FFFFFFFFFFFHFFFSFHFHFSFIFHFHFFFFFAHFAABDSAHABDHEBSSBSAIAIAASIIASA The Cell Cycle What controls the life and development of a cell? Why? ‘An old piece of poetry says “to everything there isa season... a time to be born, a time to die.” For eels, the line might say “a time to divide and a time to grow.” In multicellular organisms, different types of calls have different roles and need to complete specific tasks. For example, a cell that isn’t large enough is not useful for storing nutrients for later, but a cell that is too large will not be useful for transportation through a tiny capillary. In chis activity, you will learn about the seasons ofa cel’ life, and in eurn betcer understand how organisms function, Model 1 — The Cell Cycle 1. How many phases are in the cell cycle as shown in the diagram in Model 12 Four. 2. Starting at the starred cell, what is the order of the stages of a cell’ life? G, SGM. 3. During which phase does the size of the cell increase? G, 4. During which phase does the number of cels increase? M. The Cell Cycle 35. Considering your answer to Questions 3 and 4, identify two ways thac the growth of an organ- ism can be accomplished through the events of the cell cycle. Growth can happen when cells increase in size or when the number of cellsin an organism increases (chis takes place during G, and M, respectively) 6. Cancer, the uncontrolled growth of cells, often results in a tumor, or mass of abnormal cells. Some cancerous tumors consist of many cells that are much smaller than normal. According to Model 1, what part(s) of the cell cycle is (are) most likely being affected? G, may be affected, not allowing the cells to fully grow. 7. In Model 1, if the length of the arrow represents time, then for those cancerous cells, what hap- pens to the time that is necessary for the cell cycle? What implication might this have for doctors who are treating cancer patients? The time decreases because she time necessary for G, is reduced. Doctors need to start treatment quickly and se a drug thas is absorbed by the system rapidly since the cancer cells reproduce at a faster rate than normal cell. Model 2 — Cell Cycle Data Time Interval |__ Se 0fDNA Number of Phase Key Process " (he m .) present in each cell | organelles in each ae at end of phase |cell at end of phase! Gar, Calls gesting larger and Hl 7 560 7 ‘making more organelles. Synthesis | DNA replication 8 2 570 Gap Protein and organelle 4 > oo 2 synthesis Mitosis | Cell and nuclear splitting 1 1 300 ‘Total time: 24 114 8. Model 2 presents cell cycle data for a typical human cell in culture. Use the phase names in Model 2 to label the G, M, and S phases in Model 1 ‘See Model 1 9. Looking at the third column of Model 2, compare the time spent in mitosis with the time spent in gap, in human cells and describe any difference. Much more time is spent in gap, than mitosis. POGIL™ Activities for High School BiologySHSDSISDPASDITSTDITDISSIAIFIFIFIIFIFIFTIFZIFIIFZIIIIIIGG 10. Imagine 100 cells were chosen randomly from a tissue sample and examined under a microscope In which phase of the cell cycle would you expect to find the largest number of cells? Explain. More cells would be in she longer-lasting gap, phase, because ifcellsdon' spend much time in a phase, they are less likely to be in it at any given time. 1, Look again at Model 2. Compare the amount of DNA at the beginning and end of synthesis. ‘Why did the amount of DNA change? The cel is preparing to divide, so there is double the amount of DNA at the end of synthesis shan at the beginning. 12, Fill in thé “Key Process” column for synthesis phase in Model 2. See Model 2. 13, Gyto = cell, hinesis = cutting. What do you think cakes place during cytokinesis? The cell (cytoplasm) is split in tw. 14, Other than cytokinesis, what else occurs during the mitosis phase? Hint: Consider the sets of DNA in each cell. Nuclear division; the DNA is evenly divided, creating two separate nuclei. 15. Look carefully at information given to you in Model 1 and Model 2. Fill in the key process column in the rable for gap, See Model 2. 16, Ifa culture in the lab starts with one human cell, how many cells will there be after 24 hours? Tio ces, 17. The total time for the phases listed in Model 2 is 24 hours. How many human cells will be in the culture after another 24 hours? Explain. po_ Four each one ofthe cl fom he fi rund ofthe ell cl goes through i again. ‘S18. Is the original cell “dead” or does it disappear after mitosis? Explain your answer. No, the original cell is divided into two new cells Each cll has exactly she same DNA as the original cell, which duplicated its DNA before it divided. Therefore, each new cell has a complete set of chro- ‘mosomes (DNA) as well as half the organelles from the original parent cel 19. Ifa starfish sustains damage co a limb, it often grows a new one. Ifa human adult sustains damage to his or her spinal cord, mobility is often impaired. If a gecko loses its tail, it may grow a new one, Which type of cell i less likely to go through the cell cycle after being damaged- starfish limb, human spinal cord, or gecko tail? Support your answer. Human spinal cord cells, because that injury can’t be repaired. 