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8
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9
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10
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qufvkyfaeavonf/
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***
11
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(3) ay:vD,mema&mufvmjcif;
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udk vSnfhMunfhawmhvnf; oYlrSm rsufarSmufMuKwfvsufyif/
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12
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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13
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14
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15
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16
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wifrdkoDu 'Dwpfcgawmh [uf[ufyufyufuav; &,fcsvdkufonf/
]rru eefpDyg/ a':ay:vDiSm;xm;wJh vlav/ t0wfavQmfeJY av;av;vHvH rD;ylwdkufwJh

tvkyfawGuvGJ&if tdrfutvkyf tm;vHk;vkyfw,f/ t0wfavQmf rD;ylwdkufawmh rpö'l&*sif
vkyfw,f}
]'gxuf tefwDay:vDqdkwm &Sdawmh&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;} [k uav;ru pdk;&drfwBuD;

ar;\/ þwGif wifrdkoDu0ifí . . .
][m. . . &SdorS taotcsm &Sdwmaygh} [k ajymonf/
ay:vD,memuvnf; ododomom pdwfoufom&m&oGm;\/
]tdk . . . 'Dvdkqdkvnf; NyD;a&maygh} [k ajymum twefMum NidrfoufaeNyD;rS &Tifvef;

pGmyif
]'geJY odvm; / orD;av olvdkufvmNyD; rBudKwm 0rf;omw,f/ odvm;/ awGY&rSmyJ

r[kwfvm;/ NyD;awmh rrwYdk ESpfa,mufvnf; &Sdom;yJ[m} [k qdkvdkuf\/
17
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
eefpDrsufESm &SufaoG;jzmoGm;\/ wifrdkoDu oYltm; rcsdKrcsOfvkyfí Munfhvdkufonf/

NyD;rS . . .
]uav;u pum; w,fwwfwmyJ/ eefpDuawmh aus;Zl;wifazmfawmif r&ygvm;}[k

ajymvdkufí . . .
]at;. . .at;[,f/ igua':ay:vDtaMumif; awG;aerdvdkYyg} [k a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm;

qdkrdav\/ ay:vD,memu ausauseyfeyf oufjyif;csvdkuf\/
]orD;vnf; tefwDay:vDtaMumif; awG;aerdwmyJaygh/ orD;uav. . . olYqdk&if

odyfcspfw,f/ orD;rSmu ta':qdk 'Dwpfa,mufyJ&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;/ 'gawmifrS orD;rSm
ol&Sdwmudk tMumBuD;rodyJ aecJh&wm/ aemuf tazajymjyvdkYodwm/ tefwDay:vDu
awmifukef;tjrifhBuD;ay:u tdrfvSvSBuD;eJY aewmwJh}
][kwfwmaygh/ tck 'Duawmif vSrf;jrifae&NyDav/ [dka&SUu cef;qD;tpdrf;BuD;awGeYJ

tdrfBuD;aygh} [k eefpDuajymonf/
][,f. . .vSvdkufwm/ ab;ywfvnfrSmvnf; opfyifawG? jrufcif;awGeJYaemf/

onfavmufrsm;rsm; jrufcif;pdrf;udk rjrifzl;bl;/ rreefpD tefwDay:vDu ydkufqH csrf;omvm;
. . .[if}
]csrf;omwmaygh orD;&JU}
]orD; odyf0rf;omwmyJ/ ydkufqHtrsm;BuD;&Sd&if tukefvHk; aumif;rSmyJaemf/ ydkufqH

trsm;BuD;&SdwJh vlawGudk odyfrodbl;/ rpö0dIufwdkYavmufyJ/ olwdkYuawmh awmfawmf
csrf;omw,f/ tcef;wdkif;rSm aumaZmBuD;awG&Sdw,f/ we*FaEGaeY tdkufpfu&ifpm;vm;[if?
rr}
eefpDu acgif;,rf;NyD; rJhjyonf/ NyD;awmh wifrdkoDtm; jyHK;ppvkyfí Munfhvdkuf\/

xdktcgwifrdkoDu. . .
]rpm;bl; uav;&JU/ rif;tefwDay:vDu tdkufpfu&if rBudKufbl;xifyg&JU/ wdkYawmh

olYpm;yGJrSm wpfcgrS rjrifzl;ygbl;}
18
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
ay:vD,mem rsufESmnd§K;oGm;onf/
]aMomf. . . rBudKufbl;vm;/ tdkufpfu&ifrBudKufbJ b,fvdkaeEdkifvJrodbl;aemf/

'gayrJhav? 'gvnf;wpfrsdK;awmh 0rf;omvdkY&wmaygh/ rpm;&if rpö0dIufvdk Adkufawmh
rembl;aygh/ rpö0dIuf&JUtdkufpfu&ifqdk&if orD;yJpm;&w,f/ trsm;BuD;yJ/ tefwDay:vDrSmawmh
aumfaZmawGawmh &SdrSmayghaemf. . .}
]aumfaZmawGawmh &Sdw,f}
]tcef;wdkif;vm;}
]tif;. . .tcef;wdkif;vdkvdkygyJ} [k eefpDuajzNyD;rS aumfaZmr&Sdaom xyfcdk;cef;uav;udk

owd&um csufcsif; rsufarSmifMuKwfvdkufrd\/
]tdk. . . orD;odyf0rf;omwmyJ/ orD;u aumfaZmqdk odyfBudKufwm/ orD;wdkYrSmawmh

aumfaZmwpfckrS rygbl;/ tvSLcHypönf;awGxJrSmygvmwJh cif;apmifuav;ESpfxnfyJ &Sdw,f/
wpfxnfu rifpGef;awGeJYav? rpö0dIufrSm yef;csDum;awGvnf;&Sdw,f? odvm;/ wu,fvSwJh
um;awGaygh/ ESif;qDyef;awGeYJ/ 'l;wkyfaewJhrdef;uav;yHkawG? aMumifuav;yHk/ odk;uav;
awGa&m? jcaoFhBuD;a&m/ twlwlaewmawmh r[kwfbl;aygh/ odk;uav;awGeYJ jcaoFhBuD;udk
ajymwmav/ usrf;pmxJrSmawmh olwdkY wpfaeY twlaeMuvdrfhr,fvYdk qdkw,f/ 'gayrJh olwdkY
tckawmh raeMuao;bl;av/ rpö0dIuf&UJ yef;csDum;xJu odk;uav;eYJ jcaoFhBuD;udkajymwm/
rraum yef;csDum;awG rBudKufbl;vm;. . .[if}
]r. . . rajymwwfbl;uG,f} eefpDu ryGifhwyGifhajzonf/
]orD;uawmh odyfBudKufwm/ orD;wYdkrSmawmh yef;csDum;rygbl;/ 'gawGu tvSLcH

ypönf;awGxJrSm rygwwfbl; odvm;/ wpfcgawmhygvmzl;w,fav/ yef;csDum;ESpfum;?
wpfum;uodyfaumif;vdkY tazuorD;zdkY zdeyf0,f&atmif ydkufqH&zYdk a&mif;vdkuf&w,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh raumif;ygbl;/ csdwfvdkufwmeJY usuGJoGm;wmyJ? rSefqdkawmh uGJwm
ayghaemf/ orD;jzifh idkvdkuf&wm? 'gayrJh orD;wdkYrSm tJovdk aumif;wmawGr&Sdwmudk 0rf;om
ygw,fav/ 'grS tefwDay:vDqDu[mawGudk ydkBudKufrSmaygh? topftqef;jzpfaer,f r[kwf
vm;[if? orD;wYdk ta&mifrSdefazsmhaewJh zJjym;BuD;awGcsnfh acgif;pnf;ae&mu pnfawGxJrSm
zJjym;vSvSav;awG ygvmwkef;uvdkaygh} [k ajym&if;yif olwdkYonf tdrfBuD;odkY t0ifvrf;
19
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
xJoYdk csdK;0ifvdkufojzifh ay:vD,memvnf; 0rf;omtm;&yif ][m. . .tdrfBuD;u wu,f

vSwmyJaemf} [k qdkvdkufonf/
wifrdkoDu aowåmudk csaepOfwGif eefpDu oltem;oYdkuyfNyD; avoHcyfwdk;wdk;jzifh. . .
]a[h. . .wifrdkoD/ aemufqdk&if wdkY 'DtdrfuxGufzdkYpum;rsdK; b,fawmhrS vmrajymeJY

awmhodvm;} [kajymvdkufonf/
]xGufzdkYvm;/ wdkYuawmh rajymaygifAsm? wdkYudkqGJrxnfhygeJY/ 'DtdrfrSm 'Duav;rrsdK;om

ae&if aeYpOfaeYwdkif; ½kyf&SifMunfhae&wmxuf aysmfp&maumif;rSmaygh}
]aysmfp&maumif;ygvdrfhr,f tm;BuD;} [k eefpDu abmufqwfqwfuav; jyefyuf&if;

...
]olwYdkESpfa,mufom twlaeMu&ifawmhvm; 'Duav;tzdkawmh aysmfp&maumif;wJh

[dkzufawmif vGefxGufoGm;r,fodvm;? oYlrSmajy;p&mykef;p&m ausmufaqmifwpfckawmh
vdkrSmyJ? at;. . . tJ'Dausmufaqmif[m igyJjzpfr,fwifrdkoD. . . wu,f wu,f} [kqdkum
vSnfhxGufoGm;NyD; ay:vD,memtm; avSum;us,fBuD;rsm;rSaeí tdrfay:odkY ac:oGm;avonf/
***
20
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(4) txyfcdk;u tcef;i,f
a':ay:vD[,f&ifwefonf ol\wlrudk xírBudKqdkacs/ uav;rESifheefpDwdkY {nfhcef;

wHcg;0u 0ifvmawmh pmzwfae&mrS armhMunfhum 0wfauswef;ausrQ vufurf;ay;
vdkufNyD;-
]ay:vD,mem/ aeaumif;&Jvm; . . .} [k ar;onf/
onfhaemufwGif ol bmpum;rS qufajymcGifhr&/ ay:vD,memonf tcef;xJ

0ifrdvQifyif tajy;uav;oGm;um ql;arG&mESifhom yrmjyKoifhaom olta':\aygifay: ypfí
xdkifvdkufNyD jzpfavonf/
]tefwDay:vD. . . tefwDay:vD/ orD;udk tefwDay:vDeYJ vmaecGifhjyKwmudk orD;

b,fvdk0rf;omrSef;rodbl;? odvm;/ orD;av axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rawGeJYcsnf;
aevm&mu ckvdk tefwDay:vDwdkY? eefpDwdkY? bmwdkYeJY ae&r,fqdkawmhav orD;jzifh
odyfaysmfwmyJ [k ½dIufwpf0ufjzifh ajymonf/
a':ay:vDonf olYudkzufxm;aom vufuav;rsm;udk jznfzdkY tm;xkwf&if; . . .
][kwfygvdrfhr,f nnf;axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;awGawmh igrodygbl;} [k

ajymum rsufarSmifMuKwfí wHcg;u eefpDtm; vSrf;MunfhvdkufNyD;. . .
]eefpD? eifoGm;EdkifNyD/ ay:vD,mem aumif;aumif;&yfaeprf;/ eifb,fvdkaew,fqdkwm

igrMunfh&ao;ygbl;} [kajymvdkuf\/ ay:vD,mem [uf[ufyufyufuav; &,fvdkufum
csufcsif;aemufodkY qkwfvdkuf\/
][kwfyg&JU/ tefwD rMunfh&ao;bl;/ orD;u vSawmh rvSygbl;aemf/ rsufESmu

rSJYajcmufawGeJYyJ/ aMomf 'gxuf ‘'DtusÐteDuGufeJY waxmifqpfu tjzLuGufawGeJY twGif;cH
teufpBuD;taMumif; ajym&OD;r,f/ rreefpDudkawmh ajymNyD;NyD/ tazuav. . .
]uJuJ. . . nnf;taz bmajymw,fqdkwmawG xm;vdkufyg/ nnf;rSm aowåmygw,f

xifw,f} [k a':ay:vDu pum;udk cyfjywfjywfjzwfí ajymvdkufonf/
21
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]ygwmaygh tefwDay:vD&JU/ orD;udk axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;awGu 0,fay;

vdkufwJh oHaowåmvSvSuav;aygh/ txJrSm orD;ydkif ypönf;&,fvdkY odyfrygygbl;/ tck
wavm tvSLcHypönf;awG a&mufwmuvnf; rdef;uav; i,fi,fuav;awGtwGuf t0wf
txnfu odyfrygbl;av/ aowåmxJrSmawmh azazhpmtkyfawGcsnf;ygyJ/ rpö0dIufu 'gawG
orD;,loGm;oifhw,fqdkvdkYav/ odvm;/ orD;tazu}
]ay:vD,mem. . . }
a':ay:vDu cyfqwfqwfuav; jzwfac:vdkufNyD;. . .
]tckuwnf;u wpfcgwnf; em;vnfxm;&r,fh[m wpfckw,f/ bmvJqdkawmh wdkYudk

nnf;taztaMumif; ajymajymraezdkYbJ} [k ajymvdkufonf/
uav;ronf odrfhodrfhcgatmif wpfcsuf½dIufvdkufrd\/
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ tefwDay:vD}
olu r&Jw&Jar;awmh a':ay:vDu pum;pudk tvsiftjref jzwfypfvdkufonf/
]tck nnf;tcef;udk oGm;Mur,f/ nnf;aowåmawmh a&mufaeNyDxifw,f/ aowåm

yg&if tay:wifvdkufvdkY wifrdkoD udkajymxm;w,f/ uJ. . .vm? ighaemufuvdkufcJh}
ay:vD,memonf pum;wpfcGef;rS qufrajymawmhbJ olYta':oGm;&modkYom vSnfhí

vdkufcJhonf/ olYrsufvHk;rsm;rSm rsuf&nfrsm; jynfhvsufaomfvnf; olYrsufESmrSm armhvsuf
om&Sdonf/
at;av ]olu tazhtaMumif; rajymapcsifwmudkvnf; 0rf;om&rSmyJxifyg&JU/ tazh

taMumif; rajym&awmh ighpdwfvnf;oufom&m &rSmaygh/ tefwDuvnf; 'gaMumifhyJ tazh
taMumif; rajymeJYvdkY ydwfyifwmjzpfr,f xifyg&JU} [k awG;rdawmh olYta':\ MuifemrI
uav;rsm;udk oabmaygufum rsuf&nfrsm;udk odrf;qnf;í ab;ywf0ef;usifudk pdwf0if
pm;pGm vSnfhMunfhvdkufavonf/
ay:vD,memonf avSum;twufodkY a&mufvmonf/ olUa&SUwGif olUta':\ ydk;euf

t0wfonf w½Trf;½Trf;jrnfvsuf&Sdonf/ olUaemufwGifum; yGifYaeaom wHcg;wpfck&Sdí tcef;
22
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
xJ&Sd Murf;ay:wGif cif;xm;aom ta&mifEkEk aumfaZmrsm;ESifh zJptkyfxm;aom ukvm;xdkif

rsm;udk jrif&onf/ olUajcatmufurl eif;oGm;vQif a&arSmf a&n§duav;rsm;uJYodkY El;nHhaom
aumfZm&Sd\/ a&SUaemuf0J,mwGifum; a½TabmifESifhyef;csDum;rsm;? Zmcef;qD;yg;yg;udk
xdk;azmuf0ifaeaom aea&mifjcnfrsm;onf ol\rsufpdrsm;xJwGif vif;ceJ vufceJ
xdk;0ifvsuf &Sdonf/
]tdk? tefwDay:vD tefwDay:vD? tdrfBuD;u odyf odyfudk vSwmyJaemf/ tJoavmuf

csrf;omwm tefwD odyf0rf;om&rSmyJaemf}
avSum;xdyfodkY a&mufaeNyDjzpfaom a':ay:vDonf ½kwfw&uf vSnfhMunfhvdkufNyD;

]ay:vD,mem} [k aigufqwfqwf qdkvdkufonf/
]'Dvdk ajym&ovm; ay:vD,mem/ thHMoyg&JU} [kvnf; rmefrJvdkufonf/
ay:vD,memu wu,fyif em;rvnfovdk ]bmjzpfvdkYvJ tefwDay:vD/ tefwD

0rf;rombl;vm;} [k ar;onf/
]rombl; ay:vD,mem/ bk&m;ocifu oifhavsmfw,fvdkY tyfESif;wJh aumif;usdK;

csrf;omawGudk taMumif;jyKNyD; rmefrmewuf&if tjypf&Sdw,f qdkwmavmufawmh odyg
ao;w,f/ txl;ojzifh Opömypönf;udk taMumif;jyKNyD; aysmfvdkuf½Tifvdkuf r&Sdygbl;...}
a':ay:vDonf cef;rodkYjzwfí txyfcdk;qDodkYwufaom avSum;&if;odkYvmcJY\/

uav;rudk onftxyfcdk;cef;xJwGif xm;rdonfhtwGuf ,ckrS ol0rf;omonf/ tpuawmh
olUwlruav;udk olESifha0;EdkiforßS a0;aomae&mwGif xm;&efESifh tdrfxJu tzdk;wef
ypönf;rsm;udk uav;rdkY aqmhvQif ysufpD;rnfpdk;í þtxyfcdk;cef;rSmxm;zdkY pdwful;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ ,ck ay:vD,memu *kPf&SdwmawG BudKufwwfonfh olYp½dkufuav;udk tp
uwnf;u azmfjyaeawmh olYtwGuf pDpOfxm;onfhtcef;rSm bmtaqmifta,mifrS r&Sdonf
udkyif uHaumif;onf[k atmufarhvdkufrd\/
ay:vD,mem\ ajcaxmufuav;wpfpHku olYta':\aemufrS oGufvufpGm

vdkufvsuf&Sdovdkyif? ol\ rsufvHk;jymBuD;tpHkuvnf; þrQ tHhMozG,faumif;onfh tdrfBuD;
twGif;0,f Munfhp&maumif;onfh tvStyypönf; pdwf0ifpm;p&m ypönf;rsm;udk wpfck
wpfavrS rvGwf&atmif 0J,mywfvnfodkY Munfhvsuf&Sdayonf/ ol\pdwfxJwGifum; rMumrD
od&awmhrnfjzpfaom ykpämwpfck\tajzudk wxdwfxdwfESifh &SmMunfhaerdonf/
23
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
olwdkYjzwfoef;cJonfh qef;Mu,faom wHcg;rBuD;rsm;teuf rnfonfhwHcg;\

aemufuG,fwGif olae&rnhftcef; &Sdavrnfenf;/ ol\tcef;qdk&mü olwpfOD;wnf;ydkif
olBudKufovdkaeEdkifaom olESpfoufjrwfEdk;&aom vSyaomcef;qD;rsm;? aumfaZmrsm;?
yef;csDum;rsm;ESifh wefqmqifaomtcef;[k olpdwfapmaerd\/ ol\ta':onf ½kwfw&uf
wHcg;wpfckudk zGifhvdkufNyD; avSum;wpfckudk wufvdkufjyefavonf/
onfrSmawmh bmrSMunfhp&modyfr½dS/ wpfzufwpfcsufwGif AvmeH&Hrsm;&Sd\/ avSum;

xdyfwGifrl arSmifaeaom ae&mjyefYrsm;? trdk;rsm;u Murf;jyiftxdus&m axmifhMum;rsm;ESifh
ra&rwGufEdkifatmif rsm;vSpGmaom? aowåmrsm;pDxm;onfh ae&mrsm;udk awGY&onf/
avSmiftdkufaeojzifh touf½SLvdkY r0ovdkjzpfum acgif;udk armhvdkufrdonf/ xdkae&mwGif
olYta':onf vuf,mbufrS wHcg;wpfck zGifhvdkufonfudk jrifvdkuf&avonf/
]uJ? ay:vD,mem? tJ'g nnf;tcef;yJ/ tJonfrSm nnf;aowåmvnf; &Sdav&JU/

aomhygcJh&JUvm;}
ay:vD,memu toHrxGufbJ acgif;ndwfjyonf/ olUrsufvHk;rsm;rSm 0dkif;vsuf

aMumufvefYonfhtoGif aqmifaeMuavonf/
olYta':u rsufarSmifMuKwfvdkufNyD;. . .
]ay:vD,mem? igu wpfckckar;&if yg;pyfuajzwmudk BudKufw,f/ acgif;uajzwmudk

