MUZEUL JUDEŢEAN MUREȘ

MARISIA
S T U D I I Ș I M AT E R I A L E

XXXII
ARHEOLOGIE

Târgu Mureș
2012
 CONTENTS

ARTICLES

Marius-Mihai Ciută
A Neolithic Feature Discovered at Alba Iulia–Lumea Nouă 7

Rita E. Németh
Prehistoric Wheel Models from the Collection of the Mureş County Museum 15

Botond Rezi
Prehistoric Bronze Finds from the Collection of Kolumbán Árpád 33

Sándor Berecki
An Early Iron Age Zoomorphic Clay Figurine from Târgu Mureș 47

Britta Burkhardt
Some Considerations on the Symbolism of the Lion Motif in Scythian Art 59

János Németi
Celtic Grave from Moftinu Mic, Satu Mare County 71

Iosif Vasile Ferencz

Late Iron Age Brooch with Enamelled Plaque from Ardeu 79

Nicoleta Man–Daniel M. Cioată

Archaeological Researches in the Military Vicus from Călugăreni 85

István Gergő Farkas–Szilamér Péter Pánczél–András Szabó

A New Roman Altar from Gurghiu, Mureș County 101

Szilamér-Péter Pánczél–László Lenkey–Mihály Pethe–Nándor Laczkó

Updating our Knowledge about the Roman Fort from Brâncovenești, Mureș County 105

Koppány Bulcsú Ötvös–Katalin Sidó

The Analysis of the Ceramic Material from Glodeni. Preliminary Considerations 117

Maria-Corina Nicolae
Isiac Reliefs in Roman Dacia 127

Csaba Szabó
Searching for the Light-Bearer. Notes on a Mithraic Relief from Dragu 135
Imola Boda
Apollo and Iuppiter Dolichenus in Roman Dacia 145

Zsolt Nyárádi
A Perished Medieval Settlement in Udvarhelyszék 155

Regina Bakonyi–Zoltán Soós

The Medieval Church of Vălenii de Mureș, Mureș County 193

Kármen Anita Baráth

Cloak Jewels on Transylvanian and Hungarian Mural Paintings of the Angevin Period 205

Attila Pokorny
A Standpoint on the Restoration of Medieval Ceramics 215

BOOK REVIEWS

Bondár, Mária, Agyag kocsimodellek a Kárpát-medencéből (Kr. e. 3500–1500) [Prehistoric wagon

models in the Carpathian Basin (3500–1500 BC)], Archaeolingua, Budapest, 2012, 132 pages, 5 figures,
28 plates, 2 maps. (by Rita E. Németh) 221
Ramsl, Peter C., Das latènezeitliche Gräberfeld von Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, Flur Reinthal Süd,
Niederösterreich, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophich–historiche Klasse,
Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission, Band 74, Wien, 2011, 669 pages, 204 figures, 234
plates. (by Sándor Berecki) 225
Carbó García, Juan-Ramón, Los cultos orientales en la Dacia romana. Formas de difusión, integración
y control social e ideológico, Ediciones Univesidad De Salamanca, Junio 2010, volume 1–2, 1270 pages.
(by Imola Boda) 227

ABBREVIATIONS 229
 UPDATING OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ROMAN
FORT FROM BRÂNCOVENEŞTI, MUREŞ COUNTY*

Szilamér-Péter PÁNCZÉL
Mureș County Museum, Târgu Mureș, RO

László LENKEY
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, HU

Mihály PETHE
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, HU

Nándor LACZKÓ
Babeș–Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, RO

As part of the RLR (Roman Limes Route) and LIDOR (Limes Dacicus Orientalis) projects geophysical
and topographical survey took place in the retentura of the auxiliary fort from Brâncovenești. In the present
paper, based on the recent results, we made an attempt to corroborate all the available archaeological data,
georeference the former excavations and propose a 3D visualisation model of the fort.