20, Occasionally cells stop dividing and enter another phase, G,. If you damage your liver, new liver cells can be produced to replace up to 75% of the liver. However, if you sustain brain dam- age, your body does not produce new brain cells. Explain this observation using what you have learned about the cell cycle. The brain cells are in G, and do not reproduce, but the liver cells will reproduce to make new ones. The Cell Cycle 115S21. Keepingin mind the events of each part of the cell cycle, mark with a double arrow on Mode! 1 where those cells might (either temporatily or permanently) exit the cell cycle to G,, Label this as G,. Why did you choose this location for G,? Hint: Think of a place in the cell cycle where the cell is functioning normally, but not preparing to divide. Ie should be depicted coming off of gap , Ie can't be mitosis as she cell would be in the proces of dividing: is cant be synthesis or the DNA would be only partially copied: and it cat be gap, or the cell would have too much DNA. 22. Consider a cell in G,. Use the information in both Models 1 and 2 to answer the following, questions, a. Inorder for this cell to divide normally, what would need to occur? Ir would need to re-enter the cell cycle at gap , and then go shrough synthesis and gap, 4, What if the phase(s) you identified in part a of this question did not occur? What would be the outcome for the cell in that case? The cell would not have been through synthesis or gap. so it would have only half the DNA and not enough organelles. 116 POGIL™ Activities for High School BiologySFFIAIDIDISDIDIIIASIDITIDIFSIIIIFDIILIFIEIIIIIIG Model 3 - Radiation Uleavioler light (including orokiness) & '\23. According to Model 3, ultraviolet light is affecting a cell in which phase of the cell cycle? Gap, 24, Ultraviolet light may cause DNA damage, which is known as a mutation. How might such dam- age affect events taking place during the synthesis phase? Hint: Use information from Model 2. The damaged DNA is copied so both new cells would have the mutation. Read This! ‘The cell cycle has a regular system of checks and balances that prevents damaged or mutated cells from proceeding to the next phase. One way an organism deals with the problems is to kill the damaged cell before it passes on the problem co its daughter cells. This is a normal process called apoptosis. (Some normal cells also go through this process.) 25. How might the DNA damage go on to affece the rest of the cell eycle ifapoptosis did not occur? The cell has mutations so it might not go through the cycle correctly or two cells might be formed that each coneain the mutation. 26. Why might it be beneficial to an organism for damaged cells to enter G, instead of dividing once they exist? The cells will not duplicate and pass on their harmful mutation. 27. What could happen, after several cell cycles, co an organism whose damaged cells did not go through apoptosis? In other words, what if a damaged cel that is supposed to die does not? A tumor (cancer) may develop when cells keep dividing when theyre not supposed to. The Cell Cycle 17Extension Questions 28. 29. 30. 31. 118 For each phase, describe at least one way mistakes during the cell cycle could result in problems. Cell enters G, (stops dividing) when it shouldn's doesn’ grow so when cell division sakes place the cells are too small. S| DNA is copied incorrectly (copying mistakes are made or copying isnt completed) so after cell division, the new cells do not contain accurate versions of the DNA, G, | Phase is shipped: speeds up cell cle, leading to malfunctioning cells. M - | Phase is skipped a multi-nucleated cell can develop. G, | When a cell fails to exit into G,, it continues to divide when it shouldn't Some types of cancers are treated with radiation, similar to ultraviolet light. Why might it be beneficial to irradiate cancer cells? The cancer cells will be damaged so that they will no longer fanction as normal cells, ce, they will not divide or may be induced to undergo apoptosis. Plasmodial slime mold is an example of a multinucleated cell. Ir can be referred to as “one huge cytoplasmic mass with many nuclei” as seen to the right. What part of Model 1 is skipped in the formation of such a cell? Explain your answer. The cell contains many nuclei containing DNA, so DNA gnthesis and mitosis are taking place, bue che cells not undergoing cytokinesis Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals that disrupt various parts of the cell cycle, targeting rapidly growing cells, Paclitaxel (Taxol®) is one such drug that prevents the mitosis phase from taking place. a. Explain how this drug is useful asa cancer treatment. The cancer cells are rapidly dividing, When the drug inbibits cll division, the tumor will stop growing. 