Ó˚§yÎ˚ö öü%öy ≤ß¿˛õeÈÙÈ1

CHEMISTRY
!Óû˛yàÈÙÙÙÙÈÚܲÛ
1– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ É S!Óܲ“ ≤ß¿à%!° °«˛î#Î˚V 1 × 10 = 10
SܲV 1 Ü%˛Ó˚# •°ÈÙÙÙÙÈ
(a) ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛ 3.7 × 1010 §ÇáƒÜ˛ (b) 3.7 × 109 §ÇáƒÜ˛
(c) 6.023 × 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ (d) 1!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚üyî%Ó˚ !Óâê˛ö
í˛z_Ó˚– (a) ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏ[˛ 3.7 × 1010 §ÇáƒÜ˛–
xÌÓy
xÌÓyñ !ï˛ö xô≈yÎ˚% ܲy° x!ï˛Ü ˛ü ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ ˆüԈϰÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xÓ!¢T˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– 12·50%–
SáV ˆÜ˛yö ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚yí˛zˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ §)e ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ öÎ˚⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– àyì˛¸ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe–
xÌÓyñ 0.1 (M) NaCl ~ÓÇ 0.1 (M) Na2SO4 oÓˆÏîÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yö‰!ê˛Ó˚ !•üyˆÏAܲÓ˚ xÓöüö ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ⁄
xÌÓy
í˛z_Ó˚– 0.1 (M) Na2SO4–
SàV 25ºC í˛z£÷ï˛yÎ˚ xƒyˆÏ§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ Ä ú˛Ó˚!üܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ KaÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üyö ÎÌyÜ ˛ˆÏü 1.75 × 10–3 ~ÓÇ 1.77 × 10–4ñ
ˆÜ˛yö!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢ xy!¡‘ܲ–
í˛z_Ó˚– ú˛Ó˚!üܲ xƒy!§í˛–
SâV NH4NO3 ˆÎÔˆÏà NÈÙÈ˛õÓ˚üyî% ò%!ê˛Ó˚ çyÓ˚î §Çáƒy ܲï˛⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– – 3 ~ÓÇ + 5È–
SäV ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆüÔ°à%!°ˆÏܲ Ü ˛ü•…y§üyö •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ö xy§!=˛ xö%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyÄ É Cl, I, Br, F
í˛z_Ó˚– Cl > F > Br > I
xÌÓyñ HClO3, HClO, HClO2 ~ÓÇ HClO4ÙÈˆÜ˛ xƒy!§í˛ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÓ˚ |ôù≈Ü ˛ˆÏü §yçyÄ–
xÌÓy
í˛z_Ó˚– HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4È–
Sã˛V •ƒyˆÏ°yú˛ü≈ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~üö ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãy•züy!Ó˚ xƒy°ˆÏܲy•ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyÄ–
í˛z_Ó˚– CH3CH2OH–
SåÈV !üÌy•z° xƒy!üö ~ÓÇ xƒy!ö!°ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yö!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢ «˛yÓ˚#Î˚⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– !üÌy•z° xƒy!üö–
SçV ˆÓ˚yˆÏçöüu˛ !ÓçyÓ˚ˆÏî ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ xö%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!Ó˚Î˚yü §y°ˆÏú˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy ܲ#⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– xö%âê˛Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Sé˛V ôyï%˛ !ö‹Òy¢ˆÏö !ÓÏày°Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ öy– ¢)öƒfiÌyö ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛z_Ó˚– !çÇܲ–
xÌÓy
xÌÓyñ xyܲ!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ x˛õoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !Óày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ – ¢)öƒfiÌyö ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛z_Ó˚– ôyï%˛ü°–
S~èV ˜ï˛° û˛y§ö ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zö ˆï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy ܲ#⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– ˛õy•zö ˆï˛° ˆú˛öy í˛zͲõyòܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Óû˛yàÈÙÙÙÙÈÚáÛ
2– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ É S!Óܲ“ ≤ß¿à%!° °«˛î#Î˚V 2 × 7 = 14
SܲV ÓÓ˚ˆÏú˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~öê˛∆!˛õ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲv ÓyˆÏflõÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲü ˆÜ˛ö⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– ÓÓ˚ú˛ çˆÏ° xî%à%!° §%¢,C° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv çˆÏ° xî%à%!° !Ó¢,C° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~çöƒ çˆÏ° ~öê˛∆!˛õ ˆÓ!¢
xyÓyÓ˚ ç°#Î˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õ xî%à%!° ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó¢,C° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ú˛ˆÏ° ~öê˛∆!˛õ ˆÓ!¢–
 xÌÓyñ ˆòáyÄ ˆÎ ∆ S system + ∆ S surounding > 0
xÌÓy
í˛z_Ó˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆüyê˛ ~öê˛∆!˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö !§ˆÏfiê˛ü Ä ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z ~öê˛∆!˛õÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ∆S universe =
∆S system + ∆S surounding. fl∫ï˛Éfl≥)˛ï≈˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆüyê˛ ~öê˛∆!˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö (∆S universe) xÓ¢ƒ•z ôöydܲ •ˆÏÓ–
∴ ∆S universe > 0 §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ (∆S system + ∆S surroundings) > 0–
SáV 300 k í˛z£÷ï˛yÎ˚ 5 ˆüy° xyò¢≈ àƒy§ˆÏܲ §ˆÏüy£÷ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛# (Isothermal reversible) ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ 10 !°ê˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ö
ˆÌˆÏܲ 100 !°ê˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏö ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •°ñ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏï˛ [i] ∆ q [ii] w !öî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
V2 100
í˛z_Ó˚– ˛õÓ˚yÓï≈˛ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ W = mRT V1 = 5 × 0·082 × 300 × 2·303 log 10
= 283·27 lit atm
§ˆÏüy£÷ ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛# ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ∆E = 0 ~ÓÇ ∆H = 0
∴ Wr = q = 5 × 2 × 300 × 2·303 Cal = 6·909 Cal.
SàV Óy‹õã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ xÓöüö §ÇÜ ˛yhsˇ Ó˚yí˛zˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ §)e !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛z_Ó˚– Óy‹õ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ xÓöüö §ÇÜ ˛yhsˇ Ó˚yí˛zˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ §)e!ê˛ •°ÈÙÙÙÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xö%myÎ˚# ï˛!í˛¸ÍÈÙÈx!ӈϟ’£Ïƒ ܲ!ë˛ö oyˆÏÓÓ˚ °â%
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ Óy‹õã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ xÓöüˆÏöÓ˚ üyö oÓˆÏî í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆüy° û˛@¿yLjϢÓ˚ §üyö–
SâV ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yú˛ˆÏü≈ oÓ#û)˛ï˛ xö%myÎ˚# oyÓÎ%=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ 1.5 ˆüy°yÓ˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ fl≥%˛ê˛öyAܲÈÙÈ~Ó˚ üyö Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ kb SˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yú˛ü≈V =
3.63 KgK mol–1 ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yú˛ˆÏü≈Ó˚ fl≥%˛ê˛öyAܲ = 61.2º C–
í˛z_Ó˚– xyüÓ˚y çy!ö ∆Tb = Kb × Cm = 3·63 × 1·5 = 5·45º–
∴ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ fl≥%˛ê˛öyAܲ = (61·26 + 5·45)º C
= 66·65º C.
t2⋅3032⋅303
½=lo g2/log4
SäV H2SO4ÙÈ~Ó˚ 250 !ü!° 0.1 (N) oÓˆÏî H2SO4ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî @ˇÃyˆÏü !öî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
t3KK
4

