10/22/2010

GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTATION
WORKSHOP

By Ir. Liew Shaw Shong

Company
LOGO
Menara PJD, JKR Headquarters, 26-27 October 2010

Course Outline

Planning, Specification &

1 Contractual Arrangement

2 Site Monitoring

Data Processing / Analysis,

3 Interpretation & Actions

Common Problems, Applications

4
& Lesson Leant from Case Study

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Geotechnical Engineer

Civil Engineer
Geotechnical engineer in Malaysia

is ambiguously regarded as
“Geologist” in the public perception.

Geotechnical engineer is a qualified
civil engineer registered with Board
of Engineers Malaysia as either
Geotechnical graduate engineer or professional
大地工程師 Engineer
engineer having relevant and
competent experience in
geotechnical works

ability to plan ground investigation &
characterise ground conditions for
岩土工程师 engineering processes

identify & assess the potential geo-
hazards and the possible ground
borne interaction to proposed
structures

offer feasible engineering design
solutions to ensure safety &
satisfactory performance of the end
product of the engineering works
including its surrounding 3

Why appoint Geotechnical

Engineer?

Why Geotechnical Engineer?

Geotechnical engineer as an
underwriter for risk assessment.

GI as tools for Geotechnical

Engineer

It is regard as necessary, but not a
rewarding expense. (Uncertainty,
sufficiently accurate design options
for Cost & Benefit study)

What Risk in Ground & its

Consequence ?

Ground Variability & Geo-hazards.

Financial Viability & Cost Overrun
(Construction & Operation).

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Risk Assessment

Risk Evaluation
with Cost-
Benefit Analysis

Risk Mitigation
(Pro-active)

Risk Reduction
(Defensive)

Risk Avoidance

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Modified from Morgenstern (2000)

Rock Mechanics
Geology deformation Soil Mechanics
composition failure deformation
Hydrology genesis seepage failure Fracture
Surface fluid flow processes seepage Mechanics
hydrology blasting
Structural Mechanics quarry
deformation
Fluid Control Systems Public Policy
failure
e.g. dams codes
member design
standard
Structural Support Underground laws & compliance
Continuum Mechanics Geo-structures
Systems
elasticity e.g. tunnel
e.g. foundations Contract Law
plasticity
specification
idealisation

Numerical Analysis
Geotechnical Engineering Risk Management
observation method
boundary element risk assessment
finite difference instrumentation
Surface Geo-structures Ground Improvement
discrete element
e.g. embankments, landfills e.g. densification, Mechanical Engineering
finite element
remediation drilling
instrument
Geochemistry
excavation
waste
Materials Ground Construction
leachates
Site Exploration Movements practice
durability types
reconnaissance earthquake experience
properties
drilling liquefaction
geosynthetics
in-situ testing sinkhole
laboratory testing
geophysics 7

Genesis/Geology

Ground Site investigation

Burland’s Profile Ground description

Geotechnical
Triangle
Morgenstern (2000)
Precedent,
Empiricism,
Experience,
Risk-management

Ground Appropriate
Behaviour Model

Lab/field testing Idealisation followed by evaluation.

Observation/measurement Conceptual or physical modelling
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Analytical modelling

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Engineering Judgement

Definition : The operation of the mind,

involving “comparison” and “discrimination”
by which knowledge of values and relations is
mentally formulated. (Webster’s New
Collegiate Dictionary)

Recognition : Engineering judgement as

an acceptable engineering practice

Engineering Judgement
Past Theoretical
Experience Concepts
Experience
Knowledge

Judgement

Experimental
Observations Methods

Process of Developing Measurements

Judgement

Experience Judgement
Knowledge
Directly or Knowledge of all
Familiarity gained
indirectly from kinds & from many
from Experience
others different sources

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Work Scope of
Geotechnical Engineer
Natural geologic materials of inherently
variable nature do not necessarily follow well-
Scope defined natural laws, hence rendering
prediction in high uncertainty.

