
Bataka (rulers) and Bakopi (poor people).
b) Ubugabire- the main basis was cattle. It existed among the Tutsi and Hutu of Rwanda
and Burundi and Ha (Waha) of Kigoma. The classes were Sebuja (cattle owner) and
Bagabire (serf). Bagabire had to look after the cattle of Sebuja in return was given a
calf.
c) Umwinyi- this existed along the coast of east Africa and Zanzibar. The basis was land
as well. The best land was given to Mwinyi mkuu. The master was Mwinyi while serfs
were Watwana. In Zanzibar masters were Waungwana and serfs were Washenzi. The
people who collected taxes in Umwinyi were called Shakua.
Ntemi/Mtemiship- this existed among the central people of Tanganyika. This based on
control of production eg. Sukuma, Gogo, Nyamwezi.
d) Capitalism
This was the fourth mode of production which based on accumulation of Capital. The
highest/ advanced stage of capitalism was called imperialism.
e) Socialism
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This was the fifth mode of production which based on Nationalisation of properties.
Nation owned all production activities. The highest stage of socialism was known as
communism.
 Age set organisation- this involved pastoral societies eg. Maasai, Karamajong (E.A), Fulani (W.A)
Division of labour was based on age and sex. Consider the following divisions;
 0-8 years- these were children who stayed at home
 8-18 years-young boys had to milk cattle together with women
 18-35 years- morans had some duties to be performed
 Protecting their society
 Protecting their cattle against wild animals
 Travelling with cattle for pasture and water
 Increasing number of cattle through raiding neighbours
 35- above years (Laibons) - senior leaders these were elders who were religious leaders
and had to settle social disputes in the society. Also had to cure people.
 The German commander who led WWI in Tanganyika was called General Paul Von Lettew Vorbeck
 Soon after WWI Rwanda and Burundi became under Belgium.
 Africa was termed as “Dark continent” because its information was not known to Europeans.
AGENTS OF COLONIALISM (Forerunners of colonialism)
These can be categorized into three types
(a) Explorers
 John Hanning Speke (British)-was the first to see lake Nyanza and named it as Lake Victoria
as the name of Queen of England later on lake Tanganyika 1858.
 Richard Francis Burton- He was the first to see the source of river Nile in 1856. He was also
the first European to see Lake Tanganyika in 1858.
 Henry Morton Stanley- He was a journalist. He visited lake Victoria, Albert, Tanganyika and
later on Congo.
(b)Missionaries
 Johannes Rebmann was the first European (German missionary) to see Mt. Kilimanjaro
together with Ludwig Krapf in 1848. Dr. Ludwig Krapf was the first European to see Mt.
Kenya. He was sponsored by Church Missionary Society (CMS) and he opened Missionary
centre at Rabai- Mombasa in 1846.
 Dr. David Livingstone (Scotish).He was both explorer and missionary. He was the first to
arrive at Lake Nyasa. He was sponsored by London Missionary Church. He reached Ujiji in
1850-1872. He visited others parts of Tanganyika. He called British to come and conduct
trade and Christianity in Africa. He died in 1873; his body was shipped to Europe.
 Holy Ghost Fathers- was the group of missionaries established mission in Zanzibar in
1863. In1886 they established a station at Bagamoyo and opened schools and hospitals.
(c) Traders
These were companies established to run colonial activities. These companies signed false treaties
with local rulers etc. They included;
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 Imperial British East African Company (IBEACo) led by William Mackinnon (British) since
1887. It operated in Tanganyika and Kenya.
 German East African Company (GEACo)- led by Carl Peters (German). Operated in
Tanganyika. He signed false treaty with chief Mangungo of Msovero of Kilosa in 1884.
 British South African Company (BSACo) led by Cecil Rhodes(British) operated in South
Africa and Zimbabwe (1889-1924)
 Royal Niger Company (RNC) led by Gorge Goldie (British) operated in Niger 1886
 Internationale de African Association (IAA) by King Leopold (Belgium) operated in Congo.
 The companies failed in their operation in Africa due to several reasons such as;
 Bankruptcy (they had no fund)
 Shortage of personnel (very few skilled labour)
 Resistance from Africans
 Remoteness areas, this led to poor communication
 The first missionary to draw a map of East Africa was Jacob Erhadit. Others were Ludwig Krapf
and Johann Rebman (1844-1855) sharing three lakes (Victoria, Nyasa and Tanganyika).
 British named Tanganyika in 1920 from German East African Territory
Struggle for independence of Tanganyika (Some people who contributed)
a) Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere born on 13th April, 1922 and died 14th October, 1999.
He was the first chairperson of TANU since its birth on 7-7-1954
He encouraged the use of Swahili language (uniting Tanganyika)
b) John Rupia
He was very rich and financed TANU activities
He was the first Vice President of TANU since its formation in 1954.
c) Oscar Kambona
He travelled different parts of the country educating people on the importance of unity.
He was the first secretary of TANU.
d) Bi Titi Mohamed
She was the first woman to join TANU in 1954
She was a dancer; she encouraged other women to join and cooperated through
dancing.
e) Rashid Mfaume Kawawa
He was the vice president of TANU in the year 1960
He was the first prime minister of Tanzania since 1962-
 The first Africans to join colonial LEGCO in Tanganyika were David Kidaha Makwaia and
 The first woman to join LEGCO was Mkamangi Elifuraha Marealle of Moshi.
 The first political party in Tanganyika was African Association (AA) formed in 1929 and changed its
name to TAA in 1948. The first leader of TAA was Abdulwahid Sykes. He suggested the name TANU.
He handed over TAA to mwl. J.K. Nyerere in 1953.
 Umma Party (UP) in Zanzibar was formed and supported ASP led by Abdulrahaman Babu in 1963
 Tanganyika became under UN trust territory in 1946.
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 There are some associations and church independent movements fought for independence;
 The Tanganyika Territory African Civil Service Association (TTACSA) led by Martin Kayamba in
1922.
 Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association (KNPA) was established in 1925 by Joseph Merinyo.
 Bukoba Buhaya Union- established in 1924 by Kiiza
 Ethiopian church in Rhodesia led by Willie Mokalapa
 Chilembwe movement (Providence Industrial Mission)- by John Chilembwe in 1906 in Nyasaland
(Malawi) destroyed colonialist farms.
 Masambwa religion- It was traditional religion in Kenya against colonial religion. It was founded
by Elijah Masinde in 1936-1940. Also, it was against kipande system.
 Kimbangu Association- It was established by Simon Kimbangu in Congo in 1915 against
Belgians. Simon Kimbangu was arrested and imprisoned; he died in 1951 in the prison.
 Kikuyu Central Association (KCA)- established by Harry Thuku against the lost land and culture
in Kenya.
 Young Kavirondo Association(YKA) Established by Jonathan Okwiriri in Kenya
 Tanganyika Federation of Labour (TFL)- by Rashid Mfaume Kawawa as secretary in 1955
 CHRONOLOGICAL PRESIDENTS OF URT AND ZANZIBAR
S/N PRESIDENTS OF UNITED REP OF TANZANIA PRESIDENTS OF ZANZIBAR

 The late Mwl. J.K. Nyerere 1962-1985 o Sheik Abeid Aman Karume 1964-1972
 Ali Hassan Mwinyi 1985-1995 o Aboud Jumbe 1972-1984
 Benjamini William Mkapa 1995-2005 o Ali Hassan Mwinyi 1984-1985
 Dr. Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete 2005-2015 o Idris Abdul Wakil 1985-1990
 John Pombe Magufuli 2015-20 o Salim Amour Juma1990-2000
o Aman Abeid Karume 2000-2010
o Ali Mohamed Shein 2010-20
Prime ministers of united republic of Tanzania (URT) since independence
 Mwl. J.K. Nyerere first prime minister of Tanganyika 1961-1962

 Rashid Mfaume Kawawa- The first prime minister of Tanzania (URT): 1962-1977
 Edward Moringe Sokoine: 1977-1980; 1983-1984
 Cleopa David Msuya: 1980-1983
 Salim Ahmed Salim: 1984-1985
 Jaji Joseph Sinde Warioba: 1985-1990
 John Samwel Malcela: 1990-1994
 Fredrick T Sumaye: 1995-2005
 Edward Ngoyai Lowassa 2005- 2008
 Mizengo Kayanza Peter Pinda: 2008-2015
 Majaliwa Kassim Majaliwa: 2015- 20
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 Some colonies which were replaced by colonialists after first world war;
Colony Former colonial power Latter colonial power

Tanganyika Germany (1886-1914) Britain (1919-1961)
Cameroon Germany France
Namibia Germany Dutch (South African settlers)
Rwanda and Burundi Germany Belgium
 Traditional families taught family members their responsibilities through stories and comedy
INDEPENDENCE OF DIFFERENT AFRICAN COUNTRIES
Country Colonial Indep. Year First president Political party

