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Career Counseling and Career

Development 11Th Edition by Duane
Brown

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Sample Test
Chapter 3
Person-Environment Congruence (PEC) Theories: Frank Parson,
Theory of Work Adjustment, John Holland, a Values-Based
Approach, and their Applications
 
 
Learning Objectives
 
Students should be able to:
 
 1. Understand and explain the theories discussed in this
chapter and their applications.

2. Be able to critique theories of career choice and

development using the criteria outlined in the chapter

3. Differentiate among various trait and factor theories (e.g.

TWA and Holland’s Theory)

4. Apply theories discussed in the chapter to various ethnic

groups.

5. Use at least two theories to explain career-related

behavior of a variety of individuals.

 
 
Key Terms/Concepts
 
 
Criteria for evaluating theories                        
Self-actualization
Person-oriented
occupation                               Career
development theory and racism
Physiological
need                                              
Cognized needs
Characteristic interpersonal environment
Psychological
needs                                           
ASVAB
Interests vs
values                                              
Realistic/investigative/artistic/
Congruence/consistency                                
    Social/enterprising/conventional
RIASEC
Environmental
press                                           Sex
role socialization
Growth/exploration/establishment/                 Social
learning theory
Assimilation                                          
                Trait and factor theory
Holland’s
hexagon                                             
TWA (theory of work adjustment)
Identity
Cultural
values                                               
      Work values
Logical
positivism                                            
   TWA
 
 
Suggested Exercises/Activities
 

1. Select three or four mature adults that you know well and
who work in a variety of occupations, develop a career
history for each and match each one against a major
theory. If possible, select adults from different cultural
backgrounds.
2. Match several of the major theories against your own
career development experiences and plans.
3. Select several schoolmates with whom you have
maintained contact, match their career development
against several major theories.
4. Consider the constructs of logical positivism Can human
behavior be studied and the results generalized? Do you
believe in cause and effect relationships? Why or why
not?

 
Class Discussion Questions
 

1. Describe individuals you know who represent stereotypes

of Holland’s basic types.

2. Are separate theories of career development needed for

women? Various minority groups? Why or why not?

 
 3. Compare your own career development to the points in
Brown’s or Holland’s theory? Which makes the most sense
from your perspective?

4. Contrast the impact of culture, family, and neighborhood

on career choices of the following groups:
5. Average middle class, American family.
6. Urban single parent, low income family.
7. Recent Asian American immigrant family.
8. Wealthy suburban professional family.
9. African American youth (middle class)
10. Native American woman (rural)
11. Recent Mexican American immigrant
(undocumented)

5. List your most important values.  In what roles are they

being satisfied?

6. What are your work values? How do you know?

7. John Holland has said some positive things about TWA.

Why do you believe TWA has not been utilized widely?
(Although the values scale on O*NET is based on TWA).

 
 
 
Examination Questions for Chapter 3
 
True/False
 

1. Parsons proposed his tripartite model of career choice in

1909.

 
 

2. Personal characteristics such as abilities, attitudes,

interests, limitations, and skills are classified as traits in
trait and factor theory.

3. The Theory of Work Adjustment and Holland’s theory are

trait-and-factor theories

4. The two most important aspects of work adjustment are

personal satisfaction and compatibility of work role and
other life roles according to the Theory of Work
Adjustment.

5. One unique aspect of Brown’s values-based theory is that

he suggests that job satisfaction may be primarily due to
feedback from others.

6. In Brown’s theory values are defined as cognized

interests.
 

7. Cultural values influence the career decision-making

process according to Brown.

8. Holland’s theory is, at least in terms of inventories sold,

the most popular of the existing theories.

9. Congruence in Holland’s theory is analogous to

correspondence in TWA.

10. The basic premise of trait and factor theories that

have been presented since 1909 have changed.

11. A good theory can be determined by the extent to

which it identifies cause and effect relationships.

12. The best theories contained carefully defined

constructs.

13. It appears that the interest in developing theories for

indifferent groups is on the wane.

 
14      Blustein has criticized traditional career theory
because it does not contain a social justice component.
Assuming that he is correct one way to correct this oversight
is to add advocacy as a part of the application component of
the theory.

15. In Holland’s theory, identity has to do with clarity or

self-understanding of interests and goals.

16. If you wanted to pick a symbol that depicted

Holland’s realistic type a computer would be good choice,

 
Multiple Choice
 

1. Using a hexagon to show interrelationships among

components of the personality is associated with:
2. Ginzberg
3. Holland
4. Lofquist
5. Gottfredson

2. Which of the following would not be viewed as a

constraint on the occupational decision making process
by Brown?
3. Holding am individualism social value
4. The gender of the decision maker
5. Membership in a group with a history of discrimination
6. Holding a collateral social value

3. In working with a disadvantaged African American

counselee, the counselor:
 4. Can gain some useful clues from available career
development theories
5. Can apply available theories without any qualification.
6. Should disregard any inferences that can be drawn from
available theories.
7. Should wait until proof has been obtained that
occupations for the disadvantaged can be predicted.

4. A personality is attracted to a compatible work

environment” is associated with:
5. Holland
6. Hoppock.
7. Roe
8. Super

5. Which of the following statements is a central proposition

of the theory of work adjustment?
6. Optimal career choice occurs when the needs of the
person are reinforced by the job
7. Success on the job can be predicted if information about
the skills, aptitudes, and personality structure of the
person are known
8. The skills required by the job are posed by the individual
in the job
9. The values of the person and the supervisor match

6. The construct of congruence is used to describe the

relation between __________________ in Holland’s theory.
7. Personality types on the hexagon
8. Scores on the Self-Directed Search, an instrument that
measures Holland types.
 9. Interests and skills
10. Relationship of an individual’s personality to the
characteristics of the people who work on a job

7. The process by which individuals develop the values of

their native culture is
8. Cultural assimilation
9. Enculturation
10. Acculturation
11. Cultural self-creation

8. In TWA two primary factors seem to be factors in work

adjustment. These are:
9. Celerity and rhythm
10. Pace and endurance
11. Satisfaction and satisfactoriness
12. Values and needs

9. Based on Holland’s theories which of the following are

most likely to be turned off by educational activities?
10. Social and Conventional
11. Investigative and Social
12. Realistic and Enterprising
13. Enterprising and Artistic

10. The cultural value that is most likely to influence

decision-making style is
11. Activity (e.g., doing, being, being-in-becoming)
12. Time (past-future, future, present, circular)
 13. Person/Nature Relationship (people should dominate,
nature dominates)
14. Social relationships (collateral, individualism, lineal)

11. In Holland’s theory, it is assumed that how many of

the client’s six letter code (RIASEC) influence career
decision making?
12. One; the strongest

b        The first three including ties

1. The first three

2. All six

12. Work environments may influence personality

change. The person environment relationship that is most
likely to produce change in personality is

a        Realistic person, Investigative work environment

1. Person with low consistency in personality type; highly

consistent work environment   
2. Artistic person; social environment
3. The premise of the question is wrong; work environments
do not produce personality change

13. The Ability Profiler, an instrument incorporated into

O*NET measures (according to the developer)
14. Needs
15. Values
16. Interests
17. Abilities
 

14. Some authorities have equated interests, needs, and

values. Which of the following theorist is most likely to
agree with this supposition.
15. Brown

b        Lofquist

1. Holland
2. Hartung

15. Gender is considered as a constraining factor on

occupation choice by Brown because
16. Women are more likely to choose from a restricted
range of occupations for a variety of reasons
17. Rampant discrimination in certain segments of the
workplace
18. Research shows a genetic link between gender and
interests
19. Women delay choosing an occupation because of
developmental factors

16. Although many theories of career development have

been proposed for subgroups such as women and
minorities in the U. S., none has been widely adopted. The
most likely reason for this is
17. They belong to a common culture that highly
influences career choice
18. The occupational structure forces people into a
common set of choices and patterns; thus special
theories have little practical application.
 19. Women have rejected the idea that they chose
occupations differently than men.
20. There are more similarities than difference in the
factors that influence occupational choice

 
Answer Key for Chapter 3
 
True/False

1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. F
6. F
7. T
8. T
9. T
10. F
11. F
12. T
13. T
14. T
15. T
16. F

 
Multiple Choice

1. B
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. A
 6. D
7. A
8. C
9. C
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. D
14. B
15. A
16. D

 
Short Essay Questions
 

1. In a brief paragraph for each, identify the main points of

two major trait and factor theories.

2. Using one of the theories in this chapter, explain briefly

how people make decisions. Identify the theory you are
using in your answer.

3. Briefly describe the theoretical positions of a trait-and-

factor and a developmental theorist.

4. Identify the major propositions of Brown’s values-based

theory.

 
 5. Select two of the theories you studied and defend their
use with cultural and ethnic minorities.

6. Select one of the theories in Chapter 3 and explain its

limitations with regard to use with cultural minorities.

 
 
Long Essay Questions
 

1. Holland’s theory and the theory of work adjustment are

both trait-and-factor theories. Identify the major
propositions of each theory.  Then identify the
similarities and  differences between the two theories.

 
 

3. Select one of the trait and factor theories and outline it in

detail and describe how it can be appropriate applied.

 
 
Suggested Assignments
 
Brown, D., & Associates (2002).  Career choice and
development (4th Ed.). San   Francisco, CA:  Jossey-Bass.
(provides a comprehensive statement of many of the theories
discussed in Chapters 3& 4.
 
Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of
personalities and work environments (3rd Ed.) Odessa Fl: PAR.
 
 
 
Chapter 4
Developmental Theories and Their Applications: Donald Super
and Linda Gottfredson
 
Learning Objective
 
Students should be able to:
 
Identify the major differences and similarities between the
theories discussed in this chapter, particularly the
developmental aspects of each, and identify the applications
of each theory.
 
Key Concepts
Self-Concepts                                      
Maxicycle
Life-career rainbow                            
Minicycle
Developmental stages                        Sex-role
stereotyping of occupations
Crystallization                                     
Career decision making
Circumscription                                  
Accessibility
Compromise                                        
Zone of acceptability
Career maturity
Planfulness
 
Class Discussion Questions

1. In Chapter 2 trait and factor theories were the focus of

our study, partially because of their historical
significance. They are also widely used because of the
availability of assessment devices. Some psychologists
and counselors believe that they are too simplistic.
Considering the more elaborate design of developmental
theories are they conceptually superior to trait oriented
theories? Provide more avenues of application? Provide a
more secure foundation for career counseling?

 
 
 
Examination Question for Chapter 4
 
True/False
 
 

1. For Gottfredson the self-concept ranks second in

importance to sex-role stereotyping as a determinant of
occupational choice.
 

2. Super’s fourteen postulates have been modified over the

years but, they were all part of his original theory.

3. Super believed that career choice is an implementation of

the individual’s self-concepts.

4. According to Super’s theory there are trial and stable

phases of the exploration stage.

5. Super defines career maturity as the individual’s

readiness and ability to deal with the occupational
challenges and problems that confront him/her.

6. Super’s Life-Career Rainbow is out of date, mostly

because of changes in women’s career patterns..

7. Super was the first to pose a developmental model of

career choice and development.

8. Gottfredson believes that the sex-role associated with

careers is the most important variable in the career
choice process.

 
 9. Super and Gottfredson have essentially the same
definition of self-concept.

10. Super’s theory is largely based on white middle class

research and observations.

 
Multiple Choice
 

1. If Gottfredson is correct about sex-role stereotyping

school counselors should begin work to offset them at
what grade level?
2. Early elementary school (k-3)
3. Late elementary school (3-5)
4. Early middle school (6-7)
5. Late middle school (7-8)

2. A synonym for postmodern theory is

3. Collaborative
4. Ipsative
5. Constructivist
6. Longitudinal

3. Gottfredson believes that people develop cognitive maps

of career based on
4. Self-concept, sex-role stereotypes, and financial rewards
5. Interests, sex-role stereotypes, and values
6. Sex-role stereotypes, prestige of the occupation, interests
and accesibility
 7. Masculinity/femininity of the occupation, occupational
prestige and fields of work

4. For Gottfredson compromise in the process of making

occupational choice often occurs because of perceived
5. Accessibility of the occupation
6. Self-precepts
7. Masculinity/femininity of the occupation
8. Perceived ability and accessibility

5. Your client is a male freshman at a community college.

Your interview reveals that he has a good understanding
of himself, he is aware of his strengths and weaknesses,
and knows about the requirements of the fields of work he
is considering. In terms of Super’s concept of life stages,
he is:
6. Well ahead of expected development
7. About where one would expect
8. Considerably behind expected development
9. Well ahead on job knowledge and far behind on self-
knowledge.

6. The occupation that has fallen most in it prestige rating in

the last 80 years is
7. Physician
8. Banker
9. Lawyer
10. Civil engineer

 
 7. According to Super, the process of career development is
essentially that of:
8. Finding the appropriate career pattern
9. Reality-testing and role-playing
10. Developing and implementing a self-concept
11. Becoming aware of a basic pattern of needs

8. Super contends that certain characteristics observable

during school years are related to later occupational
success. Which of the following has been correlated with
later success?
9. Parent’s socioeconomic level
10. Geographic region of residency
11. Rural or urban home location
12. Employment of both parents outside the home

9. Children appear to develop perceptions of occupational

prestige similar to those of adults by age
10. 6
11. 8
12. 10
13. 12

9. If Gottfredson is correct about sex-role stereotyping

school counselors should begin work to offset them at
what grade level?
10. Early elementary school (k-3)
11. Late elementary school (3-5)
12. Early middle school (6-7)
13. Late middle school (7-8)
 

10. A synonym for postmodern theory is

11. Collaborative
12. Ipsative
13. Constructivist
14. Longitudinal

11. For Super, job satisfaction is tied to the extent to

which people are able to
12. Integrate the job role with other life roles
13. Achieve their life goals
14. Satisfy the status values they acquire from their
family
15. None of the above

13. Super’s minicycle seems to be his way of describing

14. What occurs when people change job
15. Of no consequence for unskilled jobs
16. Of no importance; the maxicycles tells the
developmental story
17. A response to Gottfredson’s ideas about
circumscription.

 
14,     Both Super and Gottfredson discuss the process of
compromise in the career choice and development process. In
this regard, _________ is more specific about the nature of this
process.

1. Super
2. Gottfredson
3. They are generally equal in this area.
 4. None of the above

 
 
Answer Key for Chapter 4
 
True/False

1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. T
9. F
10. T

 
Multiple Choice

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. A
9. A
10. A
11. C
12. D
13. A
 14. B

 
 
Short Essay Questions

1. What are the primary factors involved in the individual’s

perceptions of accessibility to occupations according to
Gottfredson?
2. Super’s theory has been described as “white bread” or
culturally biased by some? Defend the use of Super’s
ideas with minorities.
3. Super’s theory was initially based solely on his
perceptions of the career development of men. Describe
the pros and cons of applying Super’s theory to women.

 
Long Essay Questions

1. Describe the circumscription and compromise process of

career choice as outlined by Gottfredson

2. Identify the characteristics of a good theory. Now critique

Super’s theory using the characteristics you have
identified.

3. Super has often described his theory as segmental. Tel

why you believe he has made these statements.

 
Suggested Additional Assignments
 1. The 1990 (second edition) version of Brown and
Associates, Career Choice and Development contains the
last rendering of Super’s theory. The 2002 (fourth edition)
contains Gottfredson’s detailing of her own theory
including its applications.