El TTT) UL VS ea CER de OL Le TL F | TTT | @ Low Matrix = { @ Column tatrix Matix baving Awe = [123] ‘only one row. Matrix having 6 Square Matrix only one column, Matrix having same number of rows and columns. Zero/Null Matrix * 000 Matrixhavingall As; = 0=|000 elements equal 000 fo zero. All entries below the main diagonal are zero. All entries above the main diagonal are zero. Identity/Unit Matrix Diagonal matrices and below the in which all diagonal principal diagonal elements are unity/one. — il OPERATIONS ON MATRICES (ee Addition Matrix Subtraction Matrix Matrices must have same order. Matrices must have same order, 12 (62}-89)-B 3 Equality Matrix Matrices having same order with all the comesponding elements being equal. ; 10d 100 : Asa =|05 0}; Bs =|050/:A=8 009 009 QO Diagonal Matrix All entries above AB= Transpose of a Matrix A matrix formed by turning all the rows into columms and vice-versa. Symbol — Al. a) cap =DMultiplication of Matrix with a Scalar Multiplication of a Matrix with another Matrix Ifa matrix A and another matrix B then A x B Each element of the Matrix is multiplied Possible if by the scalar How to Multiply a Matrix by Another Matrix ? 9 0+0«6+0« @ 0e@o 6] = | 0xO+ © 6+ O~@ | = |@ Reciprocal of a Matrix. 7a + Fora matrix A inverse of this. Le. + Fora matrix A (matrix) x (Inverse of matrix) =1 Le. AXA =LorA?XA=I But Ax AT # Ax A How to find Inverse of a Matrix ? Step - III ay 1 * fA= diag (011, d22,.....don) Then, A! = diag( ma) @ (A) =A, if Ais non-singular.| ————— [IRE T) Nilpotent Matrix ifB’=Owhere'P'isthe least +ve integer. Then, ‘B'is a Nilpotent matrix. Involutory Matrix If B? = 1 Ther Involutory matrix Skew Symmetric Matrix 1B Principal diagonal elements are zero. Then ‘Bis a skew symmetric matrix. Orthogonal Matrix Asquare matrix 'B' if 8°B =I =B 8" or BY = B"'. Then, 'B' is an Orthogonal matrix. Ina skew-symmetric matrix ail the Tas Idempotent Matrix if 8? =B, Then, '8'isan idempotent matrix. Symmetric Matrix W8"=B. Then, Bisa Symmetric matrix. Unitary Matrix if B' (B')"= 1 where Biis the complex conjugate of B. Then, Bisa unitary matrix. ———_ |_| For any square matrix A, A + AT is symmetric & A - ATis skew-symmetric. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of two square matrices of which one is symmetric and the other is skew-symmetric For any matrix A let be a scalar 2 A be a matrix. Then (A+B)+C=A+(B+C) = [0] manis the A(A +B) =AA +28 a a ee A=B+C, where B= (A+A)& C= (A-A})