Soil-Structure
Interactions
Earthworks

Time
Foundations Dependent
Behaviours

Groundwater
Related
Problems

11

Work Scope of
Geotechnical Engineer
Natural
Terrain
Instability

Cut Slope Retaining

Instability Structure Embankment
Slope Fill Slope
Strengthening Instability
Ground
Treatment
Reservoir
with Stone
Dam
Columns Offshore
Environmental Structures
Maritime
Landfill Structures

Basement
Excavation Tunnel PVD Ground Dredging
Underground Treatment Reclamation Stability &
Space & with Erosion
Foundation Preloading Protection

Potential Scope of Geotechnical Engineering (modified from Atkinson, 2006) 12

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Why Instrumentation?

It is a useful tool to supplement what we can not identify trend of

behaviours & quantify the changes of the crucial parameters
affecting the bahaviours in the observation.
WHY DO WE NEED INSTRUMENTATION??

Theory .vs. Observation

Observation
with
Measurements

Theoretical
Development

Albert Einstein - General relativity's

Sir Isaac Newton – Law of Gravity predictions have been confirmed in all
by observation observations and experiments to date.

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Benefits of Instrumentation

Design Verification
& Optimisation

Construction &
Operational Safety

Cost & Time

Saving

If you can not get high quality and reliable data, then better
don’t initiate any instrumentation scheme because it will
create more problems than being advantageous.

Pitfalls of Instrumentation

Design Rectification

Overly Caution of Safety

Potential Legal Evidence

Realistic Construction
Cost & Time

In some cases, instrumentation results may reveal the

shortcomings or negligence in the design of the project
designer and also those by the work contractor.

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Purpose & Objectives

Design Construction Operation

Design Construction Maintenance

Verification Monitoring Monitoring
- Failure - Safety - Long Term
mechanism & - Observation Performance
Capacity Method - Necessary
- Serviceability - Construction Maintenance
- Reveal Control Action
unknowns - Legal - Early Warning
- Pile Load Test Protection System
- Pullout Test - Quantity
-Trial Measurement
Embankment - Public Relation

Forensic Investigation

Failure mechanism, Serviceability, Contributory & Triggering Factors

Stakeholders

Project Objectives

Project Design Instrument Construction Insurance

Owner Consultant Specialist Contractor Company

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Responsibility

Instrument
Installation Data
Collection

Cycle related to high

Instruments quality Instrumentation
Selection
Scheme
Calibration
&
Interpret
Response Data
Actions

Responsibility

• Instrument (hardware & software) Project Designer

• Factory calibration Instrumentation
Instrument Specialist
Procurement

• Acceptance tests
• Instrument installation
Instrumentation
• Establish baseline reading Specialist
Field • Maintaining & calibrating instruments regularly
Instrumentation
Service • Data collection, processing & presentation

• Interpret & report data

Project Designer
• Review need for response actions & instruction
Interpretation & Work Contractor
• Timely implementation of response actions
Response
Actions

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Parameters to be Monitored

Types of Measurement

Ground Water Ground/

Vibration/
Deformation Pressure Structural Thermal
Flow
Stresses

Planning Cycle

Define
Project
Conditions Controlling
Mechanisms
Response
Actions
Questions
to be answered
Measurement
.vs. Purpose &
Prediction Parameters
to be measured

Every instrument shall be placed at the site to answer specific question. If no

question, then no instrument.

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Project Conditions

Construction Control : modify or improve

the initial construction sequence or/and
method.

Remedy : strengthen the stability, reduce the
negative impacts, repair the damage or
distresses

Notice : serving notice to project owner,
insurance, neighbouring owners, local
authorities

Questions to be answered

Any Questions related to Performance of

the Concerned System
• Deformation of Ground or Structures
• Stress or Strain in Ground or Structure
• Water Pressure Distribution, Flow and
Changes
• Thermal, Vibration, Tidal Effects
• Location and magnitude of changes

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What does instrument

measure & response?
• Measurement can be either performed on the changes of CAUSES (difficult
to pick up the changes) or EFFECTS (usually too late for response actions).