Keywords: Roman, auxiliary fort, survey, magnetometry, medieval church

In 2011 and 2012 at the initiative of the Mureș County Museum in the framework of the
RLR (Roman Limes Route) and LIDOR (Limes Dacicus Orientalis) projects (Visy 2008; 2009a;
2009b; Szabó 2009; Pánczél et al. 2011) geophysical and topographical survey took place
in the retentura of the Roman auxiliary fort from Brâncovenești in Mureș County (Hungarian
Marosvécs). The Roman fort from Brâncovenești is one of the best known sites (Pl. 1/1) of the
eastern border of the Dacian provinces (related to the research history of the site, see: Paulovics
1944, 23–26; Protase–Zrínyi 1994a; 1994b; Lazăr 1995, 84–88; Gudea 1997, 56–57; Popa et
al. 2010, 106–107). Due to the location in the Mureș Valley, beyond the Deda pass, on a high
terrace – with an altitude varying from 337 m to 431 m – next to the right riverbank, it had a
major strategic importance (Pl. 2/1–2). Linked probably to the forts of Orheiu Bistriţei (Bistriţa-
Năsăud County) and Călugăreni (Mureș County) by the eastern limes road and relying on the
natural defence offered by the Călimani and Gurghiu Mountains combined with a system of

* We would kindly thank Máté Szabó and Antal Kosza for their help with the illustrations, Koppány-Bulcsú Ötvös for
his help during the research, and Ünige Bencze, Tamás Lipovics and Silvia Mustaţă for the corrections made on the
text. The Roman Limes Route cultural project was financed by the Administration of the National Cultural Fund.

MARISIA XXXII, p. 105‒115

 SZ.-P. PÁNCZÉL–L. LENKEY–M. PETHE–N. LACZKÓ

106 Sz.-P. Pánczél–L. Lenkey–M. Pethe–N. Laczkó

watchtowers and defensive structures situated towards the barbaricum (Paulovics 1944, 26–27;
Ferenczi–Petică 1982, 568–584; Protase–Zrínyi 1994a, 7–8; Ferenczi–Petică 1994; 1995;
Pánczél et al. 2011) this fort had the role to control the border section around the upper Mureș
Valley leading towards east, to the Gheorgheni Plateau (Protase–Zrínyi 1994a, 1–2).
The site is known as Castel and Cetate and is located on the north-eastern periphery
of the village (Protase–Zrínyi 1994a, 1). On the south-eastern part of the fort (mainly the
pretentura dextra) a medieval fortification was built, which was converted into the Renaissance
castle owned later by the Kemény family (Pl. 1/2). The auxiliary buildings of the former estate
and the buildings of the hospital presently functioning on the property seriously damaged the
remains of the pretentura and the latus praetorii of the fort (Pl. 2/3).
The first excavations at the site were conducted in 1847 by Neigebaur (1851, 251) followed
by small scale evaluation slots made under the supervision of Paulovics in 1942 (Paulovics 1944,
25, footnote 25). The first systematic excavations started in 1970 and continued until 1982 under
the scientific supervision of Protase and Zrínyi (except for the years 1974–1975, when no excava-
tions took place in the military fort). The results of the excavations were presented in preliminary
reports (Protase–Zrínyi 1975; Protase 1977; Russu 1977; Protase–Zrínyi 1978; 1992; 1993)
and in a monographic publication (Protase–Zrínyi 1994a; 1994b).
Based on a synthesis of the excavations made by the researchers (Protase–Zrínyi 1994a;
1994b) and later by Gudea (1997, 56–57) we know that the fort had three major building phases.
The first one, the timber fort, was oriented roughly towards the cardinal points, it had a rectan-
gular shape and a 10 m wide and 1.20 m high earth rampart with a 5–7 m wide and 1.5 m deep
V shaped ditch. This phase has been dated to the reign of Trajan, but the exact extent of the fort
and the military unit which built it has not been established yet. It is presumed that it was built
by the same unit and with the same extent as the stone fort from the second phase (Protase–
Zrínyi 1994a, 68). The rectangular stone fort with rounded corners had the same orientation
as the previous one with a 1 m wide stone wall built in opus incertum technique. The fort had
roughly 2.5 ha surface and sides measuring 144 m respectively 177 m. Beside the two gates, the
porta principalis sinistra and the porta decumana (only partially excavated), a building in the
latus sinistrum, without any clear evidence related to its function, was excavated. In the retentura
possible remains of timber buildings (barracks and stalls?) have been identified (Protase–Zrínyi
1994a, 72–73). The fort had in this phase two ditches, the first was 9 m wide and 2.5 m deep, the
second 8 m wide and 2 m deep. On the eastern side (towards the slope of the river valley) no sign
of these ditches have been observed. Based on tile stamps and inscriptions it is thought that a
cavalry unit, the Ala I Numeri Illyricorum (see discussion at Marcu 2009, 119–120) was stationed
in the fort. The last phase is a major reparation phase dated to the middle of the 3rd century AD,
but it still has to be clarified whether the external buttresses attached to the western precinct wall
can be linked to this phase or these could be the result of an earlier intervention. The latest coins
from the fort come from the reign of Gordian III and Philippus Arabs (Protase–Zrínyi 1994a,
53, 73–74), so probably not long after this period the control of the area was lost.
Usually, in the publications, two versions of the plan illustrating these excavations are to
be found. The first (plan A) version (Pl. 3/1), with some variants is used almost in each publi-
cation (see for instance Protase–Zrínyi 1975, pl. 25; Protase 1977, 380, fig. 2; Protase–Zrínyi
1992, pl. 1; Protase–Zrínyi 1994a, pl. 25; Gudea 1997, 57, nr. 32; Marcu 2009, 292, pl. 24; Popa
et al. 2010, 122, Abb. 6–7), but from topographic point of view it is not accurate enough. The
 Updating our Knowledge about the Roman Fort from Brâncoveneşti, Mureş County 107