í˛z_Ó˚– 1000 ml 1 (N) H2SO4 oÓˆÏî H2SO4 ÌyˆÏܲ 49 gm.

49
250 ml 1 (N) ,, ,, ,, ,, gm.
4
,, ,, 1 (N) ,, ,, ,, ,, 49
gm. = 1·225 gm.
40
xÌÓyñ H2O2 + Pbs → PbSO4 + H2O í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ çyÓ˚î§Çáƒy ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒy°y™ ܲÓ˚–
xÌÓy
í˛z_Ó˚– çyÓ˚î §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô 8 ~ܲܲ × 1
−2 −2 +6 −2
H 2 O 2 + PbS → PbSO 4 + 2H 2 O

çy. §. •…y§ 2 ~ܲܲ × 4

H2O2 : PbS = 4 : 1
4 H2SO2 + PbS = PbSO4 + 4 H2O
Sã˛V ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ö •zÌyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛ö ܲÓ˚y !Ó˛õIöܲ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ö •zÌyÓ˚ !ܲå%Èê˛y •zÌyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚x:y•zˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ú˛ˆÏ° •zÌyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛ˆÏö !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î •Î˚–
xÌÓy
xÌÓyñ !üÌy•z° xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏ≤Ãy˛õy•z° •zÌyÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö‰ ˆçyí˛¸!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y §%!Óôyçöܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
[i] CH3Br + (CH3)2 CHONa [ii] CH3ONa + (CH3)2 CHBr
í˛z_Ó˚– !ü◊ •zÌyÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ !ü̃y•z° Óy ≤Ãy•züy!Ó˚ xƒy°!ܲ° •ƒy°y•zí˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y•z ˆ◊Î˚– !üÌy•z° •zÌyÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ
xƒy°!ܲ° •ƒy°y•zí˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !üÌy•z° ˆÓ yüy•zí˛ ~ÓÇ xƒy°:y•zí˛ !•§yˆÏÓ xy•zˆÏ§y ˆ≤Ãy˛õ:y•zí˛ !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
SåÈV ˆÓ!Ü˛Ç ˛õyí˛zí˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!öܲ í˛z˛õyòyö ܲ#⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– ˆÓ!Ü˛Ç ˛õyí˛zí˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!öܲ í˛z˛õyòyö •° ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yü Óy•zÈÙÈܲyÓ≈ˆÏöê˛ ~ÓÇ ê˛yÓ˚ê˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛–
 xÌÓy
xÌÓyñ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ Órôö !ܲ ˆÓyé˛yÄ–
í˛z_Ó˚– ò%•z xî% ~ܲ•z Óy !û˛ß¨ xƒy!üˆÏöy xƒy!§í˛ Îáö ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛áö ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ≈!:° @ˇÃ%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏAà x˛õÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚
xƒy!üˆÏöy @ˇÃ%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ – CO – NH – Órôö §,!T˛Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü ~ܲ!ê˛ öï%˛ö ˆÎÔà à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z§ˆÏAà ~ܲ xî% ç° !öà≈ï˛
•Î˚– ~û˛yˆÏÓ §,T˛ – CO – NH – Órôö!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ Órôö–
ˆ˛õ˛õê˛y•zí˛ Órôö
O O
II †þšöìžþšö줢š II
H 2 N − CH 2 − C − OH + H − NH − CH − COOH H 2 N − CH 2 − C − NH − CH − COOH
I – H 2O I
CH 3 CH 3