rBudKufbl;/ Mum;vm;} [k ajymonf/
][kwfuJhyg tefwDay:vD}
]at;? tJovdkrSaygh} [k qdkum rsufESmokwfyk0gESifh a&waumif; ponfwdkYudk

vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&if;. . .
]nnf;vdkwmtm;vHk; 'DrSm&SdNyDxifw,f/ aowåmxJu[mawG ulNyD;ae&mcszdkY eefpDudk

vTwfvdkufr,f/ naepmudk ajcmufem&DrSm pm;w,f} [k ajymajymqdkqdk tcef;xJrSxGufum
avSum;wpfavQmuf qif;oGm;avawmh\/
24
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
a':ay:vD qif;oGm;NyD;aemuf ay:vD,memonf wpfcPrQ NidrfoufpGm&yfvsuf

olUaemufudk vdkufMunfhaerdonf/ xdkYaemuf olYrsufvHk;tpHkudk AvmeH&H AvmMurf;jyifESifh
Avmjywif;aygufqDodkY vSnfhvdkuf\/
aemufrMumrD &ufrsm;twGif;u taemufbuf&Sd olYtdrfu tcef;uav;xJwGif olESifh

twl&SdcJYonfh aowåmuav;qDodkY vSnfhMunfhrdonf/ NyD;awmh olYrsufESmudk vuf0g;tpHkjzifh
tkyfum aowåmav;teD;wGif 'l;axmufcsvdkufrdavonf/
rdepftenf;i,ftMum eefpD wufvmawmh olYudk þae&müyif awGY&onf/
]tdk? tdk? jzpf&av uav;&,f} [kqdkum Murf;;ay:odkY xdkifcs&if; uav;rudk tom

t,mayGY,lvdkuf\/
]'Dvdk awGY&vdrfhr,fvdkY pdk;&drfaewm? wu,f? wu,f} [kvnf; ajym\/
ay:vD,memonf olYacgif;udkcgvdkufonf/
]rreefpD&,f/ orD;u qdk;vdkY ,kwfrmvdkY aerSmyJ/ tawmfYudk ,kwfrmvdkYaygh/ tazh

udkav orD;xuf bk&m;ocif&JU wrefawmfawGu ydkNyD;vdktyfw,fqdkwmudk em;vnfatmif
awG;vdkYr&bl; rr&JU}
]olYwdkYrSmvnf; vdkwm r[kwfygbl;at} [k eefpDu cyfrmrm aMujimvdkufonf/
]tdk rr? b,fvdkajymvdkufwmvJ} [k ay:vD,memu txdwfwvefY qdkvdkufawmh

olYrsuf&nfrsm;vnf; ajcmufoGm;\/
eefpDu &SufjyHK;jyHK;um olYrsufvHk;rsm;tm; ol yGwfaevdkufNyD;. . .
]rru tvum;ajymwmyguG,f/ uJ uJ? aomhay;? 'DtxJu t0wfawGxkwf&atmif/

ay; ay;} [k qdkvdkuf\/
ay:vD,memu rsuf&nfpufvufuyif aomhudk xkwfay;vdkufonf/
]txJrSm bmrSawmh odyfr&Sdygbl;}
25
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]bmrSr&Sdawmh &Sif;&wm jrefwmaygh} [k eefpDuqdk\/ ay:vD,memu ½TifyspGm

jyHK;vdkuf\/
][kwfom;yJ/ 'gudk orD; 0rf;om&wmayghaemf} [k ajymawmh eefpDu em;rvnfovdk

ai;MunfYaeonf/
]at;aygh. . . at;aygh} [líawmh a,mif0g; ajzrdao;onf/
eefpD\usifvnfrIaMumifh aowåmxJuypönf;rsm;udk xkwfíae&mcsxm; &onfrSm

rMumyg/ ypönf;rsm;qdkonfrSm pmtkyfrsm;? zmax;xm;aom twGif;cHt0wfrsm;ESifh ta&mif
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ay:vD,memonf bD½dkem;wGif&yfum txufu bmrQr&SdaomeH&Hudk rausreyf

MunfYaeav\/
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]tdk? Munfhprf; rreefpD/ orD; owdrxm;rdbl;/ Munfhprf;/ [dk ta0;BuD;udk

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26
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
awmufvdkY/ tdk rreefpD&,f/ 'Dvdk[mrsdK; Munfhp&m&Sdae&if yef;csDum; b,folvdktHk;rvJ [if/

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]rr bmjzpfvdkYvJ[if/ bmvJ? 'g 'g e*dku rrtcef;vm;[if/ rr? [kwfvm;. . .}
]b,fuvm rrtcef;&rvJ}
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avSmifydwfaejcif;udk Mum&Snfonf;cHEdkifpGrf; [efrwlawmh/ oYlvufzsm;ESifh tomwGef;
Munfhawmh a&GUwufoGm;í olaysmfoGm;onf/ aemufcPMumawmh jywif;aygufwpfckvHk;
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avudk aomuf½SLvsuf &Sdawmhonf/
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aeavonf/ aemuf wpfaumifNyD;wpfaumif 0ifvmonf/ odkYaomf ay:vD,memu rrIawmh?
olYrSm topftqef;wpfck awGYxm;NyD/ þjywif;aygufESifh wnfhwnfhwGif opfudkif;rsm;
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vG,fonf/ NyD;awmh opfudkif;rsm;udk arsmufvdkwG,fum wpfudkif;rSwpfudkif;oYdk ul;NyD;
atmufqHk;tudkif;odkY a&mufvm\/
27
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
atmufqHk;tudkif;rS ajray:odkY vTwfcs&onfrSmawmh ay:vD,memvdk opfyifwuf

aeus uav;rsm;tzdkYaomfrS tawmfuav; aMumufp&maumif;ae\/ odkYaomf olonf
toufatmifhNyD; oefrmaom olYvufuav;rsm;udkvTJum atmufujrufcif;ay:oYdk av;buf
usatmif vTwfcsvdkuf\/ aemuf udk,fudkrwfíxum a&SUaemuf0J,m vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/
olonf tdrfaemufaz;odkY a&mufaeonf/ olYa&SUwGif O,smOfwpfck&Sdí O,smOfxJwGif

cg;ukef;tzdk;tdkwpfa,muf tvkyfvkyfae\/ O,smOf\[dkbufwGif awmifukef;cyfjrifhjrifh
uav;qDoYdkoGm;aom vloGm;vrf;uav;&Sd\/ xdkvrf;\xdyfwGif {&mrausmufwHk;BuD;
wpfwHk;ESifh xif;½SL;yifBuD;wpfyif &Sdonf/ xdktcdkuftwefYwGif ay:vD,memtzdkY urÇmay:wGif
ta&mufxdkufqHk; ae&mwpfae&mom &Sdygu xdkae&monf xdk{&mrausmufwHk;\xdyf jzpfay
vdrfhrnf/
ay:vD,memonf ajy;&if; usifvnfpGmvSnfhí tzdk;tdkudk uGif;a&Smifum twef;vdkuf

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vloGm;vrf;uav;odkY a&mufawmh olYrSm armae\/ aemuf olonf awmifukef;uav;udk
tHcJí wufvdkufonf/ odkY&mwGif olYpdwfxJü jywif;rS jrif&awmh eD;eD;uav;xif&onfh
þausmufaqmifonf wu,fwufMunfhawmh tawmfa0;yguvm;[k atmufarhvsuf
avonf/
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wpfrdepf? ESpfrdepf? oHk;rdepf/ a':ay:vDonf rsufarSmifMuKwfum Murf;jyifudk zdeyfjzifh

acgufvdkuf\/ xdkYaemuf cyfqwfqwfyif xdkif&mrSxí cef;rt0if qDodkYoGm;um tay:odkY
armhMunfhonf/ olpdwfr½SnfawmhonfrSm xif&Sm;\/ wpfrdepfcefY em;udk pGifhaxmifao;\/
aemuf jyefvSnfhum xrif;pm;cef;xJ jyef0ifvm\/
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vdkufawmY. . .
28
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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olYudk rD;zdkxJrSm EGm;EdkYeJYaygifrkefYyJ pm;ygap} [k trdefYay;vdkuf\/
eefpDu ][kwfuJh rr} [k ajymvdkufonf/ xdktcdkuftwefYu eefpDrsufESmudk a':ay:vD

vSrf;rMunfhvdkufrdíom awmfawmh\/
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tckyJ tdyfaysmfoGm;&Smwmudk} [k a&½Gwfvsuf wHcg;udk tomwGef;zGifYvdkuf\/
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olonf ckwifatmufutp oHaowåmxJ? bD½dkxJ? a&waumif;xJrusef tukefiHkY

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ajy;av\/
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aumif;uifrSm ewfok'¨gawGbmawG pm;aeNyD aerSmaygh/ wu,f wu,f} [k wdkifwef;
aeav\/
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arQmfMunfhvdkufonf/ aemufwpfae&modkY pl;pdkufMunfhum jyHK;vsuf eefpD\bufodkY jyefvSnfh
vdkufonf/
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wu,fyJ} [k qdkum eD&Jaomrdk;aumif;uif aemufcHjzifh xif&Sm;vsuf&Sdaom avw[l;[l;
wdkufaeonfh Mum;xJu ausmufawmifay:wGif olYudk,fol rvJatmifxdef;um &yfaeaom
29
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
ao;ao;oG,foG,f o@mefwpfckqDodkY ol\ zkxpfaumufauG;aom vufnd§K;jzifh nTefjy

vdkufavonf/
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vkyfoGm;vdkY b,fvGwfrvJ} [kaMujimNyD; ]rruar;&if yef;uefawGaq;zdkY rarhbl;vdkY/
vrf;avQmuf cPxGufoGm;w,fvdkY ajymvdkufyg} wGrftm;rSmum olYqHyifudk ausmay:odkY
cgwifvdkufNyD; uGif;jyifudkjzwfvsuf awmifukef;uav;qDodkYwufaom vrf;twdkif; ajy;xGuf
oGm;avawmhonf/
***
30
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(5) xl;qef;aom upm;enf;
]tr,fav; ay:vD,memuav;&,f orD;vkyfvdkufwm rrjzifh vefYoGm;wmyJ}
eefpDu ausmufwHk;BuD;qDodkY wufvm&if; ajymvdkufonf/ xdktcsdefuav;wGifyif

ay:vD,memonf ausmufwHk;BuD;ay:rS rqif;csifqif;csifESifh avQmqif;vmcgp jzpf\/
]vefYoGm;w,f? [kwfvm;/ pdwfraumif;ygbl; rr&,f/ odkYayr,fh rvefYygeJYrr&,f/

orD;twGufawmh rpdk;&drfygeJY/ tareJYtoif;u rdef;rBuD;awGvnf; 'DvdkyJ pdk;&drfwwfwmyJ/
aemufawmh orD;b,fawmhrqdk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef jyefa&mufvmwmcsnf;yJqdkawmh rpdk;&drf
Muawmhbl;av}
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&if;u . . .
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rSvnf; rjrifvdkufawmh trdk;udkrsm; azmufNyD;ysHoGm;ovm;vdkY/ wu,f . . .wu,f} [k
ajymvdkufonf/
ay:vD,memu aysmf&TifpGmckefaygufí vdkufvmonf/
]ysHawmh ysHaewmyJ rreefpD&JU/ 'gayrJh txufudkysHwm r[kwfbJ atmufudkysHqif;vm

wmav/ opfyifay:uae qif;vmwm}
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rvJ rodbl;} [kqdkvdkuf\/
31
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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od&wmaygh } [k uav;ru &TifjypGmqdkvdkufonf/
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wu,fyg . . .} [k ajymvdkufavonf/ ay:vD,memudk tqlrcHapcsifí ydwfvdkufjcif;jzpf\/
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ay:vD,memu oGufvufpGmyif ]orD; ulaq;ay;r,fav} [k qdkawmh? eefpDu ]tdk

r[kwfwm/ orD;uvnf;} [k uefYuGufvdkuf\/
twefMumatmif wdwfqdwfaeonf/ tarSmifonf w&dyf&dyf usvsufonf/

ay:vD,memonf eefpD\vufarmif;udk ydkíwif;usyfpGm zufvdkufonf/
]rr vefYoGm;wmudkyJ 0rf;om&awmhr,f xifw,f/ 'gaMumifh rrvdkufvmvdkYaygh . . .}
]jzpf&av uav;&,f / orD;av; qmvnf; qma&maygh/ 'gayrJh rD;zdkcef;xJrSm rreJY

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rBudKufbl; odvm;}
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pdwfraumif;bl;uG,f}
]tdk orD;awmh pdwfraumif;rjzpfaygif/ 0rf;awmifomao;}
]0rf;omw,f[kwfvm;/bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
32
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]bmjzpf&rvJ/ orD;u aygifrkefYeJYEGm;EdkY BudKufvdkYaygh/ NyD;awmh rreJYvnf; twlpm;&rSm

rdkYaygh/ 'gtwGuf 0rf;om&wm odyfrcufygbl;}
]orD;tzdkYawmh bmtwGufrS 0rf;om&wm cufrSmr[kwfygbl;} [keefpDuajymonf/
bmrS tqif;wefqmraom xyfcdk;uav;udk BudKufEdkifavmufatmif owådaom

ay:vD,memhtjzpfudk awG;rdawmh &ifxJwGif wpfqdkYqdkY jzpfao;onf/ ay:vD,memuawmh
jznf;nif;pGm &,fvdkufavonf/
]tJ'gu pm;enf;wpfrsdK;yJ odvm;}
]upm;enf;/ [kwfvm;}
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ay:vD,memu &,fjyefonf/ &,fNyD;awmh oufjyif;vnf;csvdkufonf/
NyD;awmh arSmifpjyKaeNyDjzpfaom qnf;qma&mifwGif ol\rsufESmuav;rSm nd§K;vs

aeonfudk jrif&ayonf/
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csdKif;axmufuav;awGeJY p NyD; upm;wwfvmMuwmav}
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33
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
][kwfw,f/ orD;u t½kyfuav; vdkcsifwmav/ 'geJY tazu tJovdk pma&;

vdkufw,f/ 'gayrJh ypönf;awG a&mufvmawmh t&kyfawmhrygbl;/ csdKif;axmufuav;awG
ygw,fvdkY taMumif;Mum;pm&w,f/ 'geJYydkYwJhvluvnf; vdkvdkr,fr,fqdkNyD; xnfhay;
vdkufwm/ tJonfhwkef;u upm;enf; p çwmyJ}
]tif; tJ'g bmupm;enf;vJ/ rrjzifh em;rvnfaygif}
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ay:vD,memu acsyvdkufNyD;} orD;wkdY tJ'Duwnf;u tJ'DcsdKif;axmufawGeJY pçNyD;
0rf;omwrf; upm;Muwm. . .} [k qufajymonf/
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ay:vD,memu vufckyfwD;vdkufNyD; ]&Sdwmaygh? &Sdwmaygh/ orD;vnf; tpuawmh

rawG;rdbl;/ rreefpDvdkyJ/ aemufawmh tazu ajymjy&w,f [k qdkvdkufonf/
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][m;[m;/ orD; 'DcsdKif;axmufawGudk oHk;zdkYrvdkwmudk 0rf;om&r,fav}
ay:vD,memu atmifjrif0ifh<um;pGm qdkvdkufNyD; ]od&if vG,fygw,frr&JU} [k

qufajymonf/
eefpDu ay:vD,memtm; wtHhwMo ai;arm Munfh&if; ]MuHMuHzefzefat} [k

qdkrdonf/ ay:vD,memu. . .
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upçNyD; orD;wdkY 'Dupm;enf; &vmwmaygh? 0rf;omp&mudk &Sm&wm cufavav aysmfp&m
aumif;avavyJ/ tazu aumif;uifbHkudkoGm;awmh axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;awGeJY
usef&pfcJhwJh tcgrsdK;rSmaygh} [k qufajymonf/
34
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]at; at;/ [kwfw,f/ bmrSrwJh tdrfacgifrdk;em;u tcef;pkwfuav;xJ xnfhcH

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ay:vD,mem oufjyif; csrd\/
]tpuawmh [kwfygw,f/ tawmfcufygw,f/ orD;wpfa,mufwnf; odyftm;i,f

aewJh tcgrsdK; jzpfvdkYygav/ 'Dupm;enf;udk upm;csifpdwf odyfr&Sdwmu aumif;wm
vSwmawGudkvnf; vdkcsifaewkef;rdkY/ 'geJY orD; rSefxJrSm orD;rsufESmay:u rSJYajcmufawGudk
jrif&wm odyfrkef;wmudk od&wm&,f/ jywif;aygufuae Munfhvdkufawmh odyfvSwJh
yef;csDum;vdk&Icif;udk jrif&wm&,f? tJ'DawmhrS 0rf;omp&mudk &SmvdkYawGYw,f/ 0rf;omp&m
udkom vdkuf&Smae&ifav wjcm;wpfbufu[mudk arharh aewwfw,f/ t½kyfvdkcsifwmrsdK;
ayghav}
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oGm;\/
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upm;aeus jzpfaewmudk;/ 'Denf;u odyfcspfzdkYaumif;wJh upm;enf;rdkY orD;eJYtazeJYqdk 'gudk
odyfBudKufwm/ 'gayrJh ckqdk upm;zdkY tazmfrawmh enf;enf;cufr,faygh} [kajymNyD;?
]tefwDay:vDuawmh upm;rSmyJ xifyg&JUav} [k qufajymonf/
]eefpDu toHrxGufbJ pdwfxJu usdefqJa&&GwfvdkufNyD; wpfckckudk qHk;jzwfvdkuf

[efjzifh ]'DrSm orD;av; ay:vD,mem&JU/ rru 'D[mudk aumif;aumif; upm;wwfrvm;awmh
rajymwwfbl;/ aumif;aumif;upm;r,fvdkYvnf; rajymEdkifbl;/ 'gayrJh upm;r,fuG,f/
wwfoa&GUrSwfoa&G heJYyJ upm;r,f/ wu,fwu,f} [k tm;wufoa&m qdkavonf/
ay:vD,memu eefpDtm; 0rf;omtm;&zufvdkufNyD; ]'grS rreefpDuG/ odyf[efuswmyJ/

orD;wdkY odyfaysmfrSmaemf} [katmfvdkuf\/
eefpDu oHo,jzpfvsufuyif ]tif;? aysmf&rSmygyJ/ odkYayr,fh rrudkawmh

odyftm;rudk;eJYaemf? odvm;/ rru upm;wmqdk bmrSwwfwmr[kwfbl;/ 'gayrJh orD;av;eJY
upm;zdkY tazmf&atmifav/ rr 'D[mawmh wtm;BudK;pm;NyD; upm;r,f} [k uwday;vdkufNyD;?
olwdkYESpfa,mufom; rD;zdkxJodkY 0ifcJhMuav\/
35
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
ay:vD,memonf aygifrkefYESifhEGm;EdkYudk tm;&yg;&pm;onf/ NyD;vSsif eefpDutMuHay;í

tefwDay:vD xdkifípmzwfae&m a&SUcef;xJodkY 0ifoGm;vdkufonf/
a':ay:vDonf at;pufpufyif armhMunfhonf/
]ay:vD,mem/ naepm pm;NyD;NyDvm;}
][kwfuJh tefwD ay:vD}
]a&mufa&mufcsif; rD;zdkcef;xJrSm aygifrkefYeJYEGm;EdkYyJ auR;cdkif;&wm igpdwfraumif;bl;

ay:vD,mem}
]'gayrJh orD;awmh wu,f0rf;omw,f tefwDay:vD/ orD;u aygifrkefYeJYEGm;EdkYa&m

BudKufw,f/ rreefpDuvnf; odyfcspfw,f/ 'DtwGufeJYawmh tefwDay:vD enf;enf;rS
pdwfraumif; rjzpfygeJY}
a':ay:vDu ukvm;xdkifay:wGif ½kwfw&uf udk,fudkrwfrwfxm;vdkufNyD;

