‘ Be Be Se we a on oO BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 14731:2005 ————— Execution of special geotechnical works — Ground treatment by deep vibration ‘Tae European Standard EN 14731:2006 has the status of a British Standard res asoa NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCRPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW ——_—_—_—_—_—_——_—— SS a British Standards| BS EN 14781:2005 CO National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 14781:2006. i ‘Tha UK participationin its preparation w ‘B/626, Geotechnies, which has the respons trusted to Technical Committee lity to: § — sid enquivers to understand the text; a — present to the responsible international/Buropean committee any ‘enquiries on the interprotation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; i — monitor relatad international and Burpeen developments and promulgete them inthe UK list of organiaations presented on this committe ean be obtained on é ‘request to oretary. Crore references ‘The British Standards which implement international or Buropean publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue ‘under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index or by using the ‘Search facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online, ‘This publication does not purport to include all the nacessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application, Compliance with a British Standard does not ofitself confer immunity from legal obligations. een Bee Bee Summary of pages ‘This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 24, an inside back cover and a back cover, ‘The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued, ‘is Beith Sundasd was Amendments Issued since publication bene unr the sterty Seeorcamayaty “Red No [Date (Comments ent November 2008, ee ee (© BST 24 November 2006, {ISBN 0 560 47281 7 pe Beat eeBee Be ee Ber Bae Bs Be BB Bate Bes EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 14731 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM September 2005, 10s 93.020, English Version Execution of special geotechnical works - Ground treatment by deep vibration Exdcuron de tavaux géstactriguss slau - ‘Ausorung van basonderan geotschnischen Azbatan “Arbforaon des matslls de ol par iraton (Gpazatefoa) -Bauguaverbaeserung durch “elortteNorahren ‘This European Standerd wes approved by CEN on 8 Augus 2008. are bound to comply wih the CENICENELEG inemal Regulations which aula th canons for ging this European eto of a natonal tances without ary aeration. Up-to-date seen bsographislelrences consemg sich netonl ‘sendarés may ba ebained on epplaton fo tha Cantal Serta orto any CEN memour ‘This European Standard exis in thae fel! verslne (English, French, Garman). Aversion n any thar language made by ianlaton Lnder ine rospensbyof@ CEN membar nis own language and roi otha Cantal Secrlari ha he sano sates fae Cal vorton CEN mombars ar the natona standards bods of Austria, sigur, Cyprus, Czech Republe, Denk, Eetore, rian, Fence, Germany, Gresco, Hungary, elend, eland, lay Lata, Lipvaria, Lxembours, Mala, Netarande, Norway, Polen, Parga, Sovak, ‘Sloveia, Spl, Sade, Swtzorand ard Used Kingdom, [EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITE BUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FUR NORMUNG ent Centro: use Stasoer, 365-1050 Brussels ©2005 CEN _Altgisof exs.taton in any form aby any mass resorvod Pet, No, EN 14731:2008: Werdwie for CEN naonl Memberseis Bi BB Rie Se Bee Bee Ci Bs ee EN 14731:2005 (E) Contents page Foreword... 1 Scope. 2 Normative references . 3 4 4A 42, Spocial features for ground treatment by deep vibration 5 Geotechnical investigation. a 52 Specific aspects for deep vibratory compaction 53 Specific aspects for vibrated stone columns... 6 Matorials and products. 64 General... 6.2 Materials for deep vibratory compaction... 6.3. Matorials for vibrated stone eolumns.. 7 Considerations related to design. 74 General. 72 Selection of treatment method.. 73 Design verfication.. 74 Extent and layout of treatment. 75 Sequence of treatment. 8 Execution. 81 General 82 Site preparation 83 Setting out... 34 Treatment. : 9 Supervision, testing and monitoring... 8.4 Supervision and monitorin 92 Tosting.. 10 RaCOrds we 101 Records in connection withthe execution of the ground trestment.. 102 Records at completion of the ground treatment 11 Special requirements... 144 Goneral.. 24 ee ee ee en Be BB EN 14791:2005 (E) 142 Safety. 14.3 Environmental protection, 41.4 Impact on adjecent structures. : ‘Annex A (Informative) Daep vibratory compaction.. ‘Annex B (Informative) Installation of vibrated stone columns... B41 General... 