!Óû˛yàÈÙÙÙÙÈÚàÛ
3– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ É S!Óܲ“ ≤ß¿à%!° °«˛î#Î˚V 4 × 11 = 44
SܲV [i] ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy É !öí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ !Óû˛yçö–
[ii] ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛y !öí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ âê˛öyÓ˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyÄ– 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] ê˛#ܲy É !öí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ !Óû˛yçö É ~ܲ!ê˛ û˛yÓ˚# ˆüԈϰÓ˚ !öí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ˆÏܲ ô#Ó˚ à!ï˛§¡õߨ !öí˛zê˛∆ö !òˆÏÎ˚ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˙ û˛yÓ˚#
ˆüÔ° ò%É!fiÌï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏä ÎyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §üyöû˛yˆÏÓñ §ˆÏAà 2 Óy 3 !ê˛ !öí˛zê˛∆ö Ä ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ¢!=˛ !öà≈ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z !Óû˛yçöˆÏܲ !öí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚
!Óû˛yçö ӈϰ– ˆ§É ˆ≤Ãy˛õ:y•zí˛ !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
[ii] ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛y !öí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ âê˛öy É !ö!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ ˆüԈϰÓ˚ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛y !öî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˙ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî
ˆüÔ°ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˆÎÔˆÏà Ó˚)˛õyhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõߨ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛y !öî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
d
xyˆÏåÈ– ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÙÈ1 @ˇÃyü ˆÓ˚!í˛Î˚yˆÏüÓ˚ 226 i
88 Ra ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ 1 @ˇÃyü ˆÓ˚!í˛Î˚yü ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ˆÓ˚!í˛Î˚yü ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ (RaCl2)
ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî ~ܲ•z– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ˆÜ˛yö ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ ˆüÔ°ˆÏܲ ˆÎÔˆÏà Ó˚)˛õyhsˇ!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ó˚y§yÎ˚!öܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö âˆÏê˛– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!öܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏö ˛õÓ˚üyî%Ó˚ !öí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Ó!•û)≈˛ï˛ •zˆÏܲê˛∆ö xÇ¢ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv !öí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö
•Î˚ öy– ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚üyî%!ê˛Ó˚ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛y x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !öí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ç!öï˛ âê˛öy–
xÌÓyñ [i] ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ ˆüԈϰÓ˚ xô≈yÎ˚% 140 !òö– 560 !òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚ 1 @ˇÃyü ˆüԈϰÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ @ˇÃyü xÓ!¢T˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ⁄
xÌÓy
[ii] ö)ƒöï˛ü ܲÎ˚!ê˛ α Ä β ܲîy Óç≈ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ˆüÔ°!ê˛ xy!ò ˆüԈϰÓ˚ xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §üyö •Î˚– 2 + 1 + 1
[iii] !ã˛!ܲͧy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
560
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ ˆüԈϰÓ˚ xô≈yÎ˚% 140 !òö– 560 !òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xô≈yÎ˚%Ó˚ §Çáƒy = 140 = 4!ê˛

xô≈yÎ˚%Ó˚ §Çáƒy n •ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî xÓ!¢T˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛y ²Ìyîû!½þ†þ nþ›!îûŸy”