]ay:vD,mem tck tdyfcsdefa&mufNyD/ nnf;vnf;yifyef;NyD/ reufjzefrS tcsdefpm&if;vkyfMur,f/
t0wftpm;awGudkvnf; ppfaq;MunfhNyD; nnf;twGuf bm0,f&r,fqdkwm Munfhr,f/
eefpDqDu z,mif;wdkif awmif;xGef;NyD; aumif;aumif;udkifoGm;/ reufpmudk ckESpfem&DcGJrSm
pm;w,f/ qif;pm;zdkY rarheJY/ uJ? oGm;awmY}
ay:vD,memu vkyfaeus tvkyfwpfckvdkyif olYta':\ab;odkY uyfvmNyD; w,kw,

zufvdkufonf/ NyD;rS-
]ckxdawmh orD; 'DrSmaysmfygw,f/ tefwDay:vDeJY ae&wmudk aysmfr,f qdkwmvnf;

odygw,f/ 'Dudkrvmcifuvnf; aysmfrSmyJqdkwm odcJhwmygyJ/ orD;oGm;tdyfawmYr,f}
[k½TifyspGm ajym&if; tcef;xJrS ajy;xGufoGm;av\/ a':ay:vDvnf; tHYtm;oifYí
usef&pf&mrS. . .
]tHhyg&JUawmf/ wu,fh &Sm;rS&Sm;ygyJ} [k qdkum rsufarSmifMuKwfvdkufNyD;. . .
36
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]olUudk tjypfay;wm 0rf;omowJh/ ighudkvnf; pdwfraumif; rjzpfygeJYwJh/ NyD;awmh

igeJYae&wmvnf; aysmfrSmyJwJY/ thHyg&JUawmf wu,f} [k a&½Gwfí zwfvufppmtkyfudk
aumufudkifvdkufonf/
q,fYig;rdepfcefYtMumwGif txyfcdk;uav;üum; tm;i,fvsuf&Sdaom uav;r

ay:vD,memonf tdyf&mcif;rsm;udk uspfuspfygatmif qkyfvsuf½dIuf&if;. . .
]aumif;uifwrefawGMum;xJu taz&,f/ orD; enf;enf;rS upm;vdkY r&bl;qdkwm

odygw,f/ odkYayr,fh tckvdk tjrifhBuD;u arSmifarSmiftcef;xJrSm wpfa,mufxJ tdyf&wJh
tcgrsdK;rSm 0rf;omp&m&,fvdkY tazudk,fwdkifawmif &SmvdkYawGYr,f r[kwfygbl;/ eefpYDtem;
jzpfjzpf? tefwDay:vD tem;jzpfjzpfqdk&if awmftHk;rSmaygh} [k qdkvsuf&Sdav\/
atmufxyf rD;zdkcef;xJwGifum; eefpDonf aemufusaeaom tvkyfrsm;udk tjref

vkyf&if; EGm;EdkYcsdKifhxJodkY t0wfESifY xkwfxdk;íaq;&if; ]t½kyfvdkcsifwkef; csdKif;axmuf &wmudk
0rf;omp&m&SmwJh ½l;aygaygupm;enf;rsdK;eJY ighudk,fig uav;r&JU ajy;ykef;p&m ausmufaqmif
jzpfatmif vkyf&r,fqdkvnf; igawmh vkyfr,fuG,f/ wu,f wu,f} [k a&&Gwfaeavonf/
***
37
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(6) wm0efudpö
ol tdyf&muEdk;vmawmh ckESpfem&Dxdk;cgeD;NyD jzpf\/ olYtcef;jywif;rsm;rSm taemuf

bufESifh awmifbufwdkYwGifí aeudkawmhrjrif&ao;/ jrLqdkif;aeaom eHeuf\ aumif;uif
jymudkawmh jrif&onfjzpf&m ,aeY &moDOwkom,mrnfudk odonf/
tcef;uav;rSm ,ck tenf;i,fat;jronf/ eHeufcif; avcsdKat;uav;uvnf;

wdk;0ifwdkufcwfvsuf&Sd\/ tjyifbufwGifum; iSufuav;rsm;onf aysmf&TifpGm wpDpD
jrnfvsuf &SdMuNyD/
ay:vD,memonf jywif;aygufqDodkY ajy;oGm;NyD; iSufuav;rsm;udk pum;ajymonf/

xdkYaemuf tdrfatmufu O,smOfxJ ESif;qDyifawGMum;xJodkY olYta': a&mufESifhaeNyDudk
jrif&\/ xdkYaMumifh oGufvufzswfvwfpGm rsufESmopf t0wftpm;vJvsuf olYta':xHH
oGm;&ef tjrefjyifqifavonf/
txyfcdk;avSum;rS tajy;qif;vmcJhaom ay:vD,memonf wHcg;rsm;udk [if;vif;

zGifhíxm;cJhonf/ pMuøwpfavQmuf ajy;cJhNyD;aemuf avSum;wpfckrSqif;í tdrfa&SUodkY
xGufaom wHcg;udkzGifhNyD; 'dkif;ceJydwfxm;cJhum O,smOfxJodkY vSnfhywfajy;cJhonf/
xdktcsdefwGif olYtefwDay:vDonf cg;ukef;tbdk;tdkESifhtwl ESif;qD½Hkwpfckü iHkYMunfh

aeonf/ ay:vD,memonf &TifjrL;pGm wcpfcpf&,f&if; olYta':udk ajy;zufvdkufav\/
]tefwDay:vD? tefwDay:vD? 'Dvdk reufrsdK;qdk orD;awmh tvum;ae&if;udk 0rf;om

aewmyJ. . .}
a':ay:vDonf olYvnfyif;udk [D;av;cdkxm;aom aygifudk;q,f tav;csdefudk

qGJvsuf udk,fudkrwf&ef tm;xkwf&if;u ]ay:vD,mem z,fprf;/ 0rf;omwmudk 'DvdkyJ
vkyf&ovm; . . .} [k aigufirf;vdkufonf/
uav;ronf ajczsm;axmufí csvdkufNyD; [dkrSonfrS ckefíuvsuf ]orD;u

vlawGudkcspf&if 'DvdkrvkyfbJ raeEdkifvdkYyg tefwD&,f/ orD;av tefwDhudk jywif;aygufuae
38
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
jrifvdkufawmh tefwD[m axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rawGvdk r[kwfwm&,f? tefwD[m

orD;&JUta':tppf jzpfwm&,f awG;rdNyD;? tefwDh Munfh&wmvnf; odyfvSaeawmh orD;u
39
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
eHeufpmudk yxrig;rdepfwGif NidrfoufpGm pm;aeMuNyD;aemuf a':ay:vDonf pm;yGJ

ay:odkY [dkrSonfrS ysHoef;vsuf&Sdaom ,ifaumifBuD;ESpfaumifudk rESpfNrdKUpGm vdkufMunfY&if;
]eefpD? 'D,ifaumifBuD;awG b,fu 0ifvmwmvJ} [k cufxefpGm atmfvdkuf\/
eefpDrSm raeYnu ay:vD,mem\tcef;u jywif;aygufyGifYaeonfudk owdrxm;cJYrd/

xdkYaMumifh ]rodbl; rr/ rD;zdkxJrSmawmh wpfaumifrS r&Sdygbl;} [k ajzvdkuf\/
ay:vD,memu ]orD;qDu ,ifaumifawGeJYwlw,f tefwDay:vD/ reufu

tay:xyfrSm tawmfrsm;rsm; awGYcJhw,f} [k 0ifajymvdkufonf/
eefpDonf xrif;pm;yGJodkY rkefYtylrsm; ydkY&ef 0ifvmNyD;rS uysmu,m jyefxGufoGm;onf/
]orD;qDu ,ifaumif? [kwfvm;/ b,fu 0ifvmwmvJ} [k wtHYwMo ar;onf/
]tjyifbufu 0ifvmwmaygY tefwDay:vD&JU/ jywif;aygufawGu 0ifvmwmaygh/

wcsdKU0ifvmwmudkawmh orD;jrifvdkuf&w,f} [k ajzonf/
]jrifvdkuf&w,f/ [kwfvm;/ jcifZumr&SdwJh wHcg;awGudk nnf;zGifhvdkufovm;/ [if}
][kwfuJh tefwDay:vD/ jcifZumwpfckrS r&Sdbl;}
eefpDonf rkefYtylrsm;udk,lNyD; wpfacguf 0ifvmjyef\/ olYrsufESmonf wnfwnfBuD;

jzpfaeaomfvnf; eD&Jae\/ a':ay:vDu ]eefpD? rkefYawGukd csxm;cJhNyD; ay:vD,mem&JUtcef;udk
ckcsufcsif;oGm;NyD; jywif;aygufawGudk ydwfacs/ wHcg;awGudkvnf; ydwfcJh/ aemuf eif
reuftvkyfNyD;awmh tcef;wdkif;udkvdkufNyD; aq;jzef;vdkuf/ Mum;vm;/ aoaocsmcsmvkyfaemf}
[k trdefYay;vdkufavonf/ xdkYaemuf olYwlrtm;
]ay:vD,mem/ tJ'D jywif;aygufawGtwGuf jcifZumwyfzdkY rSmxm;w,f/ igu

0wå&m;&Sdwmudk vkyfay;w,f/ nnf;u nnf;0wå&m;udk arYaew,f/ xifw,f. . .} [k
ajymvdkuf\/
]orD;0wå&m;/ [kwfvm; tefwDay:vD} ay:vD,memonf rsufvHk;0dkif;vmatmif tHhtm;

oifhoGm;\/
40
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]at;aygh/ tdkufwmudk ig odygw,f/ odkYayr,fY jcifZum ra&mufcifawmh 'DwHcg;awG

ydwfxm;zdkYu nnf;0wå&m;aygY/ ,ifaumifawG[m taESmifYt,SufjzpfwmwdkY? roefY&Sif;wmwdkY
tjyif usef;rma&;twGufvnf; odyftEÅ&m,frsm;w,f ay:vD,mem}
]reufpmpm;vdkYNyD;&if nnf;zwfp&m 'DtaMumif;ygwJh pmtkyfawG igay;OD;r,f}
]zwfzdkY/ [kwfvm; tefwD/ aus;Zl;wifvdkufwm tefwD&,f/ pmzwf&wmudk orD;

odyfBudKufwmyJ. . .}
a':ay:vDonf toHxGufatmifyif yifhouf½dIufvdkufrdonf/ xdkYaemuf EIwfcrf;

ESpfckudk aphaeatmif ydwfxm;vdkufaomMumifY ol\cwfxefaom rsufESmudk ay:vD,mem
jrifaomtcg ]orD; 0wå&m;vpfoGm;wm pdwfraumif;ygbl; tefwDay:vD/ aemufudk orD;
'Djywif;aygufawG rzGifhawmhygbl;} [k aMumuf½THUpGm awmif;yefvdkuf\/
olYta':u bmrQjyefrajym/ eHeufpm pm;NyD;onftxdvnf; pum;wpfcGef;rS rajym

awmhacs/ pm;NyD;aomtcg xdkif&mrSxí tdrfa&SUcef;xJodkY 0ifoGm;um pmtkyfi,fuav;
wpftkyfudk qGJ,lNyD; olYwlr\ab;odkY jyefvmonf/
]ay:vD,mem? 'g ckeu igajymwJh pmtkyfyJ/ nnf;tcef;xJ tckoGm;NyD; zwfaeacs/

em&D0ufMum&if nnf;ypönf;udk igvmMunfYr,f} ay:vD,memonf ,ifaumifwpfaumif\
OD;acgif;udk tBuD;csJUí jyxm;aomyHkudk vSrf;MunfY&if;rS. . .
]tdk. . . aus;Zl;wifvdkufwm tefwDay:vD} [k 0rf;omtm;& atmfvdkufonf/ wpfcP

twGif;rSmyif olonf pmtkyfudk,lí xrif;pm;cef;rS ajy;xGuf&if; wHcg;udk 'dkif;ceJ ydwfxm;cJh
avonf/
a':ay:vDonf rsufarSmifMuKwfí cPrQ qdkif;aeNyD; tcef;udkjzwfí avQmufoGm;um

wHcg;udkzGifhvdkufonf/ odkYaomf ay:vD,memudkum; rawGY&awmh/ txyfcdk;qDodkY ajy;wuf
oGm;aom ol\ ajcoHuav;rsm;udkom Mum;&awmh\/
em&D0ufMumaomtcg a':ay:vDonf 0wå&m;udk wif;MuyfpGm aqmif&Gufol\ rsufESm

xm;jzifh avSum;rsm;twdkif;wufum ay:vD,mem\ tcef;xJodkY 0ifvdkufvQifyif ]tdk. . .
tefwDay:vD&,f/ orD;wpfouf 'Davmuf pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wm? zwfvdkYaumif;wmrsdK;
41
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
wpfcgrS rawGYzl;bl;/ 'DpmtkyfudkzwfzdkY tefwDay:vD orD;udkay;wm odyf0rf;omwmyJ/

,ifaumifawG[m olwdkYajcaxmufawGrSm 'gavmufrsm;wJh[mawGudk o,fvmEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY
rxifcJhbl;} [laom pdwftm;xufoefonfh pum;rsm;udk Mum;vdkuf&av\/
tefwDay:vDu cyfwnfwnfyif. . .
]uJ. . . awmfygNyD ay:vD,mem/ nnf;t0wfawG xkwf,lcJY/ igMunfhr,f/ nnf;eJY

rawmfawmhwmqdk&if qlvDAefwdkYvdk qif;&JwJhvlawGudk ay;vdkufr,f} [k ajymvdkuf\/
ay:vD,memonf pmtkyfi,fudk rcscsifcscsifjzifh csxm;cJhNyD; t0wfxm;onfh

tcef;i,fbufodkY vSnfhvdkuf\/
]axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;awG xifwmxuf tefwDxifwm ydkqdk;r,fxifw,f/

olwdkYuawmh 'Dt0wfawGMunfh&wm &SufzdkYawmifaumif;owJh} [k ajymum oufjyif;cs
vdkufNyD;. . .
]'gayrJY aemufqHk;a&mufvmwJh tvSLcHypönf; pnfESpfckoHk;ckxJrSm a,musfm;av; 0wfeJY

cyfBuD;BuD;awG0wfzdkYyJ ygwmudk;/ 'gxuf tefwDay:vD omoemjyKawGqDu tvSLcHypönf;rsdK;
&zl;vm;[if} [k ar;vkduf\/
olYta':onf tHhtm;oifhoGm;um a'gojzpfoGm;aom trlt&m ay:vmí

ay:vD,memu csufcsif; jyifajymvdkuf&\/
][kwfw,fav/ b,f&zl;rvJ/ tefwDay:vD orD;u arhaevdkYyg/ csrf;omwJholawG

tJovdk tvSLcHypönf;rsdK; b,fawmhrSr&bl;/ 'gayrJh wpfcgwpfcg usawmhvnf;av orD;u
tefwDay:vD csrf;omw,fqdkwmudk arharhaewm/ 'Dtcef;xJrSm qdk&ifayghav}
a':ay:vD a'gojzifh yg;pyf[vdkufrdaomfvnf; bmpum;rSrxGufvmcJh/ ay:vD,mem

uawmh olajymonfhpum; bmrS rESpfNrdKUp&m rygouJhodkYyif qufajymonf/
]'Dvdkav/ orD;ajymcsifwvnf; tJovdk omoemjyKawGqDu&wJh tvSLcHypönf;

qdkwmvnf; bmrS taotcsm rajymEdkifwmrsdK;/ udk,fawGY&r,fxifwmudk rawGYwmuawmY
42
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
aocsmw,faygh/ rawGY&bl;vdkYxifvnf; rawGYygbl;/ 0rf;omwrf; upm;wmvnf; tJ'D

tvSLcHypönf;awG taMumif;qdk&if tcufqHk;csnfhyJ/ tazeJYqdk. . .}
tcsdefrDyif olYta':u olYtaztaMumif; olYa&SUrSm rajym&qdkonfudk owd&NyD;

&yfvdkuf&onf/ t0wfxm;onfh tcef;i,fxJodkY tjrefacgif;jr§Kyfvdkuf&NyD; ol\vuf
ESpfbufjzifh ol\a[mif;EGrf;aom t0wfuav;rsm;udk ayGY,lí xkwfvdkufavonf/
]enf;enf;rSawmh raumif;bl; tefwD&JU/ bk&m;0wfausmif;xJcif;zdkY aumfaZmom

r0,f&if teufuav; bmav; jzpfrSmaygh/ ckawmh orD;rSm&Sdwm tJ'g tukefyJ}
a':ay:vDonf ay:vD,mem xkwfvmaom t0wftxnf uav;rsm;udk vufnd§K;xdyf

uav;jzifh wdkYum vSefMunfYonf/ t0wftxnfrsm;rSm wpfckrS ay:vD,memESifh wdkif;csKyf
xm;[efrwlacs/ aemuf olonf rsufarSmifMuKwfvsuf bD½dktHqGJxJu tzmtax;rsm;pGmjzifY
twGif;cHuav;rsm;udk ppfaq;jyefavonf/
]taumif;qHk;[mawGudk orD;0wfxm;w,f tefwD} [kay:vD,memu ajymvdkufNyD;. . .
]axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;awGtm;vHk; wpfpHktopf 0,fay;vdkufwm/

rpöuf*sHK;u oluOuú|av/ olu aumfaZmr0,f&vdkY bk&m;0wfausmif;xJ zdeyfoHwcGyfcGyf
Mum;ae&vnf; Mum;ae&ygap/ 'gawmh0,frSmyJvdkY ajymw,f/ odkYayr,fh olwdkY raeygbl;
0,frSmyg/ ypöwm0dIufu qlqlnHnH rBudKufbl;wJh/ vefYwwfw,fqdkvm; olYrdef;ru
ajymw,f/ odkYayr,fh ydkufqHvnf; &SdwmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh aumfaZm0,fzdkY ydkufqHtrsm;BuD;
xnfh&rSmyJvdkY xifMuw,fav/ vefYwwfwJhtwGufaygh/ vefYwwfwJhtwGuf ydkufqH&Sdw,f
qdk&ifav ol0rf;omzdkYaumif;wmaygh [kwfbl;vm;} [k qufajymaeavonf/
a':ay:vDuawmh Mum;[efrwlacs/ twGif;cHt0wfrsm;udk ppfaq;í tNyD;wGif

ay:vD,membufodkY ½kwfw&uf vSnfhvdkufonf/
]ay:vD,mem/ ausmif;awmh aeNyDaygh}
][kwfuJh/ aewmaygh tefwDay:vD/ NyD;awmh taz tJ . . . tdrfrSmvnf; oifay;

w,fav}
43
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
a':ay:vDu rsufarSmufMuKwfvdkuf\/ ]aumif;NyD/ aqmif;OD;ayguf&if nnf; 'DrSm

ausmif;ae&r,f/ nnf;udk b,ftwef;rSm xm;&r,fqdkwm ausmif;tkyfBuD;rpöwma[m u
qHk;jzwfay;vdrfhr,f/ tcktawmtwGif;awmh nnf; wpfaeYem&D0uf igha&SUrSm toHxGufNyD;
pmzwfjy&r,f}
]orD; odyfzwfcsifwmygyJ/ odkYayr,fh tefwDay:vD em;raxmifcsifbl;qdkvnf;

orD;zmom pdwfxJuyJ zwfyghr,f tefwDay:vD/ pdwfxJuwifzwf&&if 0rf;omzYdk odyf
rBudK;pm;&bl;aygh/ pum;vHk;BuD;BuD;awGaMumifhav/ odvm;}
][kwfrSmygav/ ig,Hkygw,f/ 'geJY *Dwaum oifNyDvm;}
]odyfroif&ao;bl; tefwD/ orD;&J h *Dwawmh orD; odyfrBudKufygbl;/ wjcm;vlawG&JU

*Dwudkawmh BudKufygw,f/ orD; pE´,m; enf;enf;oifzl;w,f/ bk&m;0wfausmif;rSmwD;wJh
rpö*a&;u oifay;w,fav/ 'gayrJh tefwDay:vD&,f 'gudkawmh orD; vTwfvdkufcsif
ygw,f/ wu,fyg}
]jzpf&rSmygyJ}
tefwDay:vDu rsufcHk;udk rodrom csDvdkufNyD;ajymonf/ NyD;rS . . .
]b,fvdkjzpfjzpfav/ nnf;udk *Dw&JUtajccHavmufawmh wwfatmif pepfwus

oifay;zdkYu igh0wå&m;ygyJvdkY xifygw,f/ tcsKyftvkyfawmh wwfrSmaygh} [k qufar;onf/
][kwfuJh tefwD/ axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;awGu orD;udk oifay;ygw,f/