• Most instruments provide point measurement with dependence on localised

characteristics, hence may not represent the problem in larger scale, unless
large number of point measurement instruments are installed.

Causes

Effects

Controlling Mechanisms

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Measurement .vs.
Prediction

Analysis
Prediction

Measurement

Don’t forget to
apply Engineering
Judgement
Hazard Warning Level
Red
Amber
Green Timely
Cautionary
No action Contingency
Measures
Action

Response Actions

Construction Control : modify or improve

the initial construction sequence or/and
method.

Remedy : strengthen the stability, reduce the
negative impacts, repair the damage or
distresses

Notice : serving notice to project owner,
insurance, neighbouring owners, local
authorities

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Dilemma of
Instrumentation

2 : Well, do you want 1 : Doc, can you

me to open up guarantee I have
everything, big or 100% fix of all my
small one, to check problems?
for fixing.

3 : Doc, his credit

card limit is up to
RM50,000 only.

Specification

Clear Concise Complete Correct

Over-specified Project-specific Under Owner -Prescriptive

-High price -Measurement -Sufficient Owner accept
-Inadequate range baseline data liability, but better
budget with -Duration of -Avoid price control
expectation of service slaughter in
-Performance
omission of subcontracting
Innovation, no bias,
requirements
clear liability,
-Inexperienced
competitive, but
site staffing
difficult to evaluate

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Contractual Arrangement

Project Owner Project Owner Project Owner

Main Contractor
Consultant Consultant (PMC) Main Contractor (PM)
(PMC) Main Contractor

Site Supervision
Consultant Subcontractor
Site Supervision Instrumentation Team
Site Supervision Team Specialist
FirmSubcontractor
Team Subcontractor

Instrumentation Construction
Specialist Firm Works
Construction
Instrumentation Construction Works
Specialist Firm Works

Independence : Good Independence : Fair Independence : Poor

Data Quality : Good Data Quality : Possibly Fair Data Quality : Possibly Poor
Problem : No liability for Problem : Low bid tender Problem : Low bid tender
Contractor Advice : Nominate Specialist Advice : Nominate Specialist

Procurement Approach

Professional Service

Lowest Bid Tender

Independence

We’re underfunded, but we manage!

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Good Practices

Instrument Life-Cycle Costs : Calibration,

installation, taking readings, maintenance,
data management & interpretation, and
decommissioning.

Partnership to Instrument
Manufacturers/Suppliers

Good Practices

Good QA/QC of Personnel Training,

Equipments, Data Management

Dedicated Team & Equipment for Project

Measures of Instrument Protection

Duplicate Instruments for Data

Redundancy

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Course Outline

Planning, Specification &

1 Contractual Arrangement

2 Site Monitoring
Data Processing / Analysis,
3 Interpretation & Actions

Common Problems, Applications

4
& Lesson Leant from Case Study

Measurement
Uncertainty & Reliability
Accuracy Precision

Conformance

Sensitivity Resolution

Linearity Hysteresis

Error Noise

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Conformance

• Good conformance of instrument and installation procedures

are necessary for measurement of good accuracy.
• Beware of any changes of properties related to parameters to
be measured due to presence of instrument

Accuracy & Precision

Accuracy High High Low Low

Precision High Low High Low
Acceptance Good Fair Systematic Error Bad

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Measurement Deviation

Resolution : the degree to which the smallest change it

can detect in the quantity that it is measuring.

Sensitivity : the smallest absolute amount of change that
can be detected by a measurement, usually defined as
the ratio between output signal and measured property

Linearity : The amount of error change throughout an
instrument's measurement range. Linearity is also the
amount of deviation from an instrument's ideal straight-
line performance.