2
1 1
ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî = = .
2 4 16
[ii] ö)ƒöï˛ü 1 !ê˛ α Ä 2 !ê˛ β ܲîy Óç≈ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ ˆüÔ°!ê˛ xy!ò ˆüԈϰÓ˚ xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛y˛õ •Î˚–
[iii] !ã˛!ܲͧy ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆï˛ç!fl;Î˚ xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛y˛õ •°ÈÙÙÙÙȈï˛ç!fl;Î˚ 131I xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛y˛õ ü!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò !ê˛í˛züyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛
xÓfiÌyö !öî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
SáV [i] !§ˆÏfiê˛ˆÏüÓ˚ xyhsˇÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄ ~!ê˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
[ii] A → B ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö!ê˛ ï˛y˛õ@ˇÃy•#– ∆ G = ∆ H – T∆ ∆ S §)e ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó° !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yö ¢ˆÏï≈˛ fl∫ï˛Éfl≥)˛ï≈˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] xyhsˇÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇK˛y É ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !§ˆÏfiê˛ü Óy çˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ xhsˇ!ö≈!•ï˛ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ xyhsˇÓ˚ ¢!=˛– ~!ê˛ ã˛y˛õ Pñ xyÎ˚ï˛ö
(V) Ä í˛z£÷ï˛y (T)ÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚¢#° ú˛ˆÏ° xÓfiÌyÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ«˛Ü˛–
[ii] A → B ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ï˛y˛õ@ˇÃy•# xÌ≈yÍ ∆H = ⊕ ôöydܲ ∆G = ∆H – T∆S §ü#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî Î!ò ∆S x!ôܲ ôöydܲ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ∆G }îydܲ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ fl∫ï˛Éfl≥)˛ï≈˛–
 xÌÓyñ [i] 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O (l)ÈÙÙÙÙÈ~•z §ü#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ܲ# û˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
xÌÓy
[ii] !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛ ã˛y˛õñ ï˛y˛õüyey Ä xö%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ 1+3
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O (l)
d H d O d H O
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ à!ï˛ = − 12 dt 2 = dt 2 = 12 dt2
[ii] ã˛y˛õÈÙÙÙÙȈΠ§ühflÏ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy ܲˆÏü ˆ§áyˆÏö ã˛y˛õ Óyí˛¸yˆÏ° §¡ø%á !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ÓyˆÏí˛¸– xî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy
Óyí˛¸ˆÏ° ˛õÿ˛yÍ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ÓyˆÏí˛¸–
ï˛y˛õüyeyÈÙÙÙÙÈ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó Ó˚y§yÎ˚!öܲ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z£÷ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z£÷ï˛y •…yˆÏ§Ó˚
ú˛ˆÏ° !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
xö%âê˛Ü˛ÈÙÙÙÙÈxö%âê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ •…y§ Óy Ó,!Âô âê˛ˆÏ°Ä í˛zû˛ü%á# !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §yüƒyÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö âˆÏê˛ öy–
SàV [i] xƒyˆÏ§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ Ä ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yü •y•zí»˛:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ≤âüö !Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yö !öˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎÌyÎÌ •ˆÏÓ– ܲyÓ˚î òyÄ–
[ii] Mg(OH)2 ÙÈ~Ó˚ oyÓƒï˛y à%îú˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ üyö 1·4 × 10–11 (25ºC)– ˙ ï˛y˛õüyeyÎ˚ Mg(OH)2ÙÈ~Ó˚ oyÓƒï˛y ܲï˛⁄ 2 + 2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] xƒyˆÏ§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ Ä ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yü •y•zí»˛:y•zí˛ ≤âüˆÏö ˆÎÔà oÓî «˛yÓ˚#Î˚ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆú˛ö°˛õ̃y!°ö ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
[ii] Mg(OH)2 Mg+ + + 2 OH–
ô!Ó˚ oyÓƒï˛y S
S 25
∴ KS = [ MS+ +] [ OH– ]2 KSÈ ÙÙÙÙÈoyÓƒï˛y à%îú˛°
= S × (2S)2 = 4S3
−11
S = 3 K S = 3 1 ⋅ 4 × 10
4 4
14
= 3 × 10 −12 = 0·602 × 10–4
4
∴ oyÓƒï˛y 0·602 × 10–4 moles / litre
xÌÓyñ [i] ï˛!í˛¸Í ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ü%!=˛ ¢!=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö Ä ï˛!í˛¸Íã˛y°Ü˛ ӈϰÓ˚ (emf) üˆÏôƒ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢üy°y!ê˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
xÌÓy
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈ !öˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
[ii] EºCu+2/Cu = 0·34v Ä EºZn+2/Zn = 0·76v •ˆÏ° ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏú˛ê˛ˆÏܲ !çˆÏAܲÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏe Ó˚yáy ÎyˆÏÓ Ü˛#⁄ 2 + 2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] ï˛!í˛¸Í ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü%=˛ ¢!=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ∆G ï˛!í˛¸Íã˛y°Ü˛ Ó° E •ˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ •°ÈÙÙÙÙÈ
∆G = – nFE ˆÎáyˆÏö n •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ö §Çáƒy– F ú˛ƒyÓ˚yˆÏí˛–
[ii] EºCu+2/Cu = 0·34v
EºZn+2/Zn = 0·76v
~áyˆÏö ZnÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓçyÓ˚î !Óû˛Ó Cu xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ CuSO4 oÓî !çLjÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏe Ó˚yáy ÎyˆÏÓ öy– ܲyÓ˚î
Zn, CU+2ÙÈˆÜ˛ !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
Zn + Cu+2 
→ Zn+2 + Cu↓
SâV [i] xöƒyöƒ •ƒyˆÏ°yˆÏçö xî% xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆúœ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏöÓ˚ Órôö¢!=˛ ܲü– ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
[ii] HIÙÈ~Ó˚ ç°#Î˚ oÓˆÏî CCl4 ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆúÑ˛yê˛y ˆúÑ˛yê˛y ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚ö ç° ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ éÑ˛yܲyˆÏöy •°–
ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §ü#ܲÓ˚î òyÄ– 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] ˆúœ˛y!Ó˚ö ˛õÓ˚üyî%Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆåÈyˆÏê˛y •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆúœ˛y!Ó˚ö xî%ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õÓ˚üyî%à%!°Ó˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏöÓ˚ !Óܲ£Ï≈î x!ôܲ •Î˚ ú˛ˆÏ°
Órôö ò%Ó≈° •Î˚–
[ii] HIÙÈ~Ó˚ ç°#Î˚ oÓˆÏî CCl4 ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚ö ç° ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ éÑ˛yܲyˆÏ° CCl4ÙÈ~Ó˚ Óî≈ ö#° •Î˚–
2HI + Cl2 = 2HCl + I2
 xÌÓyñ [i] ܲ# âˆÏê˛ Îáö ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yü ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛ö §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚⁄
xÌÓy
[ii] xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛ˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓçyÓ˚î ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyÄ– 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] ˛õê˛y!§Î˚yü ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ (KClO3)ÙÈˆÜ˛ xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛ö myÓ˚y í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° KIO3 ~ÓÇ Cl2 í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
I2 + 2 KClO3 = Cl2 + 2 KIO3
[ii] xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛ö àyì˛¸ HNO3ÈÙÈˆÜ˛ !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óyòy!ü NO2 í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏç çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛
(HNO3) í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
I2 + 10 HNO3 = 6HIO3 + 10 NO + 2 H2O
SäV ï˛y˛õçyÓ˚î Ä û˛flø#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy– fl∫ï˛É!ÓçyÓ˚î ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyÄ– 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– ï˛y˛õçyÓ˚î Ä û˛flø#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ É
[i] àyì˛¸#Ü,˛ï˛ !Óã)˛î≈ xyܲ!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ã%˛!Õ‘Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ÄÓ˚ à°öyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ܲü í˛z£÷ï˛yÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z_Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyܲ!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ üôƒfiÌ í˛zmyÎ˚# x˛õoÓƒà%!°ˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y •° û˛flø#ܲÓ˚î–
àyì˛¸#Ü,˛ï˛ xyܲ!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ û˛flø#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ í˛z£÷ï˛yÎ˚ !ܲv ÄÓ˚ à°öyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ܲü í˛z£÷ï˛yÎ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ•
í˛z_Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyܲ!Ó˚ܲˆÏܲ çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ï˛y˛õçyÓ˚î ӈϰ–
[ii] û˛flø#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ܲyÓ≈ˆÏöê˛ xyܲ!Ó˚ܲ x:y•zˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÙÈZnCO3 = ZnO + CO2–
!ܲv ï˛y˛õçyÓ˚î §yôyÓ˚îï˛ §y°ú˛y•zí˛ xyܲ!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ˆÎüöÈÙÙÙÙÈZnS + O2 = ZnO + SO2
ï˛y˛õçyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° àyì˛¸#Ü,˛ï˛ §y°ú˛y•zí˛ x:y•zˆÏí˛ çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
fl∫ï˛É!ÓçyÓ˚î É !öÎ˚!sfï˛ ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy• myÓ˚y ï˛y˛õçyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ôyï%˛Ó˚ §y°ú˛y•zí˛ xyܲ!Ó˚ܲà%!° xyÇ!¢Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
x:y•zˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ñ Óy!ܲ §y°y•zí˛ x!ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ x:y•zí˛ í˛zFã˛ í˛z£÷ï˛yÎ˚ xÓ!¢T˛ ôyï˛Ó §y°ú˛y•zí˛ myÓ˚y
fl∫ï˛É!Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ôyï%˛ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛É!ÓçyÓ˚î ӈϰ–
2 Cu2S + 3O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2 Cu2S + 2 Cu2O → 6 Cu + SO2
Cu2S + 2O2 → Cu2SO4 Cu2S + Cu2SO4 → 4 Cu + 4SO2
xÌÓy
xÌÓyñ xƒy°%!ü!öÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í !ö‹Òy¢ˆÏö Ü ˛yˆÏÎ˚y°y•zê˛ Ä úœ$˛ÄflõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy ܲ#⁄ xƒyˆÏöyí˛y•z!çÇ Ü˛#⁄ 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– xƒy°%!ü!öÎ˚yˆÏüÓ˚ !ö‹Òy¢ˆÏö Ü ˛yˆÏÎ˚y°y•zê˛ Ä úœ$˛ÄflõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy É [i] !Ó¢%Âô xƒy°%!üöyÓ˚ à°öyAܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 2050º C–
ܲyˆÏç•z !Ó¢%Âô xƒy°%!üöyˆÏܲ à!°ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ï˛!í˛¸ÍÈÙÈ!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •Î˚– ~•z í˛zFã˛ í˛z£÷ï˛yÎ˚
xƒy°%!üöyÓ˚ ï˛!í˛¸ÍÈÙÈ!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî ˆÎ xƒy°%!ü!öÎ˚yü í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲå%È ˛õ!Ó˚üyî Óy‹õ#û)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ öT˛ •Î˚– ~åÈyí˛¸y í˛zFã˛ í˛z£÷ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ
à!°ï˛ xƒy°%!ü!öÎ˚yü à!°ï˛ xƒy°%!üöy xˆÏ˛õ«˛y •y°Ü˛y •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ à!°ï˛ xƒy°%!üöyÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ˆû˛ˆÏ§ ĈÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xƒy°%!ü!öÎ˚yüˆÏܲ
§Ç@ˇÃ• ܲÓ˚y á%Ó x§%!Óôyçöܲ •Î˚– ï˛y•z xƒy°%!üöyÓ˚ ~ܲܲû˛yˆÏÓ ï˛!í˛¸ÍÈÙÈ!ӈϟ’£Ïî öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ 60 û˛yà ÄçˆÏöÓ˚ à!°ï˛ Ü ˛yˆÏÎ˚y°y•zˆÏê˛
20 û˛yà ÄçˆÏöÓ˚ úœ$˛ÄflõyÓ˚ Ä 20 û˛yà ÄçˆÏöÓ˚ xƒy°%!üöy oÓ#û)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÆ à!°ï˛ !ü◊ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛!í˛¸ÍÈÙÈ!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~•z !ü◊î!ê˛
950º C í˛z£÷ï˛yÎ˚ à!°ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
[ii] à!°ï˛ Ü ˛yˆÏÎ˚y°y•zê˛ñ xƒy°%!üöyˆÏܲ oÓ#û)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ oyÓˆÏܲÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy ˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚– oyÓܲÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ à!°ï˛ Ü ˛yˆÏÎ˚y°y•zê˛ à!°ï˛
Al2O3Ù~Ó˚ xyÎ˚!öï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ú˛ˆÏ° à!°ï˛ !ü◊ˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
[iii] úœ$˛ÄflõyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!°ï˛ !ü◊ˆÏîÓ˚ §ywï˛y ܲˆÏü ÎyÎ˚ñ ú˛ˆÏ° ÄÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚°ƒ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
xƒyˆÏöyí˛y•z!çÇ É xƒy°%!ü!öÎ˚yüñ üƒyàˆÏö!¢Î˚yü ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ôyï%˛ Óy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ôyï%˛ §ÇܲÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Ó›ˆÏܲ ç°ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ≤ÈÏܲy˛õ
Ä Ó˚y§yÎ˚!öܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xyÜ ˛üî ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ĈÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛!í˛¸ÍÈÙÈ!ӈϟ’£Ïî ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ôyï˛Ó x:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y
xyhflÏÓ˚î ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z xyhflÏÓ˚î ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ xƒyˆÏöyí˛y•z!çÇ ÓˆÏ°–˛
Sã˛V [i] flõy•zˆÏç° !ܲ⁄
[ii] ܲyÓ≈ö !ÓçyÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !çÇܲ ôyï%˛ í˛zͲõyòö üyÓ˚%Í ã%˛!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ Ü˛#⁄ 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] flõy•zˆÏç° É flõy•zˆÏç° •° ܲyÓ≈öñ üƒyAày!öç Ä xyÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇܲÓ˚ ôyï%˛– •z•y x!:ˆÏçö x˛õ§yÓ˚ܲÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~ÓÇ
ܲyÓ≈ö#ܲÓ˚î Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
 [ii] !çÇܲ ôyï%˛ ܲyÓ≈ö !ÓçyÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y !ö‹Òy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏ°Ä ZnOÙÈ~Ó˚ !ÓçyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ Óœyfiê˛ ú˛yˆÏî≈§ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy–˛
~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •°ñ Óœyfiê˛ ú˛yˆÏî≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ í˛z£÷ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1500º C– !çLjÏܲÓ˚ fl≥%˛ê˛öyAܲ 920º C– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Óœyfiê˛ú˛yˆÏî≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ZnOÙÈ~Ó˚
ܲyÓ≈ö !ÓçyÓ˚î myÓ˚y ˆÎ ôyï˛Ó Zn í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛y ZnÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ Îy ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ O2ÙÈÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ZnOÈÙÈˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•Î˚– í˛zͲõߨ ZnO Óy‹õÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ã%˛!Õ‘Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ° ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy• myÓ˚y Óy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !öà≈ü ö° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ôyï˛Ó Zn xyÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y
à!°ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ã%˛!Õ‘Ó˚ ö#ˆÏã˛ çüy •Î˚ öy–˛
SåÈV í˛zͲõߨ ˆÎÔà A, B, C, DÈÙÈˆÜ˛ ¢öy=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 1+1+1+1

