however most people have forgotten the reigious meaning of Sankt Hans, anc they have gone back tothe tradional celebration vith bonfires, music, fod, and partes with family and fiends. ‘bonfire large pls ot toed aot 6h fro <>) *pacan a) eng argos tet Shot “svelte maior alone the wore In short, Sankt Flans isan interesting Scandinavian holiday. © In short, Scandinavians stil celebrate Sankt Hans as they did over a thousand years ago. © In short, both tradition and religion played a role in developing the current-day Scandinavian holiday Sankt Hans cS. CTURE AND MEC Sentences and Punctuation ‘The use of punctuation marks varies greatly fom language to language. In academic writing in English, the rules of punctuation must be followed carefully, ‘To use punctuation marks correctly, you must have a basic understanding of sentence structure. A sentence must have an independent clause. Look at the meanings of these words to help you understand what an independent clause is. independent: able to stand alone; not dependent on something else clause: a group of words containing a subject and a verb independent clause: a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and that «an stand alone ‘Note that the basic punctuation pattern for a sentence isto begin it with a capital letter and end it with a period, Sentence (an independent clause) > St Patrick's Day honors Irish Americans. subst ve Nota sentence (not an independent clause) > When irish Americans are honored on St. Pattick’s Day. This is not independent because we don't know what happens when Irish ‘Americans are honored. Corrected Sentence: D> Restaurants serve green drinks when Irish Americans are honored on St. Patrick's Day. Not a sentence (a phrase) >> Honoring rish Americans on St. Patrick's Day. ‘This is not independent because there is no verb. Corrected Sentence: > Honoring Irish Americans on St, Patrick's Day is a long-held tradition Chapter 1: The Organization of Paragraphs 11© PRACTICE 10: Identifying Sentences Read each group of words and decide whether itis a sentence. fit is, puta capital letter at the beginning and a period at the end. If i ist, work with a partner and change it into a complete sentence, 1. in the United States, religious holidays often become nonreligious 2, the government of the United States recognizes eight holidays by giving its employees the day off 3 parents hiding several hundred Easter eggs 4, when we spent a long holiday weekend in the mountains 5. most people look forward to long holiday weekends 6. after the celebration was over 7. lighting bonfires on the beach during the summer in Germany, you bring a picnic to work on your birthday Connecting Sentences Using Coordinating Conjunctions ‘You can improve your writing by connecting two independent clauses into one sentence, This makes your writing more sophisticated and cohesive, One way to combine two sentences is to use a comma and a coordinating conjunction. When coordinating conjunctions are used to combine two independent clauses, they establish a relationship between the sentences. The relationship depends on the coordinating conjunction that you choose, There are seven coordinating conjunctions, and you can easily remember them by remembering the word FANBOYS. F for (cause) Monday is holiday, for it is Labor Day. A and (addition) Monday is holiday, and Tuesday isa holiday. N nor (choice) Monday isn't a holiday, nor is Tuesday a holiday. (Nore: When you use nar in this way, you must use question word order after it.) B but (difference) Monday is a holiday, but Tuesday is not a holiday. © or (choice) We'll celebrate the holiday on Monday, or we'll celebrate it on Tuesday. Y yet (difference) Monday is « holiday, yet Tuesday isn’t a holiday. Ss (result) Monday is «holiday, so we don't have to go to school. 42. Part! The ParagraphUsing Commes with Coordinating Gonjunctions ‘There ate three rules for using commas with coordinating conjunctions: 1, When coordinating conjunctions are used to connect independent clauses, they are preceded by a comma. 2 Apri Foo!'s Day was my favorite holiday as a child, and its stil fun for me as an adutt > Martin Luther King Day is @ national holiday, yet some eriployees must work. > Arbor Day hoinors trees, so many people plant trees on this day. 3 We can't go out to celebrate, nor can we stay home. If the clause that comes after the coordinating conjunction doesn't have a subject and verb, do not use a comma. > Annie got up late and forgot to cell her mother on Mother's Day. 3. Although you may see coordinating conjunctions begin a sentence after a petiod, this is not considered good acedemic style. Instead, begin a new sentence with a transition with the same meaning. (Chapter 3 discusses transitions.) Nonacademic style > We were going to go to the Halloween party. But we didn't know what tlme it started. 