three still existing buildings and the defensive ditch of the medieval castle are roughly indicated
in this plan, but their inaccuracy did not allow us to use them for georeferencing. The second
(plan B) version (Pl. 3/2) appears only in the final publication (Protase–Zrínyi 1994a, pl. 26)
and even though it lacks many of the archaeological details – for instance the defensive ditches of
the fort or the remains of the medieval chapel/s are not listed –, the topographic data (truncation
lines, altitude lines, several still existing buildings) offers a much better dataset for georeferencing.
The incoherence between the two plans has to be taken into account.
After the digitalisation and reinterpretation of the old plans concerning phasing and site
preservation (Pl. 3) the georeferencing of plan B was done (Pl. 4/1) based on the still existing
landmark features. In the plans all the evaluation trenches have been marked with Arab numbers
and not with Roman numbers like in the initial publications. To verify this dataset a geomagnetic
survey has been carried out in the retentura, located in the orchard of the former estate, in an
area where the measurements were less disturbed by modern interventions. An area of 1.2 ha was
covered by measurements made in a grid with 1 m spacing using an Overhauser Gradiometer.
Through the geophysical data (Pl. 4/2) many of the old excavation trenches could be located with
high accuracy (e.g. trenches 1, 7, 16 and 18 are visible as grey sections in Pl. 5/1), but in some
cases a slight shift in their position proved that not even plan B had a high topographic accuracy.
Concerning the archaeological features, due to the measurements (Pl. 5/1) in the retentura the
remains of via decumana and possibly, via quintana were located. In the retentura sinistra, running
parallel with the robbed defensive wall of the fort the scarce remains of a masonry structure
(building?), or more probably two roads were located. The one next to the precinct wall may
have been via sagularis. Outside the fort three massive defensive ditches were identified at regular
distances running parallel with the precinct wall. If they are contemporary or not it is difficult
to establish, but based on the dataset offered by former excavations we did not know about
the existence of a third ditch. The appearance of the ditches is slightly different from the other
structures in the area, because they have a continuous character, while the other structures look
more rugged. This uneven look is due to the construction material, which was mainly andesite,
and this rock is strongly magnetized, therefore the larger blocks appear as individual anomalies.
The ditches were probably filled uniformly which results in a smoother look. In the area west of
the ditches many magnetic anomalies appear, which suggest that the area had many masonry
structures, probably belonging to the roman vicus. However, the original structures were ruined
by the modern agriculture, because the stone fragments were piled up on the edges of the lines
where the trees in the orchard were planted (Pl. 4/2).
In the retentura, partly covering via decumana a building with slightly different orien-
tation in comparison with the Roman structures could be identified. This building appears as a
concentration of strong anomalies, but its shape is difficult to define accurately. The building is
oriented clearly east-west and on the same place the former excavations found inhumation graves
together with the remains of two funerary crypts (Protase–Zrínyi 1994a, 7). This area was the
family graveyard of the Kemény family until the middle of the 20th century (Paulovics 1944,
25). On the first Austrian military survey of Transylvania (Pl. 5/2) from the early 18th century,
beside the still existing protestant church, a second church is shown in the vicinity of the castle.
We can presume that this second church was the chapel of the landlords used by the members of
the estate and the tradition to bury their relatives next to it continued even after this church or
chapel was razed to the ground sometimes during the 18th century.
108 Sz.-P. Pánczél–L. Lenkey–M. Pethe–N. Laczkó