power
1. Ghana (first country) Britain 1957 Kwame Nkrumah CPP
2. Tanganyika Britain 1961 Mwl.Julius J. K. Nyerere TANU
3. Egypt Britain 1922, 1952 Fuad
4. Kenya Britain 1963 Jomo Kenyatta KANU
5. Uganda Britain 1962 Milton Obote UPC
6. Zanzibar (island) Britain 1963 Jamshid bin Abdallah
7. Malawi Britain 1964 Kamzu Banda MCP
8. Zambia Britain 1964 Keneth Kaunda ZANU
9. Gambia Britain 1965 Dawda Jawra
10. Nigeria Britain 1960 N’nandi Azikiwe NNDP
11. Botswana Britain 1966 Seretse Kam BDP
12. Lesotho Britain 1966 Leabua Jonathan
13. Swaziland (Eswatini) Britain 1968 Sebhuza II
14. Sierra Leon Britain 1961 Milton Margai
15. Somalia Britain and 1960 Aden Abdallah Osman
Italy
16. Zimbabwe Britain 1980 Robert Mugabe ZANU-PF
17. South Africa (last Britain and 1994 Nelson Mandela ANC and PAC
country) Dutch
18. Seychelles (island) (French – 1976 James Mancha
Britain)
19. Sudan Britain and 1956 Ibrahim Abboud
Egypt
20. Burundi Belgium 1962 Mwambutsa IV UPRONA
21. Rwanda Belgium – 1962 Gregoire Kayibanda Parmehutu
France
22. Eritrea Italy 1947 Haile Sellasie
23. Libya Italy 1951 Idris
24. Ethiopia Italy 1941 Mengistu Haile Mariam
(Bento.
Mus)
25. Equatorial Guinea Spain 1968 Francsico Nguema
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26. Cameroon Germany- 1960 Ahmadou Ahidjo
France
27. Togo Germany- 1960 Sylivanus Olympio
France
28. Senegal France 1960 Leopold Sedar Senghor
29. Madagascar (island) France 1960 Philibert Triranana
30. Benin France 1960 Hubert Maga
31. Niger France 1960 Hamani Diori
32. Mauritania France 1960 Morkatar O Daddah
33. Gabon France 1960 Leon Mba
34. Congo (Brazaville) France 1960 Fulbert Youlou
35. Central Africa Republic France 1960 David Dacko
36. Chad France 1960 Francois Tomalbaye
37. Ivory Coast France 1960 Felix H Boigny
38. Burkina Faso France 1960 Mourice Yamiogo
39. Guinea France 1958 Ahmed Sekou Toure
40. Comoros (island) France 1975 Ahmed Abdallah
41. Djibouti France 1977 Hassan Gouled
42. Algeria France 1962 Ahmed Ben Bella
43. Guinea Bissau Portugal 1974 Luis Cabral PAIGC
44. Mozambique Portugal 1975 Samora Machel FRELIMO
45. Angola Portugal 9175 Agostino Neto IMPLA
46. Cape Verde (island) Portugal 1975 Aristide Pereira
47. Sao Tome and Principe Portugal 1975 Manuel Pinto de Costa
(isla
48. Namibia Dutch (S.A 1990 Sam Nujoma SWAPO (South
settler West Africa
People Organi)
49. Mali France 1960 Modibo Keita RDA
50. Tunisia France 1957 Habib Bourguiba
51. DRC (Zaire) Belgium 1960 Joesph Kasavubu ABAKO
52. Morocco France 1956 Mbarek Bekkay
53. Liberia USA 1847
54. South Sudan Sudan 2011 Salivar Kiir
55. WesternSahara( Sahrawi (Spain)- 1975 Polisario
ArabDemocraticRepubli Morocco
c
Some important and prominent leaders in Africa towards

African independence
Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere
34
He was born on 13th April, 1922 in Butiama Mara. He died on 14th October, 1999 at St.
Thomas hospital in England. He had children; Makongoro Nyerere, Madaraka Nyerere, Anna
Nyerere, John Nyerere, and Magige Nyerere. His wife was called Maria Nyerere.
 He was a chairperson of TANU which gave independence of Tanganyika.
 He fought for independence of Tanganyika through peaceful means on 9th December, 1961
 He is the founder of the Union of Tanganyika and Tanganyika on 26 th April, 1964.
 He introduced Arusha Declaration in 1967 which was about socialism and self reliance,
 He made Kiswahili to be a national language of Tanganyika later Tanzania.
 He supported independence of other countries like Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe, South
Africa and Namibia. All these countries had bases in Tanganyika.
 He was the first chairperson of frontline states in 1970s.
 His education; Makerere university (Dip.Ed), University of Edinburg (M.A)
 He was a teacher by profession and politician accidentally.
N’nandi Azikiwe
 He fought for independence of Nigeria in 1960 under federal constitution (NPC, NCNC). He
became the first president of Nigeria.
 Abubakar Tafawa Balewa of NPC became the first prime minister.
 Nigeria attained her independence through peaceful means.
Kwame Nkrumah
 He fought for independence of Gold Coast 1957 through peaceful means current Ghana
through CPP which was formed in 1949 after transformation from UGCC which was formed
in 1947.
 He campaigned for independence of other African countries. The first Pan African meeting in
Africa was held in Accra Ghana in 1958. He was the chairperson.
 He became the president in 1960 when Ghana became a republic.
 He encouraged unity and solidarity.
 He was overthrown from power by Rawling in 1966.
Edward Mondlane
 He formed political party called FRELIMO in Dar es Salaam in 1962
 He was assassinated in 1969.
Jomo Kenyata
 He fought for independence of Kenya in 1963 through KANU.
 He was one of the leaders of MAUMAU in 1952 together with Dedan Kimath and China.
 He was imprisoned in 1953-1960; he became the first prime minister in 1963.
 He is one of the founders of former EAC and died in 1978.
Agostino Neto
 He fought for independence of Angola 1975 through armed struggle under IMPLA
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Patrice Lumumba
 He was fighting for independence of Congo, he was assassinated in 1960.
Nelson Mandela
 He was born in 1918 and died in 2013
 He fought for independence of South Africa 1994 through armed struggle under ANC.
 He was imprisoned in Roben island for 27 years. He was released in 1990.
 He was against apartheid policy in South Africa from Boers. He sought assistance from
different countries including Tanzania.
Robert Mugabe
 He fought for independence of Zimbabwe 1980 through armed struggle under ZANU-PF
 He was imprisoned in 1964-1974. Joshua Nkomo supported independence of Zimbabwe.
 He was against the Prime Minister Ian Smith (1975-1979) who ruled Rhodesia.
 In 1980 Zimbabwe attained independence and Mugabe became the first prime minister later
President till 2017 when he resigned after military pressure. He died in 2019.
Kamuzu Banda
 He fought for independence of Malawi through peaceful means 1964 under MPC party.
Keneth Kaunda
 He fought for independence of Zambia under peaceful means 1964 under ZANU party.
 He was arrested in 1958-1960. After being released he visited Martin Luther King Jr.
Sam Nujoma
 He fought for independence of Namibia through armed struggle 1990 under SWAPO party
 He was arrested and escaped in 1960 and went into exile in Tanzania where he continued
with movements with Nyerere. In 1990 Namibia attained independence from settlers.
Ahmed Sekou Toure

 He fought for independence of Guinea 1958 from French.
Leopold Sedar Senghor

 He fought for independence of Senegal 1960
 He was against European culture and promoted African culture. He joined other Africans to
fight for independence and found OAU in 1963 as well.
Ahmed Ben Bella- Algeria 1962
Gamal Abdel Nasser

 He fought for independence of Egypt and one of the founder of Pan-Africa held in Africa.
 Groups of societies or languages in East Africa;

36
Bantu- this is the largest group who came from west Africa through Congo to East Africa
Nilotes (Maasai)- This group came from South Sudan and other northern parts to East Africa
Cushitic- this group came from Ethiopia to East Africa
Khoisan – From south Africa
 European languages introduced in Africa can be categorised into three major groups;
 Anglophone- these are English speaking countries like Kenya, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania etc
 Francophone- these are French speaking countries like Senegal, Mali, Benin, Cote devoire etc
 Lusophone- these are Portuguese speaking countries like Mozambique, Angola and Guinea Bissau
 Western Sudanic states
 Ghana empire-[5th -13th C] leader Tunka Manin, People Sonike, founder Kankan. Grew because
of gold, Ivory and Slave. Attacked by Almolavids group.
 Mali Empire [13th-14th]-leader Sundiata Keita and Mansa Musa. The capital city was Niami.
Mansa Musa went to Mecca in 1325; He encouraged the building of mosques and universities
like Gao and Timbuktu. It was attacked by Tuareg group.
 Soghai empire- [15th -16th]- leaders were Sunni Ally who died in 1492 and Asikia Mohamed
who died in 1528. They were attacked by Moroccan invasion.
 Areas which experienced scramble for in Africa include the following;
 Nile river basin and Egypt- colonial powers were British and French. It was good for
irrigation and presence of Suez canal which was opened in 1869
 Niger river basin- colonial powers; French, British and German
 Congo river basin- Colonial powers; Belgium, Portuguese, French and British
 Zambezi river basin- colonial powers; Portuguese and British
 South Africa- colonial powers; British and Dutch (Boers)
 East Africa- colonial powers; Germany and British
 Arusha Declaration started officially on 5th February, 1967 after the TANU committee (National
Executive Committee) passed the formation on 29th January, 1967 in Arusha city. The committee met
for three days (26-29 January). In the declaration;
 All national economy were nationalized eg, banks, schools, agriculture, industries etc. There
was compensation to those firms taken by the government.
 Workers and peasants had to control major means of production through government and
cooperatives (land, forest, minerals, water, electricity, transport, banks, factories etc
 Absence of exploitation of people (no classes had to exist)- egalitarianism
 Hard working (all able-bodied people had to work effectively and participate fully)
 Socialism and self reliance (the main principle of the declaration)
 Working hard and having self dependence
 Having good leaders of the party (TANU)
 Fighting corruption
 Fighting against three enemies of the nation; poverty, disease and ignorance
 Education to be given for all children
NOTE: No any government leader or TANU leader had to;
 Hold shares in any company
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 Hold directorship in any privately- owned enterprise
 Receive two or more salaries
 Own houses which he/she rents to others
 Universal Primary Education (UPE) in Tanzania was established in November 1974 under Musoma
resolution. All children reached the age of starting schools were enrolled.
 Iringa Declaration 1972- this emphasized about agriculture (siasa ni kilimo- politics is
agriculture) and villagisation policy.
 Flag of Tanganyika had three colours; black, green and yellow