Hysteresis : an error caused by when the measured
property reverses direction, but there is some finite lag in
time for the sensor to respond, creating a different offset
error in one direction than in the other

Noise : Random measurement variations by external
factors

Linearity & Hysteresis

Non Linearity Hysteresis

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Types of Errors &

Corrective Measures
Type of Error Sources Corrective Actions
Gross Error Human mistakes Care, checking & training
Systematic Error Calibration, hysteresis & non- Periodic recalibration
linearity
Conformance Error Instrument design & installation Appropriate instrument, improve
installation procedures
Environmental Error Weather, temperature, vibration Apply correction with recorded
& corrosion environmental changes &
conditioning instrument to
ambient environment
Observation Error Variation between observers Training & automised data
acquisition
Sampling Error Inherent variability & sampling Sufficient instruments
technique
Random Error Noise, friction & environmental Statistical analysis on multiple
effect readings

Course Outline

Planning, Specification &

1 Contractual Arrangement

2 Site Monitoring

Data Processing / Analysis,

3 Interpretation & Actions
Common Problems, Applications
4
& Lesson Leant from Case Study

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Parameters to be
Measured

Deformation/Movement

Inclinometer

Extensometer

Ground Movement Marker

Tiltmeter

Crackmeter

Water/Earth Pressure

Piezometer, Observation Well

Earth Pressure Cell

Parameters &
Measurement

Load/Stress/Strain

Strain Gauges

Load Cell

Thermal

Thermal Coupler

Flow

V-Notch Gauge

Vibration

Accelerometer

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Inclinometer

Reading :

Inclinometer +(θ+δ
+(θ+δ)
{+(θ+δ) − [−(θ−
(θ−δ)]}/2 = θ
Checksum Review : d1 + d2 + d3
+(θ+δ
+(θ+δ)
{+(θ+δ) + [−
[−(θ−
(θ−δ)]}/2 = δ

×Sinθ
L× θ A+ A- θ3
d1 + d2

−θ
L −δ
θ θ2
A- Reading : −(θ−
(θ−δ)
d1
A- A+

+θ θ1
+δ A+ Reading : +(θ+δ
+(θ+δ)
θ+δ)

Inclinometer
Unpredictable & Uncorrectable

Poor Sensor Random

Random
Installation Precision Errors
Error

Total
Sensor Bias
Predictable & Correctable

Sensor
Error
Shift, Positioning, Systematic
Sensitivity Systematic
Casing Errors
Drift & inclination & Error
Rotation Curvature

Systematic errors can accumulate upward in the cumulative displacement at ground

surface (apparent cumulative displacement).

Total Error = ε
Random × √(No. of Readings) + ε Systematic × (No. of Readings)

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Inclinometer
Reading, y k = Sensitivity Drift (Drift in Pre-amplifier)
y = k Sin x + b

k Sin x Solutions : Factory

calibration and repair
b = Bias Shift
Sin x of probe is needed.
Easy to detect Rare, difficult
& correct to detect, but
Sensitivity easy to correct
Bias Shift
Drift

Depth Rotation
Curvature in Casing, Positioning Error Misalignment of Sensor
Vertical Probe Placing,
Cable Stretching, Rotation
Ground Settlement Error Angle
α
B0 A0

Difficult to detect & correct Easy to detect

(time consuming & tedious) & correct

Inclinometer
No Correction With Zero Shift Correction
Change Deflection Change Deflection
Error
Error

Identification & Correction of Bias Shift Error

No Correction Casing Profile, B-Axis Corrected
Deflection, A-Axis (Cross Axis Inclination Deflection, A-Axis
Error

Identification & Correction of Rotation Error

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Inclinometer

Spiral Probe

Twisted casings lead to incorrect magnitude of
movement in the A and B directions.

Application :

To check orientation of the inclinometer
grooves for necessary correction for
direction of resultant movement.

Readings show movements in unlikely
direction α α
B

A α
R =d/Cosα

Check installation quality
If α = 10°°,

Deep casing installation R =A/Cos α =1.015A

Inclinometer

Error Detection & Correction :

Double data redundancy with readings
taken in diametrical direction

3 to 6m bottom of casing into firm strata
for good fixity to provide calibration
data

Deeper readings have highest potential
systematic errors : (a) Sensor warming
up, (b) Steepest borehole inclination,
(c) Further distance from top reference

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Inclinometer

Tolerance : Variation of Checksum < 5 to 10

units of Mean Checksum

Correction :

If the large variation is localised to one
depth, correction can be performed based
on mean of other checksum.