'gayr,fh tawmf pdwfnpf&ygw,f tefwD&,f/ rpöuf*sHK;u tusÐMu,foD;uGif; vSnfhwJhtcg
tyfudkifwmawmif wjcm;vlawGeJYrwlbl;/ NyD;awmh rpöuf0dIuf uawmh 0ufodk;csKyfwwfrS
tem;vHk;wm oif&r,fqdkvm;/ b,f[mu t&ifvJawmh rodbl;/ rpöuf[m&Dref uawmh
yqpfuGuf pufcsKyfwmawmh oifzdkYudk rvdkbl;vdkYajymygw,f}
]at;av/ uJ- tJ'Dvdk tcuftcJrsdK;awmh r&Sdawmhbl;aygh ay:vD,mem / nnf;udk

tcsKyftvkyf igudk,fwdkifyJ oifay;r,f/ nnf; tcsuftjyKwfawmh wwf[efrwlygbl;}
ay:vD,memu ½kwfw&uf &yfvdkufonf/
44
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vkyfawmh olwdkYxJu b,foleJYb,folrS vkyfyHkcsif; rwlMubl;av/ 'geJY tcsKyftvkyftwGuf
qHkMuwkef; jiif;MucHkMueJY orD;udk wpfywfrSm wpfnaepD olwdkY&JU rD;zdkxJrSmyJ tvSnfhus
oifay;r,fvdkY qHk;jzwfMuw,f/ tck EdkYacsmuvufazsmfenf;eJY ozef;oD;udwfvkyfenf;yJ
oif&ao;w,f}
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[k qdkum cPrQ pOf;pm;aeNyD; ]eufjzefreuf udk;em&DrSm ighqDvmNyD; em&D0uf pmzwfjy/
tJ'Drwdkifciftcsdefudk 'Dtcef;&Sif;/ Ak'¨[l;eJYpae reufawGrSm udk;em&DcGJausmf&if rD;zdkxJrSm
eefpDeJY tcsuftjyKwfoif&r,f/ wjcm;reufawGrSmawmh ighqDvmNyD; tcsKyftvkyfoif&r,f/
naeydkif;awGu *DwoifzdkY nnf;twGuf q&mwpfa,muf csufcsif;iSm;&r,f} [k tjywf
qdkum xdkif&mrS xavonf/
ay:vD,memu ]tefwDay:vD? tefwDay:vD/ orD;rSm aezdkYtcsdefawmif csefrxm;awmh

bl;vm;} [k txdwfwvefY ar;vdkufonf/
]aezdkY&,fvdkY uav;&,f/ bmudkqdkvdkwmvJ/ nnf;wpfcsdefvHk; ae aewmyJ r[kwf

bl;vm;}
][kwfygw,ftefwD&JU/ orD;'gawG vkyfaewJh wpfcsdefvHk; toufawmh ½SLaewmaygh/

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ae aewmawmh r[kwfbl;aygh/ orD;ajymwJhaezdkYqdkwmu vkyfcsifwmudkvkyfzdkYav/ tjyifxGuf
upm;wmwdkY? pmzwfwm udk,fhzmom pdwfxJrSmwifav/ awmifukef;ay:wufwmwdkY? eefpDeJY
pum;ajymwmwdkY? raeYu orD;jzwfvmwJh vrf;xJrSm&SdwJh tdrfawGtaMumif; vlawGtaMumif;
tpHktvifodzdkY pHkprf;wmwdkY/ tJ'gawG vkyfaewmudk aewmvdkYajymwm tefwDay:vD&JU?
touf½SL½Hk ½SLaewmudk aew,fvdkY rac:bl;}
a':ay:vDonf pdwfwdkvmovdk acgif;udk armhvdkufonf/
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atmifawmh ay;rSmaygh/ odkYayr,fh nnf;udk *½kwpdkufxm;NyD; ynmoifay;wmudk igh0wå&m;vdkY
igu vdkvdkcsifcsif ,lqxm;ovdk nnf;uvnf; nnf;0wå&m;udk odwwfwJhtaeeJY 'gawGudk
tv[ójzpfatmif vkyfypf&if aus;Zl;uef;&musr,fvdkY odapcsifw,f}
45
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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cspfvnf;cspfw,f/ NyD;awmh tefwD[m axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;vnf; r[kwfygbl;/
ta':wpfa,mufyJOpöm}
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toHuav;udk Mum;&onf/
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a':ay:vD oufjyif;csoHudk ay:vD,mem Mum;vdkuf&onf/ ]at;/ igajymzdkY arhaevdkY

ay:vD,mem/ 'DaeY aeYvnfwpfem&DcGJrSm wifrdkoDu wdkYudk NrdKUxJydkYay;vdrfhr,f/ nnf;t0wf
awGu wpfxnfrS ighwlreJY oifhawmfwm r&Sdbl;/ 'gawGudkom nnf;0wfap&&if igh0wå&m;
vHk;0 rausyGef&musr,f}
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rBudKufcsif/
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cJhavonf/
46
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
yltdkufvSaom txyfcdk; cef;uav;xJwGifum; ay:vD,memonf aemufrSDjzifh

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0wå&m;BuD;wpfckudk xrf;aqmifae&ouJhodkYom jzpfacsawmhrnf[k xifrdavonf/
]'g[m t½kdtaowefw,f&,fvdkY rxifygbl;} [k atmufarhum oufjyif;csrdNyD;. . .
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&Sd\/ xdkYaemuf twefMumrS jznf;nif;pGm xdkif&mrSxí t0wfrsm;udk odrf;qnf;&avonf/
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xGufatmif &,fvdkufrdavonf/
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47
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(7) ay:vD,mem cH&onfh tjypf'Pfrsm;
aeYwpfem&DcGJwGif a':ay:vDESifh olYwlrwdkYtm; wifrdkoDu tdrfESifh rdkif0ufcefYa0;aom

qdkifBuD; av;ig;qdkifodkY vdkufydkY&avonf/
ay:vD,memtwGuf t0wftpm;topfrsm; csKyf&onfrSm MuHK&oltm;vHk;tzdkY tenf;

ESifhtrsm; pdwfvIyf&Sm;p&m jzpf&\/ tm;vHk;NyD;oGm;awmh a':ay:vDrSm aygufvkqJqJ
rD;awmifay: jzwfavQmufvm&mu ajrrmay:a&mufawmh arm[dkufEGrf;e,fpGm oufjyif;cs
&ovdk tm;tifukefcrf;vsuf tyef;ajz&onf/
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wpfyHkwpfacgif;BuD; usef&pfMu\/ ay:vD,mem udk,fwdkifrSmrl tauseyfBuD; auseyfvsuf
½Tef;vufaom tNyHK;jzifh jyefcJh\/
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topfpufpufcsnf; 0,f&wmawmh wu,faysmfzdkYaumif;w,f/ udk,feJYrawmfvdkY vHk;n§yf
xm;&wmwdkY? jzefYcsNyD; jyefcsKyf&wmwdkY r&Sdawmhbl;aygh/ aysmfp&mBuD;yJ} [kyif ajymcJhao;onf
r[kwfvm;/
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rSmvnf; aysmfp&m aumif;onf/ eefpD yef;uefawGaq;ítNyD; aemufaz; 0&efwmwGif eefpDESifh
pum;pjrnf ajymae&onfrSmvnf; aysmfp&myif/
tbdk;BuD;wGrfu ay:vD,memtm; olYtartaMumif; tHhMozG,fyHkrsm;ozG,f ajymjy

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ajcmufrdkifrQa0;aom ]acsmifMum;} ac: v,fawm½Gmuav; taMumif;rsm;udk ajymjyonf/
wpfcsdefcsdefwGif a':ay:vD cGifhjyKygu xdkt&yfodkY ay:vD,memtm; tvnfac:OD;rnf [kvnf;
ajymonf/
48
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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zavmf&mb,fvf wJh/ tufpw,fvm wJh/ wdkY wdkYemrnf eefpD qdkwmBuD;udkawmh rkef;w,f}
]tdk? rreefpDuvnf;/ b,fhES,f r[kwfwmawG ajym&wmvJ/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]wjcm;emrnfawGvdk rvSvdkYaygh/ rru tBuD;qHk;r[kwfvm;/ yxrqHk;arG;wmqdkawmh

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rodao;bl;aygY}
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trsm;BuD; ydkaumif;r,f/ tJ'D emrnfrsdK;qdk cefYw,faemf}
ay:vD,memu &,faeonf/
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][pfyfZDbm/ [kwfvm;}
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ac:vdkuf&if aemufwpfcGef;u [l;a&; vdkY atmfvdkufvdrfYr,fvdkY xifowJh/ tJovdk olYudk
[l;a&; vkyfwmvnf; rBudKufbl; wJh/ eefpD\ rIefodk;odk;rsufESmwGif tjyHK;a&mufvmonf/
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[pfyf qdkwmudk pOf;pm;NyD;om r&,frd&if eefpDqdkwJh emrnfBuD;udk b,fawmhrS BudKufrSm
r[kwfbl;/ tJawmh tckrS rr0rf;om}
½kwfw&uf &yfvdkufNyD; tHhMoonfhrsufESmjzifh ay:vD,memudk Munfhvdkufum. . .
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[pfyfZDbm r[kwfwmudk 0rf;omzdkYav} [k jzwfar;vdkufonf/
49
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
ay:vD,memu rsufarSmifMuKwfvdkufNyD;rS &,fvdkuf\/
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tJ'gu rpOf;pm;&bJeJYay:vmwJh 0rf;omp&mvdkY xifw,fav/ odvm;rr/ 'D[meJY upm;ae
uswJhtcgusawmh tJovdk 0rf;omp&mudk &SmaeMuwmayghav/ tJovdkyJ wpfcgwpfav
r&SmbJeJY awGYwwfwmaygh/ trsm;tm;jzifhqdk&ifav b,f[mrsdK;rqdk 0rf;omp&m wpfck
wpfavawmh tNrJ&SdaewmyJ/ pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf&Sm&if taotcsm awGYwmcsnf;yJ rr&JU}
]at;/ [kwfygvdrfhr,f}
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n &Spfem&DwGif ay:vD,memonf tdyfcef;odkYwufcJhonf/ jcifZumrsm; ra&mufao;í

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tvHkydwfxm;aom jywif;ayguf ESpfaygufudk ai;arQmfMunfhrdonf/ odkYaomf ol zGifhawmhrzGifh/
olYt0wftpm;rsm;udk cRwfum aoaooyfoyf acgufNyD; bk&m;&Sdcdk;? za,mif;wdkifudk

rIwfí tdyf&mxJodkY wufcJh\/
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olYtxif em&Daygif;rsm;pGm Mumawmh tdyf&mxJu tomavQmqif;cJhNyD; tcef;udkjzwfí
prf;&if;avQmufcJhum t0ifwHcg;udk zGifhvdkufonf/
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arSmifydef;ae\/ vuf0J vuf,mrS aMumufrufzG,ftarSmifxkudk ZGwfrSdwfí vpfvsL½IvdkufNyD;
va&mifaMumif;av;twdkif; jywif;aygufqDodkY vSrf;cJhavonf/
þjywif;aygufwGif jcifZumvdrfhrnf[k ol 0dk;w0g; arQmfvifhcJhaomfvnf; r&Sdacs/

odkY&mwGif tjyifbufrSmum; ewforD;yHkjyifxJuvdk vSyus,fjyefYaom avmuudk jrif&onf/
ylaEG;aeaom olYyg;jyifESifh vufuav;rsm; tat;"gwfjzifh yufjzef;ay;rnfh avcsdKat;uav;
okwfjzL;aernfudk odonf/
jywif;ayguftem;odkY uyfoGm;NyD; tjyifodkYacsmif;Munfhvdkufawmh jywif;\ atmufp

wGifyif a':ay:vD\ avomaqmiftay:u rdk;xm;aom oGyfrdk;us,fjyefYjyefYBuD;udk awGYvdkuf
50
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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aumif;vdkufrvJ/
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tarSmifwGif; wpfae&mqDwGif tvGefyltdkufvSaom tcef;uav;ESifh ydkíyltdkufaom olYtdyf&m
uav; &Sdonf/ olESifholYtcef; olYtdyf&mwdkYtMum;wGif aMumufrufzG,f arSmifrnf;aom
uEÅm&BuD;&Sdonf/ 'gudk olYvufrsm;qefYwef;í prf;NyD;oGm;rS a&mufrnf/ olYa&SUrSmawmh
va&mifESifh avcsdKat;ESifh avomaqmiftrdk;jyefYBuD; &Sdae\/
olYtdyf&muav;om tjyifrSm&SdvQif? NyD;awmh vlawGom tjyifxGuftdyfwwfMuvSsif

b,favmufaumif;rnfenf;/ taemufbufrSm &Sdaewkef;u *sdK0,fvD[mwvD qdkolonf
tqkwfa&m*gjzifh rusef;rrmjzpfaeí tjyifrSmtdyf&onf/ ½kwfw&uf ay:vD,memonf
txyfcdk;jywif;em;wGif tpDt&Dcsdwfxm;aom tdwfjzLBuD;rsm;udk oGm;íowd&onf/ xdktdwf
rsm;rSm aqmif;0wftxnfrsm;jzpfí aEGcgrSm odrf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k eefpDu olYudk ajymjy
zl;onf/
cyf&GHU&GHUjzifhyif ay:vD,memonf arSmifxJwGifprf;í þtdwfrsm;qDodkY oGm;onf/

xdktxJrS cyfxlxltdtd (a':ay:vD\ om;arG;ukwftusÐxnfhonfh) tdwfBuD;wpfckudk arGY&m
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aysmfvsufyif va&mif0ifonfh jywif;qDodkY jyefvmcJh\/
NyD;vQif wHcg;&Gufudk tom r,vdkufNyD; vufxJu txkyftydk;rsm;udk atmufem;p

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tomjyefydwfcJh\/ ay:vD,memonf [dk[m 'D[mrsm;udk o,faqmifvmEdkifonfh tHhzG,f
ajcaxmufrsm;jzifh ,ifaumifrsm;udk rarhacs/
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uç&if;rS vwfqwfcsdKat;aomavudk w0BuD;½dIufí ½SLrdonf/ olYajcaxmufu oGyfrdk;u
wuRwfuRwfjrnfoHudkvnf; ay:vD,mem oabmusrdovdk/ oGyfrdk;jyefYus,fBuD;udk [dkxdyf
onfxdyf ESpfacguf oHk;acguf jyefíavQmufrdonf/
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51
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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tzHk;vkyfum acGacGuav; vSJcsNyD; tdyfvdkufav\/
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atmufxyf avomaqmifESifh uyfvsuf&Sdaom a':ay:vD\ tcef;wGif;üum;

a':ay:vDonf n0wftusÐ½SnfBuD;ESifY n§yfzdeyfudk ujymu,m 0wfvdkufonf/
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olonf wkef,ifaomtoHjzifh wifrdkoDxH w,fvDzkef;qufaeonf/
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trdk;ay:rSm wpfa,mufa,muf a&mufaew,f/ yef;½Hkuaewufovm;? b,fuaewufovJ
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bufwufwJh wHcg;udkawmh aomhcwfxm;NyD/ at; jrefjrefvmaemf/ jrefjref}
xdkYaemuf tawmfuav;MumawmY arS;arS; arS;arS;jzifh wjznf;jznf; tdyfaysmfp

jyKaeNyDjzpfaom ay:vD,memonf rD;a&mifwpfckESifh toHoHk;ckaMumifh vefYEdk;vmav\/
olYrsufvHk;rsm;udk zGifhMunfhvdkufawmh olYteD;wGif avSum;axmifí wufaeaom wifrdkoDudk
awGY&onf/ tbdk;BuD;wGrfuvnf; jywif;aygufudkzGifYí trdk;bufodkY xGufvmqJ/
olYta':vnf; tzdk;BuD;aemufu tjyifodkY vSrf;MunfYaeqJ/
tefwDay:vDu ]ay:vD,mem/ 'g bmvkyfwmvJ} [k vSrf;atmfvdkufonf/
ay:vD,mem tdyfcsifrl;wl;jzifh xxdkifvdkufonf/ ][if rpöwmwGrf/ tefwDay:vD/

onfavmuf txdwfwvefYBuD; MunfhraeygeJY/ orD;rSm *sdK0,f[mwvDvdk tqkwfema&m*g
r&Sdygbl;/ txJrSm ylvGef; tdkufvGef;vdkYyg/ a&m*gydk;awGo,fvmwJh ,ifawGr0ifEdkifatmif
jywif;aygufudkawmh ydwfxm;cJhygw,f tefwDay:vD}
wifrdkoDonf ½kwfw&uf avSum;rS jyefqif;oGm;onf/ tbdk;BuD;wGrfvnf; rD;tdrfudk

a':ay:vDtm; vSrf;ay;&if; olYom;enf;wlyif tvsiftjref qif;vdkufoGm;av\/
a':ay:vDvnf; tbdk;BuD;om;tz qif;oGm;onftxd olYEIwfcrf;udk ol udkufaeNyD;
52
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]ay:vD,mem/ tJ'gawGudk csufcsif;ay;vdkufprf;/ NyD;awmh 0ifcJh/ wu,fhawmf

&SmrS&Sm;yJ} [k cufxefpGm qdkvdkufonf/ aemuf ay:vD,mem 0ifvmawmh rD;tdrfudk udkifvsuf
txyfcdk;cef;buf vSnfhvmonf/
ay:vD,memtzdkY at;jrcsrf;omaom tjyifbufrS jyef0ifvm&onfjzpfí ydkrdk

touf½SLusyfvsuf&Sd\/ odkYaomf ol rnnf;nLawmh/ oufjyif;&SnfBuD;om csrdawmYonf/
avSum;xdyfodkYa&mufvQif a':ay:vDu ]ay:vD,mem/ 'DntzdkYawmh nnf; igeJYtwl

tdyf&may:rSm vmtdyf/ jcifZumawG eufjzef a&mufvdrfhr,f/ ra&mufcifawmh nnf;
b,frSm&Sdaew,fqdkwm odEdkifwJhae&mrSm xm;zdkYu igh0wå&m;vdkY ,lqw,f} [k cyfqwfqwf
qdkvdkufavonf/
ay:vD,memvnf; yifhouf½dIufvdkuf\/
]tefwDeJY/ [kwfvm;/ tefwDh tdyf&may:rSmav/ [m tefwDay:vD/ tefwDay:vD/

odyfcspfzdkYaumif;wJh tefwD/ orD;uav wpfa,mufa,mufeJYtwl tdyfcsifaewm/ tawmfyJ/
wpfa,mufa,mufqdkwm udk,fhtrsdK;xJuav/ axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;awGeJYawmh
tdyfzl;wmaygh/ tdk wu,fyJ/ jcifZumawG ra&mufao;wmudkyJ 0rf;om&r,f/ tefwDaum
0rf;rombl;vm;[if}
a':ay:vD bmrSjyefrajymawmYacs/ ajcvSrf;usJusJjzifYom a&SUu avQmufoGm;

avawmYonf/ trSefqdkvQif a':ay:vDrSm bmvkyf&rSef;yif rodawmY/ ay:vD,mem
a&mufuwnf;uqdkvQif ay:vD,memtm; a':ay:vD tjypfay;onfrSm ,cktBudrfonf
wwd,tBudrf jzpfonf/ ol tjypfay;onfudk qkvmbfcsD;jr§ifhovdk oabmxm;onfhtwGuf
tHtm;oifh&onfrSmvnf; ,cktBudrfonf wwd,tBudrf jzpf\/
a':ay:vD bmvkyf&rSef;rodonfrSm tHhMop&mawmh r[kwfygacs/
***
53
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(8) ay:vD,mem tvnfoGm;jcif;
rsm;rMumrDyif [,f&ifweftdrfBuD;ü pnf;urf;ao0yfouJhodkY jzpfvmonf/ a':ay:vD

rlvu csrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;rsdK;um;r[kwf/
ay:vD,mem tcsKyftvkyf oifonf/ pE´,m;wD; usifhonf/ toHxGufí pmzwfonf/

rD;zdkcef;xJwGif tcsuftjyKwfavhvmonf/ rSefygonf/ odkYaomf ay:vD,memonf þ
vkyfief;rsm;wGif rlvu owfrSwfxm;aomtcsdef jynfhatmifawmh b,fae&mrS rvkyfacs/
olESpfNcdKufovdk aezdkYtwGuf tcsdefydk&onf/ taMumif;um; aeYpOfvdkyif naeydkif; em&Djyef
ESpfcsufrS ajcmufem&Dxdcsdefonf tefwDay:vDu wm;jrpfydwfyifxm;wmrsdK; r[kwfvQif
ay:vD,mem olBudKufwm olvkyfEdkifaom olydkiftcsdefjzpfvmaomaMumifh jzpf\/
uav;udk þrQtm;vyfcsdefay;xm;jcif;rSm ay:vD,memtm; tvkyfrS em;cGifhay;onfh

oabm jzpfavoavm/ odkYwnf;r[kwf olY tefwDay:vDtm; ay:vD,memESifh vGwf&mwGif
em;cGifh&aponfh oabm jzpfavoavm/ pOf;pm;zG,fjzpf\/
wu,fawmh Zlvdkif yxrwpfydkif;vHk;vdkvdkyif a':ay:vDrSm ]wu,fh &SmrS&Sm;ygyJawmf}