82 Ba B4 Dry bottom-feed process.. Bibliography.EN 14731:2005 (6) Foreword ‘This European Standard (EN 14731:2005) has been prepared by Technical Commitee CEN/TC 286 “Execution of special geotechnical works’ the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR, ‘This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, elther by publication of an Identical text or by endorsamant, atthe latest by March 2008, end confting nallcnal standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2008, ‘According to the CENICENELEC intemal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the folowing ‘countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Repu, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, ireland, italy, Latvia, Lithvene, Luxembourg, Malte, Netherlancs, Norway, Polsnd, Portugal, Slovakla, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Svitzeiand ‘and United Kingdom,BeBe ee ee ee Se Be 1 Scope ‘This European Standard is applicable to the planning, execution, testing and monitoring of ground treatment ‘by deep vibration achieved by depth vibrators and compaction probes. ‘The folowing types of treatment ere covered by this European Standard: — deep vibratory compaction ta density the existing ground! — vibrated stone columns to form @ stiffened composite ground structure by the insertion of granular ‘material which self shall be densified. Generally, stone columns have a diameter greater than 0.8 m and lower than 1.2m. ‘The following reatment methods are covered by this European Standard: — methods in which depth vibrators, containing osclating weights which cause horizontal vibretions, are Insartod into the ground — methods in which compaction probes are inserted into the ground using a vibrator which remains at the (ground surface and vitich in most cases ascites n a vertical mode. ‘Treatment methods ara outined In Annexes A and &, ‘The following trestment methods, among others, are not included in this European Standard: — methods in which sand or stone columns are installed by means of impact or top vibratory driven casing: — methods in which very sti columns are formed etter by the action of cement to granular materia or by the Use of concrete or any other binder, — dynamic compaction and other methods in which some form of treatment Is anplled tothe ground surface; — expos! sempaction 2 Normative references The folowing referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this European Standard, Fot dated references, only the auition cited applies, For undated references, the latest edition ofthe referenced document (neuding any amendments) applies, EN 781, Dilrigs~ Safety EEN 996, Ping equipment ~ Safety requirements EN 1990, Eurocods: Basis of structural design EN 1997-1:2004, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design ~ Part 1: General nfes XEN 1997-2, Eurocodes 7: Geotechnisal design ~ Pert 2: Ground investigation and testingee ee ee] Bee BeBe Bee Bt ee ee EN 14731:2005 (E) 3. Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Europeen Standard, the folowing terms and defnions apply. ‘Additional descriptions of some of te ground treatment methods are glvan in Annexes A and 3A doop vibratory compaction ‘ype of ground treetmert by deep vibration In which the main purpose is to density the so. The treatment is ‘applicable to many granular sols and nomally results in inoreased strength and siffness, reduced Petmeabilty and raducad susceptbilty t Iquetaetion 32 vibrated stone columns?) ‘ype of ground treatment by deep vibration in which @ depth vibrator is used to form continuous stone columns from tha maximum depth of penetration up ta the ground eurface, and hence to form a stone column/sal structure which should hava an increased strength end stiffness compared with the ground in an untreated state, The Lestment is applicable toa wide range of sols and In granular soils some densiicaion may also be ‘achieved. Three instalation processes, the dry topfeed process, the wel pracase and tho dry botiom-eed process are described in Annex B 33 vibrating toot hhem of equipment which is inserted into the ground to cause vibration at depth; commonly a depth vibrator ‘containing oscilating weights or a compaction probe inserted Inlo the ground using @ top vibrator Which remains al the ground surface 34 depth vibrator bsic component of ground treatment equipment used in the Installation of vibrated stone columns and in Vibro compaction, which vibrates horizontally by means of an eccentric welght rotating about its longitudinal axis, and penetrates into the ground. The penetration in the ground can be made easier by alr or water Tusting 38 top vibrator vibrator which remains above the ground eurface 36 ‘compaction proba tool for deep vibratory compaction which is inserted into the ground to transmit vibrations from a top vibrator which remains at the ground surface; wings, drainage or water flushing can ba provided to faclitate the compaction process 37 3p vibro compaction technique In which @ depth vibrator is used to compact granuiar soll with or without the formation of stone columns 38 try top-foed procoss method of Instaling vibrated stone columns In which the hole formed by the dapth vibrator remains open and ‘specifed granular material is fed direcly ino tha top of te hole and compacted by th vibrator in stages (the process Is described In Annex B) 1} Comment termed vibra sone columns& Be Re Bae Be BB Dee OB Bie Oe: EN 14731:2005 (E) 39 wet process ‘method of instaling vibrated stone columns in which fushing waler removes soft material, stablises the hale {and allows specified granular material to reach the tip ofthe depth vibrator where Ils compacted (he process is described in Annex 8) 3.10 dry bettom-feed process ‘method of Insteling vibrated slone columns in which specified granular material's delivered direct to the ip ofthe vibretor va @ feed pipe attached to the vibrate, with the vibrator remaining in the ground during the constructon ofthe column to maintain the stabiity ofthe Role (the process Is deserted in Annex 8) 4 Information needed for the execution of the work 44 General 