Based on the corroborated archaeological data a 3D model has been made (Pl. 6) as an
architectural volumetric study. The purpose of this visualization method is to show the position
and the dimensions of the fort in relation to the topography of the site. We reconstructed only
the defensive walls and the gates without construction details and textures, but it has to be under-
lined, that they could have been considerably higher. From the interior of the fort except the main
roads we do not have enough evidence to reconstruct the internal structure, nor do we have data
about the triple ditch running all around the fort although we reconstructed it as such.

REFERENCES

Gudea 1997 Gudea, N., Der dakische Limes. Materialien zur seiner Geschichte, Jahrbuch
RGZM, 44, 1–113.
Ferenczi–Petică 1982 Ferenczi, I.–Petică, M., Cercetăride topografie arheologică în judeţul Mureș
(Partea I-a), ActaMN, 19, 557–584.
Ferenczi–Petică 1994 Ferenczi, I.–Petică, M., Limes-ul Daciei. Contribuţii la cunoașterea sectoarelor
Brâncovenești–Călugăreni și Călugăreni–Sărăţeni (jud. Mureș) I, Apulum, 31,
140–166.
Ferenczi–Petică 1995 Ferenczi, I.–Petică, M., Limesul Daciei. Contribuţii la cunoașterea sectoarelor
Brâncovenești–Călugareni și Călugăreni–Sărăţeni (jud. Mureș) II, Apulum,
32, 121–143.
Lazăr 1995 Lazăr, V., Repertoriul arheologic al judeţului Mureș, Târgu Mureş.
Neigebaur 1851 Neigebaur, J. F., Dakien aus den Überresten des klassischen Altertums, Kronstadt.
Marcu 2009 Marcu, F., Organizarea internă a castrelor din Dacia, BMN, 30.
Pánczél et al. 2011 Pánczél, Sz. P.–Szabó, M.–Visy, Zs., Dácia superior keleti határának régészeti
kutatása – Archaeological research on the Eastern Frontier of Dacia
Superior, IN: Visy, Zs. (ed.), A Danube Limes program régészeti kutatásai
2008-2011 között. Jelentés a Danube Limes UNESCO World Heritage Site
pályázat keretében a PTE BTK Régészet Tanszékének kutatócsoportja által
végzett kutatásokról – The Danube Limes Project Archaeological Research
between 2008-2011. Report on the research carried out by the research team of
the Department of Archaeology, University of Pecs within the framework of the
Danube Limes UNESCO World Heritage Site project, Pécs, 173–180.
Paulovics 1944 Paulovics, I., Dacia keleti határvonala és az ugynevezet „dák”-ezüstkincsek
kérdése, Kolozsvár.
Popa et al. 2010 Popa, A.–Cociș, S.–Klein, Ch.–Gaiu, C.–Man, N., Geophysikalische
Prospektionen in Ostsiebenbürgen. Ein Deutsch-Rumänisch-Moldauisches
Forschungsprojekt an der Ostgrenze der römischen Provinz Dacia,
EphemNap, 20, 101–128.
Protase 1977 Protase, D., Das Römerlager von Brâncovenești und seine Bedeutung für die
Verteidigung der Nordostgrenze Dakiens, IN: Studien zu den Militärgrenzen
Roms II. Vorträge des 10. Internationalen Limeskongresses in der Germania
Inferior, Köln–Bonn, 379–386.
Protase–Zrínyi 1975 Protase, D.–Zrínyi, A., Castrul roman de la Brâncovenești în valea Mureșului.
Săpăturile din anii 1970–1973, Marisia, V, 57–69.
Protase–Zrínyi 1978 Protase, D.–Zrínyi, A., Raport preliminar asupra săpăturilor din 1977
privind perioada stăpânirii romane, efectuate de Muzeul Judeţean Mureș,
Marisia, VIII, 75–79.
Protase–Zrínyi 1992 Protase, D.–Zrínyi, A., Inscripţii și monumente sculpturale din castrul
roman de la Brâncovenești (Jud. Mureș), EphemNap, 2, 95–110.
 Updating our Knowledge about the Roman Fort from Brâncoveneşti, Mureş County 109