If the large variation spreads over the
entire dataset, it is better to retake the
readings.

Inclinometer

Inclinometer (Vertical)

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Inclinometer

Horizontal Profiler

0 0
-250
Water Load
-2
452T-19/06/2001 -200
-20
-4
1530T-20/06/2001
-6 1630T-21/06/2001 -150

Bending Moment (kNm/m width)

-40
-8 1756T-22/06/2001
1894T-23/06/2001
Measured Raft Deflection Profile -100
G7 G8
Settlement (mm)
Settlement (mm)

G5 (36m) (36m)
-10 -60 at Water Load of 2521Ton (36m)
2007T-24/06/2001

Hogging
-50
-12 2087T-25/06/2001 Predicted Raft Deflection Profile G2
(24m)
G3
(30m)
G6
(36m)
G9
(36m)
-80 0
2295T-26/06/2001

Sagging
-14
at Water Load of 2500Ton
-16
2521T-27/06/2001 50
-100
2721T-28/06/2001 G1 G4
-18 100
2910T-29/06/2001 (24m) (30m)
G10 G13
-120
-20 2960T-29/06/2001 (30m) (24m)
150 G12
G11
-22 2947T-30/06/2001 (30m) (24m)
-140
-24
2922T-01/07/2001 200

1517T-02/07/2001
-26 -160 250

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Distance From Starting End of Inclinometer (m) Distance From Staring End of Inclinometer (m) Distance From Staring End of Inclinometer (m)

Inclinometer

Horizontal Profiler

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Data Evaluation

Type of Ground Movement

Deflection Deflection

Developed Shear Zone with Drastic Creeping Slope with Continuous

Movement Profile Movement Profile

Data Presentation

Good Practice :

Use of exaggerated horizontal scale shall
be avoided because “errors” are magnified
& could be misinterpreted.

Change plot (incremental deformation) is
useful to emphasize the location of
deformation zone.

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Case Studies

Demo 1 – Open Cut Excavations using Jack-

In Pipe Anchorage & Soil Nail Anchorage

Demo 2 – 8 Cases on Landslides

Demo 3 – Piling Foundation

Demo 4 – Reinforced Soil Wall with Stone
Columns Improvement

Demo 5 – Dewatering

Demo 6 – Dam

Course Outline

Planning, Specification &

1 Contractual Arrangement

2 Site Monitoring

Data Processing / Analysis,

3 Interpretation & Actions

Common Problems, Applications

4 & Lesson Leant from Case Study

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Myths in Instrumentation

Myth No.1 : Instrumentation can prevent bad

thing from occurring.

Myth No. 2 : Maintenance free instruments
are possible.

Myth No. 3 : Geotechnical engineer is not
needed to review the instrumentation results
if threshold and action plan are available
(traffic light system).

Myth No. 4 : Instrumentation does not
require the input from instrumentation
specialist.

Myths in Instrumentation

Myth No. 5 : Instrumentation can replace

engineering judgement. Everything is fine if
instrumentation is in place.

Myth No.6 : More instruments and data are
better.

Myth No. 7 : Instrumentation is costly
investment, hence is unnecessary if the
design is good.

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Common Problems

Instrument : Selection of appropriate

instrument fit for the purpose.

Contract Arrangement : Interest party for
high quality instrumentation data.

Data Quality : Poor quality data will neither
reveal the truth of engineering behaviours
nor give correct warning.

Data Management : Keeping raw data is
essential for future data reprocessing with
new interpretative objectives

Common Problems

Data Interpretation : Screening & filtering of

problematic data or uninvited events/factors
for a distilled content are deliberately
needed.

Data Presentation : Data presentation
without connection to records of activities at
site is a discounted information for decision
making.

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Common Problems

Review : Timely review is important to capture

indication of distress development & need for
instrument maintenance/checking for proper
functioning.