CH3COCl   
H
→ [ A ] [
O] CaCO 3 ¢%Üñ þ›y•þš
2
→ [ B ]   
→ [ C ] [D]
Pd / BaSO 4
[O]
H2
í˛z_Ó˚– CH3COCl   → CH 3COOH CaCO
→ CH3CHO    3 →
Pd / BaSO 4 (A) (B)
xƒy!§ê˛y°!í˛•y•zí˛˛ xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛
¢%Üñ þ›y•þš
bCH 3COOg2 Ca CH 3COCH3
(C) (D)
ܲƒy°!¢Î˚yü xƒy!§ˆÏê˛ê˛ xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yö
xÌÓyñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!öܲ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !öˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y É
[i] xƒy!§ê˛y•z° ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ Ä xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒyö•y•zí»˛y•zí˛– [ii] ú˛Ó˚üƒy°!í˛•y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ xƒy!§ê˛ƒy°!í˛•y•zí˛– 2 + 2
ú˛!ü≈ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ !ÓçyÓ˚î ôü≈ xyˆÏåÈ– xƒyˆÏ§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˆö•z ˆÜ˛ö⁄ ܲyÓ˚î ò¢≈yÄ– 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] xƒy!§ê˛y•z° ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ (CH3COCl) ç°#Î˚ AgNO3 oÓˆÏî AgClÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §yòy xôɈϫ˛˛õ ˆòÎ˚ !ܲv xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛
xƒyö•y•zí»˛y•zí˛ ~Ó˚)˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy–˛˛˛˛
CH3COCl + H2O 
→ CH3COOH + HCl
AgNO3 + HCl 
→ AgCl↓ + HNO3 (CH3CO)2O + H2O 
→ CH3COOH
[ii] ú˛Ó˚üƒy°!í˛•y•zí˛ (HCHO), xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛ö Ä Ü˛!fiê˛Ü˛ ˆ§yí˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyñ !ܲv xƒy!§ê˛y°!í˛•y•zí˛
(CH3CHO) •°%ò ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏí˛yú˛ü≈ (CHI3) í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
I / NaOH
CH3CHO  
2
→ CHI3↓
xyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏí˛yú˛ü≈
S•°%òV
I 2 / NaOH
HCHO   → ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏí˛yú˛ü≈ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ öy–
F O I H C = O @ˇÃ%˛õ!ê˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çöƒ HCOOHÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ÓçyÓ˚î
ú˛!ü≈ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ (HCOOH) àë˛ˆÏö H — C GH J 1
O — HK
F O I
GG JJ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏö ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy H CO
H O — HK
ôü≈ xyˆÏåÈ– xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ CH 3 — C @ˇÃ%˛õ öy ÌyܲyÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛yö !ÓçyÓ˚î ôü≈ ˆö•z–˛˛˛
1