 Sultan’s flag was red, after indep.1963 it had red, yellow and green after rev. Green, black and blue
 First World War (WWI) began in 1914-1918. There were two rival camps Triple entente (British,
French and Russia) and triple alliance (Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary). The immediate cause of
the war was assassination of Austrian heir Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophia at
Sarajevo- Bosinia on 28-06-1914. Other causes were;
 Rise of rival alliance camps in Europe
 French revenge over Alsace (rich in coals) and Lorraine (rich in iron) from German
 Germany growth as a powerful industrial nation in 1870s- threatened others
 Rise of industrial capitalism in Europe(they demanded markets, raw materials and investment)
Effects of the war in Africa and Europe
 Population loss, change of colonies, formation of League of Nations in 1919, destruction of
properties, Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France, intensive exploitation in Africa and rise
of African nationalism through trade unions and associations.
 Great Economic Depression (GED)
This was the failure of the world’s economy in 1929- 1933. This was mostly caused by the effects of
the first world war- failed to recover the loss and high tariffs by USA to Europeans.
 Second World War (WWII) began in 1939-1945. USA joined in 1942 to triple entente. It is this
year when USA became the leading capitalist power in the world leaving Britain behind. After this
war African started to struggle for their fully independence (African Nationalism).
 Some countries experienced coup d’état in Africa; Egypt, Congo, Libya, Uganda, Ghana, South
Africa, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia etc
 Division of East Africa went with two treaties
Anglo-Germany agreement (Delimitation treaty ) October 1886
 Sultan’s power over Zanzibar, Pemba, Lamu, Merca, Mogadishu, Kisumayu and Mafia
 Germany- Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo and Pangani which were parts of sultan
 Britain- Kenya while some parts were given to Germany. Hence, conflict continued.
Anglo-Germany agreement (Helgoland treaty) 1890
 Germany was given Tanganyika, ports of Tanga, Bagamoyo, Kilwa and Mikindani.
 German had three colonies in this zone; Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi
 Zanzibar was given to Britain and Sultan
 Britain was given Uganda and Kenya as British spheres of influence.
 School fees in Tanzania was abolished in 2001 in Primary school
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 End of Portuguese rule in East Africa- 1700s
ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA IN FROM 15TH CENTURY TO 20TH CENTURY
 Bartholomew Diaz was the first explorer to reach the Cape in 1488. Later on Vasco da Gama
arrived at the Cape of Good Hope in 1498.
 South Africa was united as a country in 1910 from different societies. It is the year of independence
of minority (Boers) in South Africa.
 Kaffir wars took place in 1779-1853, Xhosa against British and Boers.
 Bapedi war 1876-1877 Bapedi under Sekukuni against Boers in South Africa. Bapedi fought
guerrilla war.
 Anglo-Zulu war took place in 1879 under the leader Cetshwayo in South Africa against British.
 Bambata uprising in 1906-1908 Zulu under Bambata against British. British defeated Bambata at
Natal in South Africa. They were resisting tax introduced.
 Mfecane war (1820) was wondering war in South Africa. It was led by Shaka of Zulu in 1800s-
1830s. It was caused by Shaka expansionist theory. Mfecane war led to Ngoni migration in 1830s-
1850s. Mfecane was characterized by; upheavals, chaos and disturbances (time of trouble), crushing
and wondering.
 Shaka Zulu rose in power in 1816-1856. Mfecane war took place in Natal province. Zulu became
very powerful in 1820 and caused Ngoni migration.
 Ngoni migration was into different groups; first led by Mputa Maseko settled Songea, another led
by Zwangedaba crossed river Zambezi in 1835, in 1840 entered in Ufipa and defeated Fipa.
Zwangedaba died in 1845.
 Boer trek was the movement of Boers from the Cape to the interior of South Africa in 1830s. This
was due to; abolition of slave trade by British, introduction of English, land alienation etc.
 British settled in South Africa in 1795. Dutch settled in South Africa at the Cape in 1652. They came
from Netherland (Holland). Their leader was called Jan Van Riebeek. He was very aggressive to
blacks by taking their land.
 Apartheid police was declared in 1948 in South Africa. The apartheid leader was W. De Clark.
 Sharpeville massacre in South Africa occurred in 1960. ANC and PAC planned mass movement
against Apartheid. These parties were banned and leaders were arrested.
 Soweto Massacre occurred on 16th June, 1976. It was organised by school children against Boer
regime. Many children lost their lives during demonstration. It is memorised every 16 th June in Africa.
SOWETO- South West Township (squatter town)
 Some people who fought for independence of South Africa and fought against Apartheid regime
include;
 Nelson Mandel
 Oliver Thambo
 Walter Sisulu
 Steve Biko- He formed student organisation in 1969 against Boers.
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 Desmond Tutu- he used church against apartheid regime in South Africa.
 Chris Hani
 In 1985 the commonwealth called for release of Nelson Mandela
 Political parties were formed; ANC and PAC.
 NELSON MANDELA was born in 1918. In 1962 he travelled secretly to Ethiopia, Tanzania and other
countries to seek for support. Military camps were established for the support example in Morogoro
Tanzania. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1963 at Robben Island. He was imprisoned for 27
years. In 1990, W. De Clerk announced the release of Nelson Mandela. In 1994 South Africa got
majority rule. This is the last country to attain independence in Africa from colonialists.
 The first song in South Africa was “Nkosi sikelel’i” (God Bless Africa)
 IGAD- Intergovernmental Authority on Development established in 1996. It aimed at dealing with
drought and development in the Horn of Africa. Members are; Kenya, Uganda, Djibouti, Eritrea,
Somalia, Sudan, Ethiopia and South Sudan. Its headquarters is based in Djibouti city.
 Horn of Africa- this is a peninsula in Africa. It lies along the southern side of gulf of Aden. Countries
which are found there; Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia).
 Great Lakes Countries in Africa- are the countries connected to big lake water bodies like Victoria,
Nyasa and Tanganyika. These countries include; Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, DTC, Rwanda
and Malawi.
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GEOGRAPHY
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GEOGRAPHY SUMMARY
 Tanzania is bordered by the following countries; Uganda (North), Kenya (North East), DRC (west),
Mozambique and Malawi (South), Zambia (South West), Rwanda and Burundi (North West).
 The largest country in Africa is 1. Algeria 2. DRC 3. Sudan
 The smallest country in Africa 1. Seychelles 2. Sao Tome and Principe 3. Mauritius
 The biggest continent in the world is Asia. The second is Africa and the smallest one is Australia.
 The continent with many countries is African continent with 54 independent countries
 The largest island in Africa is Madagascar.
 The longest river in the world is River Nile with 6695 km- followed by Amazon-Mississippi Missouri
 The largest ocean in the world is Pacific Ocean. Other major oceans include; Indian Ocean, Atlantic
Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Southern ocean.
 The biggest lake in the world is called Lake Superior in Northern America.
 The deepest lake in the world is Lake Baikal found in Siberia- Russia. Lake Tanganyika is the deepest
lake in Africa and the second in the world.
 Lake Victoria is the largest of the African Great lakes and largest fresh water lake in the world. It
cut across three countries like Tanganyika, Kenya and Uganda. Other lakes touched Tanzania include
lake; Tanganyika, Nyasa, Rukwa, Eyasi, Natron, Manyara, Burigi(Kagera), Balangida(Manyara),
Jipe(Mwanga) etc
 Ocean strait that separates Africa and Europe is called Gibraltar.
 Land locked countries in East Africa (countries which are far from the Coast and not having ports)
include; Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi.
 The first landmass/ total continent (once continents were combined as one) was called Pangaea.
 Owen falls are found in Uganda. It generates Hydro electric power in Uganda.
 Augrabies Falls are found in South Africa.
 Elizabeth port is found below Victoria Falls. This is found in South Africa
 Victoria Falls are found in Zimbabwe border with Zambia, along river Zambezi. The noise can be
heard more than 40 km. It was named by Dr. David Livingstone to queen Victoria of England in 1855.
 Kabora Bassa dam produces electricity in Mozambique from river Zambezi.
 Akasombo dam from river Volta in Ghana was constructed in 1961.
 Aswan dam is found in Egypt and was constructed in 1960s from river Nile (Aswan High Dam)
 Kainji dam in Nigeria is one of the famous dams in Africa from Lake Kainji.
 Kariba dam is found in Zimbabwe from river Zambezi. Also, it helps Zambian people since 1955.
 Inga dam is found in Democratic Republic of Congo
 Katse dam is found in Lesotho
 Gaborone dam is found in Botswana
 Sennar dam in Sudan along Blue Nile
 Tanzanian dams;
 Nyumba ya Mungu dam found in Kilimanjaro in Mwanga district.
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 Mtera dam found in the border of Iringa and Dodoma
 Kidatu dam found in Morogoro(Kilosa district)
 Kihansi dam found in Iringa(Mufindi district)
 Hombolo dam found in Dodoma
 Some lakes in Africa (important ones)
 Lake Albert found in Uganda
 Lake Chad found in Chad
 Lake Edward found in Uganda
 Lake Kariba found in Zimbabwe
 Lake Victoria in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda
 Lake Nyasa inTanzania and Malawi
 Lake Tanganyika in Tanzania and DRC
 Lake Nasser/Nubia in Sudan
 Lake Volta in Ghana
 Lake Turkana in Kenya
 Lake Magadi in Kenya
 Lake Kainji in Nigeria.
 Lake Kivu in Rwanda and DRC
 Some of important rivers in Africa
 River Nile in 11 countries; Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Eritrea, South Sudan. The
source of river Nile is Lake Victoria and pours water in
 River Orange found in Namibia
 River Limpopo found in Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Botswana
 River Zambezi found in Zambia and Mozambique
 River Zaire (Chambeshi) in Congo
 River Niger in Niger and Nigeria
 River Ubangi and Kasai in Congo
 River Blue Nile in Ethiopia
 River Senegal in Senegal and Guinea
Important rivers in Tanzania
 River Rufiji(Pwani)- Moro pours water in Indian ocean
 River Ruaha (Iringa) joins with river Rufiji pour water in Indian ocean
 River Kagera pours water in Lake Victoria
 River Ruvuma borders with Mozambique pours water in Indian ocean
 River Pangani (Tanga, Kilimanjaro and Manyara) pours water in Indian Ocean
 River Mara- pours water in Lake Victoria
 River Malagarasi (Kigoma) pours water in Lake Tanganyika
 River Wami (Morogoro) and Coast pours water in Indian Ocean
 River Kilombero (Moro)
 River Manonga
 River Ruvu (Pwani)
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 River Ugala
 Important deserts in Africa
 Sahara desert found in the northern part of Africa
 Kalahari desert found in Botswana
 Namib desert found in Namibia
 Nubia desert found in Ethiopia
 Some important ocean currents in Africa and other parts of the world
Ocean currents are the series movement of water in the ocean. It can cool or heat the area where it
passes. There are two types of ocean currents which are cold and warm ocean currents
 Banguela Ocean current; it is Cold Ocean current in Namibia. It causes Namib Desert.
 Agulhas ocean current; It is warm ocean current found along South Africa
 Mozambique ocean current; it is warm ocean current found along Mozambique
 Brazil ocean current; it is warm ocean current
 California ocean current; it is cold ocean current found in Northern America
 Peruvian ocean current; it is cold ocean current
 Important mountains in Africa, other parts of the world and their types
(a) Fold Mountains- They are formed as a result of compression force acting horizontally towards the
rocks in the earth’s crust. The force causes folding or bending of layers. They have ranges as they
are different parts forming a mountain.
 Mt. Everest- is the highest Mt in the world found in the world with 8848 metres found in
Himalaya ranges (Nepal and Tibet countries)
 Mt Atlas- in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia
 Cape ranges and Dranksberg in South Africa
 Mt Alps in Europe
 Mt Andes in South America
 Mt Jura in Switzerland
(b) Volcanic Mountains- they are formed as a result of eruption of magma from the earth’s interior.
 Magma- is a very hot liquid rock found below the earth’s surface.
 Vent- Is a hole like that allows melted materials to pass through onto earth’s surface.
 Lava- Is a hot liquid rock that flows out of the volcano.
 A caldera is a large crater (hole) in volcano caused by major eruption.
Examples of volcanic mountains;
 Mt Kilimanjaro- is the highest mountain in Africa with 5895 Metres in Tanzania (Volcanic)
 Mt Kenya (dead)- is the second highest mountain in Africa with5199 metres in Kenya
 Mt Oldonyo Lengai in Tanzania (active volcano) can erupt any time
 Mt Elgon (dead) in Uganda and Kenya
 Mt Meru in Tanzania
 Mt Mufumbiro in Uganda (active)
 Mt Virunga in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
 Mt Rungwe (dead volcano abt 2000yrs ago)
 Mt Cameroon in Cameroon
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 Mt Tibesti in Chad
 Krakatoa in Indonesia
 Vesuvius in Italy
(c) Block Mountains- they are formed due to compression forces. These are forces that push the
rocks together beneath the earth’s surface. These forces together with earthquakes lead to parallel
faults. So, it can be sinking or uplifting forces leaving block mountain. Examples of these
mountains;
 Ruwenzori in Uganda- this is the highest block mountain in Africa
 Pare, Usambara, Uluguru
 Mau ranges in Kenya
 Dankil Alps in Ethiopia
Other mountains
 Mt Sinai- in Egypt
 Mt Senegal in Senegal
 Mt Stanley in DRC and Uganda
 Mt Drankensberg in Swaziland, Lesotho and South Africa.
 Rivers which pour water in Atlantic Ocean include Congo, Zambezi and Niger.
 Rain water can be harvested and preserved for use by using tanks and wells.
 Rocks are classified into three types: Igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks
 The two types of trees are Hardwood (grown in cold areas) and softwood (grown in warm areas)
 Mangrove is the type of vegetation found along the oceans (coast)
 Mahogany is the species trees grown in equatorial rain forest
 The main function of the grid reference on maps is to locate places.
 Region leading for sunflower in Tanzania- Singida
 Regions which grow bananas in Tanzania are; Mbeya, Kagera, Kilimanjaro and Arusha.
 Regions which grow tobacco in Tanzania are Morogoro, Tabora, Katavi, Iringa and Ruvuma.
 Regions famous for cotton in Tanzania are Shinyanga, Simiyu, Mwanza and Tabora.
 Regions famous for pyrethrum in Tanzania; Mbeya, Iringa and Arusha
 Regions with cement industries in Tanzania are; Tanga, Mbeya and Dar es Salaam.
 Examples of industries producing sugar in Tanzania; TPC Moshi, Mtibwa-Morogoro, and Kagera
 Regions which lead for tea in Tanzania; Iringa, Njombe, Mbeya and Tanga
 Regions for maize in Tanzania; Mbeya, Songwe, Rukwa, Katavi, Iringa, Morogoro, Njombe, Dodoma
and Ruvuma
 Regions for cashew nuts; Mtwara, Lindi and Pwani.
 Regions growing cassava; Tanga, Mtwara, Lindi, Ruvuma, Pwani, Kigoma
 Rice growing regions; Mbeya, Morogoro, Shinyanga, Mwanza, Rukwa, Songwe, Pemba and Unguja
 Coffee production in Tanzania; Mbeya, Kilimanjaro, Songwe, Kagera, Arusha and Ruvuma.
 Regions for sisal; Tanga and Morogoro.
 Two types of coffee grown in East Africa include; Robusta and Arabica.
 Trees planted in Tanzania include; pine trees (Mufindi, Songwe, Mbeya, Usambara and Kibaha) and
iroko trees (Morogoro)
 Kenya is the leading for tea production in East Africa
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 Countries generating oil in the world have organisation called OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries). The headquarters is in Vienna- Austria.
 The area reserved for cattle keeping is known as Ranching.
 The movement of people and other goods from location to another is termed as transportation.
 Kavirondo gulf is found in Kenya.
 Manmade satellite helps in space observation, gathering and transforming information
 Subsistence agriculture means growing of crops for family consumption.
 Mt. Atlas is found in Morocco and is an example of Block Mountain in Africa.
 Grassland temperate in Argentina used for beef farming is called Pampas.
 Canary Island is famous for banana production.
Countries leading for/ being famous for,,,,,,,, worldwide/Africa;
Product/crop/servic Uses of product World wide Africa