Loss of Feel : Sometimes readings given to person
who is not taking care of the instruments has no clue
to slight variation of the readings, but possible an
important indication of adverse effect. (You will not
know your baby if you did not take care of him/her.)

Threshold Limits : It is not easy to set a accurate
set of threshold limits for multiple parameters
controlling the behaviours.

Action : Timely implementation of actions as
identified from interpreting instrumentation results.

Advices

Paradox :
• Appearance of apparently unmotivated
change are often the first sign of distress
• Observations of overall phenomenon
become more relevant than “spot”
occurrence.

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Applications

Observation Method (e.g. NATM in Tunnel)

Natural
Terrain
Instability

Cut Slope Retaining

Instability Structure Embankment
Slope Fill Slope
Strengthening Instability
Ground
Treatment
Reservoir
with Stone
Dam
Columns Offshore
Environmental Structures
Maritime
Landfill Structures

Basement
Excavation Tunnel PVD Ground Dredging
Underground Treatment Reclamation Stability &
Space & with Erosion
Foundation Preloading Protection

Earthfill/Clay Core Rockfill

Dam

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Concrete Dam

Tunnel & Underground

Excavation

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Strutting & Excavation

Design Verification Testing

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Case Studies

Demo 1 – Open Cut Excavations using Jack-

In Pipe Anchorage & Soil Nail Anchorage

Demo 2 – 8 Cases on Landslides

Demo 3 – Piling Foundation

Demo 4 – Reinforced Soil Wall with Stone
Columns Improvement

Demo 5 – Dewatering

Demo 6 – Dam

References

Sources :

Dunnicliff, J. (1988), ”Geotechnical Instrumentation for Monitoring Field Performance”. Wiley-Interscience Publication.

Geotechical Intrumentation News (http://www.bitech.ca/news.htm)

Liew, S.S. (2010), "Lessons Learned from Case Histories", JKR Sabah One-Day Short Course on Slope Engineering, Promenade Hotel,
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, 30 June 2010

Liew,S.S. (2010), “Dam Safety Monitoring and Surveillance in Malaysia”, Conference on ASIAWATER 2010, jointly organized by The
Malaysian Water Association (MWA), 6th – 8th April 2010

Liew, S.S.; Lim, Wei & Lau, L.S. (2010), “Investigation of Soil Nailed Slope Distress at Fill Ground & Remedial Solutions”, The
17th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, 10 to 13 May 2010 Liew, S.S.; Lee, S.T. & Koo, K.S. (2010),
“Failure Investigation of Piled Reinforcement Soil Wall & Excessive Movements of Piled Embankment at Soft Ground,
Malaysia”, The 17th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, 10 to 13 May 2010

Liew, S.S.; Ting, D.I. & Low, Y.H. (2010), “Piling Foundation Design & Construction Problems of Tank Farm in Reclaimed
Land over Untreated Soft Marine Clay in Malaysia”, The 17th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, 10
to 13 May 2010

Liew, S.S. (2009), “Role of Geotechnical Engineer in Civil Engineering Works in Malaysia”, CIE-IEM Joint Seminar on
Geotechnical Engineering, Yilan, Taiwan, 26 to 27 August 2009

Liew, S.S. & Khoo C.M. (2008), "Lessons Learned from Two Investigation Cases of Ground Distresses Due to Deep
Excavation in Filled Ground", 6th Int'l Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, 11-16 Aug 2008 , Arlington,
Virginia, United States.

Liew, SS (2008), "Case Studies of Support of Open Excavations and Distressed Retaining Walls in Malaysia" Seminar on
"Deep Excavation and Retaining Walls", Jointly organised by IEM-HKIE at Tropicana Golf & Country Resort, Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia, 24 March 2008.

Liew S.S. & Khoo C.M. (2007),"Performance of Soil Nail Stabilisation Works for a 14.5m Deep Excavation at Uncontrolled Fill
Ground", Proc. 16th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conferences, Malaysia.