[k atmf&onfhtBudrfaygif; rsm;cJhNyDjzpf\/ pmzwfcsdefESifh tcsKyftvkyfoifcsdefrsm; NyD;qHk;wdkif;
rSmawmh bmrSvkyfcsifpdwfr&Sdawmhatmif tm;tifukefcrf; yifyef;í usef&pfonfom rsm;cJh\/
rD;zdkxJrS eefpDu olYxufomygonf/ tm;tifukefcrf;onfvnf;r&Sd/ yifyef;

onfvnf; r&Sd/ Ak'¨[l;aeYeSifh paeaeYrsm;onf olYtzdkY aeYxl;aeYjrwfrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
[,fvifwefvrf;rBuD;ESifh teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifwGif ay:vD,memESifh upm;&ef

uav;rsm;r&Sdacs/ tdrfBuD;uvnf; &Gm\tpGefwGifjzpfonf/ reD;ra0;t&yfwGif tjcm;tdrfrsm;
&Sdaomfvnf; xdktdrfrsm;wGif ay:vD,mem &G,fwlrdef;uav;vnf;r&Sd? a,musmf;uav;vnf;
r&Sd/ odkYaomf ay:vD,memuawmh þtwGuf tenf;i,frQ pdwftaESmuft,Sufjzpf[ef
r&Sdacs/
]orD;tzdkY udpörygbl; rreefpD/ orD;u vrf;avQmufoGm;NyD; tdrfawGvlawGudk

Munfh&&if aysmfwmyJ/ vlawGudk orD;cspfw,f/ rraum[if} [k ay:vD,memu ajymwwf
onf/
54
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]tif;/ cspfw,fvdkYawmh rajymEdkifbl;/ tm;vHk;udkawmh rcspfbl;} [k eefpDu

wdkqwfqwfjyefajymonf/
om,maom naeydkif;rSmvdkvdkyif ay:vD,memonf olYudk wpfae&m&modkY wpfckck

cdkif;í vTwf&ef awmif;awmif;yefyef ajymaeonfudk awGY&wwfonf/ olonf wpfae&m
r[kwf wpfae&modkY vrf;xGufavQmufcsifaeonf/ þodkY tMumcP vrf;xGuf
avQmuf&if;uyif olonf þ vlBuD;ESifh awGYcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ay:vD,mem tzdkYawmh xdkaeYu
tjcm;vlBuD; b,fESpfa,mufawGYcJh awG hcJh? olYtzdkY vlBuD;qdkonfrSm þvlBuD;om jzpf\/
xdkvlBuD;onf ukwftusÐ&Snf teufBuD;udk 0wfvsuf ydk;om;OD;xkyfudk aqmif;xm;

onf/ þt&mESpfckrSm tjcm;vlBuD;rsm; b,fawmhrS r0wfqifaom t&mrsm;jzpfonf/
ol\rsufESmrSm rkwfqdwfarG;? yg;rHk;arG;rsm; r&Sd? ajymifpifatmif &dwfxm;avhNyD; jzLzyfjzLa&mf
&SdvSonf/ OD;xkyfatmufwGifjrif&aom ol\qHyifonf rGJajcmufajcmuf ta&mifwpfrsdK;
jzpfonf/ olonf udk,fudkrwfí zswfvwfpGm vrf;avQmufavh&Sdonf/ olYudk rnfonfh
tcgrqdk wpfa,mufwnf;om awGY&wwf\/ xdkYaMumifhyifvQif ay:vD,mem olYtwGuf
pdwfraumif;jzpfrdovdk &Sd\/ xdkYaMumifhyif ay:vD,memonf wpfaeYwGif olYudk EIwfquf
rdavonf/
]OD;- aeaumif;&JUvm;/ 'DaeY aeomw,faem} [k ay:vD,memu olYtem;odkY oGm;NyD;

&TifjypGm EIwfqufonf/
vlBuD;onf olYab;ywfvnfodkY uysmu,m MunfhvdkufNyD; Za0Z0gjzifh &yfvdkuf\/
]rif;vm;/ ighudk pum;ajymwm} [k pl;&Saom toHjzifh ar;\/
][kwfygw,f/ 'DaeY aeomw,fvdkY ajymwmyg} [k ay:vD,memu jyHK;&TifpGm

jyefajymonf/
]a[ at;/ tef;}
vlBuD;u þrQom toHjyKí avQmufjrJ qufavQmufoGm;onf/
ay:vD,memu &,f&if;usef&pfonf/ þvlBuD;um; &,fp&maumif;aom vlBuD;yg

wum; [k olxifonf/
55
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
aemufwpf&ufvnf; olYudk awGY&jyefonf/
]'DaeYawmh raeYuavmuf rom,mbl;aemf/ 'gayr,fh qdk;awmh rqdk;ygbl;} [k

ay:vD,memu &Tifvef;pGm EIwfqufjyefonf/
vlBuD;u ]a[ at;/ tef;} [k toHjyKum qufavQmufoGm;awmh ay:vD,mem

&,fjyefonf/
þenf;twdkif;yif ay:vD,memu vlBuD;tm; wwd,tBudrf EIwfqufawmh vlBuD;u

½kwfw&uf &yfvdkufNyD;. . .
]a[h uav;/ rif;b,folwkef;/ wdkYudk bmjzpfvdkY aeYwdkif; EIwfqufaewmvJa[h}
]orD;u ay:vD,mem0SpfwD;,m; vdkYac:ygw,f/ OD;udk Munfh&wm wpfa,mufwnf;

ysif;p&maumif;yHk&wmeJY EIwfqufwmyg/ OD; &yfNyD;pum;ajymwm orD; odyf0rf;omwmyJ/ uJ-
rdwfqufvdkYawmh NyD;NyD/ OD;emrnfudkawmh rod&ao;bl;}
]tif;/ wu,fudkyJ}
vlBuD;u olYpum;ol qHk;atmif rajymawmhbJ ,cifuxuf jrefjref qufavQmuf

oGm;av\/
ay:vD,memonf oloGm;&modkY vdkufMunfh&if; olYrsufESmay:wGif awGYjrifaeus

tjyHK;av;rsm; w&dyf&dyf aysmufuG,foGm;avonf/
]olem;rvnfvdkY aerSmaygYav/ rdwfqufwmu wpf0ufyJ&Sdao;wm/ olYemrnf

udkvnf; rodvdkuf&bl;} [k wdk;wdk;a&½Gwfum olYvrf;ol qufoGm;av\/
,aeY ay:vD,memu rpöufpEdk;xHodkY EGm;uav;ajcaxmufaygif;*s,fvD oGm;ydkY&onf/
a':ay:vD[,f&ifwefu rpöufpEdk;xHodkY wpfywfwpfcg wpfckck þodkY ydkYNrJjzpfonf/

rpöufpEdk;u qif;&Jonf/ emwm&Snfa&m*gonf/ olESifh 0wfausmif;wufzuf jzpfonf/
tm;vHk;aom 0wfausmif;wufzufwdkYü apmifha&Smuf&ef 0wå&m;&Sdonfh tm;avsmfpGm
a':ay:vDu olYrSmvnf; 0wå&m;&Sdonf[k ,lqaMumif; ajymonf/ a':ay:vDonf
56
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
rpöufpEdk;ay:wGif oljyKtyfaom 0wå&m;udk Mumoyaw;aeY naeydkif;rsm;wGif udk,fwdkif

r[kwfbJ eefpDrSwqifh jyKNrJjzpfonf/
,aeYawmh ay:vD,memu þtcGifYta&;udk awmif;cHaomaMumifh a':ay:vD\

trdefYtwdkif; eefpDu vTJajymif;ay;vdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/
]rru 'Dwm0efBuD;vGwfoGm;wm odyf0rf;omw,f} [k aemufrS eefpDu

ay:vD,memtm; ESpfa,mufcsif; ajymjyonf/
]at;av? 'DtvkyfBuD;udk orD;av;qD yHkxdk;xnfhvkduf&wmawmh rw&m;bl;aygh/

wu,f wu,f}
]'gayrJh rreefpD&,f/ orD;u 'gudk odyfvkyfcsifwm}
]at;-orD; 'DwpfacgufoGm;NyD;&if aemufawmh vkyfcsifawmhrSm r[kwfygbl;} [k

eefpDu rJhum &GJUum qdkonf/
]bmjzpfvdkY rvkyfcsif&rSmvJ}
]bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmY b,folrS roGm;csifvdkYyJaygh/ vlawGu olYudk oem;MuvdkY

omaygh/ r[kwf&if olYtem; wpfaeYvHk;aevdkY wpfa,muf ruyfbl;rSwfath/ olu
tJoavmuf &efvdkaewm/ olYudk jyKpkae&wJh olYorD;av;udkyJ oem;ygw,f}
]'gxuf bmjzpfvdkYvJ rreefpD&JU}
eefpDu ycHk;udk csDvdkufNyD;. . .
]at; &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if tJ'DrpöufpEdk;qdkwJh rdef;rBuD;&JUrsufpdxJrSm bmjzpfjzpf

taumif;udkrjrifbl;/ aeYawG&ufawGutp olYpdwfwdkif;us rjzpfbl;/ 'DaeY wevmFaeYygqdk&if
olu we*FaEGaeYjzpf&if aumif;rSmyJvdkY ajymrSmyJ/ olYqD *s,fvDoGm;ydkY&if olMuufom;[if;
pm;csifw,fvdkY ajymrSm aocsmw,f/ 'gayrJh Muufom;[if; ,loGm;jyefawmhvnf; olawmifhw
aewmu odk;om;[if; jzpftHk;rSmyJ}
57
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]tif;aemf/ awmfawmf &,fp&maumif;wJh rdef;rBuD;yJ} [k ay:vD,memu ajymí

&,fvdkufNyD;. . .
]orD; olYudk oGm;awGYcsifygw,f/ olYudk awGY&&if tHYMop&m xl;jcm;wmawG awGY&rSmyJ/

orD;u xl;jcm;wJYvlawGudk cspfw,f} [k qkdonf/
]at; at;/ rpöufpEdk;xl;jcm;vdkY orD;ucspf&if usefwJhwdkYwawGtwGufawmY

oufomwmaygY} [k eefpDu qdk\/
,aeY ay:vD,mem þpum;rsm;udk jyefíowd&&if; wJukyfuav;&Sd&m 0if;0odkY

csdK;0ifcJhonf/ xl;jcm;aom rpöufpEdk;udk awGY&awmhrnfjzpfí ol\ rsufvHk;rsm;rSm ta&mif
wvufvuf xGufvsuf&Sdavonf/
olu wHcg;udk acgufvdkufawmh rsufeSmjzLzyfjzLa,mfESifh yifyef;EGrf;e,f[ef&Sdaom

rdef;uav;wpfa,mufu zGifhay;onf/
]tif;? awGYcsifoyqdkvnf; awGYaygh/ tarhudkawGYcsifwm nnf;yJ&Sdao;w,f} [k

olYyg;pyfu wdk;wdk;qdkrdonf/
ay:vD,memuawmh rMum;acs/ rdef;uav; a&SUrS vrf;jy&if; 0ifoGm;NyD; wHcg;wpfckudk

zGifhvdkufawmh vlrrmaeonfhtcef;rSm arSmifrdIif;aeojzifh ay:vD,memvnf; olYrsufpdrsm;udk
usifYom;&atmif tawmftm;pdkufMunfh&\/ þrQarSmifaom tcef;wGif;0,f tdyf&may:ü
wpf0uftdyfwpf0ufxdkif taetxm;jzifY&Sdaom rdef;rwpfa,muf\ o@mefa&;a&;udk
jrif&onf/
ay:vD,memonf a&SUodkYwdk;oGm;&if;. . .
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vdrfYr,fvdkY arQmfvifYygw,f wJh/ olu EGm;uav; ajcaxmufaygif;*s,fvDvnf; ydkYcdkif;vdkuf
ygw,f} [k ajymvdkuf\/
]trav;at/ *s,fvDwJhvm;} nnf;nnf;nLnL toHwpfckxGufvmNyD; ]at;av/

aus;Zl;awmh wifygw,f/ 'gayrJh iguawmh 'DuaeY odk;om;[if;uav;rsm; vmrvm;vdkY
arQmfaewm} [k qufajymonf/ ay:vD,mem tenf;i,f rsufarSmifMuKwfrdonf/
58
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]aMomf orD;uawmh rpöufpEdk; *s,fvD&wJhtcg Muufom;[if; pm;csifw,f qdkvm;vdkY}
]bmatY}
vlrrmu ½SL;½SL;&Sm;&Sm; jzpfvmonf/
]aMomf bmrS r[kwfygbl;} ay:vD,memu tvsiftjref awmif;yefvdkuf&\/
]wu,fawmh odyf xl;wmr[kwfygbl;/ rreefpD ajymwmu *s,fvDydkY&if Muufom;?

Muufom;ydkY&if odk;om;/ 'Dvdkjzpfwwfw,f qdkvdkYyg/ rreefpD arhwmaerSmyg}
vlrrm tdyf&mxJrS acgif;axmifí xvdkuf\/ ,aeYrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jyKvkyfjcif;

jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ay:vD,memuawmY rodacs/
]tHr,f/ rdpGm/ nnf;u b,folwkef;} [k a'gojzifhar;\/ ay:vD,memu aysmf½TifpGm

&,fvdkufNyD;. . .
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'Demrnfuawmh [pfyfZDbmqdkwJh emrnfxuf ydkqdk;r,faemf/ orD;u ay:vD,mem0SpfwD;,m;
vdkY ac:ygw,f/ a':ay:vD[,f&ifwef&JU wlryg/ oleJYtwl vmaewmav/ 'DaeY 'Dudk *s,fvD
vmydkY&wmaygh}
vlrrmonf ay:vD,mem\pum;udk tpwGif udk,fudkrwfvsuf em;axmif

aeaomfvnf; *s,fvD[laompum;udk Mum;vdkufaomtcg acgif;tHk;ay:odkY pdwfysufvufysuf
jyefvSJcsvdkufavawmY\/
]aumif;NyDav/ nnf;ta':uawmh Muifem&Smygw,f/ odkYayr,fh 'DaeYreuf ighrSm

cHwGif;uvnf;ysufysufeJY odk;om;[if;av; awmifhwaewm} [k ajym&if; ½kwfw&uf
&,fvdkufNyD;? tjcm;taMumif;wpfckodkY csufcsif; ajymif;ypfvdkuf\/
]raeYnuvnf; ighrSm wpfarS;uav;rS tdyfvdkY raysmfbl;at}
]tdk- [kwfvm;/ orD;av tdyfraysmfbJ aecsifvdkufwm}
59
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
ay:vD,memonf *s,fvDudk cHkuav;wpfckay:odkYcs&if; teD;ukvm;xdkifay:wGif

0ifxdkifvdkufonf/ NyD;rS ]tdyfaysmf&wm tcsdefawGodyfukefwmyJvdkY rxifbl;vm;} [k
ar;vdkuf\/
]bm/ tdyfaysmf&wm tcsdefawGukefw,f/ [kwfvm;} [k vlrrmu wtHhwMojzpfvsuf

qdkonf/
][kwfw,fav/ udk,fae&r,fhtcsdefuav; tdyfypfvdkuf&wm ESajrmp&maygh/ nawGyg

raeEdkifwm eSajrmp&maygh}
vlrrmtrsdK;orD;onf tdyf&mxJrS acgif;axmifí xvmNyefonf/
]tHr,f/ nnf; w,fqef;ygvm;/ [dkjywif;wHcg; oGm;zGifhvdkufprf;/ nnf; b,fvdk

aevJvdkY ig Munfhprf;csifw,f}
ay:vD,memu xdkif&mrSxonf/ odkYaomf pdwfysufovdk &,fvdkuf\/
]aMomf 'Dvdkqdk&if orD;&JU rsufESmay:u rSJYajcmufawGudk jrifukefawmhrSmaygh} [k

ajymum oufjyif;cs&if; jywif;aygufqDodkYoGm;um. . .
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uJ/ ckqdk jrif&NyDaygY} [k ajymajymqdkqdk jyefvSnfhtvmwGif/ ]rpöufpEdk; orD;udk
Munfhcsifw,fqdkwm 0rf;omw,f/ 'grS orD;vnf; rpöufpEdk;udk jrif&rSm/ tdk? rpöufpEdk;
'gavmuf vSwmawmif orD;udk olwdkY ajymrjyMubl;av} [k ½kwfw&uf qdkvdkufonf/
vlrrmu ]ighudkvm;ath/ vSw,fqdkwm} [k cg;cg;oD;oD; qdkvdkuf\/
]tdk- [kwfw,fav/ ta': rodbl;vm;} [k ay:vD,memu jyefajymonf/
][iff; rodygbl;} [k rpöufpEdk;u jyefajzonf/
rpöufped;rSm toufav;q,f &SdNyD/ xdktoufydkif;wGif q,fhig;ESpfcefYrSm tvdkrusEdkif

onfrsm;u rsm;vGef;aeojzifY t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif; rjrifcJh&acs/
60
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]tdk a':a':h rsufvHk;BuD;awGu 0dkif;pufNyD; arSmifaewm/ qHyifuvnf; eufarSmifNyD;

tacGtacGaewm/ orD;u qHyiftacGav;awGqdk odyfcspfwm/ orD; aumif;uifbHka&muf&if
tJovdk qHyiftacGuav;awG &r,fav/ NyD;awmh a':a':h yg;ay:rSmvnf; rSJYeDuav;
ESpfvHk;eJY/ rpöufpEdk; wu,fvSygw,f/ udk,fhudk,fudkvnf; rSefxJjyefMunfh&if odrSmyJ
xifw,f}
]rSef [kwfvm;}
vlrrm trsdK;orD;BuD;u acgif;tHk;ay: odkY jyefvSJcs&if; jzwfar;onf/
]tif;? [kwfyg&JU/ ighrSmvnf; rSefa&SUrSm rjyKjyifEdkifygbl;at/ ighvdk tdyf&mxJ yufvuf

jzpfaeawmhvnf; b,fol vkyfEdkifawmYrvJ}
][kwfwmaygY/ b,f vkyfEdkifyghrvJaygh}
ay:vD,memu udk,fcsif;pmrd[efjzifY ajymvdkufNyD;. . .
]'gayrJh aeOD;av/ orD;jyyghr,f} [k qdkum bD½dkqDodkY oGm;í vufudkif MunfhrSef

uav;wpfckudk ,lvdkuf\/ tdyf&mqDodkY jyefvm&mwGif vlrrm trsdK;orD;BuD;tm; tuJcwf
ovdk Munfhvmonf/
rjycifawmhav ta': pdwfrqdk;bl;qdk&if qHyifuav;udk orD; enf;enf;awmh jyKjyif

vdkufcsifao;w,f/ vkyf&rvm; a':a': } [k ar;onf/
rpöufpEdk;u odyf rausreyfyif ]nnf;oabmyJ/ vkyfcsifvkyfaygh/ 'gayrJY