4.4.4. Priorto the execution of the work, all necessary Information shall be provided 44.2. The Information should Include: 8) any legal or statutory restriction »)_ locaton of main gid fines or reference pont for salting out ¢)candlon of sutures, coads and services axfacont othe works 4) suitabie quality management system, incluing supervision, monitoring and testing 44.3. The information regarding the site conditions shall cover, whore ralevant: ) geometry of the ste including boundary conditions, tepograpty, access, slopes end headroom rections; bb) existing underground structures, services, known contaminents and archaeological constants; ©) environmental restrictions including noise, vibration, displacements, pollution and effects of seasonel variations in weather including frozen surface layers; 8) future or engoing actives such as dewatering, tunneling, deep excavations and raising of site levels. 444 Other informs which will be required is described In Clauses 5,6, 7 and 8, 42. Spectal features for ground treatment by deep vibration “Te infomation requed in relation othe practical aspects of the execution of ground treatment shall incude: — specie proect design abjctives which the execution ofthe ground treatment ls intended to ful; — water supply and tury elsposal requirements forthe wet process of installing vibrated stone columns,‘ eB Bi rn Be eRe Be ee ee od EN 14731:2006 (E) 5 Geotechnical investigation 5A General 5 All site investigation shall be undertaken in eccordanca with EN 1997-1 and prEN 1997-2, and the lasign ofthe project. 5.4.2 The extent and depth of the site Investigation shall be sulfclent to determine the characterise ground Condlions and topography of the ste and to identify ac locats ll ground formations, layers, other geological features end ground water levels affecing the execwon of the works. 5.1.3 _ All Information from site investigations shall be made available in accordance with the requeements of Clause 4 54.4 Some fis may be heterogeneous and examination In trial pis may be required fora representative geotechnical desczption. 5.41.5 Obstructons, hard layers and cobbles and boulders within the ground which would inuence or Prevent the Insertion of the vibrating tool shoud be Identfed 5.4.6 Tha presence of ground conditions which wil afect the performance of treatment shal be Identiied Including: — hard ayers; — sols sonstive to disturbance; — soils with potential for collapse settlement on wating; — sos with lquefection potenti — fils curently setting under setaveight. 5.4.7 Any contaminants and pollutants in the sol or the groundwator should be identi 5.2 Specific aspects for deep vibratory compaction 5.2.1 Spacial consideration shall be given to the extent ofthe treatable granular sols andthe location and extent of any layers which restrictor reduce the eflelency of the treatment process Including cay, lt and organic layers and layers preventing draina 52.2 Where cay, sit or organic sols ara presert, some or all the properties mentioned in §.3 may be needed 52.3 The folowing geotechnicel proparties ofthe granuiar soll may be relevant tothe design and execution ‘of ground treatment by deep vibratory compaction: — parte size citebutlon and fnes content — Insttudansty index (relative ders); — permeabity: — crushabiy of parces; — inter partite bonding caused by cementation, suction or eohesion,ea Bee en ee es Baie Bie i Se Bee ee EN 14731:2005 (E) 5.3 Specific aspocts for vibrated stone columns 53.1 Pariular attention should be given to the determination of physical and gectechrical pronertioe required forthe design and execution ofthe ground treatment by vibrated stone columns, for example: = sompressbilty; consistency Imi; — undraned sheer strength; — sensitivity. 53.2 Cartan ground condons need parlievar consideration, Intuding — locaton and extent of peat and organic so — presence of biodegradable Ml including domestic waste 6.4 General Imported materials may be naturally occuring sends end gravels, crushed rock or recycled materials such as crushed brick or concrete. Quality contrel testing Is described 6.2. Materials for deep vibratory compaction 6.2.1. Matecal may be added during deep vibratory compaction. This may be the naturel granular material ‘baing compactod at the ste or imparted materia 62.2 Added materials shall be suffcionty hard and chemically inert 90 as to remain stable during the lreatment process and subsequent working If inthe anticipated soll and groundwater conditions. 8.3 Materials for vibrated stone columns Material used to form stone colurmns shal be: — sulclanty hard and chemically inert so as to remain stable during colurmn construction and subsequent Working fe inthe andcipated soll and groundwater candltions; — graded appropriately for ompaction to form a dense colum fully interlocked with tha surrounding ground: {nd in compliance with other requirements such as drainage; — compatible with the plant used and flow freely within bottom-feed and through-foed delivery systems ‘without arching which mey block these systems. GGradings tyslealy used withthe diferent processes are given inthe folowing table, roca Grading lam Dry peed process 07 Wet prostss 2507S Dry bation aed process i080ee ee oe EN 14731:2005 (E) 7 Considerations related to design 74 General TA.4\ Tha design of ground treatment by deep vibration shall be in sccordance with EN 1890, EN'1967-tand preN 1897-2. 