4. How might targeting rapidly growing cells explain common chemotherapy side effects such as hair loss and nausea? Hair follicle cells and stomach lining cells are both examples of normally fast-growing cells. These would be affected along with the cancer cell. POGIL™ Activities for High School BiologySFEHFSHSHSHSFSFSFEHSTSFSHSPHSSDDIFSTSETEFFIIFIFILIVGIIIIAIIIILS Mitosis How do living things grow and repair themselves? Why? Living things must grow and develop. At times they suffer injuries or damage, or cells simply wear out. New cells must be formed for the organism to survive. What process must occur to make a new, properly- functioning cell? Model 1 - Mitosis as Part of the Cell Cycle Prophase Metaphase ‘Anaphase Telophase | O® 2 Z & Ze ee 4 ©)@) | 3 1, Refer to Model 1. List the four phases in the miosis process Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. G, cytokinesis 2. Where is mitosis in the cell cycle? Before __@ and after 3. What three phases of the cell cycle are considered interphase? G,, Synthesis, and G, 4, Refer to the cell cycle shown, 4, How many cells are present at the beginning of mitosis? One. 4, How many cells are present at the end of mitosis? Two. Mitosis 121bs] ‘0. 122 i. Refer to the chromosomes in the cells in Model 1. 2. Draw a single chromosome as it appears in Model 1. 4, Draw a replicated chromosome as it appears in Model 1 x «How many chromatids are in each replicated chromosome? Tivo chromatids per replicated chromosome. . How many replicated chromosomes are in the original cell shown in Model 1 during prophase? Hint: When counting chromosomes, count “1” for a pair of sister chromatids, Four replicated chromosomes are in the original cell. . How many single chromosomes are in each of the new cells in telophase? Four single chromosomes are in each of the new cells . Asa group, write a grammatically correct sentence that explains what a chromosome is and why itis important. A chromosome is made of DNA wrapped around proteins and contains all the genetic information for the organism. Refer to the cells in telophase in Model 1. 4, Use a complete sentence to describe what the new cells in telophase might contain if replica- tion of chromosomes did not occur before cytokinesis, The new cells might contain only half the original number of chromosomes, or one cell might con- tain more chromosomes than the other if replication did not occur before cytokinesis. 4, Ifthe situation in part @ occurred, would che new cells be viable? Explain. The cells would not be viable because they would not have a complete set of DNA, which would affect cell processes necessary for survival. The S phase stands for synthesis, which means to make or build something more complex out of simpler parts. Scientists know that during the S phase DNA is being made in the nucleus of the cell. Why do you think the cell needs to make more DNA at this time in the cell cycle? The cell must copy the chromosome material so there is enough to make two new cells with the correct chromosome number. Refer to Model 1. The chromosomes that are shaped likke “X” (made of two sister chromatids) have double the amount of DNA than the chromosomes that are shaped like “I.” During what phase of the cell cycle do you think the chromosomes are replicated (copied)? Synthesis POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology| FIFFIFFIFIFFTFFTFSDFSSDSHSTFSSEEDDIDIFFIIFDIAFDEESESEIIBIIAIII 12, Refer to Model I. 4 In which phase of mitosis do you see the spindle fibers forming? The spindle fibers start to form in {late] prophase 4. Ac what phase of mitosis do the replicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate? Anaphase. c Inwhich phase do you see that the spindle fibers have disappeared? The spindle fibers disappear during [late] telophase. 4, Look at metaphase and anaphase. Suggest the purpose of the spindle fibers during mitosis The spindle fibers separate the replicated chromosomes and move each single chromosome to oppo- site sides ofthe cell. 13. Refer to Model 1 42. Desctibe what happens to the nuclear membrane after prophase. The nuclear membrane is disintegrating. 