SçV [i] !@ˇÃàöyí≈˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xƒy!§ê˛y°!í˛•y•zí˛ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y òyÄ–

[ii] !@ˇÃàöyí≈˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •zÌyÓ˚ x!ï˛¢%‹Ò •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛ö⁄ 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] !@ˇÃàöyí≈˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà •zÌy•z° ú˛ˆÏü≈ˆÏê˛Ó˚ (HCOOC2H5) !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xƒy!§ê˛y°!í˛•y•zí˛ (CH3CHO) í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
O CH 3
II I H3O+
→ H — C — OC 2 H 5 
CH 3 MgCl + H − C − OC 2 H 5  → CH3CHO + Mg(C2H5) Cl
I
OMgCl
 [ii] !@ˇÃàöyí≈˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ •zÌyÓ˚ ¢%‹Ò •ÄÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö öï%˛Óy !@ˇÃàöyí≈˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà çˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚
xƒy°ˆÏܲö í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
CH3MgI + H – OH 
→ CH4 + Mg(OH) I.
Sé˛V [i] !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö !ÓܲyÓ˚îà%!° ¢öy=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ½+½+½+½

[A]
NH2 (i) [ B ] OH [D] OH

→   → 
→
NO2 (ii) [ C ] NO2 NO2
[ii] ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy É xƒy!ö!°ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏçyê˛y•zˆÏç¢ö– 2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] (i) NaNO 2 / HCl
NO2 NaHS NO2 (B) OH
 →   →
NO2 A NO 2 (ii) H 2 O / H + NO2
(C)
[ii] xƒy!ö!°ö Ä ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xƒyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏü!ê˛Ü˛ ≤Ãy•züy!Ó˚ xƒy!üö ë˛yu˛y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ (0 – 5ºC) öy•zê˛∆y§ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ Sç°#Î˚
NaNO2 oÓî + °â% x˜ÏçÓ xƒy!§í˛V §ˆÏAà !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xƒyˆÏÓ˚yˆÏü!ê˛Ü˛ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏçy!öÎ˚yü °Óî í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yˆÏܲ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏçy
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ӈϰ ~ÓÇ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏçy!öÎ˚yü °Óî ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ í˛yÎ˚yˆÏçyê˛y•zˆÏç¢ö ӈϰ–
NH2 N 2 + Cl −
NaNO 2 / HCl
  →
0 − 5º C
xÌÓy
xÌÓyñ ú%˛ê˛hsˇ ê˛°%•zö ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ ˆÎÔàà%!° §ü#ܲÓ˚î §• ˆ°ˆÏáy– í˛zͲõߨ ˆÎÔàà%!°ˆÏܲ °â% ܲƒy°!¢Î˚yü
•y•zí»˛:y•zí˛ oÓî myÓ˚y xyo≈ !ӈϟ’!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄ 4
í˛z_Ó˚– ú%˛ê˛hsˇ ê˛°%•zˆÏöÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚ö àƒy§ ã˛y°öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÓ!Oö !Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ !üÌy•z° ü)°ˆÏܲÓ˚ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçö ˛õÓ˚üyî%
!ï˛ö!ê˛•z ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚ö myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓOy•z° ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ñ ˆÓOy° ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓˆÏOyê˛∆y•zˆÏÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
CH3 CH2Cl CHCl2 CCl3
+ Cl2 110ºC
→ 110ºC
→ 110ºC
→

ˆÓOy•z° ˆÓOy° ˆÓöˆÏçyê˛∆y•zˆÏÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛

ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ˆÎÔàà%!° ܲƒy°!¢Î˚yü •y•zí»˛:y•zí˛ myÓ˚y xyo≈!ӈϟ’!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÎÔàà%!° í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚
CH2Cl CH2OH
Ca (OH) 2
  → + CaCl2
ˆÓOy•z°
OH OH
xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° I I H−C=O
CHCl2 H − C − OH H − C − OH
Ca (OH) 2 H 2O
  → + CaCl2   → + H2O
ˆÓöçy°!í˛•y•zí˛
OH OH
I I
HO − C − OH HO − C − OH HO − C = O
CCl3
Ca (OH) 2 − 2H 2 O
  → + CaCl2,  →
ˆÓˆÏOy!Î˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛
 S~èV ܲ# âˆÏê˛ Îáö S˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%!° Ä §ü#ܲÓ˚îà%!° òyÄV É 2+2
[i] ú˛!ü≈ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ âö xƒyˆÏüy!öÎ˚yÓ˚ oÓî ˆü¢yˆÏöy •Î˚–
[ii] xƒy!§ê˛yüy•zí˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ y!üö Ä xƒy°ˆÏܲy•°#Î˚ ܲ!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛y§ oÓ í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚y •°–
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] ú˛!ü≈ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà NH3ÙÈ~Ó˚ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xƒyˆÏüy!öÎ˚yü ú˛ˆÏü≈ê˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– xƒyˆÏüy!öÎ˚yü ú˛ˆÏü≈ê˛ !ÓˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ú˛ü≈yüy•zˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
∆
HCOOH + NH3 
→ HCOONH 4  → HCONH 2
[ii] xƒy!§ê˛yüy•zí˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ y!üö Ä xƒy°ˆÏܲy•°#Î˚ ܲ!fiê˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛y§ oÓî §• í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° !üÌy•z° xƒy!üö í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
CH 3CONH 2 + Br2 + 4 KOH 
→ CH 3N 2 + 2 KBr + K 2 CO 3 + H 2 O
xÌÓyñ ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy É [i] ˆ•° ˆû˛y°yí≈˛ ˆç!°ö!: !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y– [ii] ܲyÓ≈y•z° xƒy!üö !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y– 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] ˆ•° ˆû˛y°yí≈˛ ˆç!°ö!: !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y É °y° PÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ y!üö !ܲÇÓy ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚öñ ܲyÓ≈!:!°Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ αÈÙÈ•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçö ˛õÓ˚üyî%ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– í˛zͲõߨ ˆÎÔàˆÏܲ αÈÙÈ•ƒyˆÏ°y xƒy!§í˛ ӈϰ–
R – CH COOH
¡y¡P R – CBr COOH
2 2
B r2
[ii] ܲyÓ≈y•z° xƒy!üö !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y É ≤Ãy•züy!Ó˚ xƒy!üö ~ÓÇ xƒy°ˆÏܲy•°#Î˚ KOHÙÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yú˛ü≈ !ü!¢ˆÏÎ˚ §yüyöƒ
í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ï˛#Ó  ò%à≈rô!Ó!¢T˛ ܲy!Ó≈° xƒy!üö Óy xy•zˆÏ§y§yÎ˚yöy•zí˛ ˆÎÔà í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
CHCl3 + 3 KOH + C6H5NH2 
→ C6H5 – NC + 3 KCl + 3H2O
S!ú˛öy•z° xy•zˆÏ§yÎ˚yöy•zí˛V
Sê˛V [i] ATPÙÈ~Ó˚ ü)° í˛z˛õyòy!öܲ xÇ¢à%!° ܲ# ܲ# í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚–
[ii] @’%ˆÏܲyçˆÏܲ ê˛ˆÏ°™ !ÓܲyÓ˚ܲ §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄ 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] A.T.PÈÙÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyöà%!° •° ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ xî% Ó˚y•zˆÏÓy!ú˛í˛zÓ˚yˆÏöy§‰ñ ˜çÓ «˛yÓ˚ܲ Ä ú˛§ˆÏú˛ê˛–
[ii] @’%ˆÏܲyçˆÏܲ ê˛ˆÏ°™ !ÓܲyÓ˚ܲ §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ôyï˛Ó !§°û˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xôɈϫ˛˛õ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
Ag 2 O
HOH2C – CH (OH)4 – CH = O   → HOCH2 – (CHOH)4 – CO2H + Ag↓
ܲyˆÏ°y
xÌÓyñ [i] ˆç°%!§° xƒyrê˛y!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyö ܲ#⁄ ~Ó˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ ˛õyŸª≈ ≤Ãû˛yÓ Ü˛#˛⁄
xÌÓy
[ii] ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y É ~˛õ§ü §Œê˛ñ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yü °ƒy܉˛ˆÏê˛Ü˛– 2+2
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] ˆç°%!§° xƒyrê˛y!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyö •° üƒyàˆÏö!¢Î˚yü ê˛∆y•z!§!°ˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Ä xƒy°%!ü!öÎ˚yü •y•zˆÏí»˛y:y•zí˛– ~Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ üyÌy ÓƒÌyñ ò%Ó≈°ï˛yñ xˆÏsf üƒyàˆÏö!¢Î˚yü Ä xƒy°%!ü!öÎ˚yü çüy •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
[ii] ~˛õ§ü §ˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •° Ä£Ï%ôÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õñ ÓflfÓ˚Oܲ !¢ˆÏ“ñ ã˛yüí˛¸y ê˛ƒyö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç–
ܲƒy°!§Î˚yü °ƒy܉˛ˆÏê˛ê˛ ò%ô ˆÌˆÏܲ åÈyöy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– Ä£Ï%ô ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
!Óû˛yàÈÙÙÙÙÈÚâÛ
4– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ É S!Óܲ“ ≤ß¿à%!° °«˛î#Î˚V 6 × 2 = 12
SܲV [i] !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ü ˛ü Ä xyî!Óܲï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy– ˆÜ˛yö !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ô %ÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲܲ ˆüy°
!°‡ˆ§ •ˆÏ° !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ü ˛ü ܲï˛⁄
[ii] ˆòáyÄ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ≤ÃÌü Ü ˛ü !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ 50% §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §üÎ˚ °yˆÏà 75% §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !mà%î
§üÎ˚ °yˆÏà– 2+1+3
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚ܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Îï˛ âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ü ˛ü ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !öî≈yÎ˚ܲ ôyˆÏ˛õ Îï˛à%!° !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚ܲ xî% xÇ¢@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xyî!Óܲï˛y ӈϰ–
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ü ˛ü ˛õÓ˚#«˛y°kô– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ xyî!Óܲï˛y ï˛y!_¥Ü˛–
 ¢)öƒ Ü ˛ü !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y •yÓ˚ = K [ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚ܲ ]º
= K [ K = •yÓ˚ ô %Óܲ ]
•yÓ˚ ô %Óܲ KÙÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲܲ = !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲܲ
ˆy“þüöìcîû ~†þ†þ mol L−1
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲܲ = ¤Ÿöìëûîû ~†þ† = Sec
= mol L– L.Sec–1

