Components of a Programming

Language

Topic 2 - continued

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 Arithmetic Expressions, Operators
and Assignment Concept

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Contents
 Assignment Statement
 Operators (Shortcut Operator, Unary Operator)
 Arithmetic Operators
 Order of Precedence
 Mathematical Library Functions
 Formatting Program Output
 String Manipulation

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Assignment Statement
 Assignment statement is the most basic C++ statement
 Store the value of an expression in a variable
 Use Assignment Operator (=)
 Syntax:

variable = <variable|constant|expression>

 Expression can be :
i. a constant
ii. another variable
iii. an arithmetic expression
iv. a function

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Assignment Statement (cont.)
 Examples of Assignment Statements:
length = oldLength;
width = 50;
area = length * width;
moreData = true; //a boolean variable

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Assignment Statement (cont.)
 Exercise 1:
Write a program that takes input of length in feet. The
program should then convert and display the length in
centimeter. Assume that the given lengths in feet is integer.

 Exercise 2:
Write a program that read the radius of a circle. The program
should able to calculate the area, then display the area of the
circle to the user.

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Assignment Statement (cont.)
 Exercise 1:
Write a program that takes input of length in feet. The
program should then convert and display the length in
centimeter. Assume that the given lengths in feet is integer.
Answer: lengthInCM = lengthInFeet * 30.48;
 Exercise 2:
Write a program that read the radius of a circle. The program
should able to calculate the area, then display the area of the
circle to the user.
Answer: areaCircle = 3.14 * r * r;

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Assignment Statement (cont.)
Variations of Assignment Operation :
 We can have assignment statement like this :
sum = sum + 10;

 This statement can be written using the following shortcut

assignment operators :

+= -= /= %= *=

 Hence, the equivalent “sum = sum + 10”, would be :

sum += 10;

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Assignment Statement (cont.)

 Exercises:

Expression Equivalent to
price = price * rate;
count = count + 3
amount /= 2;
price *= rate + 1

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Assignment Statement (cont.)

 Answers :

Expression Equivalent to
price = price * rate; price *= rate;
count = count + 3 count += 3
amount /= 2; amount = amount / 2;
price *= rate + 1 price = price * (rate + 1)
but not
price = price * rate + 1

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Assignment Statement (cont.)
 For a variable to increase or decrease by 1, C++ provides
two unary operators :
(++) : increment operator
(--) : decrement operator

Expression Equivalent to
i = i + 1  ++i (prefix increment operator)
If x = 5; and y = ++x;
After the second statement both x and y are 6
 i++ (postfix increment operator)
If x = 5; and y = x++;
After the second statement y is 5 and x is 6
i = i - 1 --i

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Assignment Statement (cont.)
 Exercises:

Expression Value X Value Y

X = 6; Y = ++X
Y = 10; X = Y++;
X = 5; Y = --X;
Y = 10; X = Y--;

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Assignment Statement (cont.)
 Answers:

Expression Value X Value Y

X = 6; Y = ++X; 7 7
Y = 10; X = Y++; 10 11
X = 5; Y = --X; 4 4
Y = 10; X = Y--; 10 9

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Arithmetic Operators
 C++ Operators
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% remainder (mod operator)
 +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and floating-
point data types
 Unary operator - has only one operand
 Binary Operator - has two operands
Order of Precedence
 All operations inside of () are evaluated first
 *, /, and % are at the same level of precedence and are
evaluated next
 + and – have the same level of precedence and are
evaluated last
 When operators are on the same level
 Performed from left to right
Arithmetic Operators
 Exercises: Rewrite the following statements in C++
format.
 a. 27
 15  8  15
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 b. 13  2 16  3 18

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 c. 12  3  15  5  3
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Arithmetic Operators
 Exercises: Rewrite the following statements in C++
format.
Answer:
 a. 27
 15  8  15 (27 / 5) + (15 * 8) – 15
5
 b. 13  2 16  3 18 13 + (2 * 16 / 3) – 18

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 c. 12  3  15  5  3 12 + (3 / 4) – 3 + (15 / 5 * 3)
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Mathematical Library Functions
 Header file cmath (math.h)
#include <cmath>
 used in the following form :
function_name(argument)
 These functions are the pre-defined functions

Example :
sqrt(16) //square root of x
fabs(2.3 * 4.6) //absolute value |x|
tan(x) //tangent of x
floor(x) //largest integer <= x
pow(2, 3) //2 to the power of 3
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Formatting Program Output
 Besides displaying correct results, it is extremely
important for a program to present its output attractively.
 To include manipulators within an output display, must
include the header file using the preprocessor command
as follows :
#include <iomanip>
 Most commonly used manipulators in a cout statement :

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Formatting Program Output
Manipulator Action
endl Manipulator moves output to the beginning of the next
line
setfill(‘x’) Sets the fill character from its default of a blank space to
the character x
setprecision(n) Outputs decimal numbers with up to n decimal places
showpoint forces output to show the decimal point and trailing
zeros
scientific Use exponential notation on output
left Left justify output
fixed Outputs floating-point numbers in a fixed decimal format
setw Outputs the value of an expression in specific columns

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 Formatting Program Output
Manipulator Examples
endl cout << “Hello world!” << endl;
setfill(‘x’) cout << setfill(‘x’) << setw (10) << 8;
setw
setprecision(n) cout << setprecision(5) << 3.14159;
showpoint cout << showpoint << 30;
noshowpoint
scientific cout << scientific << 3.1416;
left cout << setw(15) << right << 3.1416;
right
fixed cout << fixed << setprecision(5) << 3.14159;

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String Manipulations
 String input
- header file :
#include <cstring>

- can be declared and initialized as :

string name;
name = “Abdul”;

or to read a string from the keyboard

cout << “What is your name ?”;
cin >> name;

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String Manipulations
 String function :
string-name.length():
- to know the numbers of character in a string

string-name.substr(m,n):
- to extract substring from a full string

 String concatenation : using symbol ‘+’

- joining two or more strings together to
become one long string.
const string hello = "Hello";
const string message = hello +
",world" +
"!";
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 Thank you

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