4, Explain why icis necessary that the nuclear membrane disintegrates during mitosis, The nuclear membrane must be eemporarily removed so the chromosomes can be divided into the two cell At what point during mitosis has the nuclear membrane reformed? The nuclear membrane reforms during telophase 14, What is actually dividing during cytokinesis? The cytoplasm of the cell and its non-nuclear contents are dividing in cytokinesis. 15, Cellular division has ewo parts—mitosis is the division of the nucleus and cytokinesis is the division of the cell into two new cells. Explain why mitosis has to come before cytokinesis in the cell cycle. The contents of the nucleus must be duplicated and the chromosomes must be correctly divided up before the actual cell can divide into two new cells: 16. During cytokinesis the chromosomes unwind and become a pile of very long, thin, thread-like DNA and the cell goes back to looking “normal” until mitosis begins again. Brainstorm with your group ideas why the DNA must coil up into chromosome structures before it divides, Students should understand the concepe that it would be very diffcult o accurately divide long, thin ‘threads of DNA rather than smaller, more compacted chromosomes. Mitosis 12317, Fill in the table below where each of the phases of nuclear and cel division is listed in the left hand column and write a description of what is happening during that phase in the right hand column. Phase of Cellular Description of what is occurring Division in the cell during this phase. Prophase Replicated chromosomes become visible (coil up). Each replicated chro- masome is made of two identical chromatids. The spindle fibers start to form and the nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate, ‘Metaphase Replicated chromosomes line up in the center ofthe cel. Spindle fibers attach to the replicated chromosomes at their centers. ‘Anaphase Spindle fibers separate the replicated chromosomes (sister chromatid (pairs) into single chromosomes and move them to the opposite sides of the cell Telophase The single chromosomes are now in two ‘piles” that will become two new nuclei. A new nuclear membrane begins to form around each of the piles of separated chromosomes. Gjtokinesis The original cell pinches in two and makes two new cell 18. In some cells, micosis occurs without cytokinesis, What would the resulting cell look like? If mitosis occurred without cytokinesis, he cell would be multinucleated. 19. Explain the importance of mitosis of cells in a skinned knee and during the growth of a plant In order for a skinned knee to heal, new cells must be formed. In order for a plant to grow, new cells must form. The process of new cells forming includes mitosis, where the chromosomes must be carefully divided into the new cells 50 they are identical o the original cell. $20. With your group, consider the effect on a cell if the sister chromatids did not line up correctly during metaphase. For example, if some lined up side by side instead of single file along the middle, how might this affect the resulting cells? Ifthe division of chromosomes is not accurate, cells could end up with too few or too many chromo- somes. This could lead to she death of the cell or a mutation, co] POGIL™ Activities for High School BiologyExtension Questions 21. Colchicine is a poison that acts to inhibit the development of spindle fibers. Describe the effects ‘on mitosis in a cell chat has been treated with colchicine, When a cell is treated with colchicine, the spindle fibers would not be formed correctly, So the chromosomes would not be able to be divided correctly or be moved to the appropriate positions in the dividing cel. 22. Binary fission is cel division in prokaryotic organisms (bacteria), which have no nucleus. In addition, prokaryotic cells typically have only one circular chromosome. Together with your group, predict how binary fission in prokaryotic cells might be different than mitosis in eukaryotic organisms. : Binary fission is less complex than mitosis in eukaryotic organisms because there is no nucleus or mul- tiple chromosomes. In binary fission the single chromosome is copied and the cell pinches into two cells, cach with a single chromosome. This is a simpler operation than mitosis, where multiple, replicated chromosomes must be split carefully and moved into two equal ‘piles” hat will become the nuclei of swo new cells after cytokinesis is complete. Mitosis 125 FEFCHFFTFSFSVDDSSSDSSEETCEEEEEEEFFFFFFFSEEEEBEBEEeeoces