Protase–Zrínyi 1993 Protase, D.–Zrínyi, A., Castrul roman de la Brâncovenești jud. Mureș, MCA,
295–298.
Protase–Zrínyi 1994a Protase, D.–Zrínyi, A., Castrul roman și așezarea civilă de la Brâncovenești
(jud. Mureș). Săpăturile din anii 1970–1987, Târgu Mureș.
Protase–Zrínyi 1994b Protase, D.–Zrínyi, A., Castrul roman și așezarea civilă de la Brâncovenești
(jud. Mureș). Săpăturile din anii 1970–1987, Marisia, XXIII–XXIV, 75–169.
Russu 1977 Russu, I. I., Garnizoana și castrul roman de la Brâncovenești (jud. Mureș).
Ala I Numeri Illyricorum, SCIVA, 28, 93–104
Szabó 2009 Szabó, M., Dacia superior keleti határának légirégészeti kutatása, IN:
Körösfői, Zs. (szerk.), Kutatások a Nagy-Küküllő felső folyása mentén, MIMK,
1, 117–122.
Visy 2008 Visy, Zs., Dacia limese mint lehetséges világörökségi helyszín, IN: Visy, Zs.
(szerk.), Tanulmányok Énlaka történetéről és kultúrájáról, Énlaka–Pécs, 159–173.
Visy 2009a Visy, Zs., Archäologische Forschungen an der östlichen Grenze von Dacia
Superior, IN: Bíró, Sz. (Hrsg.), Ex officina... Studia in honorem Dénes Gabler,
Győr, 587–598.
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(szerk.), Kutatások a Nagy-Küküllő felső folyása mentén, MIMK, 1, 107–115.

LIST OF PLATES

Pl. 1. 1. Forts of the eastern border of Roman Dacia (map by M. Szabó); 2. Aerial photo of the site from
Brâncoveneşti (photo: M. Szabó, 2008, Aerial Archaeological Archive of Pécs, PLT 27651).
Pl. 2. 1. The DTM of the site; 2. The DTM and the orthophoto of the site; 3. The location of the Roman fort
from Brâncoveneşti on the orthophoto (3. made by Sz.-P. Pánczél and A. Kosza, based on Protase–
Zrínyi 1994; Visy 2009b).
Pl. 3. 1. Excavation plan A of the fort; 2. Excavation plan B of the fort (1–2. digitalised and reinterpreted
by Sz.-P. Pánczél after Protase–Zrínyi 1994).
Pl. 4. 1. Georeferenced excavations from the fort; 2. Georeferenced excavations and geophysical data from
the fort.
Pl. 5. 1. Geophysical data and interpretation; 2. Area of Brâncoveneşti on the first Austrian Military
Survey of Transylvania from the second half of the 18th century.
Pl. 6. 1. 3D model of the fort from Brâncoveneşti; 2. 3D model of the porta principalis sinistra.
110 Sz.-P. Pánczél–L. Lenkey–M. Pethe–N. Laczkó

