1.

Место выбранного сектора в структуре российской экономики: % ВВП (+

тенденции), количество компаний, объем рынка (абсолютная и относительная
статистика).

The Information technology sector in Russia employed around 300,000 people in 2012, and contributed 3%
of the country's GDP in 2018. The sector is concentrated in the cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

In Russian sector of IT exists a little amount of companies. Since technological and innovative
enterprises are the driver of the development of the digital economy, their small number in
Russia poses serious risks for the digital development of the country. In 2017, the number of
people employed in the ICT sector in Russia amounted to 1.7% of the total number of people
employed in the economy (1.2 million people). This value is significantly lower than in most
developed countries, where it averages about 3%. The low share of the ICT sector in
employment once again confirms that the digital sector in Russia is relatively small.

More than a third of the Russian sector of the digital economy is in telecommunications -
communication systems, Internet access (including mobile operators and Rostelecom). Since
2010, the share of the information services sector has actually doubled, primarily related to data
processing.
A fairly high share of the equipment manufacturing sector is also maintained, including in
connection with the development of projects in the field of state information systems in
navigation (GLONASS, PLATO), online cash registers, and component production.

In all key sectors of the digital sector of Russia, a significant share of the state. As of the
beginning of 2017, the share of government bodies in the authorized capital of organizations in
the ICT sector was 35.2%, and in the content and media sector - 49%. According to the rating of
the TAdviser portal, at the beginning of 2018, the largest player in the ICT sector was the state
corporation Rostec. (production of ICT equipment), and among the leaders Rostelecom
(telecommunications, IT services - data storage, Internet, pay TV, etc.).

A significant part of the growth of the digital economy in Russia is associated with the expansion
of the public sector - the creation of new state accounting systems and the creation of new state
and municipal information systems. the creation of new public accounting systems is carried out
primarily in those industries that belong to the zone of possible state revenues - digitalization
trade (online cash desks, EGAIS, labeling of goods - fur products, Mercury, timber and lumber),
digitalization of transportation (GLONASS, Plato).

Conclusion

 Despite a number of high digitalization indicators (penetration of the Internet,

development of state online services, implementation of large-scale digital projects),
Russia is significantly behind in the development of the digital economy from countries
comparable in terms of education and the quality of human capital.
 The contribution of the digital sector ─ the core of the digital economy, to the Russian
economy is significantly inferior to developed countries. Its value in Russia is 3% of
GDP, while in most developed countries it is equal to an average of 6-7% of GDP.
 The low level of employment and the small number of enterprises in the sector of
information and communication technologies (ICT) per 1,000 people is a serious
deterrent to the development of the Russian digital sector.
 The presence of the state is too large in the digital sector of Russia. The state is one of the
drivers of growth in the digital sector, but at the same time it creates restrictions for its
development.

3. Ключевые личности (цифры): краткая биография и карьерный путь и необходимые

карьерные шаги, общие навыки / личные качества (не менее десяти представителей
отрасли: топ-менеджмент, генеральный директор, главный операционный директор,
финансовый директор, владельцы компаний в выбранных площадь)

1. Kaspersky Evgeniy Valentinovich

Until 1991, he worked at the diversified research institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. He
began to study the phenomenon of computer viruses in October 1989, when the Cascade virus
was discovered on his computer. From 1991 to 1997, he worked at the KAMI Scientific and
Technical Center, where, together with a group of like-minded people, he developed the AVP
antivirus project (now Kaspersky Anti-Virus). In 1997, Eugene Kaspersky became one of the
founders of Kaspersky Lab.
Today, Eugene Kaspersky is one of the world's leading experts in the field of virus protection.
He is the author of a large number of articles and reviews on the problem of computer virology;
he regularly speaks at specialized seminars and conferences in Russia and abroad. Evgeny
Valentinovich Kaspersky is a member of the Organization of Computer Virus Researchers
(CARO), which brings together experts in this field.
Among the most significant and interesting achievements of Evgeny Valentinovich and the
“Laboratory” headed by him in 2001 were the opening of the annual Virus Bulletin conference, a
central event in the antivirus industry, as well as the successful confrontation with all global
virus outbreaks that occurred in 2001.

2. Evgeny Roshal

Russian programmer, author of the famous file manager FAR Manager, RAR compression
format, RAR and WinRAR archivers, especially popular in Russia and the countries of the
former USSR.
Eugene Roshal graduated from the Instrument Engineering Department of the Chelyabinsk
Polytechnic Institute with a degree in Computing Machines, Complexes, Systems and Networks.
In the fall of 1993, he released the first public version of the RAR 1.3 archiver, and in the fall of
1996, the FAR Manager. Later, with the growing popularity of Microsoft Windows, it released
the WinRAR archiver for Windows. The name RAR means Roshal ARchiver.

3. Sergey Brin

Sergey Mikhailovich Brin was born in Moscow into a Jewish family of mathematicians who
moved to the United States in 1979, when he was 6 years old.
In 1993, he entered Stanford University in California, where he received a master's degree and
began working on a dissertation. Already during his studies, he became interested in Internet
technologies and search engines, became the author of several studies on the topic of extracting
information from large arrays of text and scientific data, and wrote a program for processing
scientific texts.
In 1995, at Stanford University, Sergey Brin met with another graduate student in mathematics,
Larry Page, with whom they founded Google in 1998. Initially, they fiercely argued when
discussing any scientific topics, but then they became friends and united to create a search
engine for their campus. Together they wrote the scientific work “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale
Hypertextual Web Search Engine”, which is believed to contain a prototype of their future over
and above successful idea.
Brin and Page proved the validity of their idea on the university search engine
google.stanford.edu, having developed its mechanism in accordance with new principles. On
September 14, 1997, google.com was registered. Attempts were made to develop the idea and
turn it into a business. Over time, the project left the walls of the university and managed to
collect investments for further development.
The joint business grew, made a profit, and even showed enviable stability at the time of the
collapse of the dotcoms, when hundreds of other companies went bankrupt. In 2004, the names
of the founders were named by Forbes magazine on the list of billionaires.

4. Ershov Andrey Petrovich

An outstanding programmer and mathematician, academician of the USSR Academy of

Sciences, author of the first monograph on programming automation in the world. Under the
leadership of Ershov, one of the first domestic programming programs was developed
("integrated development" of the language and programming system). He formulated a number
of general principles of programming as a new and original kind of scientific activity, touched
upon an aspect that will later be called user friendliness, and was one of the first in the country to
set the task of creating programming technology. He became one of the creators of the so-called
"school informatics" and a recognized leader in Russian school informatics, and became one of
the leading world experts in this field.

5. Linus Torvalds

The creator of the world famous operating system. In early 1991, he began to write his own
platform for the average consumer, which could be distributed free of charge via the Internet.
The new system acquired the name Linux, obtained from a combination of the name of its
creator with the name UNIX. For ten years, Linux has become a real competitor to products
manufactured by Microsoft, able to squeeze the company’s monopoly in the system and server
software market.
Thousands of “interested programmers”, hackers, computer network specialists gladly picked up
Linus’s idea and began to add, finish, debug what Torvalds had offered them. In almost ten
years, Linux has gone from a toy of several hundred fans and enthusiasts, executing a couple of
dozens of commands in a primitive console, to a professional multi-user and multi-tasking 32-bit
operating system with a window graphical interface, many times surpassing Microsoft Windows
in the range of its capabilities, stability and power 95, 98 and NT and capable of working on
almost any modern IBM-compatible computer.
Today, Linux is a powerful UNIX-like platform that includes almost all the functions and a
whole complex of its own properties that are not found anywhere else. Due to its high
performance and reliability, it has become one of the most popular platforms for organizing http-
servers.

6. Steve Jobs

An American entrepreneur widely recognized as a pioneer in the era of IT technology. One of

the founders, chairman and CEO of Apple. One of the founders and CEO of Pixar Studios.
In the late 1970s, Steve and his friend Steve Wozniak developed one of the first personal
computers with great commercial potential. The Apple II computer was the first mass-produced
product of Apple, created at the initiative of Steve Jobs. Jobs later saw the commercial potential
of a mouse-driven GUI, which led to the introduction of Apple Lisa computers and, a year later,
Macintosh (Mac) computers.
After losing the power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded
NeXT, a company developing a computer platform for universities and businesses. In 1986, he
acquired the computer graphics division of the Lucasfilm film company, turning it into a Pixar
studio. He remained Pixar CEO and major shareholder until the studio was acquired by The Walt
Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs the largest private shareholder and member of the Disney
board of directors.
Difficulties in developing a new operating system for the Mac led Apple to buy NeXT in 1996 to
use NeXTSTEP as the basis for Mac OS X. Jobs received an advisor position from Apple as part
of the deal. The deal was planned by Jobs. By 1997, Jobs regained control of Apple, leading the
corporation. Under his leadership, the company was saved from bankruptcy and a year later
began to make a profit. Over the next decade, Jobs led the development of the iMac, iTunes,
iPod, iPhone and iPad, as well as the development of the Apple Store, iTunes Store, App Store
and iBookstore. The success of these products and services, which provided several years of
stable financial profit, allowed Apple to become the most expensive public company in the world
in 2011. Many commentators call Apple's resurgence one of the greatest accomplishments in
business history. At the same time, Jobs was criticized for his authoritarian management style,
aggressive actions against competitors, and the desire for total control of the product even after
its sale to the buyer.

Jobs received public acclaim and a number of awards for his influence on the technology and
music industries. He is often called the "visionary" and even the "father of the digital
revolution." Jobs was a brilliant speaker and took the presentation of innovative products to a
new level, turning them into fascinating shows. His easily recognizable figure in a black
turtleneck, worn jeans and sneakers is surrounded by a kind of cult.

7. Donald Erwin Knut

American scientist, professor emeritus at Stanford University and several other universities in
different countries, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a teacher and
ideologist of programming, the author of 19 monographs (including a number of classic books
on programming) and more than 160 articles, the developer of several well-known software
technologies.
He is the author of a world-famous series of books devoted to basic algorithms and methods of
computational mathematics, as well as the creator of desktop publishing systems TEX and
METAFONT, intended for the collection and layout of books devoted to technical topics
(primarily physical and mathematical).
The work of Andrei Petrovich Ershov, later his friend, had a greater influence on the young
Donald Knut.
Professor Knut has been awarded numerous prizes and awards in the field of programming and
computational mathematics, including the Turing Prize (1974), the US National Science Medal
(1979) and the AMS Steele Prize for a series of popular science articles, the Harvey Prize
(1995), the Kyoto Prize ( 1996) for achievements in advanced technology, Grace Murray Hopper
Award (1971).
At the end of February 2009, Knut was ranked 20th on the list of most cited authors in the
CiteSeer project.

8. Martin Fowler

He is the author of a number of books and articles on software architecture, object-oriented

analysis and development, the UML language, refactoring, and extreme programming.
Born in England, lived in London before moving to America in 1994. He currently lives in
Boston, Massachusetts.
One of the books "Refactoring. Improving the Existing Code": Martin Fowler et al. Shed light on
the process of refactoring, describing the principles and best practices for its implementation, as
well as indicating where and when to begin in-depth study of the code in order to improve it.
The book is based on a detailed list of more than 70 refactoring methods, each of which
describes the motivation and techniques of tried-and-tested code conversion with Java examples.
The methods described in the book allow you to gradually modify the code, making small
changes each time, thereby reducing the risk associated with the development of the project.

9. Bjorn Straustrup

The author of the programming language C ++.

He graduated from Aarhus University (Denmark, 1975) in mathematics and computer science,
defended his thesis (Ph. D.) in computer science at Cambridge (1979).
Until 2002, he headed the large-scale programming research department at AT&T (Computer
Science Research Center of Bell Telephone Laboratories). Now a professor at the University of
Texas, A&M.
Björn was born and raised in Aarhus, the second largest city in Denmark. He entered the State
University at the Department of Computer Science. After graduating, he received a master's
degree.
Björn Straustrup received his Ph.D. when he worked on the design of a distributed system at the
Computer Laboratory at Cambridge University (England).

10. Yukihiro Matsumoto

Japanese free software developer, creator of the Ruby programming language.

In an interview with Japan Inc., he said that he had learned to program before graduation. He
graduated from the University of Tsukuba, where he studied programming languages and
compilers.
Since 2006, he has led the Research and Development Division of the Network Applied
Communication Laboratory, a Japanese system-based integrator of free software.
He was born in 1965 in Osaka Prefecture, but at the age of four he moved to the city of Yonago
in Tottori Prefecture, therefore he often appears as a native of Yonago. He currently resides in
the city of Matsue, Shimane Prefecture.
Yukihiro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is engaged in
missionary work. He is married and has four children.