7.4.2 The information on ground conditions shal be assessed fo determine the sultality ofthe ground for treetment by deep wiaration, 74.3 The folowing shall be defined inthe design ofthe ground treatment: — techrical objective of the treatment (e.g. increased bearing capacty, reduced setlement reduced [quefaction potential, reduced potential for colapse settement on wetting or reduced permaabiity): — required geotechnical properties ofthe treated ground (e hear strength, stitfness, 0” permeability) teria on which treatment depth, spacing and extent are dec — target performance and the way in which treatment isto be assessed in terms of measurable parameters; — where excavation subsequent to treatment takes place, proposals for recompacton if necessary, 7.1.4 Due tothe nature of ground, variations are to be expected even after treatment and this should be taken info consieration 7.1.8 _Heave or setlemant occuring during treatment should be anticipated and allowed for Inthe design. Where infil not added during deep vibratory compaction, signiiant surface settlement Is Ikely and shall be cetmates, 7.1.8 Proposed changes in ground level subsequent fo treatment shall bs sssessed and the effect his may have on the treatment challbe evaluated TA.T_ Some deep vibration processes require large quantiles of water. The effects, f any, of pumping water into the ground on the reatment valume and the surrounding ground shall be alowed forin the design, T.1.8 The possibly of adverse affects on existing adjacent foundation systems, builings and services, earthworks, slopes, relaining structures and buried structures, arising from ground movements, pore prastures or vibrations induced by the ground treatment shall be considered in the design. TA.9 In cases where adverse offests on adjacent buldings and Infastucture are of concem, # pre conidtion survey should be carried out as described in 11.4 TAO Where stone columns ere required to perform ws drains, adequate provision should be made for surface drainage, Ifthe existing surface sol is not edequale a surace drainage blanket should be proviced. ‘tention should be given to the drainage properties of the working platform. TA.41. Where deep vinratory compaction Is not lntendéd to compact the surface layer, callers or tampers should be used ta compact this layer. Atematively, compaction can be executed from a level above final foundation level. 7.2 Selection of treatment method 7.2.4 The selected method for executing the ground treatment shall be capable of fuling the design requirements. Osserilions ofthe treatment processes are given in Annexes A and B. 10s ‘ Bi Bee ee Be Be 7.2.2 Where previous experience of tha treatment method on the type ef sails provaing at the ete is timited, fyeliinary tale ere advisable to demonstrate te fasiy af the teetment method orto optimise the design ‘ofthe treatment, 7.2.3 The dry top-feed process shall only be used where the hole formed by the depth vibrator remains ‘pen, In other conditions ether sry bottom-feed process or a wet procass shall be used, 7.3. Design verification 73-4 It's recommended that it is verled that he objectives of the treatment have baen achieved. 7.3.2 Suitable means of verifying that the required treatment objectives heve been achieved should be Ientfed prior to commencement ef ground treatment, In termes ofthe resulls of defined lesis, 7.3.1 Appropriate methods of testing ee described in 9.2. 7.3.4 Tha type and frequency of testing which js compatible with the requirements for qualty contra! and Performance of the treatment shell be spacifed. The execution and Interpretation of geotechnical laboratory ‘2nd fed tesis shall comply wth the requirements of prEN 1897-2. 7.3.5 Testing, although necessary, may not be sufficient to very the edequacy of the treatment; ‘pproptate supervision, monitoring and records are required. An observational approach is often appropriate ‘and design is rt normally complete unil sks experience ls pained. 74 Extent and layout of treatment 74.4 The design layout shal include the extent and location of treatment poins, and the upper and lower levels ofthe treatment. 7.4.2 Each treatment point shal be Identified by @ {xed reference points or fnes. nee number and its plan location shall be related to 7.4.3 Natural and artificial obstructions are commonly found and this possibilty shall be considered in the dosign. 7.44 Anorizontal deviation of up to 160 mm from the plan location ean normally be accepted, 7.4.8. The treatment may.need to extend beyond the area ofthe faundalon of a structure to be bull on the. lrapied ground. This is the case where, for example, @ primary objective of trealment is io reduce the vulnerabilly to quefaction in an earthquake, 7.4.8 For foundation support, the desth of trestment shal be determined as flows: — in ful-depth treatment the depth vibrator or compaction probe shall penetrete to © competent stratum identified from the sa Investigation; — In partat-depth treatment the depth of te testment shall be adequate to improve the depth of ground loaded by the paricular foundation system in order to fll the requirements for bearing capacity and total ‘and differents! setiement ertara, The potential for mavement occurring below the depth of treatment shall be assessed, 7.8 Sequence of treatment The sequence in which treatment should be executed at inclvidual treatment points and the general drection of progress across large areas should be considered al design stage with regard lo the effectiveness of the treatment and the presence of adjacent, buried or overhead slructures and services. ”a . i Ce i EN 14731:2005 (E) 8 Execution 8.4 General Work shal be carried out to written procedures. The mathod of treatment and equipment employed shall be suitable to achiave the dapth of treatment and the design objectives in the preveling grouné conditions. Account shail be laken of concurrent ate activities and all equipment movement necessary to properly camy fut the ground treatment. Suitably trained end experianced persanrel shall be In charge of the execution works. 