MumMumawmh aerSmr[kwfygbl;} [k qdkonf/
]aus;Zl;yJ/ orD;u qHyifawG bmawG jyKjyif vkyfudkifay;&wmudk odyfBudKufwm} [k

ay:vD,memuajymum vufudkifMunfhrSefuav;udk tomt,m csxm;vdkufNyD;
bD;wpfacsmif;udk vSrf;,lvdkufonf/
NyD;rS ]'DaeY a':a': b,favmufvSvJqdkwm jy½HkavmufyJrdkY tjrefvkyfcsifvdkY odyf

rvkyfygbl;/ aemufwpfaeY tcsdefaumif;aumif;&rS ususee vkyfay;r,f} [k ajymum
61
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
vlrrm trsdK;orD;BuD;\ ezl;ay: tkyfusaeaom qHyifrsm;udk ol\ El;nHhaom vufacsmif;

uav;rsm;jzifh NzD;oif oyf,yfaeav\/
ay:vD,memonf ig;rdepfrQ usifvnfzswfvwfpGm tNzD;&cufaom qHacGrsm;udk yGyG&G&G

jzpfatmifNzD;í vnfyif;ü wGefYaeonfrsm;udk oyf&yfatmif jyKjyifí? acgif;rSDzdkY tqifoifh
jzpfap&ef acgif;tHk;udkvnf; jyKjyifí ay;vdkuf\/ xdktcsdefwpfcsdefvHk; vlrrmonf
rsufarSmifBuD;MuKwfum EIwfcrf;BuD;plvsuf rESpfNrdKU[ef jyvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; pdwfxJwGifrlum;
xl;xl;qef;qef; vIyf&Sm;vsuf &Sd\/
]uJ}
ay:vD,memonf teD;tem;&Sd yef;waumif;rS yef;yGifhwpfyGifhudk qGwf,lvdkufum

vlrrm\qHyifwGif tvSqHk;ae&mü yefay;vdkuf\/
]uJ? tckqdk MunfhvdkY&NyD} [k qdkum rSefuav;udk aumuf,lí vlrrma&SUwGif axmifjy

vkdufavonf/
][if;}
vlrrmonf rSefxJrS olYt&dyfudk olMunfhí NidKjiifpGm toHjyKvdkufNyD; ]igu

yef;teDa&mifudk yef;a&mifxuf ydkBudKufwm/ 'gayrJh b,fvdkrqdk nra&mufcif n§dK;rSmcsnf;yJ/
bmxl;vJ} [k ajymaerd\/
ay:vD,memu. . .
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awmhraygh/ a':a':h qHyifudk tJovdk yGyG&G&Gvkyfxm;wm orD; odyfBudKufwmyJ} [k ajymí
auseyf[efjzifh ai;Munfhum
]a':a':aum rBudKufbl;vm;} [k ar;vdkuf\/
]tif;? BudKufyg&JU/ 'gvnf;MumMum rcHygbl;/ acgif;tHk;ay:wifyJ vl;vdkufvSdrfhvdkufeJY}
62
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
][kwfwmaygh/ 'gudkvnf; orD;u 0rf;om&rSmyJ/ ysufoGm;awmh orD; jyefvkyf

ay;&wmaygY/ b,fvdkrqdkav qHyifteuf&SdwmudkawmY 0rf;omzdkYaumif;w,f/ qHyif
teufu acgif;tHk;ay:rSmqdk&if orD;wdkY qHyift0gxuf MunfhvdkYaumif;w,f}
][kwfygvdrfhr,f/ 'gayrJh qHyifteufudkawmh odyf tm;rudk;bl;/ qHyifjzL&if odyf

odomvG,fw,f} [k rpöufpEdk;u acsyonf/ olonf rausreyf ajymae\/ odkYaomf
olYrsufESma&SUwGifum; rSefudk axmifvsuf udkifxm;vsufyif&Sdonf/
]orD;awmh qHyifteufudk odyfcspfwmyJ/ orD; qHyifteufqdk&if odyf0rf;om&rSmyJ}
rpöufpEdk;u rSefudk jyefcsvdkufNyD; roufrom vSnfhoGm;\/
]nnf; ighae&mrSmqdk&if 0rf;om&rSm r[kwfygbl;at/ qHyif teufjzpfjzpf bmjzpfjzpf

ighvdk wpfaeYvHk; tdyf&mxJrSmcsnf; aeae&&if 0rf;omp&m jzpfr,frxifygbl;}
ay:vD,memu pOf;pm;ovdk rsufcHk;csDvdkufNyD;. . .
]tif;ayghav/ tJovdk qdkawmhvnf; enf;enf;awmh cufwmayghaemf. . .}
olbmomol ajymovdkjzifh toHxGufvmjzif; jzpf\/
]bmvJ enf;enf;cufwm}
]0rf;omzdkYaygY}
]0rf;omzdkY/ [kwfvm;/ aeYwdkif; tdyf&mxJrSm vlrrmjzpfae&if? [kwfvm;/ cufwm

ayghat/ rcufbl;xif&if 0rf;omp&m bm&SdvJ/ ajymprf;ygOD;/ uJ. . .}
ay:vD,memonf xdkif&mrSxvdkufNyD; vufckyfuav; wD;vdkufojzifh rpöufpEdk;rSm

tHhtm;oifhoGm;\/
]aumif;w,f/ aumif;w,f/ [kwfw,f/ 'D[m awmfawmf cufw,faemf/ tckawmh

orD; jyef&OD;r,f/ odkYayrJh tdrfjyef&if; vrf;rSmpOf;pm;oGm;r,f/ aemufwpfcg vmawmh jzpfjzpf
ajymjyEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ oGm;r,faemf/ a':a':eJY pum;ajym&wm odyfaysmfwmyJ/ oGm;r,faemf}
63
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
ay:vD,mem xGufoGm;rS ]tHhyg&JU/ bmawGrsm; avQmufajymoGm;vJ rodbl;} [k

a&&Gwfum olxGufoGm;&modkY ai;Munfh&if; usef&pfavonf/
rMumrDyif olYacgif;udk vSnfhum rSefuav;udkaumufí a&SUwGifaxmifNyD; olYudk,fol

tuJcwfovdk Munfhaeavawmh\/
]'Daumifrav;u qHyiftudkif wu,fwwfygvm;/ wu,fyJ} [k olYudk,fol ajymNyD;

]ighqHyif 'DavmufvSatmif vkyfvdkY&wm igawmifrodbl;/ 'gayrJh bmvkyfzdkYvJav} [k qdkum
rSefuav;udk tdyf&may: ypfcsvsuf? olYudk,fol acgif;tHk;ay: odkYypfvSJcsvdkufNyD; pdwfysuf
vufysuf vSdrfhvsufaeav\/
cPMumí rpöufpEdk;\orD; rDvD 0ifvmawmh rSefuav;onf tdyf&may:rSmyif &Sdao;

aomfvnf; rpöufpEdk;u 0Sufxm;onf/
]jywif;aygufcef;qD;awGvnf; wifvdkYygvm; arar} [k ajymum? jywif;ayguf

wpfvSnfh olYtaracgif;u yef;yGifhwpfvSnfh Munfhaerdav\/
vlrrmu ]'g bmjzpfovJ [Jh/ aeraumif;wmeJYyJ wpfoufvHk; arSmifBuD;xJ ae&awmh

rvm;} [k qdkvdkufonf/
rDvDu aq;wdkuf&ef ykvif;udk ,lvdkuf&if;rS ]rae&ygbl; tar&JU/ aumif;ygw,f/

t&ifu tarhudk vif;vif;csif;csif;aezdkY ajymaewm MumvSNyDaum/ taru raevdkY[myJ} [k
acsmhacsmharmharmh jyefajym&onf/
rpöufpEdk;u bmrS jyefrajymbJ olYn0wftusÐrS Zmem;udk qGJíqGJíudkif&if;u

tawmfMumrS pum;ajym\/
]odk;om;[if;awG bmawG ydkYydkY aeMur,fhtpm; n0wftusÐ topfuav; bmav;

ay;Mu&if aumif;r,fxifw,f}
]tdk? tar&,f}
64
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
rDvDu wtHhwMo qdkrdonfrSm rqef;yg/ ,ckyifvQif olYaemufu tHqGJxJwGif rDvDu

olYtarudk vJ0wf&ef azsmif;zscJhaomfvnf; r&ojzifh odrf;xm;cJh&aom n0wftusÐ topf
ESpfxnfyif &Sdaeao;onf r[kwfvm;/
***
65
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(9) vlBuD;taMumif;
ay:vD,mem vlBuD;udk aemufwpfBudrfawGYawmh rdk;½Gmaeavonf/ odkYaomf olonf

vlBuD;tm; ½Tifvef;aomtjyHK;jzifh EIwfqufvdkuf\/
]'DaeYawmh cgwdkif;avmuf rom,mbl;aemf/ tjrJrdk;½GmNyD; raewmudkyJ 0rf;om&

tHk;r,f} [k ol ½TifjrL;pGm qdkvdkufonf/
vlBuD;u þwpfBudrfawmh cgwdkif;vdk ]a[? at;? tef;} yifvkyfroGm;ojzifh

ay:vD,memuawmh olrMum;vdkYyJ[k wpfxpfcs ,lqvdkufonf/
xdkYaMumifh aemufwpf&ufwGif awGYMujyefaomtcg olu toHudk ydkus,fus,fjyKí

EIwfqufonf/ vlBuD;u olYvufrsm;udk aemufypfNyD; ajrBuD;udk pdkufMunfhvsufom
avQmufoGm;wwfojzifhvnf; atmfajym&ef vdkjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkY avQmufjcif;udk
ay:vD,memuawmh aerif;MunfMunfvifvif omaeonfh &moDOwkrsdK;ESifh roifhavsmfvS[k
xifonf/ xdkaeYu ay:vD,memonf txl;tcGifhta&;wpf&yf taejzifh eHeufydkif; xGufcGifh
&vmcdkuf jzpf\/
]aeaumif;&JUvm; OD;OD;/ raeYuvdk rdk;r½Gmaewmudk 0rf;om&w,f/ OD;OD;aum}
vlBuD;u ½kwfw&uf &yfvdkufonf/ olYrsufESmay:wGif pdwfqdk;onfhtrlt&m ay:vGif

aeonf/
]a[h uav;r/ 'DrSm 'Dudpöudk wpfcgwnf; tNyD;tjywf ajymvdkufr,f} [k rausrcsrf;

ajymum ]ighrSm &moDOwktjyif wjcm;pOf;pm;p&m &Sdaew,f/ aeomovm;? romovm;
igrodbl;} [k qdkvdkuf\/
ay:vD,memu aysmf½TifpGm jyHK;jyvdkufonf/
][kwfuJY? OD;OD; b,fodrvJ/ rodbl;vdkYvnf; orD;xifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh orD;u

ajymjy&wmaygY}
]tif; b,fvdk/ bmajymw,f}

66
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
vlBuD;u ay:vD,mem\ pum;udk ½kwfw&uf em;vnfoGm;NyD; jzwfar;onf/
]orD;ajymwmu OD;OD;rodvdkY odatmif owdxm;rdatmif ajym&wmygvdkY/

aeomw,fwdkY bmwdkYudkav/ OD;OD; cP&yfNyD; aeomwmudk pOf;pm;rd&if aysmfrSmyJqdkwm
orD;odygw,f/ OD;OD; Munfh&wm 'DtaMumif; enf;enf;rS pOf;pm;rdyHk ray:bl;av/
]tif; wu,fhudkyJ} [k qdkwm qufavQmufoGm;aomfvnf; 'kwd, ajcvSrf;tNyD;wGif

&yfí jyefvSnfhMunfhonf/ olYrsufESmuawmh rIefvsuf/
]a[h 'DrSm/ rif;wdkYt½G,f uav;csif; bmjzpfvdkY &SmNyD; pum;rajymvJa[h} [k ar;awmh

ay:vD,memu. . .
]ajymcsifwmaygh OD;OD;&JU/ 'gayrJh 'DteD;tem;rSm wpfa,mufrSr&Sdbl;vdkY rreefpDu

ajymw,f/ 'gvnf; udpöawmhr&Sdygbl;/ orD;u vlBuD;awGudkvnf; cspfygw,f/ axmufyHha&;
toif;u rdef;rBuD;awGeJY aeaeusaeawmh wpfcgwpfcg vlBuD;awGudkawmif ykdNyD;cspfygw,f}
]a[/ axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;/ wdkYudkaum tJvdk xifaeovm;a[h. . .}
vlBuD;\ EIwfcrf;rsm;onf jyHK;awmhra,mifa,mif jzpfvmaomfvnf; rsufarSmifu

MuKwfvsufyif&Sdonf/ ay:vD,memu aysmf½TifpGm &,fvdkufonf/
]r[kwfwm? OD;OD;uvnf; OD;OD;[m axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;eJY enf;enf;

uav;rS rwlwmBuD;bJ/ tJovdk raumif;bl;vdkY ajymwm r[kwfygbl;/ OD;OD;u ydkaumif;csif
aumif;rSmaygh} [k ajymNyD; ,Ofaus;odrfarGYpGmyif ]OD;OD;u tjyifu jrif&wmxuf pdwfoabm
aumif;wm aocsmygw,f} [k qdkvdkuf\/
vlBuD;u vnfacsmif;xJuyif toHjyKvdkufonf/
]tif;/ wu,fhudkyJ} [k qdkum vrf;twdkif; vSnfhí xGufoGm;avawmh\/
aemufwpfBudrf ay:vD,mem vlBuD;udkawGYawmh vlBuD;\ rsufvHk;rsm;onf

ay:vD,mem\ rsufvHk;rsm;qDodkY wnfhwnfh MunfhaeonfrSm cifrif&if;ESD;oludk jyHK;jyonfESifh
wlí ol\rsufESmrSm cifrifp&m aumif;vmonf[k ay:vD,memu xifrdonf/
67
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]aeaumif;&JUvm; uav;r} [k oluyif pí toHcyfrmrmESifY EIwfqufNyD;? ]'DaeY

aeomwmudk OD;OD; odygw,fvdkY wpfcgwnf; ajymvdkufawmhr,fuG,f} [k qufajymonf/
ay:vD,memu ]ajymzdkYrvdkygbl;/ OD;OD;udk jrifvdkufuwnf;u OD;OD;odw,fqdkwmudk

orD; odygw,f} [k MunfvifpGm jyefajymonf/
]aMomf-aMomf/ odoudk;}
]odwmaygh/ OD;OD;&JU rsufvHk;awG tjyHK;awGxJrSm jrif&wmaygh OD;OD;&JU}
][if; [if;} [k qdkum vlBuD;vnf; xGufoGm;awmh\/
xdkYaemufwGifum; vlBuD;onf ay:vD,memtm; awGYwdkif; EIwfqufavawmhonf/

olEIwfqufonfrSm trsm;tm;jzifh ]aeaumif;&JUvm;/ uav;r} xuf ydkavhr&Sdaomfvnf;
olu pí EIwfqufonfu rsm;\/ þrQ EIwfqufonfudkyif wpfaeY ay:vD,memESifYtwl
ygvmonfh eefpDtzdkY tHhtm;oifhp&m jzpfavonf/
]Mum;om;rdk;BudK; ay:vD,mem/ 'DvlBuD;u orD;udk pum;ajymw,f [kwfvm;} [k

wtHhwMo ar;onf/
]at;av ol tjrJajymwyJ} [k ay:vD,memu jyHK;í ajzonf/
]tjrJ EIwfqufw,f/ bk&m; bk&m;/ ol- ol b,folvJ qdkwmaum orD;

odovm;[if} [k ar;awmh ay:vD,memonf rsufcHk;csDí acgif;&rf;jyonf/
]wpfaeYu olYemrnf olajymzdkY arhoGm;w,f xifyg&JU/ orD;u rdwfqufawmh olu

jyefrajymbl;av} eefpD rsufvHk; jyL;oGm;onf/
]'DvlBuD;u b,folYudkrS pum;ajymwm r[kwfbl; uav;&JU/ rajymwmrS ESpfaygif;

tawmfMumNyDxifw,f/ tvkyfudpö bmnm &SdwJhtcgu vGJvdkYayghav/ tJ'g *Refyif',fvfwef
qdkwJYvlBuD;aygh/ yif',fvfwefawmifukef;ay:u tdrfBuD;rSm olwpfa,mufwnf;aewm/ olYzdkY
csufjyKwfauR;r,fholawmif rxm;bl;/ wpfaeYoHk;cg qdkifrSm vmvmpm;owJh/ tJ'Dqdkifu
olYudk xrif;auR;&wJh q,fvDrdkif;em;qdkwm rrodw,f/ olu ajymjywm/ 'DvlBuD;u pm;p&m
68
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
rSmwmawmif yGifhyGifhajymwm r[kwfbl;/ &dyfzrf;oHzrf;eJY em;vnf&wmyJwJh/ wpfck&Sdwmu

olpm;wmawGu aps;aygayg tpm;tpmawGcsnf;yJ wJh/ 'gudkawmh rajymbJeJY odowJh}
ay:vD,memu acgif;wndwfndwfjzifh em;axmifaeonf/
]odw,f/ qif;&J&ifawmh pm;p&mqdk aps;aygwm &Sm0,fpm;&wmaygh/ tareJYorD;av

cP cP tjyifxGuf pm;Muw,f/ trsm;tm;jzifhuawmh yJjyKwfeJY ig;qkyfvHk;yJaygh/ orD;wdkY
yJBudKufwmudkyJ 0rf;omMu&w,fav/ txl;ojzifY MuufaMumfBuD;awG bmawGudk Munfh&if;
ajymMuwmaygh/ MuufaMumfBuD;awGu aps;BuD;w,f r[kwfvm;/ qifhajcmufq,fawmif
ay;&wmyJ/ rpöwmyif',fvfwefu yJjyKwfBudKufw,fvm; rr}
BudKufBudKuf rBudKufBudKuf bmjzpfvJ ay:vD,mem&JU/ olu qif;&JwmrS r[kwfwm/

olYrSmaiGawG txkyfvdkuf tydk;vdkuf &Sdwm/ *Refyif',fvfwefav/ olYtazqDu &vdkufwm/
'DNrdKUxJrSm olYavmufcsrf;omwm wpfa,mufrSr&Sdbl;/ olpm;csif&if aiGpuúLawGcsnf;
pm;aeawmif ukefrSef;rodbl; orD;&JU}
ay:vD,memu wcpfcpf&,fonf/
]aiGpuúLawGpm;wm rodbJ aervm; rr&JU/ 0g;awmh odrSmaygh}
onfawmhrS eefpDu ][,f/ rrajymwmu ol ydkufqH odyfcsrf;omw,fvdkY ajymwmyg}

[k ajzvdkuf&\/ NyD;rS ]olu ydkufqHudk oHk;wmr[kwfbl;/ pkaewm} [k qufajymonf/
]aMomf/ 'Dvdk awmBudKtHkMum;u bmomr&Sdao;wJYvlawG twGufayghaemf/ odyfaumif;

wmaygh/ 'gu NcdK;jcH acRwmNyD; 'kuú&p&d,m usifhwmaygh/ orD;odw,f/ taz ajymzl;w,f}
eefpDu wpfckck a'goESifh ajymvdkufawmhrnf[k yg;pyfudk [vdkufNyD;rS ay:vD,mem\

,Hk,HkMunfMunf 0rf;om½Tifvef;aeaom rsufESmav;udk pdkufMunfhNyD; ajymrnfhpum;udk
wm;qD;vdkuf&[efwl\/ aemufrS apmapmu pdwf0ifpm;cJhonfhtwdkif; rsufESmudk jyifxm;
vdkufum ]tif; 'gayrJh olu orD;udkpum;ajymwm odyfqef;wmyJ/ olu b,folYudkrS
pum;ajymwm r[kwfbl;/ olu {&mrtdrfvSvSBuD;ay:rSm wpfa,mufwnf;aeNyD; tdrfxJ
rSmvnf; crf;em;wmawGcsnf;yJwJh/ wcsdKUuvnf; ½l;aewmwJh/ wcsdKUuvnf; olYrSm zHk;zd
xm;&wJh tpkwfxkyfBuD; &SdowJh} [k ajymjyonf/
69
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]tdk/ b,fhES,f tpkwfxkyfBuD;udk zHk;zdxm;&vJaemf/ tpkwfawGyJ[m vTifYypfvdkuf&if

