STATE

Name:
DikshaMor
e

Cl
ass:
B.B.
A-LL.
B(Sem X)

Rol
lno.
:L15017

Subj
ect
:Publ
i
cInt
ernat
ional
Law
St
ate–agr
oupofpeopl
eli
vi
ngt
oget
heri
nadef
ini
tet
err
it
oryunderani
ndependent
gov
ernmentor
gani
zedf
orpol
i
tical
endsandcapabl
eofent
eri
ngi
ntoi
nter
nat
ional
rel
ati
ons.

Somewr i
tersnolonerrecogni
zedthedist
inct
ionbetweenstat
eandnat i
on,pointi
ngoutthat
thesetwotermsarenowusedi nanidenti
calsense.Nevert
hel
ess,
ar espectablenumberof
j
urist
ssti
llhol
dthatthestatei
salegalconcept,t
henationi
sonlyaracialorethni
cconcept.

El
ement
sofASt
ate

1.Peopl
e

2.Ter
ri
tor
y

3.Gov
ernment

4.Sov
erei
gnt
y

A.Peopl
e–t
hei
nhabi
tant
soft
heSt
ate.

Peoplemustbenumerousenoughtobesel
f-suf
fi
cingandtodefendthemsel
ves,
andsmal
l
enoughtobeeasi
lyadmini
ster
edandsust
ained.Theyareaggr
egate

ofi
ndivi
dual
sofbot
hsexeswhol
i
vet
oget
herasacommuni
tydespi
ter
aci
alorcul
tur
al
di
ff
erences.

•Gr
oupsofpeopl
ewhi
chcannotcompr
iseaSt
ate:

 Amazons–notofbot
hsexes;
cannotper
pet
uat
ethemsel
ves

 Pirat
es–consi
der
edasout
sidet
hepal
eofl
aw,
treat
edasanenemyofal
lmanki
nd;
“hosti
shumani
gener
is”

B.Ter
ri
tor
y–t
hef
ixedpor
ti
onoft
hesur
faceoft
heear
thi
nhabi
tedbyt
hepeopl
eoft
heSt
ate.
Thesizeisi
rr
elevant.(
SanMarinov.Chi
na)
.But,pr
acti
cal
l
y,mustnotbetoobi
gastobe
di
ffi
cultt
oadmi ni
steranddef
end;butmustnotbetoosmall
astounabletopr
ovi
deforpeopl
e’
s
needs.

C.Government–theagencyori
nst
rument
ali
tyt
hroughwhi
cht
hewi
l
loft
heSt
atei
sfor
mul
ated,
expr
essedandreal
ized.

D.Soverei
gnt
y–t hepowert
odi
recti
tsownext
ernal
aff
air
swi
thouti
nter
fer
enceordi
ctat
ion
fr
om otherst
ates.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofSt
ates

1.I
ndependentst
ates–hav
ingf
ull
int
ernat
ional
per
sonal
i
ty.

 Soverei
gnt
y–connot
esf
reedom i
nthedi
rect
ionbyt
hest
atei
nit
sowni
nter
nal
and
ext
ernalaf
fai
rs.

 inter
nati
onall
awi sconcernedonlywit
hthi
sfr
eedom i
nsofarasitr
elat
estoexter
nal
aff
air
s;hence,astat
ewhi chisnotsubj
ectt
odict
ati
onfr
om ot
hersinthi
srespecti
s
knownasani ndependentstate.

2.Dependentst
ates–exempl
ifi
edbythesuzeraintyandtheprotect
orat
eandar
esocal
l
ed
becausetheydonothav
eful
lcontr
oloft
heirexternalr
elat
ions.

 Dependentstatesfal
lint
otwogeneralcategor
ies:
theprotect
orat
eandt
hesuzerai
nty
.
However,ther
ei snounanimit
yastotheirbasi
cdisti
nct
ionsinter
msofmeasureof
cont
roloverit
sext er
nalaff
air
s.

3.Neut
ral
izedstat
es–anindependentstat
e,whet
heri
tbesi
mpleorcomposit
e,maybe
neut
ral
i
zedt hr
oughagr
eementwithotherst
atesbyvi
rt
ueofwhi
chthelat
terwi
llguar
ant
eei
ts
i
ntegr
it
yandindependenceprov
ideditr
efr
ainsfrom t
aki
nganyactt
hatwi
l
linv
olv
eiti
nwaror
ot
herhost
il
eactivi
tyexceptf
ordefensi
vepurposes.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionorTy
pesofAnI
ndependentSt
ate

1.Si
mplestate–onewhichispl
acedunderasingl
eandcentral
i
zedgov
ernmentexer
cisi
ng
poweroverbothi
tsi
nter
nalandext
ernal
aff
air
s( e.
g.Phi
l
ippi
nesandHol
land)
.

2.Composi
testat
e–onewhi chconsist
stwoormor estat
es,
eachwit
hit
sownseparat
e
gover
nmentbutboundundercentralaut
hori
tyexer
cisi
ng,t
oagreat
erorl
essdegr
ee,
contr
ol
overt
hei
rext
ernalr
elat
ions.

Ki
ndsorCat
egor
iesofComposi
teSt
ates:

a)RealUnion–creat
edwhent woormorestatesaremergedunderauni
fi
edauthor
it
ysothat
theyf
orm asingl
eint
ernat
ionalper
sont
hroughwhichtheyactasoneent
it
y(e.
g.Norwayand
Swedenfrom 18154to1905).

b)FederalUnion( orafederat
ion)–i sacombi nationoftwoormoresov er
eignstat
eswhi ch
uponmer gerceaset obest at
es,result
inginthecr eati
onofanewstat
ewi thful
lint
ernat
ional
personal
it
ytor epresentthem i
ntheirexternalr
elationsaswel
lasacertaindegreeofpower
overthedomest icaffai
rsandtheirinhabi
tants(e.g.GermanEmpir
eundert heConstit
uti
onof
1871).

c)Confederat
ion–anorganizati
onofst at
eswhichret
ainthei
rint
ernalsoverei
gnt
yand,t
o
somedegr ee,
thei
rext
ernal
sov ereignty
,whil
edel
egati
ngtothecol l
ecti
vebodypowerto
repr
esentthem asawholeforcertainli
mit
edandspecif
iedpurposes(e.g.Germanst
atesi
n
1866until
theyevent
uall
ydevelopedi nt
oamor ecl
osely
-kni
tfederati
on).

d)PersonalUni
on–comesint
obei
ngwhentwoormoreindependentst
atesar
ebrought
toget
herundert
herul
eoft
hesamemonarch,
whonever
thelessdoesnotconst
it
uteone
i
nt er
nati
onalpersonforthepur poseofrepresent
inganyorall oft
hem.Strictl
yspeaking
therefor
e,t
heper sonal
uni oni
snotacomposi testatebecausenonewi nternati
onalpersonis
createdtorepr
esentitininter
national
relat
ions(e.g.Bel
gium andtheFormerCongoFr eeStat
e
from 1885to1905) .

Met
hodsbywhi
chSt
atusofASt
atei
sAcqui
red

1.Rev
olut
ion

2.Uni
fi
cat
ion

3.Secessi
on

4.Asser
ti
onofi
ndependence

5.Agr
eement
sAt
tai
nmentofci
vi
li
zat
ion

ThePr
inci
pleofSt
ateCont
inui
ty

From t
hemomentofitscr
eati
on,t
hestat
ecoint
inuesasajur
ist
icbei
ngnotwit
hstanding
changesinit
sci
rcumst
ances,
provi
dedonl
ythattheydonotr
esulti
nlossofanyofitsessent
ial
el
ement s.

Ext
inct
ionoft
heSt
ate

Nevert
heless,
iti
serr
ortosupposet
hatastatei
simmor t
al.Ther
earei
nst
anceswhenaradical
i
mpai r
mentoractuall
ossofoneormoreoftheessent
ialel
ementsoft
hestat
ewil
lresul
tinit
s
ext
incti
on.

Successi
onofSt
ates

Stat
esuccessiontakesplacewhenonestat
eassumest
her
ightsandsomeoft
heobl
i
gat
ionsof
anotherbecauseofcert
ainchangesi
nthecondi
ti
onoft
hel
att
er.

Uni
versal
Successi
on–whenastat
eisannexedtoanot
herst
ateori
stot
all
ydi
smember
edor
mergeswithanot
herst
atet
ofor
m anewstate.
Part
ialSuccessi
on–whenapor t
ionoft
heter
ri
toryofast
atesecedesoriscededt
oanotheror
whenani ndependentstat
ebecomesaprot
ectorat
eorasuzer
aintyorwhenadependentst
ate
acquir
esfullsover
eignt
y.

ConsequencesofSt
ateSuccessi
on

•Theall
egianceoft
heinhabitant
soft
hepr
edecessorst
atei
nthet
err
it
oryaf
fect
edi
s
tr
ansf
erredtothesuccessorstat
e.

•Thepol
i
tical
lawsofthefor
mersov
erei
gnar
eautomatical
l
yabr
ogat
edandmayber
est
ored
onl
ybyapositi
veactonthepar
toft
henewsover
eign.

•Treat
iesofapol
i
tical
andevencommerci
alnat
urear
eal
sodiscont
inued,
butt
hesuccessor
st
ateisboundbytr
eati
esdeal
ingwi
thl
ocalri
ght
sanddut
ies.

•All
rightsofthepredecessorst
atear
einher
it
edbyt
hesuccessorst
atebutt
hisi
snotsowher
e
thel
iabil
i
tiesareconcerned.

Successi
onofGov
ernment
s

Onegov er
nmentr eplacesanot herei
therpeaceful
l
yorbyv i
olentmet
hods.Inbot
hinst
ances,
the
i
ntegri
tyofthestateisnotaf f
ect ed;
thestateconti
nuesasthesameinter
nati
onalper
son
exceptonl
yt hati
tslawfulrepresentati
veischanged.

Therul
eist
hatwheret
henewgovernmentwasorgani
zedbyvi
rtueofaconst
it
uti
onalr
efor
m,
theobl
i
gati
onsoft
herepl
acedgov
ernmentareal
socomplet
elyassumedbytheformer
.

Conversel
y,wheret
henewgov ernmentwasestabli
shedt hr
oughvi
olence,
itmayl
awful
l
yrej
ect
thepurel
ypersonal
orpoli
ti
calobli
gati
onsofthepredecessorgov
ernmentbutnott
hose
contr
actedbyiti
ntheordi
narycourseofoff
ici
albusiness.
Recogni
ti
onofSt
ate

Therecogniti
onofanewst ateisthefr
eeactbywhi choneormor estat
esacknowl edget
he
exist
enceonadef ini
teterr
itor
yofahumansoci et
ypol i
ti
cal
lyor
ganized,i
ndependentofany
otherexi
sti
ngst at
e,andcapableofobservingt
heobl i
gati
onsofinter
national
law,andbywhich
theymanifestther
eforethei
rintenti
ontoconsi
deritamemberoft heinternat
ionalcommuni
ty.

Fundament
alRi
ght
sofASt
ate

1.Ther
ightt
onat
ional
exi
stenceandnat
ional
def
ense;

2.Ther
ightofsov
erei
gnt
yandi
ndependence;

3.Ther
ightofequal
i
ty;

4.Ther
ightofpr
oper
tyandj
uri
sdi
cti
on;
and,

5.Ther
ightofl
egat
ionordi
plomat
ici
nter
cour
se.

Themosti mportantoftheser
ight
sisther
ightofexi
stenceandsel
f-
defense,
becauseall
other
ri
ght
sar esupposedt ofl
oworbederivedf
rom it
.Byvirt
ueofthi
sri
ght,
thestatemaytake
measures,i
ncludingtheuseoffor
ce,asmaybenecessar yt
ocount
eractanydangert
oits
exi
stence.

St
ateJur
isdi
cti
on

1.i
tsnat
ional
s

2.t
het
err
est
ri
aldomai
n

3.t
hemar
it
imeandf
luv
ial
domai
n

4.t
hecont
inent
alshel
f
5.t
heopenseas

6.t
heaer
ial
domai
n

7.out
erspace

8.ot
hert
err
it
ori
es

Ter
ri
tor
ialJur
isdi
cti
on
Gener
alr
ule:
ast
atehasj
uri
sdi
cti
onov
eral
lper
sonsandpr
oper
tywi
thi
nit
ster
ri
tor
y.

Thejuri
sdi
cti
onoft
henati
onwit
hini
tsownt
erri
tor
yisnecessar
y,excl
usiv
eandabsol
ute.I
tis
suscept
ibl
eofnoli
mit
ati
onnoti
mposedbyi
tsel
f(TheSchoonerExchangevMcFaddon).

Except
ions:

1.For
eignst
ates,
headsofst
ates,
dipl
omat
icr
epr
esent
ati
ves,
andconsul
stoacer
tai
ndegr
ee;

 Forei
gnstatesandt hei
rheadsareexemptbecauseoft
hesoverei
gnequali
tyofst
ates
andonthetheor yt
hatacont r
aryrul
ewoulddist
urbt
hepeaceofnati
ons.Dipl
omatsand
consul
senjoytheexempt i
oninorderthatt
heymayhaveful
lfr
eedom inthedi
schargeof
thei
roff
ici
alfuncti
ons.

2.For
eignst
atepr
oper
tyengagedi
nnon-
commer
cial
act
ivi
ti
es;

 Byfi
cti
onofl
aw,
publ
i
cvessel
sar
eregar
dedasext
ensi
onsoft
het
err
it
oryoft
hef
orei
gn
st
ate.

3.Act
sofst
ate;

 Ever
ysov er
eignst
atei
sboundtorespectthei
ndependenceofev
eryot
hersover
eign
st
ate,andthecourt
sofonecount
rywillnotsi
tinj
udgmentontheact
softhe
 gov
ernmentofanot
her
,donewi
thi
nit
sownt
err
it
ory
.

4.For
eignmer
chantv
essel
sexer
cisi
ngt
her
ight
sofi
nnocentpassageorar
ri
val
underst
ress;

 I
nnocentpassage–nav igat
ionthroughtheter
ri
tori
alseaofthestatefort
hepurposeof
tr
aversi
ngthatseawit
houtent er
ingint
ernalwater
s,orofproceedi
ngt oi
nter
nalwater
s,
aslongasitisnotpr
ejudici
alt
ot hepeace,goodorderorsecuri
tyofthecoastal
stat
e.

 Arr
ivalunderstr
ess–entr
ancetoanot
herst
ateduetolackofprov
isi
ons,
unseawothinessoft
hevessel
,i
ncl
ementweather
,orot
herforcemajeur
e,l
i
kepur
sui
tby
pi
rates.

5.For
eignar
miespassi
ngt
hroughorst
ati
onedi
nit
ster
ri
tor
ywi
thi
tsper
missi
on;

6.Suchot
herper
sonsorpr
oper
tyov
erwhi
chi
tmay
,byagr
eement
,wai
vej
uri
sdi
cti
on.