Plate 1. 1. Forts of the eastern border of Roman Dacia (map by M. Szabó); 2. Aerial photo of the
site from Brâncoveneşti (photo: M. Szabó, 2008, Aerial Archaeological Archive of Pécs, PLT 27651).
 Updating our Knowledge about the Roman Fort from Brâncoveneşti, Mureş County 111

Plate 2. 1. The DTM of the site; 2. The DTM and the orthophoto of the site;
3. The location of the Roman fort from Brâncoveneşti on the orthophoto
(made by Sz.-P. Pánczél and A. Kosza, based on PROTASE–ZRÍNYI 1994; VISY 2009b).
112 Sz.-P. Pánczél–L. Lenkey–M. Pethe–N. Laczkó

Plate 3. 1. Excavation plan A of the fort; 2. Excavation plan B of the fort

(1–2. digitalised and reinterpreted by Sz.-P. Pánczél after PROTASE–ZRÍNYI 1994).
Updating our Knowledge about the Roman Fort from Brâncoveneşti, Mureş County 113

Plate 4. 1. Georeferenced excavations from the fort;

2. Georeferenced excavations and geophysical data from the fort.
114 Sz.-P. Pánczél–L. Lenkey–M. Pethe–N. Laczkó

Roman wall
Roman ditch 0 50m
N Roman road
Medieval structures 1

Plate 5. 1. Geophysical data and interpretation; 2. Area of Brâncoveneşti on the

first Austrian Military Survey of Transylvania from the second half of the 18th century.
 Updating our Knowledge about the Roman Fort from Brâncoveneşti, Mureş County 115

Plate 6. 1. 3D model of the fort from Brâncoveneşti; 2. 3D model of the porta principalis sinistra.
 ABBREVIATIONS

Acta Acta (Siculica), Muzeul Naţional Secuiesc, Sfântu Gheorghe

ActaArchHung Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest
ActaMD Acta Musei Devensis
ActaMN Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca
ActaPraehistArch Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica, Berlin
ActaTS Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, Sibiu
Agria Agria, Annales Musei Agriensis / Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve (1982), Eger
AJA American Journal of Archaeology
Alba Regia Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, Székesfehérvár
AMND Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutschland
Analele Banatului Analele Banatului, Muzeul Banatului, Timişoara
Angustia Angustia, Muzeul Carpaţilor Răsăriteni, Sfântu Gheorghe
ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt
Apulum Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia
ARA Annual review of anthropology
ArchAustr Archaeologia Austriaca, Wien
ArchBBonn Archäologische Berichte Bonn
ArchÉrt Archaeologiai Értesítő, Budapest
ArchKorr Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Römisch-Germanischen
Zentralmuseum in Mainz
ArchPfalz Archäologie in der Pfalz
ArhMold Arheologia Moldovei, Iași
ASGE Arheologičeskij Sbornik Gosudarstvennogo Ermitaža, Leningrad
Banatica Banatica, Muzeul de istorie al judeţului Caraș-Severin, Reșiţa
BAR British Archaeological Reports, International Series / British Series, Oxford
BayerVorgeschbl Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter, München
BB Bibliotheca Brukenthal, Sibiu
BerRGK Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission
BM Bibliotheca Marmatia, Baia Mare
BMÉ A Bihari Múzeum Évkönyve, Berettyóújfalu
BMM Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica, Târgu Mureș / Cluj-Napoca
BMN Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca
BT Bibliotheca Thracologica, București
CCA Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
ComArchHung Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest
Crisia Crisia, Muzeul Ţării Crișurilor, Oradea
Cumania Cumania, A Bács-Kiskun Megyei Önkormányzat Múzeumi Szervezetének
Évkönyve
CsSzMÉ Csíki Székely Múzeum Évkönyve, Csíkszereda
230 Abbreviations