NyD;a&m}
eefpDu &,fvdkufonf/ tpkwfxkyfBuD;qdkonfudk ay:vD,memu tpkwfrsm;

pkxkyfxm;onfh txkyf[kom em;vnfonf/ odkYaomf olu &Sif;rjycsifí wrifaevdkuf\/
]vlwdkif;uyJ 'DvlBuD;[m odyfxl;qef;wmyJwJh/ [dkeSpfawGwkef;uvnf; wpfvaoao

wpfvqef;qef; c&D;oGm;aewmyJwJh/ oGm;jyefawmhvnf; tifrwefacgifwJh tD*spfwdkY
tm&SwdkufwdkY qm&moJuEÅm&wdkY wJh/ odvm;} [k eefpDu qufajymonf/
]tdk/ omoemjyKzdkY aerSmaygh} [k ay:vD,memu acgif;ndwf&if; axmufajymonf/
eefpDu tlaMumifaMumif &,fvdkuf\/
][,f 'Dvdk r[kwfygbl;/ ay:vD,memuvnf;/ oljyefvmawmh pmtkyfawG a&;owJh/

txl;tqef; pmtkyfawGaygh/ olwdkYajymwJh tJ'D acgifwJht&yfawGrSm awGcJhwJh zefwdkY rSefwdkY
taMumif;awGwJY/ odkYayr,fh 'DrSmawmh aumif;aumif;aezdkYtwGuf b,fawmYrS ydkufqH
oHk;csif[ef rwlbl;}
]b,foHk;rvJ rr&,f/ olu r,Ofaus;ao;wJht&yfu vlawGtwGuf pkaewmyJ} [k

ay:vD,memu qdkvdkufNyD;? ]'gayrJh ol[m tawmf&,fp&maumif;wJY vlBuD;yJ/ olvnf;
rpöufpEdk;vdkyJ xl;jcm;wmyJ/ oluawmh wpfrsdK;xl;jcm;wmaygY} [k qufajymonf/
eefpDu ]at;? [kwfvdrfhr,f} [k qdkum &,faeonf/
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0rf;om&wmaygh} [k qdkvdkufavonf/
***
70
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arSmifaeaom tcef;xJwGif awGY&onf/
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NyD;aemuf ay:vD,memESifh vlrrmwdkYom tcef;xJwGif usef&pfonf/
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jrifzl;&if b,foljzpfjzpf rSwfrdrSmyJ/ nnf; raeYuvm&if aumif;r,fat/ raeYu nnf;udk
ig atmufarYaewm} [k rausreyf ajymonf/
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rjrif&bl;} ajym&if; jywif;aygufqDodkYoGm;um wHcg;&Gufudk wGef;wifvdkuf\/
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71
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wl\/ odkYaomf ay:vD,memu ar;cGef;xkwfNyD; olYudkMunfh&if; tajzapmifhaerSawmh ol
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72
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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vdkufonf/
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73
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74
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orD;odygw,f}
a':ay:vDonf ukvm;xdkifay:odkY ypfxdkifcsvdkufNyD; wkef&ifaom vufrsm;jzifY

olY&if0udk olzdrd\/ bmvkyf&rSef;rodatmif jzpf&aom tjzpfqef;u olYtm;
ajcmufvSefYvsuf &SdjyefNyD/ odkYaomf þwpfBudrfawmh ol tm;&Sdtm;ukefxkwfum udk,fudk
rwfrwfxm;vdkuf\/
]awmfNyD ay:vD,mem/ nnf;vkyfcJhwmawGxJrSm 'g[m t"dyÜm,fr&SdqHk;tvkyfyJ/

acG;av acG;vGifh? aMumifav aMumifvGifh? acG;0Jpm;awG awGY&mu aumufvmwmudkyJ
vGefvSNyD/ tckwpfcg vrf;ay:u olawmif;pm;av;udk. . . }
aumifuav;onf vIyf&Sm;vmonf/ olYrsufvHk;rsm; ta&mifxGufvmNyD; rsufESmudk

armhvdkuf\/ ol\ oefrmaom ajcaxmufrsm;jzifh ajcESpfvSrf;rQwufum a':ay:vDtm;
raMumufr&HGU &ifqdkifvdkufonf/
]usKyf olawmif;pm; r[kwfbl;As/ cifAsm;qDuvnf; bmrS vdkcsifwmr[kwfbl;/ usKyf

pm;zdkYaezdkYtwGuf tvkyfvkyfzdkY pOf;pm;aewm/ a[m'Daumifrav;u cifAsm;odyfaumif;w,f?
odyfoem;wwfw,f? usKyfudkqdk&if odyfvufcHcsifrSmygqdkNyD; ac:vmvdkYaygYAs/ r[kwf&if
cifAsm;tdrfBuD;udk usKyfa&mufvmrSmawmif r[kwfygbl;} [k ajymum csmueJvSnfhí
cyfwnfwnf avQmufxGufoGm;yHkrSm oem;p&momr[kwfygu tjrifuwfp&mav; jzpfaeay
vdrfYrnf/
]tdk? tefwDay:vD/ olYudk 'DrSmac:xm;zdkY tefwD0rf;omvdrfYr,f xifvdkY. . . }
a':ay:vDu ay:vD,mem wdwfwdwfae&ef vufaxmifjyvdkuf&\/ olYrSm wif;xm;

orQ tukefavQmh&awmhrnfuJhodkY jzpf&\/ aumifuav; ajymoGm;onfh ]cifAsm; odyfaumif;
w,f? odyfoem;wwfw,fqdkvdkY. . . } qdkaom pum;rsm;onf olYem;xJurxGuf/ olYtm;
89
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
zdpD;aeus bmrS rvkyfwwfawmYatmif jzpf&aomtjzpfuvnf; zdpD;awmYrnfYqJqJ/ odkYaomf

olYpdwfudkol tpGrf;ukefwif;um &SdorQ tiftm;uav;rsm;udkpkí wGef;vSef&onf/
]ay:vD,mem} [k pl;½SpGm atmfvdkufNyD;. . .
]nnf;rSm wpfcgvmvnf; 0rf;omwm/ 0rf;omwm aemufxyf rMum;csifbl;/

wu,fwnf; reufvif;uwnf;u ntxd 0rf;omw,f? 0rf;omw,f? 0rf;omw,f/ 'gyJ/
igawmh ½l;csifvmNyD} [k qdkvdkufonf/
ay:vD,memrSm tHhMovGef;í yg;pyfta[mif;om;ESifh ai;ae&mrS-
]tdk? tefwDay:vD/ orD; 0rf;omwmqdk tefwDvnf; 0rf;om. . . } [k qdkNyD; yg;pyfudk

uysmu,m vuf0g;jzifhydwfum tcef;xJrS 'a&maomyg; xGufajy;avawmh\/
aumifuav; tdrft0if vrf;xdyfodkYra&mufrD ay:vD,memu olYudk rDavonf/
]a[h aumifav;? aumifav;/ *sifrDbif;/ ig pdwfraumif;ygbl;[,f/ eifodapcsif

vdkYyg} [k *sifrDtm; vSrf;qGJí wm;vdkuf&if; tarmwaum ajymvdkuf\/
]pdwfraumif;wmawG bmawG rvdkygbl;[m/ ig eifYudk tjypfrwifygbl;} [k

aumifuav;u platmifhatmifhajymNyD;-
]'gayrJh ig olawmif;pm; r[kwfbl;[} [k ½kwfw&uf a'goxGufovdk qufajym

vdkufonf/
]at;yg/ eifr[kwfwm igodygw,f/ 'gayrJh tefwDhudkawmh eif tjypfrwifygeJY[m/

igajymwm rSm;oGm;vdkY aerSmyg/ eif b,folvJ qdkwmudk igu a&a&vnfvnf rajymrdvdkY
aerSmyg/ tefwD[m wu,faumif;? wu,f oem;wwfygw,f[m/ tjrJ'DvdkygyJ/
igajymwmu r&Sif;vdkY jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ b,fvdkrqdk eifhtwGufaep&m ig &Smay;csifygw,f}
aumifuav;u ycHk;csDvdkufum oGm;awmhrnfh[ef jyifNyD;rS ]aeygap[m/ ighbmomig

&SmEdkifygw,f/ ig olawmif;pm; r[kwfygbl;[m} [k qdkvdkufonf/
90
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
ay:vD,memu rsufarSmifMuKwfí pOf;pm;aeNyD; ½kwfw&uf rsufESm 0if;vufí

vmonf/
]a[Y/ igajymr,f/ 'DaeYnaeydkif;rSm axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;awG tpnf;ta0;

&Sdw,fvdkY tefwDay:vD ajymoHMum;w,f/ eifhtaMumif;udk olwdkYqD oGm;ajymr,f/ tazqdk&if
'DvdkyJ vkyfavhw,f/ awmom;uav;awG ynmoifzdkY udpöwdkY? aumfaZmtopf udpöwdkY
aygYav}
aumifuav;u ½kwfw&uf a'gojzifhMunfhum. . .
]a[h igawmom;vnf; r[kwfbl;/ aumfaZmtopfvnf; r[kwfbl;/ NyD;awmY

axmufyHha&;toif;qdkwm bmrdkYvJ}
ay:vD,memu tHhtm;oifhovdk Munfh&if;
]*sifrDbif;&,f/ eifvnf; b,frSmBuD;cJh&vdkY axmufyHha&;toif;wdkY bmwdkY rod&

wmvJ} [k ar;avonf/
]at;av/ eifrajymcsif aeaygh} [k qdkum *½krpdkufovdk vSnfYxGufí avQmufoGm;

awmYrS ay:vD,memu olYab;odkY ajy;vdkufoGm;um
]'g. . .'gu rdef;rBuD;awG trsm;BuD;pkNyD; tcsKyftvkyfwdkY? xrif;auR;wmwdkY?

aiGaumufwmwdkY pum;ajymMuwmaygh[m/ tJ'g axmufyHha&;toif;aygh/ olwdkY[m
odyfoem;wwfw,f[/ igwdkYqDu rdef;rBuD;awGudk ajymwmaygh[m/ 'Durdef;rBuD;awG
udkawmh ig rawGYzl;ao;bl;/ 'gayrJh olwdkY[mtjrJyJ aumif;Muygw,f/ 'DaeYnae olwdkYudk ig
eifhtaMumif; ajymjyr,f} [k &Sif;jyvdkufonf/
xdktcg *sifrDu wpfcg a'gyGvmjyefonf/
]ajym&ygvdrfhr,f tm;BuD;/ wpfa,mufu olawmif;pm;ac:wm tm;r&vdkY

rdef;rBuD;awG wpfjyHKvHk;u wpfcg olawmif;pm;vdkYac:wm igu vufcHvdrfhr,fvdkY
eifxifvm;/ a0;ygao;w,f[m}
91
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
][Jh/ 'gayrJh [dkudk eifvdkuf&rSm r[kwfbl;/ ig wpfa,mufwnf;oGm;NyD; ajymrSmyg} [k

ay:vD,memu vsifjrefpGm &Sif;jyvdkuf\/
]wpfa,mufwnf;oGm;r,f/ [kwfvm;}
]at;/ NyD;awmh 'Dwpfcgawmh ig aumif;aumif; ajymyghr,f} [k cyfjrefjrefajymvdkufNyD;

aumifuav;\ rsufESmay:wGif wif;rmrI tenf;i,f avsmYvmonfudk jrif&rS. . .
]eifhudk ae&may;csifwJhvlawmh &SdrSmyg[m/ igodygw,f} [k qdkvdkufonf/
]ig tvkyfvkyfr,f qdkwmudk ajymzdkY rarheJYaemf} [k *sifrDbif;u owday;vdkuf\/
]rarhygbl;[} [k ay:vD,memu &TifyspGm uwdxm;vdkufNyD;
]eufjzefrS ig eifhudk ajymr,f} [k qufajym\/
]b,fudk vmajymrSmv}J
]raeYu eifhudk awGYcJhae&maygh/ rpöufpEdk;tdrfem;rSmav}
]aumif;NyDav/ ig tJ'Dae&m vmapmifhaer,f} [k qdkNyD;aemuf
]tif;/ ig 'DaeYntzdkYawmh a*[mudk jyefoGm;OD;rSyJ xifw,f/ ighrSm wjcm;ae&mvnf;

aep&mr&Sdbl;/ 'DaeYreufurS xGufvmcJYwm/ tomuav; vQdKxGufvmawmh ig
jyefrvmbl;vdkY rajymcJhbl;/ r[kwf&if olwdkYu igjyefrvm&bl; bmbl; vkyfaeOD;r,f/
wu,fawmh igjyefrvmvnf; olwdkY pdwfylwmwdkY bmwdkY &SdrSmr[kwfygbl;[m/ olwdkYu
tdrfuvlawGvdk r[kwfbl;[/ olwdkYu odyf*½krpdkufbl;} [k cyfjznf;jznf; ajymjyaeavonf/
ay:vD,memu pmemrd[efjzifY acgif;ndwf&if; ]ig odygw,f/ 'gayrJh eufjzef eifhqD

igvmawmh eifhudk *½kwpdkufvkyfr,fhvlawGeJY ½dk;½dk;tdrf/ eifaezdkY &ygvdrfhr,f/ uJ-
oGm;awmhr,f} [k tdrfBuD;bufqDodkY jyefvSnfhvm&if; EIwfqufcJh\/
xdktcdkufwGif pmzwfcef; wHcg;teD;rSaeí uav;ESpfa,muf &yfpum;ajymaeonfudk

Munfhaeaom a':ay:vDonf aumifuav; xGufoGm;í vrf;auGYwpfckodkY csdK;0ifaysmufuG,f
92
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
oGm;rS oufjyif;wpfcsufcsvdkufNyD; yifyef;EGrf;e,fpGm tay:xyfodkY wufcJhav\/

a':ay:vDonf cgwdkif;awmh þodkYr[kwfacs/
ol\em;xJwGif aumifuav; &efawGYovdk ajymoGm;aom ]cifAsm; odyfaumif;w,f/

odyf oem;wwfw,fqdkvdkY} [laom pum;rsm;udk Mum;a,mifaerd\/ olY&ifxJwGifum; wpfpHk
wpfckaomt&m aysmufqHk;ovdk [mvm[if;vif; jzpfí usef&pfcJhavonf/
***
93
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(12) axmufyHha&;toif;olrsm;\a&SU0,f
[,f&ifweftdrfBuD;wGif aeYv,fpm pm;yGJrSm NidrfoufvSonf/ xdkaeYum; axmufyHh

a&;toif; tpnf;ta0;onf/ ay:vD,mem pum;ajym&ef tm;xkwfcJhaomfvnf;
ratmifjrifcJh/ olYrSm rsufESmysufavmufatmif pdwfroufromjzpf&onfum; 0rf;omonf
qdkaompum;udk ajym&if;u &yfxm;vdkuf&onfrSm av;BudrfrQ &SdNyDjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
yÍörtBudrfrSmawmh a':ay:vDu pdwfysufvufysuf acgif;&rf;um
]uJ uJ uav;&,f/ ajymcsifvSvnf; ajymvdkufygawmh/ 'gavmufawmif jzpfaerSawmh

vnf; ajymvdkufwmurS awmfygvdrfhOD;r,f/ uJ ajymajym} [k qdk&awmh\/
ay:vD,mem\ ½HIUaeaom rsufESmuav;rSmvnf; Munfvifí vmavonf/
]aus;Zl;yJ tefwD&,f/ orD;av 'gudk rajymbJae&wm tawmf qif;&Jw,f odvm;/

'Dupm;enf;udk upm;vmwmuvnf; MumNyD r[kwfvm;}
]bmvkyfvmw,f? [if. . . } [k a':ay:vDu ar;onf/
]upm;vmwm tefwD/ 0rf;omwJh upm;enf;av/ tazu-}
ay:vD,mem ½kwfw&uf rsufESmeDjref;um &yfvdkuf&jyefonf/ olYrSm rajym&onfh

pum;awGuvnf; rsm;ygbdjcif;/
a':ay:vDonf rsufarSmifMuKwfvdkufaomfvnf; bmrSrajymawmh/ aeYv,fpm

pm;íNyD;onftxd bmrSrajymawmh/ aemuf tawmfav;Mumawmh a':ay:vDu w,fvDzkef;jzifh
xdkaeYnae axmufyHha&;toif;\ tpnf;ta0;odkY ol acgif;udkufí rvmEdkifawmhaMumif;
taMumif;Mum;awmh ay:vD,mem 0rf;renf;rdacs/ tefwDay:vD olYtcef;ol wufoGm;NyD;
wHcg;ydwfvdkufawmh ay:vD,memrSm pdwfraumif;aMumif;ajym&ef tm;xkwfao;\/
odkYaomf xdknae olu tpnf;ta0;ü *sifrDbiff;taMumif; wufajym&mwGif olYta':

r&Sdonfudkawmh ol 0rf;rombJ raeEdkifacs/ tefwDay:vDu *sifrDbif;tm; olawmif;pm;
94
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
rpöufzdkY'fu ]orD;uav;udk orD;uav;&JU ta':u vTwfvdkufwmvm; uav;&,f}

[k ar;awmh ay:vD,memu tenf;i,f rsufESmysufoGm;NyD;. . .
]r[kwfygbl;/ orD;zmom orD; vmcJhwmyg/ orD;u orD;udk tazeJYtwl auR;arG;

apmifha&SmufcJhwJh axmufyHha&;toif;olBuD;rsm;eJY tuRrf;w0if &Sdygw,f} [k ajzojzifh
wpfpHkwpfa,mufu wcpfcpf&,fav&m rpöufzdkY'fu rsufarSmifMuKwfí wm;vdkuf &\/
]ajymygOD;uav;&,f/ bmwJhvJ}
][kwfuJh/ *sifrDbif;taMumif;yg/ olYrSmu rdbrJha*[muvGJvdkY aep&mtdrf r&Sdygbl;/

a*[muvnf;jynfhaeNyD/ olYudkvnf; rvdkMubl;vdkY oluxifygw,f/ 'Dawmh tjcm;
wpfae&m vdkcsifygw,f/ ½dk;½dk;tdrfrsdK;aygh/ taqmiftkyfawGbmawG r[kwfbJ tar&SdwJh
tdrfrsdK;/ NyD; *½kpdkufwwfwJh tdrfom;awG&SdwJh tdrfrsdK;aygh/ olu tck q,fESpfausmf
q,fhwpfESpf xJrSmyg/ a':a':wdkYtxJu wpfa,mufa,mufuawmh olYudk twlaezdkY ac:
xm;csifvdrfhr,fvdkY xifygw,f}
ay:vD,mem\ pum;tqHk;wGif tm;vHk; rifwufrdovdk aMumifí MunfhaeMu&mrS

wpfa,mufu ]uJuG,f/ MuHKzl;Mu&JUvm;} [k cyfwdk;wdk; qdkvdkufonf/
ay:vD,memvnf; trsdK;orD;BuD;rsm;\ rsufESmrsm;udk arQmfvifYcsufBuD;pGmjzifh vSnfhí

Munfhaerdavonf/ xdkYaemufrS ]tdk. . . orD;ajymzdkY wpfckarhaevdkYyg/ ol tvkyf vkyfyg
vdrfYr,f} [k xyfajym&onf/
odkYwdkifatmif b,folrS bmrSrajymbJ NidrfoufaeNyD;rS rdef;rBuD; wpfa,muf

ESpfa,mufu pdwfryghwygjzifh ar;cGef;xkwfMu\/ rMumrD olwdkYtm;vHk;odcsifwm odMu&NyD
jzpfí olwdkYtcsif;csif; ausausvnfvnf r[kwfapumrl pdwftm;xufoefpGm aqG;aEG;Mu
avawmh\/
ay:vD,memvnf; olwdkY pum;ajymMuonfudk wxdwfxdwfjzifh em;axmifaevdkuf\/

olwdkY ajymMuonfh pum;tm;vHk;udkawmh em;rvnf/ odkYaomf þt½G,faumifuav;rsm;
r&Sdao;onfhtdrf rsm;pGm&Sdojzifh [dkvl,lyg/ 'Dvl,lyg [k tcsif;csif;om vSnfhí wdkufwGef;
aeMuNyD; udk,fwdkifvufcHcsifol r&Sd[k em;vnf&onf/ aemuf rpöufzdkY'fu toif;taejzifh
,ckESpf ajra0;&yfjcm; uav;rsm;xHodkY axmufyHhaiGrsm; ay;ydkYrnfhtpm; onfuav;tm;
axmufyHh&ef ynmoifay;&ef wm0ef,loifhaMumif; r&Jw&J tqdkwifoGif;oH Mum;&onf/
96
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
xdktcgwGif trsdK;orD; tawmfrsm;rsm;u xí pum;ajymMuonf/ oHk; av;a,muf

wNydKifwnf;vnf; ajymMuonf/ toHvnf; ydkus,fvmNyD; apmapmuxufvnf; ydkí
Murf;wrf;vmonf/
olwdkYtoif;rSm ta&SUwdkif; omoemjyKtzGJYrsm;odkY ay;vSLaiGrsm;aMumifh emrnfausmf

vsuf&Sdonf/ þESpf aiGavsmhí vSSL&rnfqdkvQif &SufwmESifh ao&awmhrnf[kvnf; tcsdKUu
qdkMuonf/ þae&mwGif tcsdKUpum;rsm;udk ay:vD,mem em;rvnfvdkufaomfvnf; ydkufqHudk
bmvkyfypfypf tpD&ifcHpmwpfckwGif olwdkYtoif;\trnfESifY ,SOfwGJvsuf yg&Sdaom
aiG*Pef;tvdkuf pm&if;xdyfuaevQif NyD;pwrf; qdkouJhodkY jzpfonf/ olwdkYajymMuwm
wu,fawmh þodkY [kwfcsifrS[kwfrnf/ odkYaomf ½IyfaxG;aeNyD; odyf acsacsiHiHawmh r[kwf/
xdkYaMumifh 0wfausmif;tjyifbufodkY a&mufvmawmh ol 0rf;om&onf/
*sifrDudk ajymjyzdkYtwGufawmh vG,fvnf; vG,frnfr[kwf/ pdwfnpfp&muvGJí bmrS

ajymp&mr&Sdí pdwfxJuawmh raumif;/ aumifuav;wpfa,muf vlvm;ajrmufatmif
auR;arG; jyKpkzdkYxuf ajra0;&yfjcm;u uav;rsm;twGufom ay;vSLvdkaMumif; qHk;jzwfonf/
udk,fhNrdKUu uav;udk auR;arG;jyKpkjcif;jzifh tpD&ifcHpmwGif pm&if;r0if [k rsufrSefESifY
t&yfjrifhjrifh trsdK;orD;BuD; wpfa,mufu qdkonf/
ay:vD,memonf oufjyif;csvdkufNyD;. . .
]awmBudKtHkMum;u uav;awGqDudk ydkufqHydkYwm rydkYapcsifvdkY ajymwmawmh

r[kwfygbl;/ ydkYwmaumif;ygw,f/ odkYayr,fh 'Duaumifuav;awGuawmh bmrS
ta&;rBuD;bl;/ [dkta0;BuD;u uav;awGurS ta&;BuD;ovdk jzpfaeygvm;/ wu,fqdk&if
tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm olwdkYtoif; emrnfaumif;wmxuf *sifrDbif;vdk aumifuav;awG
vlvm;ajrmufvmwmudk MunfhoifhMuw,f xifwmyJ} [k olYudk,fol ajymrdav\/
***
97
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(13) yif',fvfwefawm0,f
0wfausmif;rS xGufcJhNyD; ay:vD,memonf tdrfbufodkY ajcOD;rvSnfhao;bJ

yif',fvfwefukef;bufqDodkY vSnfhcJhonf/ þaeYum; tcsKyftvkyf tcsuftjyKwf
oifcef;pmrsm; r&Sdí &uftm;jzpfaomfvnf; tawmftqifrajyaomaeY jzpf&um; pdrf;pdk
Nidrfoufaom yif',fvfwefawmxJwGif vrf;avQmufjcif;jzifh tyef;ajz&ef vmcJhjcif;jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh aeylvsufyif yif',fvfwefawmifukef;udk ajcvSrf;rSefrSefjzifh wufvsuf&Sdavonf/
]tdrfudk ig;em&D rcGJrcsif; a&mufzdkYrS rvdkbJ/ NyD;awmhvnf; awmvrf;u jyef&wm

ydkaumif;r,f/ awmifukef;awmh wuf&rSmaygh? wuf&ygapav . . .} [k olYudk,fol ajymvm
cJh\/
yif',fvfwefawmonf vSyonf[k ay:vD,mem a&mufzl;í odonf/ ,aeY

*sifrDbif;tm; eufjzef pum;jyefp&mudpötwGuf pdwfysufcJh&aomfvnf; þawmonf ydkrdk
om,maeouJhodkY jzpfavonf/
ay:vD,memonf aea&mifxdk;aeaom opfyifxdyfzsm;rsm;tMum;rS vGwfaomtuGufu

jrif&onfh aumif;uifjymudk armfMunfh&if; oufjyif;csum. . .
]pum;udk atmfBuD;[pfus,fajymaeMuwJh ta':BuD;awG 'Dae&mrsdK;udk vmapcsifw,f/

b,fvdkrqdk olwdkY 'Dae&mrsdK;rSmomqdk&if olwdkYpdwfajymif;oGm;NyD; *sifrDbif;udk arG;pm;csifvm
MurSmyJ xifw,f} [k olY[mol ajymaerdonf/
odkYaomf bmaMumifh þodkYpdwfajymif;vmrnf qdkonfudkawmh olY[molyif taMumif;

rjywwfacs/
½kwfw&uf ay:vD,mem acgif;udkarmhem;axmifvdkufawmh cyfvSrf;vSrf;u

acG;a[mifoHudk Mum;&onf/ rMumrD acG;uav;wpfaumifonf a[mif&if;u olYqDodkY
ajy;vmonf/
98
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
ay:vD,memu acG;uav;udk vufzspfwD;í EIwfquf&if; olajy;vmonfh vrf;qDodkY

vSrf;arQmfMunfhrdonf/ þacG;uav;udk jrifzl;onfrSm aocsmonf/ þacG;uav;tm; vlBuD;
rpöwmyif',fvfwef ESifhtwl jrifzl;jcif;jzpfí ,ckvnf; olYudkyg awGY&vdrfhrnfxifí
arQmfMunfhjcif;jzpfonf/ tawmfMumatmif apmifhMunfhaomfvnf; ol ay:rvm/ xdkYaMumifh
acG;uav;udk *&kpdkufí Munfhvdkuf\/
acG;uav;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;vIyf&Sm;aeonfudk ay:vD,mem jrifaeygonf/

acG;uav;onf wpfcsufwpfcsufwGif wdkawmif;aom toHuav;rsm;jyKum a[mifjrJ
a[mifvsuf xdwfvefYae[efwl\/ olonf vrf;twdkif; ajy;vdkuf jyefvmvdkufjzifh
ay:vD,memu vdkufoGm;awmh ab;z,fqif;aom vrf;uav;qDodkYa&mufonf/ þae&mwGif
acG;uav;onf tawmfjrefjrefajy;NyD; csufcsif;yif wtdkiftdkifatmfum a[mifvsufjyefvm
onf/
ay:vD,memu vrf;ray:u rqif;bJ ][Jh/ tJ'g tdrfudk oGm;wJhvrf; r[kwfbl;av}

[kajymum &,faeonf/
acG;uav;onf tawmfyif £ajE´r& jzpfvmonf/ ay:vD,memESifh ab;vrf;uav;

tMum; ul;csnfoef;csnfajy;vsuf oem;p&m a[mifvdkuf? wtdkiftdkifjrnfvdkufESifh olYudk,f\
vIyf&Sm;rIwdkif; ol\rsufvHk;ndKuav;rsm;jzifh vSrf;íMunfhwdkif;wGif olUü wpfpHkwpf&majymp&m
aeonfrSm xif&Sm;odomí vmonf/ odkYESifh ay:vD,memvnf; em;vnfum ab;vrf;odkY
zJhqif;NyD; olYaemufodkY vdkufcJh&avonf/
onfawmhrS acG;uav;onf a&SUodkYwnfhwnfhajy;avawmh&m ol bmaMumifh þodkY

jzpfaeonfudk od&avawmhonf/ þ ab;vrf;uav;ESifh udkuftenf;tuGm rwfaom
ausmufaqmifurf;yg;wpfck\ ajc&if;0,f vlwpfa,mufonf rvIyfr,Suf vJavsmif;
aeavonf/
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ar;vdkuf\/
99
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
ay:vD,mem ½kwfw&uf touf½SL &yfvdkufrd\/ odkYaomf olYrSm ar;cGef;awGudk

wpfckcsif; ajzonf/
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odyfrsm;rsm;vnf; rvkyfwwfygbl;/ odkYayr,fh axmufyHha&;toif;u rdef;rBuD;awGu orD;rSm
todOmPf aumif;aumif; &SdygowJh/ wpfaeY olwdkYajymaewm Mum;cJhygw,f/ orD;
Mum;w,fqdkwm olwdkYrodygbl;}
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em;axmifygOD;} [k qdkum ol\ abmif;bDtdyfxJodkY cufcufcJcJ vSrf;EdIufí aomhwGJwpfwGJ
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][kwfuJh/ odygw,f/ tefwDhtdrfrSmvnf; qif0ifeJY avomaqmifeJYaygh/ wpfcgu

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xdyfa&mufawmh wHcg;wpfck awGYvdrfhr,f/ tcef;tv,fu pma&;pm;yGJBuD;ay:rSm w,fvDzkef;
awGYvdrfhr,f/ w,fvDzkefaum ajymwwf&JUvm;}
][kwfuJh/ ajymwwfygw,f/ wpfcgu tefwDay:vDu}
]tefwDay:vD tomxm;vdkufprf;yg}
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ab;ucsdwfrSm &Sd&rSmyJ/ 'gayrJh &SdcsifrS&Sdr,f/ w,fvDzkef;eHygwfuwfjym; qdkwmudkawmh
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100
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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vpfwJvftD;*Jvf ausmuffpGef;ajc&if;rSm ajcusdK;aew,fvdkY aemf/ 'ghtjyif bmvkyf&r,fqdkwm
olodygw,f/ tdrfuaeNyD; vloGm;vrf;twdkif; vmzdkYudkvnf; ajymvdkufaemf}
]ajcusdK;aew,f/ [kwfvm; rpöwm yif',fvfwef/ [m wu,fqdk;wmyJ/ orD;vmwm

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½dIufvdkufNyD; xGufoGm;avawmh\/
ay:vD,memonf aea&mifxdk;aeaom opfyifxdyfzsm;rsm;tMum;rS jrif&onfh

aumif;uifjymudk &yfí Munfhraeawmhay/ vrf;wGif&Sdaom ql;ajimifYcvkwfudkom
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jrifawmhjrifzl;onf/ tdrfBuD;\ cefYnm;x,f0gaom xkxnfBuD;rm;onfh ausmufwHk;jym;rsm;?
tdrfa&SUaqmifrS wdkifvHk;rsm;ESifh avomaqmif/ crf;em;aom t0ifwHcg;wdkYudk jrif&awmh
ay:vD,memrSm aMumuf&GHUovdkvdk jzpf&ao;onf/ odkYaomf olonf cPrQem;NyD; tdrfa&SUu
rjyKrjyif ypfxm;aomjrufcif;udk jzwfíajy;um tdrfBuD;udkywfí ab;bufqif0ifatmufrS
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101
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
üvnf; zHk;zdxm;&aom tpkwfxkyfBuD;ESifh/ odkYaomf olaMumufaevdkYrjzpf/ olonf

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ay:vD,memonf olYudk,fol tm;ay;vdkufNyD; ab;bDudk vSnfhrMunfhbJ a&SUodkY

wnfhwnfhMunfhum pMuøwavQmuf ajy;0ifum pMuøxdyf&Sd wHcg;udk zGifhvdkufonf/
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w,fvDzkef;\ 'efa&miftuGufrsm;qDodkYvnf; a&mufavonf/ ay:vD,memvnf; ajczsm;
axmufí pm;yGJBuD;qDodkY vmcJh\/
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awGYonf/ rsm;rMumrDyif ay;p&mowif;udkay;NyD; wpfzufu a'gufwmcspfvwef\ wdkwdkESifh
vdk&if;ar;onfh ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzaeavonf/ NyD;vQif w,fvDzkef;cGufudk jyefcsNyD; pdwfxJwGif
ayghyg;oGm;ovdk oufjyif;csvdkuf\/
ay:vD,memonf ywfywfvnf wpfcsufrSs vSnfYywfMunfhvdkufonf/ NyD;awmh

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(rnfonfhae&mwGif tpkwfxkyfBuD;udk 0Sufxm;onfawmh rod/) NyD;awmh ae&mwumrSm
zkefrsm;/ tm;vHk;udk 0dk;w0g;rQomjrifcJhNyD; pMuøwavQmufajy;um ol0ifpOfu wpf0ufzGifhxm;
cJhaom wHcg;twdkif; jyefxGufvmcJhavonf/
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102
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
]&ygw,f/ &vdkY 'Dawmif jyefa&mufaeNyDyJ/ tdrfxJra&muf&if b,foljyefvmyghrvJ/

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olYvufudk nTefjy&if; ajymvdkufNyD;
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wifxm;vdkufawmh olYrSm tawmf oufaomifhoufom jzpfoGm;onfudk awGY&ojzifh ]at;
tawmfaeomoGm;NyD} [k wdk;wdk;a&&Gwfvdkufonf/
103
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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***
105
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
(14) *s,fvDudpö
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aemufusoGm;onf/ odkYaomf olYtm; rnfolrQ tjypfrwifacs/
eefpDu olYtm; wHcg;0u qD;BudK&if; . . .
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oufjyif;csvdkufNyD; ]ajcmufem&DcGJaeNyDaum} [k ajymvdkufonf/
ay:vD,memu ]odygw,f rr&,f/ 'gayrJh orD;rSm tjypf&Sdw,f xifrSmr[kwfygbl;}

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ay:vD,memonf xdkaeYeHeufu aumifuav;udpö? acG;udpö? aMumifudpö ESifh olYtefwD

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106
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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ta[mif;om;ESifh em;axmifí aeavawmhonf/
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107
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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c&D;uawmh wu,fta0;BuD;yJ}
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a,mufuawmh eifhudk,lrSmyJ}
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rvmcifawmh ig tckaewJhae&mrSmyJ ae&OD;r,fxifw,f} [k qufajymavonf/
ay:vD,memu av;av;eufeufyif. . .
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vufcHrSmyg/ eifu ta0;BuD;uyJ/ tefwDay:vDawmif at; ig[m tefwDay:vD&JU
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oGm;&if;. . .
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108
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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[k olYtaz&SdpOfu bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;wGifjzpfonfh &efyGJrsm;taMumif;udk olYtaztaMumif;
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ajymvdkufawmh ay:vD,memu ½TifyspGmjyHK;vsuf ][kwfw,faemf tefwD/ [kwfygvdrfhr,f/
orD;udk olwdkY arG;vm&wmudk; tefwD&JU/ NyD;awmh} [k ajympOf a':ay:vDu. . .
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109
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0ifNyD; vlawG q&m0efawGudk w,fvDzkef;qufac:ay;NyD; olYacgif;udkvnf; ayGYxm;ay;&
w,fav/ tpHkaygh/ NyD;awmh orD;vnf; jyefvmcJhwmeJY tJ'Duwnf;upNyD; olYudk rawGY&
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b,favmufaumif;rvJvdkY atmufarYrdwmeJY/ ydkY&rvm; tefwD} [k cGifhawmif;vdkufonf/
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a':ay:vDonf þar;cGef;udk rajzbJ . . .
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ckeuawmh usufvkaewmyJ} [k ajymajymqdkqdk xGufoGm;&m tcef;tv,fodkYa&mufrS
a':ay:vDu
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110
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trdefYay;vdkufonf/
ay:vD,mem rsufESmn§dK;oGm;onf/
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]at;yg/ ig rSwfrdygw,f/ rpöwm *Refyif',fvfwef rawmfwq ajcusdK;wJhtaMumif;

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ydkYraecsifbl;/ 'gyJ}
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olYudk oabmrusbl; xifyg&JU/ 'gayrJh tefwDu ydkYvdkufw,fvdkY rajymygbl; tefwD&JU/ orD;
ydkYwmvdkYyJ ajymyghr,f/ orD; olYudk oabmusw,f/ olYqDudk *s,fvDydkY&&if 0rf;omrSmyJ
tefwD} [k qufajymvdkufonf/
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ar;vdkuf\/
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111
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apmifhqdkif;&if; oufjyif; csrd&Smonf/
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xl;qef;ae\/
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***
112
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(15) a'gufwm cspfvwef
rpöwm *Refyif',fvfwefxHodkY ay:vD,mem 'kwd,tBudrf tvnfoGm;awmh {&mr

tdrfBuD;rSm wpfrsdK;jzpfaeavonf/ jywif;aygufrsm;vnf; yGifhaeonf/ cyfBuD;BuD; rdef;rBuD;
wpfa,mufonf aemufaz;jcHxJwGif t0wfrsm;jzefYí vSef;aeonf/ qif0ifatmuf wGifum;
a'gufwmcspfvwef\ jrif;&xm;uav; &yfxm;onf/
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wpfBudrfuvdk aomhwGJrsm; qkyfrxm;&í wif;Muyfraeacs/
oduRrf;NyD;jzpfaom acG;uav;onf avSum;xpfrsm;udk ajy;wufvmNyD;

ay:vD,memtm; EIwfqufonf/ odkYaomf wHcg;udkum; aemufaz;wGif t0wfvSef;aeaom
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jyHK;½TifpGmajymvdkufawmh rdef;rBuD;u ay:vD,memh vufxJu yef;uefudkvSrf;,l&if; ]aus;Zl;
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ay:vsufu ay:vD,memtm; tdrfxJodkY ac: oGm;&av\/
113
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0ifcGifhray;&bl;vdkY trdefYxkwfxm;w,f r[kwfvm; q&m} [k uefYuGufao;onf/
q&m0efu wnfNidrfpGmyif ][kwfygw,f/ 'gayrJh usKyfwm0efeJY usKyftrdefYay;

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tm;aq; uGyfykvif; ajcmufvHk;pmavmufxuf ydkaumif;w,f/ 'DaeYn yif',fvfwef pdwfcsOf
aygufaewm aysmufatmif vkyfEdkifw,fqdk&if 'Duav;ryJ jzpfr,f/ 'gaMumifh olYudk 0ifcGifh
jyKvdkufwm} [k &Sif;jyae\/
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q&m0efonf wcPrQ awGaeNyD;rS ]olu NrdKUxJu vlodrsm;wJY trsdK;orD;BuD;

wpfa,muf&JU wlruav;yg/ olYemrnfu ay:vD,mem0SpfwD;,m; wJh/ olYudk usKyfudk,fwdkif
aumif;aumif; rodao;ygbl;/ odkYayr,fh usKyfvlem trsm;tjym;uawmh odMuw,f/ aus;Zl;
wif&ao;w,f} [k ajymjyojzifh olemjyK trsdK;om;uav;u jyHK;vdkuf onf/
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q&m0efu acgif;udk,rf;vdkufNyD; ]usKyfvnf; rodbl;/ teD;qHk; pHkprf;vdkY

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aumif;avmufatmif tjrJ0rf;omp&mudk &SmwwfwJh OmOfuav; &Sdw,fwJh/ olajymwJh pum;
uav;awGudk usKyfudk jyefjyefajymMuwJh twdkif;qdk&if a,bk,st"dyÜm,fuawmh bmrqdk
0rf;omp&mcsnf;yJvdkY usKyfem;vnfw,fav} [k ajymjy&mrS qif0ifbufodkY xGufvm&if; . . .
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awmif;pm;ae&r,fh oabm&Sdw,f} [k ajymvdkufonf/
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114
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
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pifrsm;tjynfh&Sdonfh eH&Hrsm;ESifh uefYvefYumteDBuD;rsm;rSm e*dktwdkif;yif jzpfaomfvnf;
Murf;ay:rSm trdIufo½dkufrsm;r&Sd/ pm;yGJay:wGif ½Iyf½IyfyGyGr&Sdawmh/ zkefvnf; wpfrIefrQ
rawGY&awmh/ rD;vif;zdkrS aMu;acsmif;rsm;udkvnf; yGwfwdkufxm;\/ w,fvDzkef;uwfjym;
onfvnf; olYae&mESifYol jzpfaeNyD/ vQdKU0Sufqef;Mu,faom wHcg;rsm;teuf wpfckrSm
yGifhaeonf/ þwHcg;rSyif ay:vD,memudk ac:oGm;onf/ wpfcPMumvSsif crf;em;aom
tqiftjyifrsm;jzifhNyD;aom tdyfcef;xJodkY a&mufvmMuNyD; rdef;rBuD;u ]rdef;uav;wpfa,muf
*s,fvDvmydkYygw,f/ q&m0efu olYudkac:oGm;&r,fqdkvdkY usKyfac:vmcJhygw,f} [k
aMumuf½GHUpGm ajymjyvdkufonf/
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115
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116
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***
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***
139
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[kawmh ol rxifrday/ olYudkawGYcsifvSí rpöwmyif',fvfwefu cPcP tac:vTwfonf
rSmawmh rSefygonf/ odkY&mwGif ay:vD,mem vdkufoGm;jyefawmhvnf; olYrSm ydkrdkaysmf&Tif
vmonfr&Sd [lí ay:vD,memxifrdonf/
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cHum pdwfwdkae&onf [kvnf; qdkonf/
ay:vD,mem pum;ajymonfudkawmh Mum;csif[efwlygonf/ ay:vD,mem uvnf;

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140
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a'gufwmcspfvwefESifh ywfoufí cg;cg;oD;oD;jzpf[efwlonf/ wpfcgu ay:vD,mem
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141
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142
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146
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148
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166
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167
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170
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172
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230
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