e
Rubber Thailand-Indonesia-China Liberia
Tanzanite Tanzania Tanzania
Palm oil production Nigeria Nigeria
Paper production Norway
Cocoa production Making Ghana-Cote’divoire- Ghana
chocolates Indonesia
Ship manufacturing transportation Japan
Mutton exporter Food (meat) New Zealand
Maize Food and feeding U.S.A-Mexico-Brazil
cattle
Dairy farming Milk Denmark
Rice production Food China-India-Indonesia Egypt
Banana production Food India-Ecuador-Jamaica
Fruits production Food Italy-Hawaii island
Groundnuts Oil and spice China Nigeria
Sugarcane Making sugar Brazil S.A- Mauritius-Madagascar-
Re-Union
Oil Lubrication Saudi Arabia-Iraq-Iran- Libya
Yemen
Fishing Food China-India-Indonesia
Wool production Clothes making New Zealand, Australia S.A (merino type)
U.S.A
Tea production Brazil Malawi- Kenya
Cloves production Indonesia Madagascar Madagascar- Zanzibar
Gold production China S.A- Ghana
Diamond Russia Botswana- S.A
Wheat production European Union-China
Wine production Drinking Italy
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 The chief cash crop in Sudan is cotton
 Amazon basin is found in Southern America. There is a big forest called Amazon forest that cuts
across nine countries of southern America.
 Cattle reared in Argentina are fed on the grass called Alfa-Alfa.
 Types of sheep in South Africa: Merino, Karakul and Afrikander
 Water/wells found in the desert is called Oasis
 India is called sub continent because of its vastness (largeness)
 Scavengers are animals and birds which eat dead animals.
 Forces of attraction between the moon and the earth results to ocean tides.
 The source of river Nile is Lake Victoria and ends in Mediterranean Sea.
 The atmospheric condition of a place recorded for a short period of time is called weather.
 The atmospheric condition of a place recorded for a long period of time is called climate.
 Tea is harvested by process called plucking
 The lines drawn on the map to join places of the same height/altitude are called contour lines. Contour
lines at the sea level are 0 metre. Numbers increase as the height increases. Contour lines are used to:
show mountains and hills, show slopes as spaced lines not close, show valleys and spurs,.
 International Date Line is not straight to avoid occurrence of different dates in the same country. It
passes entirely on the ocean not on dry land.
 Middle East Countries are famous for production of oil (petroleum)
 A place where raw materials are turned into final products is called Industry.
 The mineral which is source of nuclear power is Uranium (Mostly found in Iran)
 The response of the plants towards light is called phototropism
 The best way of transporting gas is through pipes.
 Tanzania air transport is supervised by Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority (TCAA)
 The organ of the government that supervises roads is called Tanzania Roads Agency (TANROADS).
 Land locked countries are countries which are not connected to harbours and seas/oceans eg.
Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda in East Africa.
 Main ports in East Africa are; Tanga, Dar es Salaam and Mombasa.
 A place where people dig a large amount of stones is called Quarry.
 The railway lines in Tanzania include
 TAZARA 1970-1975 (Tanzania and Zambia Railway Authority)- from Dar to Kapirimposhi
Zambia. It was constructed by the government of Tanzania and Zambia with the aid of Chinese
government in, It passes along the following regions Dar, Coast, Morogoro, Iringa, Mbeya and
Songwe.
 Central line- 1905- 1928 This starts from Dar- Morogoro- Dodoma-Singida-Tabora- Mwanza
while the other From TaboraSingida- Kigoma and Mpanda.
 Tanga- Moshi (1890- 1905) by Germans
 Dar (1905)- Morogogo (1907)- Tabora (1912)- Kigoma (1914) By Germans
 Tabora- Mwanza (1928) by British
 Tanga line- Tanga-Moshi-Arusha-Kenya.
 Hamattarn winds blow in Sahara desert
 Retail trade means selling goods in small quantity (scale). Two types of trade internal and external
47
 Type of vegetation in Northern Kenya is desert
 Famous mineral that is transported in Uganda by railway is copper
 In East Africa, pyrethrum is cultivated in Kenya.
 Kuwait is famous for crude oil.
 Pyrethrum is used for making insecticides
 Composition of the earth
 Atmosphere (air)
 Hydrosphere (water bodies) about 75% of the earth’s surface is covered by water
 Biosphere (include all living things
 Composition of the atmosphere; oxygen, carbon dioxide, silicon and iron
 National parks and game reserves in Tanzania. There are 17 National Parks in Tanzania
All National parks fall under Tanzania National Park (TANAPA)
 Ruaha National Park (Iringa)- is the largest national park in Tanzania. It has many elephants
and birds. It was expanded in 2008 with the additional of Usangu game reserve
 Serengeti National Park (Mara)- More than 3 million wildlife animals are flourished there. The
most attractive national park in Africa (statistics provided 2019)
 Ngorongoro Conservation Area- It has crater, Olduvai Gorge and Oldonyo Lengai Mountain.
It has many black rhino
 Lake Manyara (Manyara)- small in size but it is full of flamingo, pelican and Egyptian geese,
dik-dik etc
 Tarangire National Park (Manyara)- Full of wild animals
 Katavi National Park (Katavi)- Has many mammals like hippos and crocodile. It is very remote
area (but there is Katuna river where animals enjoy there)
 Mikumi National Park (Morogoro)- Many wildlife- pythons, wild dogs, elephants etc
 Mahale Mountains National Parks (Kigoma)- full of chimpanzee
 Arusha National Park (Arusha)- Momella; colobus, giraffe, monkeys, waterbucks etc
 Kitulo National Park (Njombe)- is the source of great floral spectacles
Famous game reserves in Tanzania
 Selous Game Reserve (Moro)- is the largest game reserve in Tanzania, it is full of
wildlife
 Gombe Stream National Park (Kigoma)- is the smallest park in Tanzania but full of
Chimpanzee and baboons
 Mkomazi game reserve (Tanga)
The solar system

 Solar system is the arrangement of planets and other heavenly bodies around the sun. Solar system
consists of the sun, planets, moons, meteors, comets, asteroids and clouds. The solar system has egg-
like shape called elliptical shape.
 The study of the heavenly bodies including solar system is called astronomy.
 A person who studies about heavenly bodies (celestial bodies) is called astronomer. They use –
telescope
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 Planets are heavenly bodies that go around the sun. They are eight in number since 2006.
 A pass/path of the planets is called orbit.
 Mercury is the first and the nearest planet to the sun. The smallest planet in the solar
system- red and hottest. Its distance from the sun is 58 mil km and takes 88 days of
revolution. No moon. It is the hottest planet.
 Venus is the second planet is called morning star or evening star as it shines even before the
sunrise. It is the brightness. It takes 225 days and has 108 mil km from the sun.
 The Earth has one moon. It is the third planet. It is bluish in colour. It is the planet we live in.
It has two movements (rotation and revolution).
 Mars is the fourth planet. It has two moons (phobos and deimos), it is red in colour;
228mil km and takes 1 year and 322 days.
 The fifth is Jupiter. It is the biggest planet in the solar system. It has many moons.
 6th planet with many rings is called Saturn. It is second largest and has. It is the beautiful
planet as it has one big ring and other small rings made of ice and dust. It has many moons
as well.
 The 7th is Uranus planet. It is the third largest planet. It takes many years to revolve the sun.
 Neptune is the eighth planet. It has more than 4 thousand million kilometres. It the planet
with the longest orbit in the solar system. It is the coldest planet in the solar system.
 Dwarf planets are Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Haumea and Makembe. They are too small to be considered
as planets
 The farthest position of the earth from the sun is called Aphelion (152 mil km on 4th July each year)
 The nearest position of the earth from the sun is called perihelion (147 mil km on 3rd January)
The Sun
 The sun is the centre of the solar system. It is very hot. The sun doesn’t move (it is stationary) the
earth revolves around the sun. The nearest star to the earth is the sun. It looks bigger and brighter
than other stars because it is close to the Earth. All planets revolve around the sun. Light and heat
from the surface of the sun takes 8 minutes to reach the earth’s surface. The diameter of the sun is
1.4 million kilometres.
 When the sun is in the Southern hemisphere the wind blows from North to South in order to fill the
low pressure belt developed due to an increase in temperature in the southern hemisphere.
Importance of the sun includes the following;

o Giving light and heat
o Helps in photosynthesis- it provides green plant with sunlight energy.
o Provides vitamin D; the skin makes vitamin D which strengthens our bones (prevents rickets
o Helps in drying materials eg. Cereals, clothes, firewood and other products.
o Helps in making electricity (solar energy)
o Helps in rain formation (consider hydrological cycle)
o Gravitational force- the sun holds other bodies to remain in their position and prevent them
from falling onto the universe.
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 When the earth moves around the sun, the moon moves around the earth, it may happen that the
moon moves; the moon and the sun are in straight line as the result of this the shadow of the moon
may fall on the earth and this is called eclipse.
 Eclipse is an event when one heavenly body casts its shadow onto another heavenly body.
 Lunar eclipse- the earth passes between the moon and the sun. The earth clocks sunlight from
reaching the surface of the moon. It is usually experienced during night time.
 Solar eclipse- the moon is between the earth and the sun. The moon blocks sunlight to reach the
earth. This causes the shadow of the moon to cover the earth during the day time.
 An area of total darkness is called umbra. The area with partial darkness is called penumbra.
 The moon is the natural satellite of the earth. The moon revolves around the earth from east to west.
1
 The moon takes 29 days to make a complete revolution around the earth
2
The Earth
1
 The distance from the sun is between 147 and 152 million km. It takes 365 or 366 days to revolve
4
round the sun. It takes 24 hours to rotate/spin on its axis. The earth moves from West to East.
 The shape of the earth is elliptical. The distance from North to South is not the same as that of East
to West due to the shape of the earth; the diameter South-North poles are 12,713 km while East- West
is 12,756 km.
 Evidences that show that the earth is globe or sphere in shape
 Ship visibility- ability to see the ship in front coming, the top part appears first and the remaining
part is gradually seen as it comes closer vice versa is true. So, the earth is not flat.
 The lunar eclipse- the shadow of the earth is always round
 Aerial photograph- photos taken by satellites show that the earth’s surface as sphere
 Sunrise and sunset- When the sun rises not all places of the earth see it at the same time the same
to sunset. The eastern side see the sun earlier than western side. So the earth is not flat.
 Circumnavigation of the earth- as you start point you will reach right there when going straight.
 Lunar eclipse- during lunar eclipse the shadow is spherical in shape proving the earth’s shape.
Effects of the Earth’s rotation
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- Days and nights- we experience due to rotation of the earth
- Difference of lengths and nights- some areas the sunlight is received more than 12
hours.
- The high and low tides- the periodic rise and fall of the sea level under the gravitational
pull of the moon. Low tide occurs when the gravitational pull the moon is less, causing the
falling of the sea level vice versa.
Effects of earth’s revolution
- Seasons of the year i.e summer, winter, spring and autumn
- Eclipses i.e Lunar eclipse and solar eclipse
- Aphelion and perihelion
- Different times of the overhead sun; this can be summarised as follows
 The overhead sun (JUMASEDE)
June March September December

21st 21st 23rd 22nd
Tropical of cancer Equator (equinox) Equator (equinox) Tropical of Capricorn
1
 The overhead sun on tropic of cancer is 21st June which is 23 N
2
 The overhead sun on Equator is 21 March and 23 September
st rd
1
 The overhead sun on tropic of Capricorn is 22nd December which is 23 S
2
 The line that divides the earth into northern and southern hemisphere is called Equator.
 Latitudes are imaginary lines that are drawn on maps from west to east. They run parallel.
1 1
 Equator is the main latitude with 0˚. Tropic of cancer is 23 N Tropic of Capricorn is 23 S, Arctic
2 2
1 1
circle is 66 N Antarctic circle is 66 S
2 2
 Longitudes are imaginary lines that are drawn on maps from the North Pole to the South Pole. They
meet at the same pole, also are called meridians. The main longitude is called Prime Meridian or
Greenwich meridian. It passes Accra (Ghana) and Greenwich (England)
 Five regions on the shores of the ocean in Tanzania include; Dar, Pwani, Tanga, Lindi and Mtwara
 Vegetation refers to plants and trees found in a certain area. It can be manmade or natural.
 Types of vegetation in East Africa
(a) Forest vegetation- it has heavy rainfall, tall trees and grows close together eg. Bukoba and
Kilombero
(b) Woodland vegetation- This consists of areas with fewer and more scattered trees than forest
eg. Miombo woodland. This can be found in Tabora, Kigoma, Katavi and Rukwa, also there is
mahogany and ebony in Kenya -Tsavo and Amboseli National Park.
(c) Grassland vegetation- Trees can’t grow well due to seasonal rainfall eg. Kilombero, Ruaha,
Malagarasi, Ukinga, Masai, Ngorongoro and Serengeti National Park.
(d) Desert and semi-desert vegetation- This is found in dry areas that receive less than 250mm
of rainfall per year. Droughts stay longer time eg. Central part of Tanzania. Cactus trees grow well
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(e) Mangrove vegetation- this grows in coastal areas or along the oceans. Mangrove vegetations
are used in making ships, boats and in tanning industries eg. Rufiji delta, Tanga and Kilwa
Kisiwani.
Climatic zones
(i) Equatorial climate- It has thick forest (dense forest) and tall trees. It has heavy rain and
trees grow close together. It lies between 0˚ to 5˚ North and South, temperature is about 26˚C.
Rain is about 2000mm or more throughout the year eg. Bukoba and Kilombero in Tz, Congo
rift Valley, Ghana, Brazil, Norway, West Nigeria, Madagascar and some parts of Uganda.
(ii) Savannah/grassland/tropical climate- It lies between 5˚ and 15˚ North and South of
Equator. It has tall grasses, trees are scattered. It usually receives one rainy season. Rain
ranges between 750 mm to 1500 mm eg. Central Tanzania (Dodoma, Singida), Kenya and
central Africa. It supports many wild animals due to presence of shrubs and grasses.
(iii) Desert climate- It has very high temperature about 20˚C to 30˚C, it may receive rain or not
at all. Rain is about 250 mm per year. It may contain oasis.
(iv) Monsoon climate- It has seasonal winds
(v) Coastal climate (Mangrove forest) - It has mangrove forest (tough and hard trees) eg.
Cashew nuts and coconut grow.
 The process of obtaining minerals from under the ground is called mining.
 Minerals mined in Tanzania and their use
Mineral Place obtained/found Uses

Gold Chunya(Mbeya),Bulyanhulu(Kahama), Nyarugusu  Valuing currency
(Geita) ,Sekenke and Manyoni (Singida), Amani(Tang  Making ornaments
Diamond Mwadui (Williamson) Shinyanga  Cutting glass and
drilling rocks
Coal Kiwira(Mbeya), Songwe, Linganga and Mchuchuma  For cooking
(Njombe)  Generating electricity
Tanzanite Mererani (Manyara)  Making jewellery
Gas Songosongo (Lindi), Mnazi Bay (Mtwara)  Electricity
Salt Uvinza (Kigoma) and shore of the Indian ocean  Adding flavour in food
 Preserving food eg. fish
Limeston Wazo Hill (Dar), Songwe (Mbeya) Pongwe (Tanga)  Manufacturing cement
e
Tin Karagwe (Kagera)  Making iron sheets
Iron Linganga (Njombe), Uluguru mt(Moro), Mbarara 
Uranium Namtumbo(Ruvuma), Manyoni, Bahi(Dodoma) 
Copper Katavi 
Mica Ulanga(Morogoro) 
Ruby Mahenge and Kilosa (Morogoro) 
 A person who is specialized in taking photograph using a camera is called photographer

 Types of photograph include;
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 ground/horizontal photograph- it shows only the front part
 Oblique photograph- taken from the angle of the hill or tall building showing front and upper/top
part
 Aerial/vertical photograph- It is taken from sky, eg using aircrafts and parachutes only upper part
can be seen clearly.
 Grid reference is used in locating places on maps.
 Calculating distance on map we can use three methods; a ruler, thread or piece of paper
 Human population can be obtained through conducting census.
 Population density is the average number of people in relation to the given area. It is obtained by;
total population
Population density=
area of land ∈square kilometres
 Common types of cattle reared in East Africa;
 Zebu- short horned cattle with hump on their backs eg, in Dodoma, Singida and Kenya
 Ankole- have very long horns eg. Found in Bukoba, Ngara,Ufipa and Nyankole in Uganda.
 Friesian- type of black and white cow that produce a lot of milk
 Local mixed breed eg. Nyarugusu and Bulyanhulu Shinyanga.
 The process of catching fish from water is called fishing.
 There are two methods of fishing which are;
 Traditional method- people fish on the banks of rivers, lakes and oceans. They always use;
spears, conical traps, fishing basket, line and hooks
 Modern method- is done by throwers, boats and using wide nets
NOTE: The fish processing industry in Tanzania is found in Mwanza.
 Types of fish
 Fresh water fish- found in rivers, lakes, ponds eg. Nile perch, tilapia and dagaa.
 Salt water fish- found in Indian ocean eg. Barracuda, tuna, king fish, octopus and sharks.
 East Africa is found between Latitude 4˚N and 12˚S ; and between longitude 29˚E and 42˚E.
Tanzania is found between 1 to 12˚S and 29˚E to 41˚E
 Rift Valley begins in Jordan in Middle East and ends in Beira Mozambique
 Rift Valley in East Africa is of two branches.
Eastern rift valley which separates at lake Nyasa then, Manyara, Eyasi, Natron, Magadi, Naivasha,
Nakuru, Almentaita, Sobai, Baringo and Turkana.
Western rift valley separates at Lake Nyasa, Rukwa, Tanganyika, Kivu, Albert and Edward in
Uganda.
 Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga have not been passed by rift valley.
Weather
Weather is the day to day condition of the atmosphere recorded over a short period of time. The study of
weather is called meteorology. Meteorologist is a person who studies about weather. A centre where
weather is recorded and analyzed is called meteorological station or weather station.
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Elements of weather are: Rainfall, temperature, windy, humidity, sunshine, pressure, cloud cover and
precipitation. These elements of weather are measured by instrument called Stevenson screen. It is kept
in a house like a box.
a. Temperature is the degree of hotness and coldness of an object or place. It is measured by

instrument called Thermometer. It is expressed in degrees and centigrade or Fahrenheit (f).
Usually, temperature is high during daytime compared with night-time.
b. Wind is air in motion. Wind blows from high pressure (colder areas) to low pressure (warmer
areas). It is expressed in terms of speed and direction. Wind direction is measured by the
instrument called wind vane or wind sock. However, wind sock measures the strength of the
wind. On the other hand, wind speed is measured by anemometer. There are two movement of
winds here which are;
i) Sea breeze- this is the movement of the wind from the sea level to the land. It usually
occurs during a day time.
ii) Land breeze- is the movement of the wind from the land to the sea. This usually occurs at
night. The land cools more quickly than the sea.
c. Sunshine- the amount of sunshine is measured by the instrument called Sunshine recorder. The
amount of sunshine is measured in hours.
d. Humidity- is the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. It is measured by the instrument
called Hygrometer.
e. Cloud- This is the mass of the tiny visible particles of water or ice formed by condensation.
f. Pressure- this refers to the weight of air in the atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure is measured by
the instrument Barometer.
g. Precipitation- is the deposition or falling down of moisture towards the earth’s surface. It is seen
in form of dew, snow, frost, mist and fog.
RAIN
Rainfall is formed when small droplets combine together to form large drops which become heavier and
finally fall to the ground in the form of rain.
There are three types of rainfall
1. Convectional rainfall
It occurs when the air near the ground is heated. After getting heated it expands and rises in vapour form
(evaporation). When the vapour reaches the high atmosphere the moisture in it condenses forming clouds
and rain. It is always accompanied with thunder and lightning. It is common in areas around Lake Victoria.
2. Cyclonic rainfall (Frontal rainfall)

This is the rain from warm moist air being forced to rise over cold air. The moisture in the air cools and
condenses to fall down as cyclonic rainfall. The points where the two air masses meet is called frontal
zone.
3. Relief rainfall
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The winds across the water are forced to rise over a mountain. When air rises it cools and condenses
to form droplet which fall as rain. The side facing the winds receives rain and it referred to as
windward side the other side is known as leeward side. The leeward side receives very little rainfall,
or no rainfall. It is usually a dry area.
Factors affecting rainfall
 Winds- winds help to spread rainy clouds and moisture and therefore spread the rain over a
large area.
Ocean currents
Ocean currents are general movements or drifts of the surface water of the ocean in a fairly
defined direction. They are continuous general movement of masses of surface ocean waters
horizontally and in a fairly defined direction.
They tend to be persistent. Most ocean currents drift very slowly and that is why they
are commonly referred to as drifts.
Ocean currents may be either warm or cold i.e. there are warm ocean currents and
cold ocean currents.
Ocean current- this is continuous, directed movement of ocean water generated by forces such as wind,
breaking waves, temperature, tides and salinity differences of ocean waters acting upon the ocean. Surface
ocean currents are generally wind-driven and they constantly on the move. How they move, influences the
climate and the living conditions for plants and animals on land.
When winds blow over cold ocean currents, they carry cold and dry air. This results into low temperature
and little rainfall over the land. California currents and Benguela current in South-west African coast are
good example of cold ocean current. The rising and descending of cold ocean currents can cause aridity.
Aridity is desertic condition where lack of rainfall hinders the survival of plants and animals. There is a
good example of desert caused by cold ocean current in Namibia desert.
 Distance from the sea, areas close to large water bodies such as the coastal areas around the ocean
and areas near lakes usually receive high rainfall in a year compared to other areas which are
located far away from the ocean, sea or lakes. Usually, when winds blow over the oceans and lakes
carry vapour to the land where clouds form rainfall.
 Altitude- the height above the sea level
 Distance from the equator- areas around the equator receives much sunshine this causes
evaporation, condensation and precipitation.
 Distance from larger forests- the areas around the forests receive high amount of rainfall
compared to areas away from the large areas.
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Causes of ocean currents
The prevailing winds; winds influence oceanic circulation, this is because as winds
blow friction is generated between the wind and water surface causing the water to
move in the general direction of the wind. Some winds such as trade winds which
almost continuously blow in the same direction cause surface waters over which they
blow to move in the direction to which they blow e.g. across the Atlantic ocean wester
lies produce the North Atlantic drift and Kuro Siwo currents (in the Pacific).
Rotation of the earth; the earth’s rotation influences the direction of movement of
ocean currents. It causes the currents to be deflected to the right in the direction to
which they flow in the northern hemisphere and in the southern hemisphere the
currents tend to be deflected towards the left. It is generally because of the Coriolis
force that the ocean currents are deflected.
Differences in temperature; ocean currents may be caused by differences in

temperature. Such currents are generally referred to as convection currents. Heating
by the sun in the low altitudes makes the waters less dense and the waters therefore
drift pole wards.
In the equatorial belt, temperatures are high and therefore waters are warm and tend
to be less dense, unlike the polar region or high latitude region waters. As a result, the
warm waters of the equatorial region drift towards the higher latitudes.
WARM OCEAN CURRENTS

Warm ocean currents flow away from the equatorial region on the western side of ocean basins.
These are ocean currents with warm waters and may include, the warm Mozambique current
or the warm Agulhas current or South equatorial current in Africa. Other warm currents
include; the warm gulf stream, the North Atlantic drift, the North pacific current, the
Kuroshio current, the East Australia current, the Brazilian current and the North east
monsoon drift.
.
COLD OCEAN CURRENTS

Cold ocean currents flow toward the equator on the eastern side of ocean basins.
These are ocean currents with waters of low temperature, i.e. the waters are cold. In Africa the
main cold ocean currents include; the cold Benguela current and the cold Canary current.
Elsewhere examples include the Californian current, cold Peruvian current, the North
equatorial current, East Greenland current, the West Australian current, Labrador
current and Falkland ocean current.
Importance of rainfall
 Sources of rivers
 Sources of drinking water
 Growing crops
 Survival of wildlife; growth of grassland, shrubs, bushes, forests etc
 Cooling and refreshing of the atmosphere
 Soil formation.
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Negative effects of rain
Causes floods
Acidic rain, different elements pollute air
Thunderstorm and lightening
Drought, absence of rainfall in some areas has effects to organisms.
Different lines joining equal places in a map
 Line joining the same amount of pressure is called isobars
 Line joining the same amount of rainfall is called isohyets
 Line joining the same amount of temperature is called isotherms
 Water depth line is called isobaths
 Points receiving equal amounts of Sunshine is called isohels
 Cloud cover line is called isonephelic
 Line showing equal speed of the wind is called isotachs.
 Line showing equal climate is called isopleth
NOTE: Converting temperature;
9
Centigrade into Fahrenheit F= ( × C)+32
5
5
Fahrenheit into temperature C= (F-32)
9
 The temperature decreases at the rate of 0.6˚C after every altitude increases to 100 M. The higher
the altitude of a place the lower the temperature and vice versa. Therefore;
0.6˚C = 100M
 An Island is the part of the land surrounded by water on all sides, eg. Madagascar Island (fourth in
the world), Hawaii Island in Pacific Ocean.
 Peninsula is a landform surrounded by water on the majority. It is an area of land almost
completely surrounded by water except for an isthmus connecting it with the mainland.
 A cape is the headland of large size extending into a body of water usually sea eg. A Cape of Good
Hope in South Africa and Cape of Agulhas in South Africa.
 Gulf is the large inlet from the ocean into landmass. Or area of sea surrounded on three sides by
land eg. Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aden (in Red sea), gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) and gulf of Persian.
 The process of producing energy from the energy source is called harnessing energy
 Sources of energy include;
Firewood, coal energy, wind energy (Kafue dam in Zimbabwe), hydroelectric power, natural gas,
petroleum and solar energy.
 Gorge is a deep narrow steep sided river valley. It is usually a rock
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 Plateau is the highland which is flat at the top. It is a wide flat area on the mountain.
 Spur is a raised part between two valleys. It has U or V shape downward.
 Cliff is a side of a mountain that forms a vertical wall. Contour touches each other or are nearly
touching each other
 Saddle (pass) is wide lowland between two highlands. Also, it is the gap between two mountains. It can
allow the passage of railway or road
 Col is a narrow sunken area between two mountains. This is not wide as saddle/pass.
Saddle col
 A ridge is a long, narrow highland with steep slopes on its sides.

 Escarpment/scarp is a raised place whose one side is steep slope while the other side is a gentle slope.
Contours are very close to each other on one side but far apart on another side; eg. sides of rift valley.
 A hill is a part of the land that is raised than the surrounding ground
 Estuary is the wider area of the river entering in the sea or lake.
Delta is the branches of the river at the mouth of the river before entering a lake or sea or ocean. The river
spilt into smaller rivers before entering the sea eg. Nile Delta
MORE S. S. T
 Tanzania traditional dances
Dance Society(ies) Region

Mdumange Sambaa Tanga
Mdundiko Zaramo Dar es Salaam and Coast
Sindimba Makonde Mtwara
Mangala Hehe Iringa and Njombe
Akasimbo Haya Kagera
Lizombe Ngoni Ruvuma
Ritungu Kurya Mara
Ling’oma Nyakyusa and Ndali Mbeya and Songwe
Mbeta Luguru Morogoro
Gobogobo/beni Sukuma Mwanza, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Geita
Mtingo/Iringi Chagga Kilimanjaro
Kivilila Kinga Mbeya, Njombe and Iringa
Kibati Pemba Zanzibar
Sangula Pogoro Morogoro
Ijanja Pare Kilimanjaro and Tanga
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Mganda Pangwa Ruvuma
 Traditional houses
1. Tembe- Gogo
2. Manyata- Maasai
3. Msonge- Haya
 Causes of environmental destruction/degradation

 Overpopulation, many number of people can lead to environmental degradation
 Bad agricultural practices, eg the use of pesticides destroy fertility of soil
 Deforestation- cutting down trees without planting others
 Environmental pollution- eg poor waste disposal
 Natural disaster eg. earthquake, tsunami, tornadoes etc
 How to overcome/ solve the problem of environmental degradation
 Use of terrace on steep slope to control soil erosion
 Growing more than one crop in the same area or farm. It increases soil fertility.
 Practicing crop rotation (exchanging crops annually or seasonally)
 Organic fertilizers should be used ( animal manure instead of chemical fertilizer
 Planting trees in a bare land- helps to prevent soil erosion.
 Disaster/Calamities/Catastrophes
These are unexpected events which cause damages and destruction of properties and life of living
organisms. They have been categorised into two types such as;
Natural disasters Artificial disasters

1. Earthquake- shake of the earth’s crust (plates 1. War- fighting and causing damages
59
move) eg. Haiti in 2010 more than 300,000 deaths like death and disabilities
2. Volcanic eruption- rise of hot magma from inner 2. Accidents- different crashes like car
part of earth’s surface crash
3. Floods- overflow of water beyond its designed way 3. Fire
eg. Morogoro (Kilosa) and Kilimanjaro (Same) are 4. Chemical spills
affected 5. Terrorism
4. Landslides- Mass movement of soil 6. Acid rain
5. Drought- Absence of rainfall in a particular area
6. Hurricanes- very strong wind spiralling inwards
and outwards
7. Tsunami- series of water waves
8. Tornadoes- wind blows in a circle
9. Lightning and thunderstorms
10.Epidemic diseases- eg. Cholera, Ebola and Corona
virus
 Effects or results caused by both natural and artificial disasters

Negative effects
o Loss of human life
o Destruction of properties like building and food
o Emergence of refugees
o Eruption of diseases
o Soil erosion
Positive effects
o Formation of soil fertility
o Formation of landforms eg. Mt. Kilimanjaro, Mt. Meru, Mt. Oldonyo Lengai and Ngorongoro
crater. These attract tourists.
 Economic changes in Tanzania;
 Infrastructure; many roads are tarmac also railway network is being constructed using modern
standard gauge (SGR) from Dar es Salaam to Mwanza.
 Improvement of air transportation
 Improvement of mining sector
 Improvement of electricity supply eg. Rural Energy Agency (REA)
 Improvement of communication, many areas are accessible.
 Livestock keeping
This involves keeping animals for different purposes. It may involve variety of domestic animals such as
cows, goats, sheep, rabbits, hens, peacocks etc.
Types of livestock keeping
 Zero grazing- animals are kept and fed in a confined place. Little number of animals is kept.
Sometimes in large farms owned by the state, companies or individuals. These farms are called
ranches example in Kongwa district and West Kilimanjaro.
60

Free-range rearing- Animals are taken into grazing area in the morning and taken back home in
the evening.
 Nomadic pastoralism- Pastoralists move with their livestock from place to place looking for
pasture and water eg. Mwanza, Mara, Arusha, Shinyanga, Tabora, Dodoma, Singida and Kilimanjaro
famous tribes include Maasai, Sukuma, Gogo, Nyamwezi and Meru.
Importance of Livestock keeping
 Animals give us meat, milk, skin, hoofs and manure
 Animal skins are used to make shoes, bags, belts and drums
 It gives us foreign currency
NOTE: Overgrazing- is the practice of keeping a large number of animals in a small
area.
 Water
It is an essential and vital liquid to living organisms including human being. About three quarters of the
earth is water. Also three quarter of the human body is water.
There are three main sources of water
 Underground water- found underneath the earth’s surface such as spring, wells and rivers
 Surface water- found on the earth’s surface such as lakes, seas and oceans
 Rain water- this comes from falling rain.
Uses of water
 Used for domestic purposes eg. cooking, bathing, drinking, washing clothes, building
 Used in industries eg. cooling machines
 Used for irrigation
 Used for generation of Hydro electric power eg. Nyumba ya Mungu (Kilimanjaro), Mtera
(iringa) and Kidatu (Morogoro).
 Tools used to record historical information

 Tape recorder- for recording sound
 Cameras- for taking pictures; both still pictures and videos
 Note books- for taking notes
 Pencil and pen- for writing
 Interaction between Tanzania and Asia.
This was the first contact between Tanganyika’s and foreigners. It started in 8th C (200 BC). It became
popular in 9th and 10th centuries. People came from Middle East (Syria, Iran, Oman and Yemen) and Far
East (China, India and Indonesia). The interaction was facilitated by the presence of Monsoon winds
(trade winds).
The first was Northeast monsoon wind from Asia to East Africa blew in November- April.
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The second was Southeast monsoon wind from East African coast to Asia from May- October. So
interaction was contributed by trade winds, Indian ocean, presence of harbour and availability of trading
commodities like slaves, ivory, gold etc.
Effects of the interaction between Tanzania and Asians
 Development of slave trade
 Introduction of new agricultural crops eg. cloves and coconuts
 Growth of Swahili language eg. Words nazi, karafuu, ustaarabu, shikamoo and mwinyi.
 It led to intermarriage, formation of chotara
 Spread of Islam and Arabic culture eg. in Ujiji, Unguja, Pemba, Kilwa and Tanga.
 Growth of towns eg. Bagamoyo, Kilwa, Zanzibar and Unguja.
 Agreement reached during Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

 Effective occupation, control and exploit effectively
 Notification; inform others over domination of the area
 King Leopold of Belgium was recognized as ruler of Congo and British river Niger. All rivers
were free for all colonial powers.
 Abolition of slave trade in the colonies.
NOTE: East Africa was not divided during Berlin Conference hence led to First Anglo-German
Agreement (Delimitation treaty -1886) and Second Anglo-Germany Agreement (Helgoland
treaty- 1890)
 Methods used by colonialists to create colonial rule in Africa
 The use of military forces, especially areas with strong resistance Iringa, Tabora, Tanga,
Kilimanjaro and Ruvuma
 Signing of bogus treaties eg. Carl Peters with Mangungo of Msovero of Kilosa
 Use of local rulers/ chiefs
 Use of commercial companies like IBEACO, GEACO and BSACO
 Through collaboration and alliance eg. Bena and Sangu with Germans vs Hehe
 The use of gumboot diplomacy etc.
 Ethiopia was not colonized due to number of reasons, among others

 Italians were defeated during Adowa battle of 1896
 Geographical factor- infertile land and mountainous country
 Strong leadership of King Menelik II
 The use of Ahamaric language, helped to unite Ethiopians.
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 Why Africans resisted colonialists?
 To preserve African independence
 To protect African natural resources eg. fertile soil. Minerals and lakes
 They resisted exploitation and oppression
 Opposed forced labour, land alienation and tazation.
 Protected against trading interest.
 African resistance failed because;
 Disunity, some societies didn’t participate
 Poor weapons used by Africans eg. stones against bullets
 Poor beliefs, eg. during MajiMaji believed in magic power against bullet
 Presence of puppet and traitors; some leaders collaborated with colonialists eg. Merere of Sangu
with Germans to defeat Hehe.
 Our culture is affected by
 Development of science and technology- mobile phone and Tv can make people to change and
adopt new ways
 Environmental changes- climate can lead to introduce new culture, crops etc
 Kiswahili has undermined the culture of some communities.
 Social media and communication eg. Whatsapp, twitter, facebook, telegram and instagram.
 Globalization- people adopt new ways due to massive interaction.
SOME EVENTS HAPPENED

1. 1998 Occurrence of El Nino (heavy rain) in Tanzania
2. 1996 The tragic accident of MV Bukoba in lake Victoria (almost 800 deaths)
3. 2002 A terrible accident in Dodoma, many people lost their lives
4. 2019, 2020- The world disaster (Covid19) shook the world, many people lost lives
5. 25th July, each year Tanzania commemorate Mashujaa day (Heroes day)
Slug map was drawn by Johannes Rebman in the mid of 19th C (1856). It shows the areas along Mt.
Kilimanjaro, Mt. Meru, Oldonyo Lengai and Engaruka.
The map of East Africa was drawn by Jacob Erhadit.
In Tanzania wind energy is generated mostly in Singida.
63
Wind pumps water from the ground (helps to run windmill).
Advantages of wind
 Wind helps in pollination of flowers; agents as the result we get fruits and seeds
 Wind helps in drying clothes- it absorbs moisture from clothes windmill

 It cools environment- eg in hot area people like to go to the beach for recreation
 Helps in formation of rainfall.
Disadvantages of wind
 Destroy buildings
 Spread of diseases like flue and tuberculosis
 Destruction of natural vegetation and crops
NOTE: When wind blows from South to North is called Southern wind and when
blows from North to South it is called Northern wind, the same to other directions East and
West.
 WENELA -was an institution used by British to recruit labourers in mining centres in South Africa
 Some of parties and people that were supported by Capitalists soon after independence in Africa
because would support their interests include; UNITA by Jonas Savimbi in (Angola) against MPLA,
RENAMO by Osuffo Momade in (Mozambique) against FRELIMO and Mobutu Sese Seko and Moses
Tshombe in Congo against Patrice Lumumba. These were socialists.
 The structure of Colonial administrative systems in Tanganyika and Zanzibar
GERMAN COLONIAL RULE
Secretary of the colonies - Office in Berlin
Governor
-in the colonies
Advisory council
District Commissioner
Jumbes Akidas
Liwalis
Akida, Jumbes and Liwalis -these were Arabs and Africans who knew how to read and write.
Their roles; collected taxes, ensured peace and security and they mobilized labourer to work
BRITISH COLONIAL RULE
Secretary of colonies/
64 Minister of colonies
Governor
Executive council
Legislative body
Advisory body
Provincial Commissioner
Map
A map is a representation of all or part of the surface of the earth on a flat surface such as a sheet of paper.
There are mainly two types of maps which are;
a) Topographic maps- they represent natural features like rivers, oceans, lakes, mountains and
manmade features such as roads, railways and buildings.
b) Statistical maps- Represent distribution of geographical data or information; eg. Population,
amount of rainfall, temperature, minerals, air pressure etc.
Uses of maps
 Show the location of things and places
 Used by armies to determine the location of enemies
 Used by travellers; sailors and pilots to direct vehicles
 Used by land surveyors and town planners
 Used by engineers eg. roads, houses and railways
 Essentials of the map include;
 Scale- relationship between map distance and actual distance on the ground, eg. you can’t
draw 1km on a piece of paper
 Key- interprets the symbols and signs used in the map (also called legend)
 Title- tells us what the map is about
 Margin/Frame- shows the demarcation or ends of the map (borders)
 North direction/compass- direction of a place on a map usually top side.
 Eight cardinal points; East, West, North, South, North East, North West, South East and South West.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN SOCIAL STUDIES
1. Village - a group of houses and associated building located in a rural area.
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2. Environment – anything that is around us
3. Environmental conservation – is the protection of it against destruction
4. Deforestation – a random cutting down of many trees
5. Afforestation – a process of planting trees to an area where there were no trees.
6. Reforestation – a process of re-planting trees after clear cutting
7. Soil erosion – is the removal of top layer of the soil by water, wind or ice
8. Mining – is the digging of minerals from the ground
9. Mines- places where minerals are extracted.
10. Ditch- is a long narrow hole dug on the ground.
11. Famine – is the scarcity of food for a long period of time.
12. Drought – is the shortage of rainfall for a long period of time.
13. Industry – is the place where raw materials are changed into finished goods.
14. Overgrazing – is the feeding of many animals in a small area
15. Overstocking – is the keeping of many animals in a small area.
16. Record keeping – is the process of storing information for future use.\
17. Museum – is the building in which historical objects are kept and shown to the public.
18. Historical site – is the place which has the past of man’s physical development and tools he made and
used.
19. Archive – is the building which has a collection of written documents of the past.
20. Oral tradition – is the passing of historical information from generation to another by the word of
mouth.
21. Curator – is a person who works in a museum.
22. Weather – is the atmospheric condition recorded within a short period of time.
23. Climate – is the atmospheric condition recorded for a long period of time.
24. Meteorology – is the study of weather forecasting.
25. Meteorologist – is the person who studies weather.
Weather Instruments of Standard unit for Lines joining the

elements measuring weather each weather same amount of…
element element in the map
26. Temperature Thermometer Degrees Centigrade Isotherms

27. Rainfall Rain gauge Millimeters (mm) isohyets
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28. Wind speed Anemometer Kilometer per hour Isotachs
km/hr
29. Wind direction Wind vane Compass direction
30. Sunshine Sunshine recorder hours isohels
31. Humidity Hygrometer Percentage
32. Clouds Observation Oktas or eighth isonephelic
33. Pressure barometer millibars isobars
34. Temperature – is the degree of hotness or coldness of a place.

35. Rainfall – are water droplets falling from the sky
36. Wind – is the moving air.
37. Sunshine – is the light and heat that come from the sun.
38. Humidity – is the amount of air vapour in the atmosphere.
39. Air pressure – is the force exerted by air on the surface.
40. Clouds – a visible mass of water droplets suspended in the air.
41. Flood – is the overflow of water from body of water.
42. Family – is a group of people who are closely related.
43. Clan – is the group of families which come from a common ancestor.
44. Community – is the group of people who are living together in a particular area.
45. Cooperation – is the process of working together for a common purpose.
46. Bereavement – is a state of being in severe pain after the loss of a loved one.
47. Disaster – is a sudden event that causes great damage
48. Learning – a process of getting new knowledge and skills.
49. Division of labour – is the sharing of duties.
50. Hunting – is the activity of killing wild animals for food.
51. Poaching – is the illegal activity of killing wild animals
52. Relationship – is the connection between one person with another.
53. Culture – is the total of life of a particular society. The study of human culture is called Anthropology
54. Traditions – are the inherited ways of doing things
55. Customs – are the accepted ways of doing things.
56. Norms – are a set of behaviours which are accepted in a particular group of people.
57. Values – are beliefs about what is right and what is wrong.
58. Communalism – is the first mode of production in which major means of production are owned by all.
59. Feudalism – is the mode of production in which major means of production are owned by few people.
67
60. Umwinyi – is the feudal system which was practiced along the coast of Tanzania.
61. Shakua – are people who were collecting taxes in Umwinyi
62. Nyarubaja – is the feudal system which was practiced in the western part of lake Victoria.
63. Omukana – the landlord in the Nyarubanja system.
64. Sebuja – the owners of the cattle.
65. Ubugabire – is the feudal system which was practiced in the western part of Tanzania.
66. Bagabire – the people who did not own cattle in Ubugabire
67. Leader – is a person who guides and directs others in a society.
68. Ntemiship – is the feudal system which was practiced in central part of Tanzania.
69. Moran – is defender of the maasai society.
70. Laibon – is the chief leader of the maasai society.
71. Barter trade – is the exchange of good for goods.
72. Hero – is a person who is admired for doing something great in the society.
73. Invasion – is the act of entering a place by force
74. Road reserve – is a special area kept for the use of roads in future
75. Game reserve – is an area preserved for wild animals
76. Map – is a drawing of an object as it is seen from above.
77. Picture – is the drawing of an object as it is seen from the front.
78. Scale – is the relationship between map distance and actual ground distance.
79. Title – is the heading given to a map
80. Compass – is an instrument which is used to show directions on the earth.
81. Solar system – is the arrangement of planets and other heavenly bodies around the sun.
82. Planets – are large heavenly bodies that revolve around the sun.
83. Comets – Is a small heavenly body made up of ice, dust and gas.
84. Meteors – are small rocky materials formed by broken comets.
85. Meteorites - are the meteors which have fallen to the earth’s surface.
86. Asteroids – are small rocky material revolving around the sun between the orbits of mars and Jupiter.
87. Astronomy – is the study of heavenly bodies.
88. Astronomer – is the person who studies heavenly bodies.
89. Telescope – is an object which is used to observe distant objects.
90. Resource – is any valuable thing which can be used to create wealth.
91. Minerals – are valuable materials obtained from the ground.
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92. Production – is an action of making goods from our resources.
93. Fishing – is the activity of catching fish from water bodies.
94. Agriculture – is the activity of growing crops and keeping animals.
95. Cash crops – are all types of crops which are produced for sale.
96. Food crops – are all types of crops which are produced for food.
97. Transport – is the movement of people and goods from one place to another.
98. Trade – is the buying and selling of goods between people.
99. Infrastructure – is the general term for road, railway and telecommunication.
100. Forest – is a large area which is covered by trees and bushes.
101. National park – is a protected area for wildlife owned by the government.
102. Economic activity – is any legal activity which is done by people and enables them to obtain their
needs.
103. Global warming- is the gradual increase of temperature in the earth’s atmosphere.
104. Ozone layer- is the layer that protects us from direct radiation from the sun.
105. By laws- are laws which are established by local authorities to be applied in the area concern.
106. Decade- is the duration of ten (10) years
107. Century- is the duration of 100 years or 10 decades
108. Millennium- is the duration of 1000 years or 100 decades
109. Generation- is the average difference between parents and children
110. Carbon 14- was the method that was used to determine dates eg. Dr. Leakey used it.
111. Ecosystem- is the interaction between living things and non living things
112. Biodiversity- refers to different forms of life on earth eg. animals (fauna) and plants (flora)
113. Recycling- a place of transforming waste materials into reusable products eg. paper into charcoal.
114. Taboo- is a practice that is prohibited by social or religious customs.
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CIVICS

Leadership in the region

Also, there is Regional Consultative Committee (RCC) made up of the following:-

Regional Medical Officer (RMO)

Regional Police Commander (RPC)

Regional Education Officer (REO)

The national constitution

Constitution changes in Tanzania since 1961 (independence time)

A law is a set of rules which govern a country.

There are two types of bills:-

Qualities of Tanzanian citizenship

Main pillars/branches/arms of Tanzanian government

There are three branches/pillars/arms of the government; these are:-

a) President b) National assembly

Land division High court of Tanzania—High court of Zanzibar

Constitution division Resident Magistrate courts (resident and district courts

High court of Tanzania

 Hearing murder cases (Killing a person intentionally)

The constitution of URT guarantees people the following:-

a) Tanzania Women Lawyers Association (TAWLA)

Functions of NEC include:-

 NEC should be neutral; without favouring some people

The security of nation and its resources

Institutions of national security are:-

 defend the nation and its boundaries,

d) Tanzania Intelligence Security Service (TISS) established in 1996

Tanzania in the world of culture globalization

Things that make the world like a village;

Positive effects of globalisation

 Decrease of price of some goods due to the increase of competition

S/ Former name Current/new name

c) Late/New Stone Age (50,000Bc to 1 BC)

B: Iron Age (1,500-)

S/ Society Title Leader

Abolition of slave trade in East Africa (three treaties signed)

Struggle for independence of Tanganyika (Some people who contributed)

 CHRONOLOGICAL PRESIDENTS OF URT AND ZANZIBAR

S/N PRESIDENTS OF UNITED REP OF TANZANIA PRESIDENTS OF ZANZIBAR

Prime ministers of united republic of Tanzania (URT) since independence

 Mwl. J.K. Nyerere first prime minister of Tanganyika 1961-1962

Colony Former colonial power Latter colonial power

INDEPENDENCE OF DIFFERENT AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Country Colonial Indep. Year First president Political party

Some important and prominent leaders in Africa towards

Ahmed Sekou Toure

Leopold Sedar Senghor

Gamal Abdel Nasser

 Groups of societies or languages in East Africa;

 Flag of Tanganyika had three colours; black, green and yellow

ABOUT SOUTH AFRICA IN FROM 15TH CENTURY TO 20TH CENTURY

Countries leading for/ being famous for,,,,,,,, worldwide/Africa;

Product/crop/servic Uses of product World wide Africa

The solar system

Importance of the sun includes the following;

June March September December

 Minerals mined in Tanzania and their use

Mineral Place obtained/found Uses

 A person who is specialized in taking photograph using a camera is called photographer

a. Temperature is the degree of hotness and coldness of an object or place. It is measured by

There are three types of rainfall

2. Cyclonic rainfall (Frontal rainfall)

Differences in temperature; ocean currents may be caused by differences in

WARM OCEAN CURRENTS