Liew S. S. & Tan S. K. (2007), "Performance of Reinforced Soil Wall Supported on Stone Columns", Proc. 16th Southeast
Asian Geotechnical Conferences, Malaysia.

Liew S.S. & Khoo C. M. (2006),"Design and Construction of Soil Nail Strengthening Work over Uncontrolled Fill for a 14.5m
Deep Excavation", 10th International Conference on Piling and Deep Foundations, 31 May - 2 Jun 2006, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands

Liew S.S. & Liong C.H. (2006),"Two Case Studies on Soil Nailed Slope Failures", Internationals Conference on slope, 7 - 8
August 2006, Kuala Lumpur

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References

Sources :

Liew, S. S., Liong, C. H. & Low, C. L., (2004), “Four Landslide Investigations in Malaysia”, 15th SEAGC, Bangkok, 22 - 26
November 2004.

Liew, S. S. & Choo, E. L., (2004), “Bending Moment Interpretation of Structural Element with Measured Deflection Profile”,
Malaysian Geotechnical Conference, 16-18 March, 2004, Sheraton Subang, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.

Liew, S. S., Kowng, Y. W. & Gan, S. J., (2004), “Interpretations of Instrumented Bored Piles in Kenny Hill Formation”,
Malaysian Geotechnical Conference, 16-18 March, 2004, Sheraton Subang, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.

Liew, S. S., Gue, S. S. & Liong, C. H., (2003), “Geotechnical Investigation and Monitoring Results of a Landslide Failure at
Southern Peninsula Malaysia (Part 1: Investigating Causes of Failure)”, International Conference on Slope Engineering, Hong
Kong, 8-10 Dec 2003.

Liew, S. S., Gue, S. S. & Liong, C. H., (2003), “Geotechnical Investigation and Monitoring Results of a Landslide Failure at
Southern Peninsula Malaysia (Part 2: Back Analyses of Shear Strength and Remedial Works)”, International Conference on
Slope Engineering, Hong Kong, 8-10 Dec 2003.

Liew, S. S. , Tan, Y. C., Ng, H. B. & Lee, P.T., (2003), “New Approach of using Jacked Anchors as Reinforcements in Soil
Stabilisation Works for a Cut-And-Cover Tunnel with 17m Deep Excavation”, International Conference on Foundation,
Dundee, Scotland, 2-5 Sep 2003.

Liew, S. S., Gue, S. S. & Tan, Y. C. (2002), "Design and Instrumentation Results of A Reinforcement Concrete Piled Raft
Supporting 2500 Ton Oil Storage Tank on Very Soft Alluvium Deposits", Ninth International Conference on Piling and Deep
Foundations, Nice, 3 - 5 June, 2002

Liew, S. S. (2002), "Pile Design with Negative Skin Friction" Course Lecture for Geotechnical Engineering at Puteri Pan
Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru

Liew, S. S. & Gue, S. S. (2001), “Massive Creep Movements of Post-Glacial Deposits in Kundasang Areas”, GSM-IEM Forum
: Engineering Geology & Geotechnics of Slopes, Kuala Lumpur

Liew, S.S.; Gue, S. S., & Tan, Y. C. (1999), “Instrumentation Results on Negative Downdrag Force of Abutment Piles
Underneath the Reinforced Earth Wall Embankment”, 5th Int.. Symp. on Field Measurements in Geomechanics., Singapore.

Machan, G. & Bennet, V. G. (2008), “Use of Inclinometers for Geotechnical Instrumentation on Tranportation Projects – State
of the Practice”, Transportation Research Board

Mikkelsen, P. K. (2003), “Advances in Inclinometer Data Analysis”, Symposium on Field Measurements in Geotechnics
(FMGM) 2003, Oslo, Norway

Thank you
Lord Kelvin (1827 - 1907) :
When you can measure what you are speaking
about, and express it in numbers, you know
something about it; but when you cannot
measure it, when you cannot express it in
numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and
unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of
knowledge, but you have scarcely in your
thoughts advanced to the state of Science,
whatever the matter may be.

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