2. Academic style D> We were going to go to the Halloween party. However, we didn't know ‘what time it started. |B PRACTICE 11; Combining Sentences with Coordinating Conjunctions Combine the pairs of sentences with an appropriate coordinating conjunction, Be sure 10 use a comma between the sentences. Try to use each coordinating conjunction. More than one correct answer is possible. The frst one has been done for you. 1, Bastille Day commemorates the birth of the modern nation of France. The French celebrate it with parades and parties. Bastille Day commemorates the birth ofthe mederm natin of France, so the French cclbrate it with parades and parties. oR The French celebrate Bastile Day with parades and pa st commemorates the icth of the modern nation of France 2, Min Soo hates shopping for the winter holidays. He does all his shopping in the summer. (continued) Chapter 1: The Organization of Paragraphs 132 ‘You can serve turkey for the holiday dinner. You can serve ham. [Naoto loves to celebrate New Year's Eve, He's too sick to go out this year. . Poinsettis are popular plants at Christmas. They bloom in the winter. 5. The Easter egg isn’t in plain view. It isn't completely hidden. Katia and her family celebrate Pushkin's birthday. He was a great Russian poet. 5. Peiya doesn't like fireworks, She watches them with her children, ‘Mexican children love skeleton candy. They look forward to 44° Part The ParagraphParagraph Format When you write a paragraph in English, you must use correct paragraph format. Read the rules for paragraph format in the list below. Then, look at the diagram, Put the number of the appropriate rule in the square(s). 1, Put your name and the date in the upper righthand corner. 2, Center your title on the next line, 3, Indent the first sentence by using the tab key or by going in five spaces to the right. A, Start each sentence with a capital letter. 5, End each sentence with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point. (6, Begin each sentence where the previous sentence ends, 7. Wiite on every other line. This is called double-spacing, 8, Put margins of about one inch on each side of the paper. Otitie j Q i OX xxx XKKKKKXIARAKARRE. KKKKARAXAERRE a Q | SGOQOUGORORORUER. SUGUURUGUOGUOUGICOGOROGIR, poooccocncogouaoac Onvenuscocsncccs 7a 300" | : a ZECOCUDOCODUCOONK, KOU COI IOI | RIOR. | Some teachers accept handwritten papers, but many prefer that you do your work on a computer. There are additional considerations for writing on the computer, which you can find in Appendix 3 on pege 178. WRITING TO COMMUNICATE. Your Turn ‘You have learned a lot about paragraphs in this chapter. Now you are ready to ‘write your own paragraph. Look back at Practice 3 on page 5. Choose one of the holidays for which you wrote a topic sentence, or choose another holiday that you know about. Write a topic sentence, the supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence, Be sure to use good paragraph format. Chapter 1: The Organization of Paragraphs 15Paragraph Checklist ‘Use this parageaph checklist as @ reminder of everything that you need to have in @ paragraph. Check off (W) the items that are true. If any of the items are ot checked off and you need them, correct jour paragraph and then complete the checklist CONTENT What does the body of the paragraph consist of? (Check all that apply) HRC ee Eee ‘ a b, examples : «, an illustration based on personal experience .. ORGANIZATION Is there a topic sentence that contains the main idea cof the paragraph? ........ : Does the topic sentence have a topic and a controling idea? Are there any major supporting sentences? . ED Are some of the major supporting sentences explained by minor supporting sentences? . What does the concluding sentence do? (Check one.) a. restates the topic sentence .. b. summarizes the main points of the body of the ae MECHANICS 4 How many coordinating conjunctions are used the paragraph? are commas used correctly with coordinating conjunctions? : ooo Oo oo Writing to Communicate . .. More For more writing practi , choose one of these assignments. 1. Choose another holiday from your country and write about it, 2, Explain how your family celebrates a certain holiday. 3. Write about a holiday celebration that you remember. 4, Make up a new holiday and explain how to celebrate it. 16 Part The Paragraph