8.2. Site preparation 8.2.1 The site shal be propared in such a way that operations can bo carried out safely and effcianly. Prior te commencement of ground treatment, services In the ground and overtead shall be IdeniVied and clearly marked on ske or relocated 822 Any nos (ground treatment and broken out with the resulting vols filed with specified granular material, or Une layout of the treatment shall be altered to accommodale the obstructions. surface natural or aricial obstructions shal! be Identified prior to the commencement of 8.2.3 Working platforms shall be designed, prepared and maintsined in @ menner sultable for the sale movement and working ofthe ground traatment equipment. Materal used to provide working platforms shal be suitable for the ground conditions on which it is placed and shall nat prevent penetration ofthe vitraing tool. 8.2.4 Spacal considerations will apply when working over water 8.3 Setting out ‘All reatment points shall be set out within the speci tolerances. The levels ofthe working platform retative to the speclied upper and lower treatment levels shal be checked, 84 Treatment 8.4.1 Goneral 8.4.1.4 Ground treatment shall be carried out by penetrating the ground with © vibrating tool. The ‘appropriate method of Installation shall be determined with due regard fo ground and groundwater condions In accordance with 7.2. 8.4.1.2 Presboring or pre-excavation may be necessary in cetain circumstances. 8.4.1.3 Where unforesgen obstructions are encountered below ground tavel, it shall be deterninad ‘whether the obstruction le to be removed, or whether the trestment points shall be rolosated or adapted. Where itis decided to remove the obstruction, the void shal be beckfiled with granular material sultable fr compaction, 8.42 Deep vibratory compaction fed by penetrating the ground with a depth vibrator or with a compaction probe, n be sisted by water or ar. The treatment method can be used with or without vibratory compaction ls daseribad In Annex A, Deep compaction is a Penetration and removal the addition of granular backfl from the ground surface. Det 2wee Bee ee Be Be EN 14731:2005 (E) 8.4.3 Vibrated stone columns 8.4.31 Continuous columns shall be formed from the maximum required depth of penetration up to the ‘upper design level as a minimum. A compacted slone columi has fo be bult up by adding succsesive dscrste charges of specied granular material and campacting each one fo 2 chosen level af power consumption, 32 The most appropriate treatment process should be selected from the three principal methods for installing vibrated stone columns described in Annex B, namely the dry lop-feed process, the wel process and the dry botiom-feed process. 84.3.2 Where the dry bottomfeed process [s used, the depth vibrator shell not be removed from the ‘round during column construction, 8.4.3.4 Where the wat process is used, the water demand Is substantial and the water supply shell be determined. Slumy shall be disposed of In aceerdane with local regulations. Wan slury hes been disposed In lagoons, on completion of ground treatment the lagoons shall be backfiled and the ele reinstated to a ‘defined standac, 4.3.5 With the wet pracess, the depth vibrator shall be kept inthe hole during column formation. 84.3.6 Stone columns shall be constructed as near vetical as possible, The depth viratar shell not deviate trom the vertal by more than 1 In 20 curing colum formation, 9° Supervision, testing and monitoring 8.1. Supervision and monitoring 8.4.4 General ‘A sultable quality control procedure shell be established for supervision and monitoring. The sion ofthe ground treatment shall be caried out by sul ‘experienced persons and in ‘accordance with Clause 4 of EN 1987-1:2004. 94.2 A plan for the eupervision should be avaliable at the ground treatment ake. As a minimum, the {allowing shall be nated: — wetten procedures, which include alist of erica! control parameters; — site and ground conditions, and signfiant departures from the design basis; — any obstructions inthe ground which hinder ar prevent penetration ofthe ground by the vibrating tcl. 94.1.3 The effect on the design of any changes to specified treatment procedures where unforeseen conditions are encountered or new information about soll conditions becomes avaliable, shal be evaluated ‘and action agreed prior to the change belng made. 94.1.4 Ctical contro! parameters shall be monitored during the treatment pracess, and recorded. recording shall be used, Execution parameters sled In Clause 10 shall be mantored. Where, fects on the surounding ground have been Identifed, sutable monitoring shall be included in tha vwiten procedures. 