BNG255

Biomechanics/Medical device HW

1. What is the difference between the study of kinematics and kinetics in regard to forces?

Kinetics is responsible for analyzing movements under the influence of forces, that is, kinetics also
takes into account the causes of movement. To describe the spatial and temporal evolution of a
mechanical system on which external forces act, equations of motion are applied.

The kinematics describes and analyzes the effect of movement on the bodies regardless of the
causes. In this case, what important is to analyze the geometric aspects of movement. The
coordinates describe the position of a body in each moment. Path, velocity and acceleration are
analyzed.

2. What three components that make up the musculoskeletal “system”.

Bones
Joints
Muscles.

3. The musculoskeletal system is composed if many simple machines. There are 4 potential uses
for these simple machines, list 2 of these uses.

Speed and range of motion: Speed and range of motion. Axis near force

Force (Strength): Resistance arm and force arm in same direction. Axis near resistance

4. Fill in the blank a __levers__ is used to alter the resulting direction of the applied force.
5. In the body what component acts as a lever and what acts as the axis?
the bones act as levers and the joints as a point of rotation

6. When we think of a lever set up, what does FAR refer to?
F: Force
A: Axis
R: Resistance
7. Draw a basic F.A.R for each of the following and give an example of where in the body you may
find each.
First class lever:
Triceps contraction
Second class lever:
Contraction Gatroc and soleus
Third class lever:
Contraction of the biceps
 8. Which class of levers is designed best for speed and range of motion and which is best for
strength?
2nd class lever is better for Strength and 3rd class lever is better for speed and range of motion

9. What forces determine amount of torque in a system?

The force acts against a resistance (weight, gravity, opponent, etc.)

10. A. How much torque needs to be produced to move 60 kg (R) when the RA is 0.30 m and the
FA is 0.1 meters?

R∗d RA 60 kg∗0.3 m
F= = =180 kg
d FA 0.1 m

b. What value could you change to decrease the torque needed to lift the SAME object.

Would increase the distance between the point of application of force and the joint

12. A. What is the “contractile” unit of muscle called? __Muscle Fiber____

B. what is the non-contractile element (series elastic element) in a muscle lever system? Tendon

13. in regards to “power” which is more powerful, muscle fibers arranged in Parallel or bipennate
muscles? bipennate

Why? Which pack the most fibers, shorten very little but are extremely powerful.

14. When weight lifting with the goal of increasing strength, what physical characteristic of the muscle
are you changing to bring about that increased strength? Muscle fibers are shortened

15. What is the branch of FDA that controls regulation of medical devices? Center for Devices and
Radiological Health (CDRH)

16. Which of the following statements is false?

A. A device can be an instrument or an apparatus.

B. A device can be something used to diagnose a disease
C. A device can change the chemistry of your cells
D. A device can be something that delivers a drug to your body
17. Give one example of a..

Class I device

A pliers

Class II device

Bottle opener

Class III device

Eyebrow tweezers

18. Which of the following is true regarding device classification?

A. Devices with the least risk to the patient are considered Class III
B. A class III device has a high risk potential to the patient
C. Class III devices are the easiest to get approved
D. Testing devices on humans is easy and follows no specific guidelines

19. Explain the difference between Harm and Risk.

A hazard is something that can cause harm, e.g. electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a
keyboard, a bully at work, stress, etc.

A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm.

20. What is a “substantial equivalent”? Is it easier or harder to get approval for a Device that has an SE?

Defining substantial equivalence for new medical devices, it consists of a new device that is essentially
similar to an existing device that can be released for launch without further testing. The underlying
approach of comparing a new product or technique with an existing one has long been used in various
fields of science and technology. Therefore it is easier to get FDA approval

21. Which of the following would not be a priority when developing a medical device?

A. Cost
B. Ergonomics
C. Ease of sterilization
D. Material
E. None of the above