2 ⋅ 303 a
[ii] !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ 50% = t ½= K ⋅ log
FH 1
a− a
2
IK
2 ⋅ 303
= log 2
K

2 ⋅ 303 a
!Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ 75% = t3 4 = K log 2
FH a − 34 aIK
2 ⋅ 303
= log 4
K
t ½ 2 ⋅ 303
= log 2 ‡ 2 ⋅ 303 log 4
t3 K K
4

Óyñ log 4 = ⋅⋅602

log 2 1
=
301 2
∴ 2t½ = t3 4
∴ t50% ˆÎ §üÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçöñ t75% ï˛yÓ˚ !mà%î §üÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö–
xÌÓyñ [i] !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ •z!Ì!°ˆÏöÓ˚ §Çàë˛ö ï˛y˛õ !öî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xÌÓy
C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆ H = – 97.3 K.cal
H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) ∆ H = – 68.4 K.cal
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(1) ∆ H = – 333 K.cal
[ii] ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ï˛#Ó  xƒy!§í˛ Ä ï˛#Ó  «˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤âüö ï˛y˛õ §Ó≈òy ô %Óܲ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛ö⁄
í˛z_Ó˚– [i] C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g), ∆H = – 97.3 K.cal
af
H 2 (g) + 12 O2 g → H2O(l), ∆H = – 68.4 K.cal
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ∆H = – 333 K.cal
2C (s) + 2O2(g) → 2CO2(g), ∆H = – 194.6 K.cal
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O (l), ∆H = – 136·8 K.cal
2C (g) + 2H2(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l), ∆H = – 331·4 K.cal
C2H4(g) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l), ∆H = – 331 K.cal
– – – – +
2C (g) + 2H2(g) → C2H4 (g) ∆H = + 1·6 K.cal
∴ •z!Ì!°ˆÏöÓ˚ §Çàë˛ö ï˛y˛õ = + 1·6 K. cal.
[ii] ï˛#Ó  xƒy!§í˛ Ä ï˛#Ó  «˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ü◊ˆÏî §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ H+ Ä OH– xyÎ˚ö í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– ~•z H+ Ä OH– xyÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏà
ˆÎ ï˛y˛õ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyî !ö!ò≈T˛ ~ÓÇ ô %Óܲ–
H+ + OH– H2O, ∆H = – 57 KJ.
 SáV ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y É
xƒy!ö!°ˆÏöÓ˚ öy•zˆÏê˛∆¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~ˆÏܲ xƒy!§ê˛ƒy!ö°y•zˆÏí˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
!ܲ âˆÏê˛ ÎáöÈÙÙÙÙÈ
[i] ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yú˛ü≈ Ä Ü˛!fiê˛Ü˛ ˆ§yí˛y oÓˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆú˛ö°ˆÏܲ !Ó˚úœ˛y: ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÆ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ x¡‘y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
[ii] ˆÓOy°!í˛•y•zí˛ˆÏܲ âö ܲ!fiê˛Ü˛ ˆ§yí˛y oÓˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– S≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!öܲ §ü#ܲÓ˚î òyÄV
í˛z_Ó˚– xƒy!ö!°öˆÏܲ àyì˛¸ HNO3 ~ÓÇ àyì˛¸ H2SO4 myÓ˚y öy•zˆÏê˛∆¢ö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ NH2 ü)°Ü˛ çy!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ öy•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏüy ü)°ˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚öï˛ •Î˚– ~çöƒ NH2 @ˇÃ%˛õ x!ÓÜ,˛ï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ xƒy!§ê˛y•zˆÏ°¢ö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
[i] ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yú˛ü≈ Ä Ü˛!fiê˛Ü˛ ˆ§yí˛y oÓˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆú˛ö°ˆÏܲ !Ó˚úœ˛y: ܲˆÏÓ˚ x¡‘y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° !öˆÏ¡¨y=˛ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÙÈ
OH
CHCl3 / NaOH M
L ONa
CHO ONa OP OH
CHO OH

MM PP
H 2SO 4
  → +   → +
N CHO Q CHO
OÈÙÈ•y•zí»˛!:° PÈÙÈ•y•zí»˛!:
ˆÓOy°!í˛•y•zí˛ ˆÓOy°!í˛•y•zí˛
[ii] ˆÓOy°!í˛•y•zí˛ âö NaOH oÓˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° xˆÏô≈ܲ xÇ¢ çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ä xˆÏô≈ܲ xÇ¢ !Óçy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
CHO COONa CH OH
2
NaOH
 → +

xÌÓyñ A ˆÌˆÏܲ F ˛õÎ≈hsˇ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õòyÌ≈à%!° ¢öy=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

xÌÓy
C H3 I CrO 2 Cl 2 O
[ A ]   → [ B ]  → [ C ]
xšyoÅ CCl 4 KMnO 4
A lC l 3

NaOH ö¤y’þy¡y¥zŸ Cl 2
 → [ D ] [ E ]   → [F]
âö ∆ FeCl3
CH3 COOH
C H3 I CrO 2 Cl 2 O
í˛z_Ó˚–  →  →
xšyoÅ CCl 4 KMnO 4
A lC l 3 A B
ê˛°%•zö ˆÓOy°!í˛•y•zí˛
COOH COONa Cl
NaOH ö¤y’þy¡y¥zŸ Cl 2
  →
 →
∆ FeCl3
C D E F
ˆÓˆÏOy!Î˚ܲ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yü ˆÓ!Oö ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÓ!Oö
xƒy!§í˛ ˆÓˆÏOyˆÏÎ˚ê˛