2a ‘ a EN 14731:2005 (E) 9.4.2 Deep vibratory compaction ‘in addition to the fms listed in 9.1.1, the following should be monitored as they provide a means of a the trealment and information which Gan be used in controling the treatment: — whore fil ls imported, the quantly of imported fil, its origin, type and grading; — where no fills Imported, the settlement of the ground surface. 94.3. Vibrated stone columns 9.41.31 Significent variations In consumption of granular material used In forming columns of the same length shell be noted and its effects on the design considered. 9.1.3.2 Any changes in supply or specication of the materials shall be noted and its effects on the dsign considered. 9.2 Testing 92.1 Gono 9.2.11 The primary purpose of testing Isto |ssees the performance of the treatment. With stone columns, ‘some edltional testing Is done for quality contol purposes. 92.4.2 The cholce ofest method should be infuanced by the objective of ground treatment. 92.4.3. In some situations, the time that has elapsed between treatment and testing will have a significant effect on the test suit 824.4 The test method shall be specified using, wherever possible, Intemational reference test procedures such as those listed In prEN 1997-2. The parameters to be monitored, the test locations, the frequency of testing end criteria Yor acceptance shall be defined prior to execution. Testing shall be ‘pproprate for the emaunt of treatment, vary of ground conditions, type of foundation, depth of influence cf foundation loading and any other relevant factors 9.2.4.5 The number end type of tects and thal locations end depth shall be recorded. Signed copies of these records and the test results shall be submitted gs required by the contract. 92.2 Deep vibratory compaction 92.24 In-situ tests should be used for performance testing where changes in ground properties can bo ‘measuted and sirecty related to erteria set out in the contract documents orto pre-treatment dela obtained Using the same technique. 9.2.22 One or more ofthe following in stu tests may be cared out — cone penetration tests (CPT and CPTU) carted out to provide @ continuous record of pensation fesletance, fiction rae and, for CPTU, induced pore pressure; — Glatometer tests (OMT) carried out io determine deformation modu — dynamic probing (DP) carled out to provide a record of the penetration resistance; — pressuremeter tests (PMT) carried out to determine deformation moduli andlor limit pressure _— standard penetration tests (SPT) cari out to determine the penetration resistance. 4EN 14731:2008 (E) The parameters derived from these in sity tests can be empirically correlated with the paramoters which contr mass behaviour, But @ comparison of in sit tesls carried out before and afer treatment wil not necessary reflect te actual improvement in te mass of treated ground. 9.2.2.3 Whan caried out t a suitable scale direct measurement of the parameters that control mass behaviour 1 over an appropriate period, loading tests can give 2 described in 82.3, 9.2.2.4 Other types of testing may be appropriate for particular epplicaions and ground conditions, ineluding geophysical testing, such as seismic wave velocity mossuremants, sampling end laboratory testing, and borehole permeabilty testing, 9.2.3.1 Where vibrated stone columns are Installed in granuiar sols, the tosts Usted in 9.2.2 may bo applicable. The parameters to de monitored, the test locations, the frequency of testing and erteria for acceptance shall be defined prior to execution, 9.2.3.2 Large scale load tests include large plate load tests and zone toss: — large plate load tests for performance tasting should be carved out by loading a rgd plate or cast Jn str conerele pad large enough lo span one or mare columns and the intervening ground; — zone tests should be carted out by loading a large area of reated ground, usually by constructing and loading a full ee foundation or placing earth flo simulate widespread loads. Location, parameters fo be measured, loading pracedure, load Increments, duration of the test, and loadieload cycles shoud be specified prior to testing, 9.2.3.3 _ Indidual column plate load tests should be carried out using @ plate placed concentrically on individual columns, loaded In Increments wit the satioment of the plate measured ageinst a stable reference beam. 9.2.4 Matertals 9.2.44 The hardhees of the granular material used to form slone columns should be checked. Where required, tests should be carried out in accordance with procedures for tests of mechanical and physical properties of aggregates given in EN 1097, e patile size dstibution of the granular material should be determined in 9.2.4.2 Where require: ‘accordance wilh prEN 1987-2. 10 Records 401 Records in connection with the execution of the ground treatment fallable atthe ground treatment site. The Dally records of the treatment process shall be kept and shall be records shall show: — reference number and location of treatment pont; — dale and time of work at each treatment point = wosther condtions; — method of treatment, reference type of equipment and personnel; 18i i i A eer EN 14731:2005 (E) — depth of penetration at each locaton; time required 1c reach maximum depth anc detals ef times and depths during withdrawal; — mor power consumption dng penatain and compaction of granular matral or ol fer depth Vibrators; — obstructions and delays; — any unforasean conditions encountered; — presence of heave or settlement of ground surface; — where stone columns are installed, the quently used in each column; — with wet or botom-feed processes, any occasions when the depth vibrator nas had to be remaved from the ground during colurnn construction 10.2 Records at completion of the ground treatment In the final ete records, the following shal be Ineluded!: — the as-executed position and depth of each treatment point noting ary deviation outside specified tolerances; — particular directives associated with design and execution which are relevant to subsequent use of the treated ground; — where stone columns are installed, the source, type and qually of granular material. 41 Special requirements 14.4 General Only those aspects of site safety and protection ofthe environment which are specific fo ground treatment by ‘deep vibration are considered. All evant European and national standards, specications and slatutory requirements regarding safety and the environment shall be observed. 11.2 Safety 11.2.1 The ground treatment shall be cared out in a safe manner, Including canformance with EN 791 on dling rg safety andor with EN 898 on pling equipment safety. 44.22 The treatment process Involves personnel operating alangsice heavy equipment wih items suspended from te fib of a crane; safe working practlcas shal be observed, 41.2.3 Where the treatment process Involves a rsk of liquefaction, special attention shall be given to the stabilly of base machines and the overall stablity of the site, prtcularly when working in close proximity to slopes or excavations. 41.3 Environmental protection [Nulsance andlor environmental damage can be caused by noise, dust, vibration and the disposel of effuent. Where required, measures shall bo lakan in order to Smit or avoid such adverse effects. Where water Is Injected Into the ground during treatment, all requlraments ofthe statutory authorities shall be clearly defined. 16we Be Bee 14.4 Impact on adjacent structures: 41.441 Where buildings, structures and sarvices are located Within or close to the boundary of a proposed taraa of ground treaimant, consideration shell be given fo the effects of the treatment upon them arising from ‘vbvation and ground movement 41.42 The condilon of adjacent structures end installations should be observed and documented prior tothe txxecution of ground leatmant and monitored curing ground treatment. In appropriate cases, expert advice ‘should Be sought prior to commencement ofthe treatment 41.4.3 Where required, vibration monitoring shall be carted out during the Wreatment process with prior agreement of threshold loves. 7a ‘ ‘ ‘ Annex A (informative) Deep vibratory compaction tion is usualy restricted to granular sols; Increasing fines content will reduce the iti often found that a fines content of more than 10% causes dificutss. Solis Crorbttng iter-partiie bonding due to cementation, sucion or some other cause may not be sutable fr this Shs of gourd teaiment. In some cases, compactn efelancy can be increased by using water flushing, oF Pe ot Gran wih vertical drains. Compaction up to ground surface is enly possible applying edltional Deep vibratory compas compaction efficiency. lar soils can be achiaved by methods which use elther a pth vibrtor (25 Methods using @ depth vibrator are almilar in principle fo the methods ton column Is not aways to be formed. Deep vibratory compaction of granui shown In Figura A.1) or a top vit deserved in Annex 8, though Key Eccentric weight (within) Extension tube Isolator Water or air jets Motor (wth) Fins to prevent bist Nose cone. Figure A.1~ Depth vibrator4 s Be oe we we o a ee Be Be ee ‘ EN 14731:2005 (E) where a top vibrator Is used, it connected to th top of a compaction probe, which Is designed to transfer the vibrations to the soll as effilantly as possible, Several ciffeent types of compaction probes are aveilable including the vibrowing (Figure A.) and other flexible probes. Conventional vibratars for sheet-lle driving ‘can be used, but special vbretore have bean developed. Although the top vinrator usually viraies vertically, the probe will cause horlzontal accelerations which may locally be greeter than the vertical ones. The ‘compaction inorease's when resonance is created between the vibrating system (vibretor end compaction probe) and surouncing sci. By maans of vibration sensors placed on the ground, and a vierator wih Edlustabla frequency, the fraquency can be adapted to empify ground vibrelions; this method Is known @8 resonance compaction niin lan llen TT ey {\ re Figure A.2—Vibrouwing Compaction Is achieved by insering the probe at treatment pols usually on a tiangular or rectangular gis. Seating are typiealy from tm to 4 m depencing on the type and sizeof tre compaction probe and vinator Seeseg Kt efen toatment paint the probe is inserted into the sall to the depth to which compaction '& caested. The compaction is obtained during penetration of during panetaon and extraction. The compaction Hees ach pont varies typcaly om § min 40 min andthe time required increases withthe fine content of the sel, Compaction can be effected using several passes, with closer spacings in the iter passes. 9‘ ee i i EN 14731:2008 (E) Annex B (informative) Installation of vibrated stone columns B.1 General rethods of insaling vibrated stone columns, dry top-teed process, wat process and Wy for gach mathod the installation of @ single column is described, With the Inn intalation Is repeated for further columns at @ predetermined rocasses use a sini type of depth vibrator, which is an aaa vet assembly rotating rapidly within a heavy tubular steet casing, The genera arrangement of tha Seeth uberis shown in Figure At. The nose of tha Vibrator Is tapered to et penetration on the Grund, (whist vertical fins prevent the vibrator rotaing during penetration. ‘There are three principal mi dry bottom-feed process, an vibrated stane colurmn processes, cols Spacing to effect the desired treatment, Al throe “The folowing descriptors are given as typical. In practice smell differences in dla may be noticed B.2 Dry top-feed process le above the water table. The whole assembly is oc is lowered onto the ground, Penetration of te fi In granular sols, this method is usually only possible suspended fom a crawler mounted crane ang the vibrat aera d siping weak sol is effected by a combination of the weight of the vibrator, the high frequency ae sey rego al. A compressor supotis He depth vibraior with alr whlen emerges from nanos Herat ee rl housing just above the vibrate Up. The general arrangement fs shawn in Figure 8.1. Aer Toa ae tecleed dapth, the rato Is eld inthe ground fr a short me and then widrewn. A sriot ree lean inert grenulr materials pped ino the Mle end the vbatar is lowered agan fo compa fot hare of aerl nd aio kw he suoundng sos. By adcng succesive small charges of ron Fe pactng each crs to chosan levels of power consumption, a dense stone column is bul Up f© ara avo. Typical gradings for the granular maarl are within the range fom 4D mm to 75 mm. 20oer Bee Be EN 14731:2005 (E) Key 1 Stone column being formed 2. Stockpile of granular infil 3 Vibrator Figura B.1 ~ Dry topaed process B.3 Wet process ‘The wet process ls used where the dry top-feed provess cannot be used because of unstable ground. The depth vibrator is simlar to that used for the dry process but is equipped with water flushing. Tha general ‘srangamant Is shown in Figure B.2. The depth vibrator is suspended from a suitable crane, lowered onto the fTound and the waler jets are opened, The vibrator penetrates quickly through weak soils under its own ‘weight aided by the waier fushing and vibrations. The vbratr Is partially withdraw and is sometimes surged to flush out the week sols acoumuating in and adjecent tothe bore. Following formation of an open hole the Vibrator Is kept inthe ground end the watar flow reduced whist clean Inert granular material is successively heaped around the top ofthe vibrator bore al ground level, The granular matorial then passes down betwoon the vibraior and the surrounding soils to permit the construction of a stone column in short lifts and repenetation seps. It's imporant that the water ow is maintained until the visrator reaches ground surface. ‘The vibrator compeets the granular infil and interlocks it tghly with the surrounding sol. The cycle is repeated nfl a compact stone column Is Bult upto ground fevel. Typleally gradings forthe granular material are within the range for 26 mm to 78 mm. “The wet process has considerable attendant probloms of water supply, drainage ditches, sattement lagoons and final Sisposal of the effuent in a manner acceptabia tothe statutory authorties, 21EN 1473122005 (E) ‘stone cournn ‘Stone stockpile ‘Water fushing Vibrator von’ & Figure B.2 - Wet proce B.4 Dry bottom-feed process the hole during column corsincton, the process 3 can operate successtly in J Sabo uted lend ofthe wel process inmost cases. The bottom feed depth unas ole cond up tbe cated cov one si a parnonety fast the vrata foming a Yaar et «om oagrncr eta supply, The up ube Dede nwa ate vbratr ipo ere @ fy eat iat ef graner mete. The general aangeraat ls shownin Figur 8 ‘As the vibrator remains in innstable hole conditions an Te jl of operas fre compatl oy procs 8 lows, The vbr gold n Tre orl oper ecalor andthe wheleapter: f charged wih grruler pe rath Aled sorin ab intro po ES sgn be say, ele os rcatun by sprees a ree ee Cambined econ of the vibrators end ts weight. wsing an additonal pul down force If tra under be cendinad 2° Pearle he gourd toad dep Th so ern an fomod ‘end compacied by lifting Gerd bral be ft for Sealine allow the granular material to run, and Bee Braing the wrator down on the charge of granular matedal to compact and 2 th cathe yam Wh ronda lara es neeneary, le compet ‘surouriing sol. This 1s rep suru 2 omed up to ground level Typlaly ordirgs for he granular material are wittn the range from & mmo SD mm.Koy Prassure chamber Vibrator Stone stockpile Stone feed bucket ‘Stone delivery tube Figure 8.3 — Dry bottom-feed process EN 14731:2005 (E)= s & Ore Bee EN 14731:2005 (E) io} a 8 Bibliography EN 1097-1, Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates — Part 1: Determination of the resistance to wear (micre-Devel) EN 1097-2, Tesls for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates ~ Part 2: Methods forthe detarminetion ofthe resistance to fregmantation PrEN 1988, Eurocode &: Design of siuctures for earthquake rasistanceblankBS EN .4731:2005 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London Wa 4AL the independent national body responsible for preparing Standards It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Rayal Charter. | Revisions Standards are updated by amendment or revision. 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