Dacia (N. S.) Dacia, Recherches et décuvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, I–XII (1924–
1948), București; Nouvelle série (N. S.), Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire
anciene, București
EA Eurasia Antiqua, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut
EAF Ethnographisch-Archäologische Forschungen, Berlin
EAZ Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift, Berlin
EM Erdélyi Múzeum, Kolozsvár
EMÉ Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve
EphemNap Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj–Napoca
EPRO Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’Empire romain
FBBW Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-
Württemberg
FolArch Folia Archeologica, a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Évkönyve, Budapest
FVL Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde, Sibiu
Godišnjak Sarajevo Godišnjak Centra za Balkanoloska Ispitivanja Akademije Nauka i Umjetnosti,
Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo
Germania Germania, Frankfurt am Main
HelvArch Helvetia Archaeologica, Archäologie in der Schweiz
HOMÉ A Miskolci Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve
IDR Inscripţiile Daciei romane, București
IPH Inventaria Praehistorica Hungariae, Budapest
Jahrbuch RGZM Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz
JahrIVFM Jahresbericht des Institut für Vorgeschichte des Universität Frankfurt a. M.
JAMÉ A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve, Nyíregyháza
JIES Journal of Indo-European Studies
JMC Journal of Material Culture
JMS Journal of Mithraic Studies
JRS Journal of Roman Studies
Közlemények Kolozsvár Közlemények az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum Érem- és Régiségtárából, Cluj
LAF Linzer Archäologische Forschungen
Latomus Latomus, Société d’Études Latines de Bruxelles
Marisia Marisia (V–), Studii și Materiale, Târgu Mureș
Marmatia Marmatia, Anuarul Muzeului Judeţean Maramureș
MCA Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice, Bucureşti
MemAnt Memoria Antiquitatis, Acta Musei Petrodavensis, Bucureşti
MFMÉ A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, Szeged
MIMK Molnár István Múzeum Kiadványai, Cristuru Secuiesc/Székelykeresztúr
MittBGAEU Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und
Urgeschichte
MΩMOΣ MΩMOΣ, Őskoros Kutatók Összejövetelének konferenciakötete
MPK Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommision, Viena
OH Opuscula Hungarica, Budapest
OpArch Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheološki zavod, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu
PA Patrimonium Apulense, Alba Iulia
PAS Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa, Berlin, Kiel, München
PBF Prähistorische Bronzefunde, München, Stuttgart
PPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, London
PZ Praehistorische Zeitschrift, Berlin
PVM Pravěk Vychodní Moravy, sborník pro pravěk a časnou dobu historickou v
Gottwaldovském kraji
RBPA Regensburger Beiträge zur Prähistorischen Archäologie
RCRFA Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta, Abingdon
 Abbreviations 231

RevBis Revista Bistriţei, Complexul Judeţean Muzeal Bistriţa-Năsăud

Sargetia Sargeţia, Buletinul Muzeului judeţului Hunedoara, Acta Musei Devensis,
Deva
SCIV(A) Studii și Cercetări de Istorie Veche (și Arheologie 1974–), București
SlovArch Slovenská Archeológia, Nitra
SovjArh Sovjetska Arheologija
SpecNova Specimina Nova Dissertationum ex Institutom Historico Universitatis
Quinqueecclesiensis de Jano Pannonio nominatae, Pécs
StC Maramureșene Studii şi Cercetări Maramureşene, Baia Mare
StComCaransebeș Studii şi Comunicări de Istorie Veche Caransebeş
StCom Satu Mare Studii și Comunicări Satu Mare
StCom Sibiu Studii și Comunicări, Muzeul Brukenthal, Sibiu
SymThrac Symposia Thracologica, Institutul Român de Tracologie, Bucureşti
StudiaAA Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, Iaşi
Terra Sebus Terra Sebvs, Acta Mvsei Sabesiensis, Sebeș
Thraco-Dacica Thraco-Dacica, Institutul de Tracologie, București
Tisicum Tisicum, A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve, Szolnok
Transylvanian Review Transylvanian Review, Center for Transylvanian Studies, Cluj-Napoca
TVMK Tapolcai Városi Múzeum Közleményei
UPA Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, Bonn
VAH Varia Archaeologica Hungarica, Budapest
VMMK A Veszprém Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei
WArch World Archaeology, Oxford, Oxbow
Zalai Múzeum Zalai Múzeum, Közlemények Zala megye múzeumaiból, Zalaegerszeg
ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik