STATE PSC CHAPTERWISE EXAM PLANNER SOLVED PAPERS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Chapterwise & Sub Topicwise Solved Papers) Useful for ; BIHAR PSC, UPPSC, MPPSC, RPS HARYANA PSC, ODISHA PS JAI State PSC, SSC JE, Metro JE (DMRC/LMRCIMRCI Uttrakhand JE, Rajasthan JE, RPHED, MP JE ISRO, IOF, BARC, MES), Power GAIL, BHEL, NTPC, DFCCIL, L), RRB JE, Asstt. Le Compiled and Edited by Er. Vivek Shukla, Er. Dinesh Vishwakarma Editorial Office Youth Competition Times 12, Church Lane Allahabad-211002 Mob. : 9415650134 Email : yetap12@gmail.com website : www.youthsaddas.com Publisher Declaration Published through Youth Competition Times 12, Church Lane, Allahabad Rs: 195MH Mechanical Engineering Exam Papers Analysis Chart. I Mechanical Engineering Exam SyllabUS.nen im Thermodynamics... 1D Basic Concepts & Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. 1 First Law of Thermodynamics, 1D Second Law of Thermodynamics. 5 Entropy. m Power Plant Engineering. 1 Steam Power Plant. 1D Fuels and Combustion. 1 Steam Turbine. 1B Gas Turbine. 1D Air Compressor 1B Steam Nozzle 1 Nuclear Power Plant. 1 Conduction, 1 Convection. 1D Radiation...onconnnmnnnnn 1D Heat Exchanger. lm Refrigeration and Airconditioning. 1 Heat Pumps, Refrigeration Cycles and System. 1D Refrigerants... 1D Refrigeration System and Equipment. 1 Properties of Moist air and Psychrometric. Engineering Mechar 55-60 1D System of forces and eqi on 7 . 35 1 Friction and Couple. 56 1 Work and Energy... a aeeeeneeeeeneaenn 5 1D Impulse, Momentum and Collision 37 1 Centroid and Moment of Inertia. 38 1 Simple Harmonic Motion and Projectile Motion. 59 1D Kinematics of point mass and Rigid Bodies. 59 Fluid Machines 61-70 1B Impulse of Jet. 61 1D Hydraulics Turbines. nnnnon eee aoe 61 1 Hydraulics Pumps. 66 i Internal Combustion Engin -81 1D Air Standard Cycles. 1 1D Combustion in Sl and CL Engines....0.0nnnnnninnnnnnnnnmnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnTS 1 Fuels, Supercharging and Engine Testing... 1 Fluid Mechanics.. 82-103 1 Fulid Properties, 82 1 Fluid Pressure and Measurment 85 1D Hydrostatics Force on Surface. 86 1 Fluid Kinematics 87 1D Fluid Dynamics. sovnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn svn 89 1D Flow Through Pipes and Channel 95 1 Laminar Flow. 97 1 Turbulent Flow. 100 1 Dimensional Analysis. 102 1D Flow Measurement, ...snnmnnnnnnnninnnnnninnnnnnnninninnnnnninnnnnnnnnnnl OBTheory of Machines and Machine Desigtriniinnnnnnnnnnnennnnnnnnnnninnnnnsnnnl 136 1 Simple Mechanism. 104 1D Gears and Gears Trails....nnnmnnnnnmnnnnnnnnnnmnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnssnses 109) 1D Design Against Static Loading. 114 1 Turing moment, flywheel svn nnn lS 1 Balancing 118 1 Governors. 120 1D Mechanical Vibrations. sn sn 2D 1 Welded joint, Riveted joint, threaded joint and ower sere. 124 1D Bearing and Friction Clutches. = srnnnnninnnnninneine 125 1 Cam Design. 128 1D Belt Pulley and Chain Drive....cnsonnnnsnn svn nnn 29 1 Shaft, Key, Bolt and Coupling. 13 1D Brake and Dynamometer. 136 Ml Material Science.. 137-148 1 Material properties: 137 1 Mechanical Tests. 138 1D Ferrous and Non- Ferrous Material 139 1 Heat Treatment Process 143 1 Metallurgical Consideration. 146 1 Non-Metals. 148 I Production Technology... = svnnnnernnreneh 4-ATS 1 Metal Casting. 149 1D Welding....n..snnmnnmninnnninnnnninnnnnninniinninnnnnnnnninnninnninnnnnnnnnnnnnnel SS 1 Metal Cutting. 156 1 Metal forming... son snus OT 1D Unconventional manufacturing methods... 170 1 Powder Metallurgy. 173 1D Engineering metrology and Instrumentations. svnnnnnnnnnnn sons ITB 1 Jig and Fixture. 179 i Strength of Materials snes 180-212 1D Simple Stress-Strain and Elastic Constants, 180 1 Complex and Compound Stresses. 184 1D Shear Force and Bending Moment. 187 1D Torsion of shaft 193 1 Deflection of Beams. 197 1D PressureVessels..nnnnnnnnnnnnsnn ae a 199 1 Theory of columns. 201 1 Theory of Springs. 204 1 Bending Theory. 206 1 Theory of Failure. 209 1D Strain Energy... 211 Mi Industrial Engineering... : soos DA 3-224 1D Break-Even Analysis, 213 1D Inventory/Inventory ComttOl...nnnnnnnninnninnmnnnnnnn svn dS 1B Forecasting, 214 1 Queueing Theory. 215 1D Line balancing, scheduling product development MRP. PrOCESS....0.0.nssnsnnnn 216 PERT and CPM. 216 1 Quality Control and Analysis... sonnannnannnnnannnnnmnneanesnnen DT 1D Work Study, Work Measurment and Value Enginering. 220 1D Material Requirement Planning. son oo - nnn DDS 1D Production Planning and Control 3 1B Linear Programming, 223 1D Miscellaneous Question... sn snnrnninnnnnnnnnenne 22State PSC Previous Papers Analysis Chart Mechanical Engineering Exam Year Question Paper Total Question KPSC AE (ID) 2015 80%1 80 OPSC AE-I 2015 90 «1 90 OPSC AE-IT 2015 90 «1 90 APPSC AE 2012 140 «1 140 BPSC (Lect.) 2016 60%1 60 HPPSC AE 2014 50x1 50 HPPSC (Lect.) 2016 801 80 HPPSC (W.S.) 2015 80%1 80 KPSC AE 2015 80«1 80 MPPSC AE 2016 100 * 1 100 RPSC AE 2015 1501 150 TPSC AE 2015 1501 150 UJVNL AE 2016 1251 125 UPPSC AE-I 2016 100 «1 100 UPPSC AE-II 2016 100 «1 100 Total 1475 J” TREND ANALYSIS OF “HANICAL ENGINE ‘Thermodynamic (64) . Power Plant (98) IC Engine (90) RAC (75) |. HMT (62) . Mechanics (47) . SOM (190) TOM & MD (203) Fluid Mechanies (143) 10. Fluid Machine (63) 11. PeT. (246) 12. Material Science (88) 13. 1E (106)Analysis Chart of jineering Topicwise Previous Years Questions Mechanical Engi IVLOL 5 a 47 203, 143 246 106 is e070 AV OSad] 18 “4 18 a 0 hs e107 AV) Sadi] 10 0 19 18 16 hs 9107-VYINALHT 15 38 h2 Gioz-avosaal sloz-av)osau] 1B 6 2» 7 6 a 2 a 9107-AV) Saat] 9 20 S10z-v)dSax] “4 16 6 S107 (SM) 9SddH] 2 0 910z- C9 DISddi 2 4 P10 (AV) OSddl 15 2 910z-Cadosaal T7(AV)ISdd¥ 19 $10z- (av) DSdO 6 o 9 7 s10z- (av) Sd0) 5 " 0 7 $10z- (aD av Os. 7 4 3 au 6 80] 90} 90] 140] 60) so} a0] 80] 80] 100| 150] 150]125| 100) 100)1475| UVaA |Thermodynamic| lPower Plant Ic Engine RAC amr lechanies jsom |roM & MD. JFtuid Mechanics lFIuid Machine lpr [Material |science le [TotalMechanical Engineering Paper Syllabus Theory of Machineg and Machine Design, Enginegring Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Properties of Pure Substances, 1" Law of Thermodynamics, 2” Law of Thermodynamics, Air standard Cycles for IC Engine Performance, IC Engines Combustion, iC Engine Cooling & Lubrication, Rankine cycle of System, Boers, Csiro, Speifiation Fiting & Accesories. Air Compresaors ther eels Refrigration cycles, Prineiple of Refrigeration Plant, Nozzles & Steam Turbines, Properties & Classification of Fluids, Fluid Staies, Measurement of Fluid Pressure, Fluid kinematics, Dynamics of Ideal fluids, Measurement of Flow rate, basic principles, Hydraulic Turbines, Centrifugal Pumps, Classification of steels. Detailed Syllabus JE Mechanical Engineering Theory of Machines and Machine Design Concept of simple machine, Four bar linkage and lik motion, Flywheels and fluctuation of energy, Power transmission by belts — V-belts and Flat belts, Clutches — Plate and Conical clutch, Gears — Type of gears, gear profile and gear raio calculation, Governors ~ Principles and classification, Riveted Joint, Cams Fearing, Friction in collars and pivots. 1 Equilibrium of Forces, Law of motion, Friction, Concepts of stress and strain, Elastic limit and elastic constants, Bending moments and shear force diagram, Stress in composite bars, Torsion of circular shalts, Bucking of columns ~ Euler's and Rankin's theories, Thin walled pressure vessels, Thermal Engineering Properties of Pure Substances: PV & P-T diagrams of pure substance like H:O, Introduction of steam table with respect to steam generation process; definition of saturation, wet & superheated status. Definition of dryness fraction of steam, degree of supetheat of steam. H-S chart of steam (Mollier’s Chart), * Law of Thermodynamics = I Definition of stored energy & internal energy, 1* law of Thermodynamics of cyclic process, Non-Flow Energy Equation, Flow Energy & Definition of Enhalpy, Conditions for Steady State and Steady Flow Steady State Steady Flow Energy Equation. 2° Law of Thermodynamics : Definition of Sink, Source Reservoir of Heat, Heat Engine, Heat Pump & Refrigerator; Thermal Efficiency ‘of Heat Engines & co-efficient of performance of Refrigerators, Kelvin ~ Planck & Clausius Statements of 2" Law of Thermodynamics, Absolute or Thermodynamic Scale of temperature, Clausius Integral, Entropy hangecaleulation of teal gas processes. Carnot Cycle & Camot Eiciency, PMM-2; definition & is impossibility. standard Cycles for IC engines : ‘® Otto cycle, plot on P-V, I-S Planes; Thermal Efficiency, Diesel Cycle; Plot on P-V, T-S planes; Thermal efficiency. IC Engine Performance, IC Engine Combustion, 1C ankine cvcle of steam ‘Simple Rankine cycle plot on P-V, T-S, H-S planes, Rankine cycle efficiency with & without pump work. Boilers; Classification; Specification; Fittings & Accessories : Fire Tube & Water Tube Boilers. Air ‘Compressors & their cycles; Reffigeration eycles; Principle of a Refrigeration Plant; Nozzles & Steam Turbines Fluid Mechanics & Machinery Properties & Classification of Fluid : Ideal & real fluids, Newton's law of vis incompressible fluids {ine Cooling & Lubrication, cosity, Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids, compressible and Eluid Staties : Pressure ata point ‘Measurement of Fluid Pressure : Manometers; U-tube, Inclined tube. ‘Fluid Kinematics : Stream line, laminar & turbulent flow, external & internal flow, continuity equation, mamics of ideal fluids ; Bernoulli's equation, Total head; Velocity head: Pressure head; Application of Baas oC ideal ids: Measurement of Flow rate Basic Principles : Venturimeter, Pilot tube, Orifice meter lassifications, principles ‘Centrifugal Pumps : Classifications, Principles, Performance. Production Engineering (Classification of Steels Mid steal & alloy sce, Heat treatment of stecl, Welding Are Welding. Gas Welding, Resistance Welding, Special Welding Techniques i.e. TIG, MIG, etc. (Brazing & Soldering), Welding Defects & Testing; Foundry & Casting — methods, defects, different casting processes, Forging, Extrusion, etc, Metal ‘cutting principles, cutting tools, Basie Principles of machining with (i) Lathe (it) Milling (ii) Drilling (iv) Shaping (v) Grinding, Machines, tools & manufacturing processes. Hydraulic Tus! 6| 01. Basic Concepts & Zeroth Law GE of Thermodynamics 1. If the compression or expansion of a gas takes place in such a way that the gas neither gives heat nor takes heat from its surroundings, the process is said to be (APPSC AE 2012) (a) Isothermal (b) Adiabatic (©)_Isobarie (@_None of these [Ans :(b) Ifthe compression or expansion of a gas takes| place in such a way that the gas neither gives heat from| its surrounding, the process is said to be Adiabatic. 2 Foran a @ Pv © ate process, constant (b) PV"=a constant Feaconstant —(d) 2=a constant 5 a [Ans : (e) For an adiabatic process Pp = = constant ° IK = Ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific head at Constant volume. Cy/Cy = 14 for air 3. The equation PV = mRT is essentially valid for (KPSC AE 2015) (a) Perfect gas (b) Real gas (© Monoatomie gas + (a) The equation PV = mRT is essentially valid or perfect gas. It is a modification form of general gas equation. If the| lvolume (v) in the general gas equation is takes as that o 1 kg of gas, then the constant c is represent by another |constant R, the general gas equation may be written as, PV,=RT lfor any mass m of a gas, the characteristic gas equation| becomes PV=mRT [The equation PV = MRT may also be expressed in| lanother form (@)_ Mixture of gases p= "Rr P=pRT] THERMODYNAMICS atmosph (KPSC AE 2015) (b) 19% © (a) 31% [Ans : (e) The weight of oxygen in atmospheric air 23% 5. The characteristic equation of gases PV = RT holds good for (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) (a) Monoatomic gases (b) diatomic gases (©) teal gases (@)_ideal gases [Ans :(c) The Characteristic equation for gases lPV = aRT hold good for real gases, 6 Anopen system (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) (@) is a specified region where transfers of ‘energy and / or mass take place is a region of constant mass and only energy is allowed to cross the boundaries ) (©) cannot transfer either energy or mass to or from the surroundings (@)_has an enthalpy transfer across its boundaries and the mass within the system is not necessarily constant Ans: (a) system mass Energy transfer transfer ‘open system v v closed system x v Isolated system % # ‘The equation {Pe gs}(v-»)=Rr is known as (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) (a) perfect gas equation (b) Maxwell's equation (©) kinetic theory of gases equation (@)_Vander walls equation (Ans (d) Vander walls equation = {res} |The ideal gas law treats the molecules of a gas as point [particles with perfectly elastic collisions. This. works well for dilute gases in many experimental circumstances. But gas molecules are not point masses, land there are circumstances where the properties of the molecules have an experimentally measurable effect. A] RTlmodification of the ideal gas law as proposed by| JJohannes D. van der Waals in 1873 to take into account lmolecular size and molecular interaction forces. It is lusually referred to as the Vander Walls equation of state. 8, Iman open thermodynamic system: (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (2) mass transfer takes place (b) energy transfer takes place (©) both mass and energy transfer takes place (@)_no change takes place Ans: (© System | Energy transfer [ Mass transfer ‘Open system v v Closed system q : Isolated system 9. Orwat apparatus is used for analyz (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (a) oxygen () air (©) carbon dioxide _(d)_flue gases [Ans = (a) Orsat apparatus is used for analyzing fluc| gases. Asbirator bottle Eudiometée tube Rubber tube Orsat apparatus 10. Tn the Orsat apparatus KOH solution is used to absorb: (KPSC AE. 2015) (a) carbon monoxide (b) carbon dioxide (©)_oxygen (@)_none of the above + (B) In the orsat apparatus KOH solution is used to] labsor’ Carbon dioxide -Asbirator bottle EudiometS tube Ruler tube Oraat apparatus lOrsat Gas Analysis:- Orsat gas analyzer measures the volume or mote fraction of CO>,CO and O; in the dry| le gas. An orsat analyzer contains three pipettes |Containing chemical solutions. J+ KOH absorbs CO;, Pyragallol absorbs O; and Cueh,| absorbs Co, TT, A elosed system is one which (TPSC AE. 2015) (@) permits the passage of energy and matter across the boundaries does not permit the passage of energy and matter across the boundaries permit the passage of energy across the ‘boundary but does not permit the passage of matter. permit the passage of energy across the ‘boundary but does not permit the passage of matter. “Ras = (@) A closed system is one which permit the passage of energy across the boundary but does not permit the passage of matter. ) © @ ‘System Energy | Work transfer transfer ‘Open system Yes Yes Closed system Yes No Tolated system No No, 12, Select the correct statement as per Charles's law. (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) PV = Constant, if T is kept constant v b) “= constant, ifP is kept constant oF . P| Pp (©) © constant, if Tis kept constant oF IFT is kept T (2) = constant, if T is kept constant [Ans = (b) Charles's law:- The volume of given mass lof a perfect Gas varies directly as. its absolute temperature, when the absolute pressure remains] lconstant (TPSC AE. 2015)(a) Bomb Calorimeter (b)_ Junker’s Calorimeter (©) Separating Calorimeter (@)_ Throttling Calorimeter [Ans : (b) Calorific values of gaseous fuels is |determined by Junkers calorimeter. rc (UJVNL AE. 2016) (b) PV=C (@)_PY=mRT [Ans = (d) For any mass m kg of gas, the characteristic [gas equation lpV=mRT in S.1 unit, the pressure is expressed in bar [The unit of gas constant (R) in SI unit is Nemvkg K R= 287 J/Kg K Or 0.287 KIKe K [The equation PY = mRT may also be expressed in] janother form P=" RT = pRT 1S. The density of water is maximum at (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) 20°C ) 4% © 0% @_4"C ‘Ans : (b) The maximum density of water occurs at 4°C because, at this temperature two opposing effects are in balance. In ice, the water molecules are in a erystal lattice that has a lot of empty space. When the ice melts t0 liquid water, the structure collapses and the density of the liquid increases. Thus, the density of water is a maximum at 4 °C Maximum density at 3,98°C = 30.2"F 0.9997 0.999% Temperature °C 16. The sequence of processes that eventually returns the working substance to its original state is known as (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Event (b) Process (©) Thermodynamic property (@)_Thetmodynamie cycle = (@ The sequence of processes that eventually returns the working substance to its original state is| known as thermodynamic cycle. rT A perfect gas at 27° C is heated at constant pressure so as to triple its volume, The final temperature of the gas will be. (TPSC AE. 2015) (b) 270°C (@)_ 900°C (@ 81°C (©) 27°C [Ans : (eT; Pressure constant MoM Tt vw 300 1,=900K T= 0rC es First law of Thermodynamics The following is not true in case of thermodynamic work: is (OPSC AE 2015) PAV for a reversible process only @w ow (0, We [Pe fra expansion poses itav (@)_Wisan inexact differential [Ans : (a) f PAV [reversible process only] IE + dw [reversible and irreversible process \itidQ = ds [reversible process} lin =pavifdv=o then w=0 lo We fav rise xpnsin pos) in free expansion process work done equal to zero, of: (a) Pressure only (b) Volume only 2, The internal energy of an ideal gas isa fun (©) Absolute temperature only (@)_Pressure, volume and temperature only fon (OPSC AE 2015) du edt Au=mC, (T2=T)) only for Ideal gas u=f1) temperature only. [Ans : (€) Internal energy of an Ideal gas lin case of Ideal gas Internal energy is function] 3. During a certain compression process, 1 kJ of mechanical work input ‘gas enclosed in a cy 400 J of heat is rej is supplied t0 2 kg of a inder piston assembly and ted to the cooling water| being circulated in the jacket encasing the cylinder. This brings about a change in the specific internal energy by: (@) ~700 Jkg" fc) 3003 ke (OPSC AE 2015) (b) 6003 kg” (6) 3003s" [Ans : (€) Work inpui Rejected heat mass = 2kg, frst law of thermodynamics dQ= dw+ du du =dQ - dw. du=-400+1000 du=600N/Kg Specific internal energy = Internal energy U=3000/Kg 4 Am ideal gas is filled in « balloon Kept in an evacuated and insulated room When the balloon ruptures, the gas fills up the entire room. Now internal energy of ga (a) increases, increases (b) constant, decreases (©) constant, constant (@) decreases, increases and the (HPPSC LECT. 2016) [Ans = (e) An ideal gas is filled in a balloon kept in an] levacuated and insulated room. when the balloon| ruptures, the gas fills up the entire room, Now internal leneray of gas constant and the enthalpy of gas constant atthe end of this process lnternal energy of gas (du) = meydt lEnthalpy of gas (dh) = me,dt Internal energy and Enthalpy funetion of temperature ldu= ren) Jah= FT) 5. During an isothermal expansion process of a gas: (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (@) pressure remains constant (b)_ temperature remains constant (©) both pressure and temperature remain constant (4)_none ofthe above [Ans + (b) Daring an isothermal expansion process oF a as temperature remains constant. 6 During throttling process = (KPSC AE. 2015) (@) internal energy does not change (6) pressure does not change (©) volume does not change (@)_enthalpy does not change [Ans + (@) During throttling process enthalpy does nol It is also known as wire drawing| lwhen the working substance is vapour. Steam is said to [be throttled when it passes through a restricted opening| such as a narrow aperture or a slightly opened valve. |The leakage of a fluid through a crack in the vessel is an lexample of trotting ELA WLLL It may be noted that throttling proces |i) No heat is supplied or rejected ((Q2= 0) [diy No Work is done by the expending Muid(|W:-0) |i) No Change inthe internal energy (du=0) |v) The enthalpy by or total heat of the fluid remains constant (hi=h:) 107. Soule-Thomson coefficient is defined as: (MPPSC AE. 2016) ar on x wy (2 ® () ° (3), © (#) i) (=), [ins (aJoue thomson co-efficient fhe change in temperature wih drop in pressure a contant enthalpy ib tered as Joue-Thomson oetien (n) Gl It varies with both the temperature and pressure of the gas. + Joule thomson coetficient for an ideal gas is zero, & H The internal energy of # certain system is a function of temperature alone and is given by the formula E = 25+0. 25t kJ. If this system executes a process for which the work done done by it per degree temperature increases is ae 0.75 KN-m, = =Q-W, a the heat interaction per degree temperature increase, in KJ. is (MPPSC AE. 2016) (b) 1.00 (@)_050 (a) -1.00 (©) -0.50 [Ans : (by E= 25 +0.250KI dE at o2sesi%e and fYo.75Ks /%e a rom the first aw of thermodynamics ]dQ = dw + dE daw , ae ed ae dQ = 0.25 + 0.75 \dQ = 1.00 kJ @ Joule Thomson coefficient is expressed as o-( 2 ste em oP) @ ©) © @ [Ans = (©) i. Clapeyron's equation for dry saturated steam is, aT dP i. tute thomson coeticent (x) (ar), The heat absorbed or rejected daring a polytropic process is equal to : (MPPSC AE. 2016) 1,2, 3 are correct, 1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 and 3 are correct 1, 2,and 4 are correct v,-y, 1. 2) x workdone [Ans : (a) pressure 9. Consider the following statements (MPPSC AE. 2016) (1) Availablity is the maximum theoretical work obtainable @ Clapeyron’s equation for dry saturated steam ( A gas can have any temperature at a given pressure unlike a vapour, which has a fixed temperature at a given pressure. is given by V,-V, = 8) volume > Heat supplied or heat transferred it11. Availability function for a closed system is|1S. Availability function for a closed system is expressed as : expressed as: (RPSC AE. 2016) (UJVNL AE. 2016) (@) o=u+poV-Tos (@) o=utpyV-Tos (b) 0 du+ bo dV -Tods (6) 0=du+pydV-Tyds (6) ©=du+ by dV -Tods (©) 9= du+pydV-Tods (@)_o=u+poV+Tos (@)_o=u+pV+Tos [Ans (a) Availability finetion for a closed system [Ans : (a) Availabilty finetion fora closed system lv=u=poV-Tos lo=u=bV-Tos 12,__A system undergoes process a process in which | 16. Thermodynamic work is the product oF the heat transfer to the system is 30 KJ and the SBRSCAE ne work done by the system is 35000 Nm. The (@) Two intensive io Poet change in internal energy of the system is 0) Twoeneasive ‘wo extensive properties ore Oe meee (©) An intensive property and change in an extensive property {e) 10K {+ 10%) (@) An extensive property and change in an [Ans = (b) According to first law of thermodynamic eure eee oe [Ans : (@) For quasistatic (reversible) process work done ‘System is caleulated by fray 13. The area under P-V diagram of any thermodynamic process represents a (TPSC AE. 2015) pressure = Intensive property (a) Heat rejection (b) heat absorption |! Volume (dv) = change in an extensive property (©) _Work done (d) Heat supplied ‘Thermodynamic work is the product of An intensive [Ans : (¢) Area under P-V diagram gives workdone. property and change in an extensive property lot 17. Airis compressed adiabatically in a steady flow : process with negligible change in poten t Kinetic energy The work done inthe proces is ‘tiven by (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) ~Jpav &) +fpav Vive" (© Jude (@ +fodp Wy =P ~%) [Ans = (@) Open system work= 14. Which one of the following statements, applicable to a perfect gas will also be true for aan irreversible process? (UIVNL AE. 2016) da+pdv ——() dQ= Tas dutpdv__(@)_None of these — [Ans : (@) T. ds = du +pav For reversible adiabatic compression work done Statements applicable to a perfect gas = -faw will also be true for an irreversible process. 218. the process is at constant (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Volume (b) Temperature (0) Pressure (@)_Enthalpy Gas expands for a definite volume in a closed vessel. The maximum work will be done when (a) Throttling (©)_Isobarie (b) Adiabatic (@)_Isochoric (b) During mixing of steams in case of ai] [Ans {conditioning, the process is associated with adiabatic. Second law of Thermodynamics ‘Ans : (e) Gas expands for a definite volume in a closed vessel, The maximum work will be done when the process is at constant pressure ‘Work done during a Non-flow process:- » 1 w= fow= ‘Work done for non-flow process fiom state Ito state 2 From above, we see that the work done is given by the [Pav 1. One carnot heat engine operates between 1600 K and T ; while the other operates between T; and 400K. Both have the same heat input and heat rejection then T. is: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) 800K (b) 1000 (©) 1200K (@)_1400K [Ans : (a) VY (i) Isothermal expansion:~ Q.2=PYlog, (Vs /V,) [Heat supplied] Isentropic expansi Eniopy > 6 Decrease in internal energy (Gil) Isothermal compressic Q.4 = PVs log, (5/4) {Gv) Isentropic compression:- Increase in internal energy = "™ area under the P - V diagram. _1600-T, 7, -400 19. The area of a p-v diagram for a Carnot eyele eae oa represents IBoth engine have the same heat input and heat rejection (UPPSC AE. 2016)]lineny, = 3 (a) Heat supplied (0). Heat rejected ra (©) Work done (a)_ Temperature drop (¢) The area of a P-V diagram for a earnot cycle 1 represents work done. T= 800K. 2, __ A reversible polytropie process is given by (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) (ey P _[e\" a fol® an fo o Th te} o th {2} [Ans (a) For reversible polytropic process ay (¥, ay 3. The second law of thermodynamics defines: (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (@) internal energy (b)_—heat (©_work (@)_ entropy [Ans (a) 20, conditioning, the process is associated with: (UPPSC AE. 2016) During mixing of steams in case of air (i) zeroth law of thermodynamics defines Temperature Gi frst taw of thermodynamics defines internal energy (ii) Second law of thermodynamics defines Entropy. 134. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 0.75. Ifthe cycle is reversed its coefficient of performance as heat refrigerator is: (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) ©) 033, @4 (@) 0.25 © 133 b) [Ans : Refrigerator 41 CoP =0.33 5A eyele consists of two isothermal and two isentropic processes is known as : (KPSC AE. 2015) (@) Otto cycle (b) Joule eyele (©) Stirling eyele (@)_Camot cycle [Ans : (d) A Cycle Consists of two isothermal and two] isentropic processes is known as carnot cycle Camot eyele 1.2 - Isothermal expansion = Isentropie expansion 3-4 - Isothermal Compression 4-1 -Isentropic Compression 6. If the thermal efficiency of Carnot heat engine is 50 percent, then coefficient of performance of a refrigerator working within the same temperature limit would be : (KPSC AE, 2015) (b) 2 @ 4 @ 1 © 3 (Ans: Refrigerator Engine Efficiency of earnot head engine = 0.50 Th Th os 1-03 (COP), = (cor), =" (COP). ‘A eydle of pressure volume di in the figure : B A Volume ‘Same cycle on temperature-entropy diagram will be represented by (MPPSC AE. 2016) La “lk Ww(Volume) — Enum) > 8A heat pump operating on carnot cycle pump heat from a reservoir at 300 K to a reservoir at (600 K. The coefficient of performance is (MPPSC AE. 2016) @ 1s &) 05 © 2 @ 19 [Ans : (e) Ty = 600K 1, = 300K 600 The thermo dynamic cycle shown above on the TS diagram pertains to which one of the following? (MPPSC AE. 2016) @ () © @ Stirling cycle Ericsson cyele ‘Vapour compression Brayton cycle [Ans (a) String eycle- vav, Vv =v 1 -2:- Isothermal Expansion l2- 3:~ Constant volume Cooling, js -4:- Isothermal Compression Jd ~:~ Constant volume heating. 10, What is the loss of available energy associated with the transfer of 1000kJ of heat from a constant temperature system at 600K to another at 400K? When the environmental temperature is 300K? (MPPSC AE. 2016) (@ 40K @) 250K (©) 166.67 @ 180K) [Ans . 7 1, Ti * % 50k Heat transfer takes place according to: (MPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (b) First law of thermodynamics it(©) Second law of thermodynamics (Ans: (@) (@)_ Third law of thermodynamies sre Efficiency of earnot eyele (n) = Qe 3, Engine A; B and C operating same high and low| Head transfer fake place according to second law of]||/08Ne A: B and C operating same high and lo liemperature limit then engine will have the same| thermodynamics. ; ; thermal efficiency 13. For heat engine operating on Carnot aya, O° 2d the work output is 25% of heat rejected to the| 4“ Carnot engine Working between 600°K an sink. The thermal efficiency of the engine| 300°K produces 200 KJ of work. The heat would be supplied is (RPSC AE. 2016) (TPSC AE. 2015) (@ 10% () 20% (@) 200K) (&) 400K (©) 30% @ 50% (©) 20003 (@ 4003 [Ans (6) [Ans : () n= 05 me = Work output 13, Three engines A, Band C operating on Carnot heat supplied cycle respectively use air, steam and helium as 00 the working fluid, If all the engines operate ose Within the same high and low temperature - limits. then which engine will have the highest Qn= 400K efficiency? 15, A earnot engine rejects 30% of absorbed heat (RPSCAE.2016)| to a sink at 30° C. The temperature of heat (@) Engine A source is: (b) Engine B (UIVNL AE. 2016) (©) Engine C (@ 100°C ) 43°C (@)_Allengines will have the same efficiency © BPC @ 1010°¢ 16CoP of reversed carnot engine CoP. 0.257, _ 0.25T, 7,-0257, 0.751, [Ans : (e) Ty Q Ww Qu qt Q=1 QQ =03 [Efficiency of earnot engine Ta Kelvin Planck law deals with (UPPSC AE, 2016) (a) Conversion of work into heat (b) Conversion of heat into work (6) Conservation of work (@)_Conservation of heat TT. n= T= 737°C [Ans (b) Kelvin plank law deals with conversion of heat into work Kelvin plank statement:- It is impossible for a heat engine to produce net work in a complete cyele if it exchanges heat only with bodies at a single fixed temperature ‘Two reversible adiabatic paths cannot intersect each other which violates the kelvin-plank's statement The machine which violate kelvin plank statement is 16. Efficiency of » Carnot engine is 75%. If the || 05 oan ‘eyele direction is reversed, CoP of the reversed | 1g. A heat engine fe supplied with 380 lil oF heat Carnot eyelets at constant fluid temperature of 227°C. The (UPPSC AE. 2016) heat is rejected at 27°C. The cycle is reversible, @ 133 (b) 075 ifthe amount of heat rejected is (© 033 @ 175 (UPPSC AE. 2016) ae (a) 273 iis (b) 200K (©) 180 v/s (@)_150KVs [Ans : (@) ua] carat Cycle Reversed eamor Cyele Efficiency of camot engine Given that ),~280H/See Carnat Cycle 1)=2274273-S00K = 274273=300K Q4=250 KW Efficiency of heat engine 250- Qe 250 TSORI7See| 719. An isentropic flow is one whi (UPPSC AE. 2016) Adiabatic and reversible Isothermal only Adiabatic only Adiabatic and irreversible @ &) © @ ) An isentropic flow is adiabatic and reversible Isentropic = Adiabatic + Reversible It may be noted that the adiabatic process may be reversible or irreversible. process or frictionless adiabatic process is known as ‘Ans ¢ ‘The reversible adiabatic isentropic process or constant entropy process. But| \when fiction is involved in the process, then the adiabatic process is said to be ineversible, in which! case the entropy does not remain constant, 1. The correct statement regarding entropy i rm paring culver? "| @___ whem a system wadergocs u process wach that (OPSC AE 2015) 80 6 and AS> 0, the process is: (@)_ Entropy is a path function 0 (b) Entropy cab be obtained from a direct 7 (MPPSC AE. 2016) measurement of Q and T {© thea (c) During a change of a state of a system, the Oa nea (©) irreversible adiabatic entropy change is the same whether that (d)_ isobaric change has occurred via a reversible process oran imeversbe one ans: (0 f22= an as>0 (d)_ Entropy ofan isolated system is zero T : the process is ireversible adiabatic [Ans + (@) Entropy:-During a change of a state of @ lsystem, the entropy change is the same whether that lchange has occurred via a reversible process or an| lireversible one. |Clausies theorem:- The eyelic intergal of the quantity |4Q/T for a reversible process in zero, This suggest that the quantity dQ/T is a point function and hence | |property ofthe system, "(#2) - WUT The change in entropy Is Zero AUrIng weno z [Ans : (b) mropyS— lin a reversible adiabatic process, leaves the gas lwa=0 ls=0 |Change of entropy during a reversible adiabatic process lis zero. The reversible adiabatic on T-S graph is shown| by a vertical straight line 1-2, x no heat enters or| During fusion, the entropy of the system: (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (a) decreases (©) increases (©) always remains constant (4) none of these [Ans :(b) During fusion, entropy of the system increases. A S> 0 (Inreversible process) i. A'S = 0 (Reversible process) AS <0 (Not possible) Taw of degrad: of energy says that unavailable energy is gradually decreasing due to (UPPSC AE, 2016) (a) Increase in reversible processes (b)_ Increase in irreversible processes (©) Increase in unavailable energy (a) None of these process. (HPPSC LECT. 2016) @ (b) © @ Polytropic Adiabatic ‘constant pressure Hyperbolic [Ans : (a) Law of degradation of energy says that unavailable energy is gradually decreasing due to Increase in reversible processes. Unavailable energy =", ds Availability (W.,.)=Q.—T, ds is02. POWER PLANT ENGINEERIN' o Steam Power Plant (a) total volume (b) saturated volume (©) specific volume __(d)_none of these Fusible plug is fitted in a boiter to (KPSC AE 2015) extinguish fire in case of low water level prevent leakage of steam from boiler allow passage of only super heated steam from the boiler keep the boiler pressure within the preseribed limits + (a) Fusible plug is fited in a boiler fo extinguish ree in case of low water level, [Fusible plug:- It is fitted to the crown plate of the furnace of the fire box. Its object is to put off the fire in the furnace of the boiler when the level of water in the boiler falls to an unsafe limit and thus avoids the lexplosion which may take place due to overheating o the furnace plate @) () © @ = (€) Volume of | Kg of dry steam is known as ie volume, Which among the following is the boiler ‘mounting? (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (a) Blow offcock —_(b) Feed pump {©)_Eeonomiser (@)_Supetheater [Ans : (a) Boiler Mounting:- The item which is used for safety of boiler is called boiler mounting. Ki) Stop valves (ii) Safety Valves (ii) Water level indicator (iv) Fusible plug (v) Blow of cock (vi) Pressure gauge (vit) Water level indicator 2, Efficiency of chimney draught is of the order of | (KPSC AE 2015) (@) less than 1% (b) 2-3% (©) 5-6% (a)_8-10% [Ans : (a) Efficiency of chimney draught is of the ord] lof less then 1% Height of chimney:- L tr lp = Draught pressure in mm of water Ii = Height of chimney lm= Mass of air used for per kg of fuel T, = Absolute temp of air outside chimney Absolute temp of air inside chimney Which of the following indicates the correct order in the path of the flue gas? (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Superheater, economizer, air preheater (b) Air preheater, economizer, supetheater (©) Air preheater, superheater, economizer, ml mm of water 6 In binary vapour eyele (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) Mercury is used in the bottoming cycle Steam is used in topping cycle Mereury is used in topping eycle @ ) © (@) Either mercury or steam is used in topping cycle [Ans = (€) In binary vapour cycle Mercury is used in] loping cycle, Mercury boiler c Mercury tusbine irl fae 19 Generator 1 sercuy A comnknser J—Mercury feed pump IBinary vapour plant (@)_No definite order lin binary vapour cycle mercury is used in topping cycle. [Ans : (a) Correct path of flue gases from boiler furnace to chimney is [Boiler ~> Superheater -> Economiser 4 [Chimney «ID fan Air preheator £ Volume of I kg of dry steam is known ast (HPPSC LECT. 2016) 9 7. Deacration of feed water in a Rankine vapour cycle is carried out because it reduces : (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) Cavitation of boiler feed pumps Corrosion caused by oxygen Heat transfer coef pH value of water @ ) © (a)[Ans : (b) Deacration of feed water in a Rankine vapou eyele is carried out because it reduces corrosion caused] by oxygen. 8. If the dryness fraction of a sample by throttling calorimeter is 08 and that by separating calorimeter is also 0.8, then the actual dryness fraction of sample will be taken as (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) 08 () Vos: (o)_ 0.64 (@) 0S ‘Ans: (¢) x1 = dryness fraction of steam considering separating} calorimeter dryness fraction of steam entering the throttling] calorimeter ‘Actual dryness fraction of steam inthe sample 9. ‘The process of maintaining the speed of a steam turbine constant for various load conditions is known as: (HPPSC W-S. POLY. 2016) (a) Rebeating (b) Bleeding (©) Governing (@)_Cooling _m_= Mass of water in suspension [The value of dryness fraction. In case of dry steam is lunity. At this stage, the mass of water in suspension] (mp is zero, Ii, In thermal power plants, the deacrator fs wrod mainl (MPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Remove air from condenser (b)_ Increase firewater temperature (©) Reduce steam pressure (a)_Remove dissolved gases from feed water [Ans = (d) In thermal power plant, the deaerator is used] lmainly to remove dissolved gases from feed water. 12, Economizer is used in a steam power plant to heat (RPSC AE. 2016) (@) air (b) feed water (©) flue gases (@)_ steam [Ans = (b) Economizer is used in steam power plant to neat feed water. |An economiser is a device used to heat feed water by] lutiising the heat in the exhaust flue gases before leaving through the chimney. As the name indicates, the leconomiser improves the economy of the steam boiler. [Ans = (c) The process of maintaining the speed of a] turbine for various load conditions is known as| governing, The throttle governing ofa steam turbine is a method o' controlling the turbine output by varying the quantity o steam entering into the turbine. This method is also known as servomotor method. 10. Dryness fraction isthe ratio of (KPSC AE. 2015) mass of dry steam to the mass of water ‘vapour in suspension mass of water vapour in suspension to the ‘mass of water vapour and mass of dry steam mass of dry steam to the mass of dry steam and mass of water vapour in suspension ‘mass of water vapour in suspension to the mass of dry steam [Ans = (@) Dryness fraction is the ratio of mass of diy] steam to the mass of dry steam and mass of wate lvapour in suspension [Dryness fraction or quality of wet Steam : - It is the| ratio of the mass of actual dry steam, to the mass o! lsame quantity of wet steam and is generally denoted| lby x" @ (b) © @ a m, +m; ‘mg = Mass of actual dry steam 13. Overall efficiency of a thermal power plant equal to (RPSC AE. 2016) (@)_ Rankine eycle thermal powerplant is equal to (6) Carnot eyele efficiency (e)_ Regenerative cycle efficiency (@) Boiler efficiency x turbine efficiency x generator efficiency [Ans : (@) Overall efficiency of thermal power plant (mo) =e Average] load over a certain period, then load factor less then] unity 201S. Depreciation charges are high in case of (RPSC AE. 2016) (a) thermal plant (b) diesel plant (©) hydroelectric plant (@)_gas turbine plant [Ans : (a) Depreciation charges are high in ease thermal plant. [Ans : (e) Ifthe dryness fraction of steam (x) is less then] 1, then steam is called as wet steam. Waterline “teat point 16. For the safely of a steam boiler the number of| safety valves fitted are (RPSC AE, 2016) Two Four (a) One ) (©) three @ + (b) for the safety of a steam boiler the number o! safety valves and water level indicator fitted are two. soa oa] Entropy ——> These are the devices attached to the steam chest for] preventing explosions due to excessive internal pressure lof steam, The following are the four types of safety valves. Cd) Lever safety valve (fi) Dead weigh safety valve (ii lHigh steam and low water safety valve (iv) spring| 20, Which of the following is the boiler accessory? (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) Blow - off cock (b) Pressure gauge (©) Water level indicator (a) Economiser loaded safety valve. TT. Im steam Power station, the choice of high [Ans : (d) Boiler accessory.~ i) Superheater Gi) Economiser (@)_ increasing the overall efficiency temperature steam is for iii) Air preheater (iv) Feed pump, (RPSC AE, 2016)| 21. A device is wsed to put off fire in the furnace (a) increasing the efficiency of boiler of the boiler when the level of water in the (b) increasing the efficiency of turbine boiler falls to an unsafe limit (©) increasing the efficiency of condenser (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) Blow offcock (6). Stop valve (6) Super heater (@)_Fusible plug [Ans = (d) In steam power station, the choice of high] temperature steam is for increasing the overall efficiency. 18. Which of the following is boiler mounting? (RPSC AE. 2016) (a) Air pre-heater (b) Economizer (©) Fusible plug (@)_Steam trap [Ans + (a) Fusible plug is used to put off fire in the] Jiumace of the boiler when the level of water in the boiler fails to an unsafe limit [Fusible plug:- It is fitted to the crown plate of the Jiumace or the fire box. ts object is to put off the fie in the furnace of the boiler when the level of water in the boiler falls to an unsafe limit, and thus avoids the explosion which may take place due to overheating of the furnace plate [Ans : (e) Boiler mounting:- i) Pressure gauge i) Safety valve it) Stop valve liv) Blow of cock lv) Water level indicator vi) Fusible plug 2, Which of the following is boiler mounting? (UIVNL AE. 2016) (a) Air pre-heater (6) Economizer (©) Fusible plug (@)_Steam tap vii) Feed check Valve. 19, Ifthe dryness fraction of steam (x) is Tess than "1 then the steam is called as (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) Dry steam ; (b) super heated steam lv) Water level indicator (6) Wet steam i) Fusie pug (@)_Both (@) & () vii) Feed check Valve [Ans : (c) Boiler mounti i) Pressure gauge i) Safety valve it) Stop valve iv) Blow of cock 223. Match list-I with list-II select the correct [Ans (a) Operating pressure limits of a Rankine cyele| answer using the codes given below thelist: ihe highest efficiency occurs regenerative cycle, In re a practical regenerative cycle the feed water enters the| (a) Lancashire High pressure water tube || boiler at high temperature as compared to the| ©) Commish Horizontal double fire tube || corresponding temperature in ease of simple Rankine 1 2. (©) Lamont 3. Vertical multiple fire tube cycle and itis heated by steam extracted or bleed from] (@) Cochran 4. Low pressure inclined | intermediate stages of the turbine. water tube Fuels and Combustion 5. Horizontal single fire tube (UJVNL AE. 2016) Coe: ep Gasohol isa mixture o oi 2 £? (oPSC AE 2015) Oran (@) 90% ethanol+ 10% gasoline Oka (b) 10% ethanol + 90% gasoline ots (©) 40% ethanol + 60% gasoline [ans List as (@)_$0% ethanol + 50 % gasoline Ft riz ete ne whe |{[AR™# (Hy Gasohot isa mixture oF 10% ethanol + 90% Comish Horizontal singe fire be |] #80 Lemont Highpresueactertute, |[2 Major dlsdvantage of LPG as @ fuel in Cochcan __ Vertical maltiple ire tube automobiles: vonscar.ois 2H. Which of the following isthe commercial unit ; used to measure electricity consumption? (@)_ Reduction nlf ofthe engine TLV 16 2016)| (©) Les power compared to gasoline (@) Kilowatt-hour —(b)__ Kilowatt (©) Both (A) and (B) ()_Ioule per second _(d)_ Mega wats (4)_Knocking tendency [Ans = (a) Kilowatt- hour is the Commercial unit used to]|[AN® + (b) major disadvantage of LPG as a fuel in éescre electricity onanumption, lautomobile is less power compared to gasoline Hihe kilowatt hour is a derived unit of energy equal to|| 3° Junker's gas calorimeter is used to determine 13.6 mega Joules. Ifthe energy is being transmitted o the calorific value of: lused ata constant rate (power) over a period of time, the| (HPPSC LECT. 2016) ltotal energy in kilowatt hours is the power in kilowatts| (a) gaseous fuels (b) petrol multiplied by the time in hours, The kilowatt hour isl (©)_coke (@)_all fuels commonly used as a billing unit for energy delivered to [Ans = (@) @ Junkers gas ealorimeler is used to consumers by electric utilities. determine the calorific value of gaseous fuels |i) Bomb calorimeter is used for finding the higher calorific value of solid and liquid fuels, (UIVNL AE, 2016) ||The modification of Boy's gas calorimeter is known as (@) Joule (&) Watt Lunker’s colorimeter. ()_Joulesee. (@)_Watisee 4. Which of the following coal has the highest [Ans : (a) The units of energy in SI unit Joule calorific value ? Energy: (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) lt may be defined as the capacity to do work. The| (@) Anthracite (©) Bituminous leneray exists in many forms e.g. mechanical, electrical, (©) Lignte (@)_ Peat chemical, heat, light, ete. But we are mainly concered|| [Ans (a) with mechanical energy Coat Calorifie Value (KI/Kg) 26. For a given set of operating pressure limits ofa [Peat 23000 ignite 25000 Rankine eycle the highest efficieney occurs 0 (UPPSC AE, 2016) [Bituminous 33500 (a) Saturated cycle (b) Supetheated cycle | Anthracite 36000 (©) Reheat eyele _(d) Regenerative eyele _ | [Anthracite Coal has the highest Calorifie Value 5]Which of the following is considered to be superior quality coal for power plants? (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Bituminous coal (b) Peat (©) Coke (@)_Lignite [Ans = (a) Non- coking bituminous coal is the fuel] ‘mostly used in boilers. The colorific value of the ‘common coal varieties are Peat:- 21000 kl/kg Lignite:- 25000 ki/kg Bituminous: 33500 kI/kg, C7 Law erate feds Kuve) coy tt (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Low moisture content (b) Low ash content (6) Low calorific value (@)_High carbon content [Ans : (e) Low grade fuels have low calorific value, 1. DeLevel turbine (KPSC AE 2015) (a) Simple impulse turbine (b). Multistage turbi (©) simple reaction turbine (@)_velocity compounded impulse turbine [Ans : (a) There are three type of impulse turbine \@) De lavel turbine (simple impulse turbine) Gi) Rateau turbine Git) Curtis turbine, 2.__In steam turbines the reheat factor: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Increases with the increase in number of stages (b) Decreases with the increase in number of] stages (©) Remains same irrespective of number of stages (@)_None of the above [Ans : (a) In steam turbine the reheat factor increase lwith the increase in number of stages, [Reheat factor:- It is an important term used for the multi-stage turbines, which may be broadly defined as the ratio of cumulative heat drop to the isentropic heat lérop. 35 In Parson's reaction turbine, when a is dhe angle with the direction of motion of the blade at which steams enter the blade, then the maximum efficiency of the turbine is given by (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) 2cosa 200s? a pou p) 2c © 1+cosa i I+cos* a 2cos* a 2cos? a ~) 20st @ 28 © I-cosa. @ 1+2c08" a [Ans : (b) Parson's reaction turbine efficiency (na) 2Cos*a. Teeos? a |Maximum efficiency of De-laval turbine (np) Costa lwhere a= nozzle angle Impulse turbine maximum efficiency (n)) LK coset Blade friction angle la.= nozzle angle, os The cffect of blade friction in a steam turbine is to (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) (a) ) © (a) [Ans : (d) i) Some resistance is always offered by the blade surface to the Idling steam jet, whose effect is to reduce the velocity of the Jet. ‘The effect of blade friction in a steam turbine is to reduce work done The blade friction in the impulse turbine reduces the velocity of steam by 10 to 15% passes over the] blade. Tn case of impulse steam turbine there is (RPSC AE. 2016) enthalpy drop in fixed and moving blades enthalpy drop only in moving blades centhalpy drop in nozzles reheat the gas increase the specific output reduce the exhaust pressure reduce work done x (@) (o) © @ [Ans : (ey i In case of impulse steam turbine there is enthalpy] drop in nozzle In a reaction turbine the expansion of steam takes place partly in the fixed blade and partly in the| ‘moving blades. Pressure on two sides of impulse wheel of a steam turbine (RPSC AE, 2016) is same is different increases from one side to the other side decreases from one side to the other side (@) () © @ Fx)[Ans = (a) In impulse turbine, the pressure of steam jets leduced in the nozzle and remains constant while passing through the moving blade. The velocity o! steam is increased in the nozzle and is reduced while passing through the moving blades. 7. Incase of reaction steam turbine (RPSC AE. 2016) there is enthalpy drop both in fixed and moving blades there is enthalpy drop only in fixed blades (6). there ia enthalpy drop only in moving blades (@)_there is no enthalpy drop [Ans = (a) In case of reaction steam turbine there is lemalpy drop both in fixed and moving blades. (@) In case of impulse steam turbine there is enthalpy| arop in nozzle. (Gi) n a reaction turbine the expansion of steam takes lace partly in the fixed blade and partly in the moving| blades 8. Compounding of steam turbine is done for (RPSC AE. 2016) @ ) @ ) reducing the work done inereasing the rotor speed (©) reducing the rotor speed (@)_balancing the turbine [Ans = (c) Compounding of steam turbine is done for reducing the rotor speed. The following three methods lare commonly employed for reducing the rotor speed (Velocity compounding (Exp : De-Laval turbine) Gi) pressure compounding (Exp > Rateau and zoelly turbine) |Giiy Velocity and pressure compounding (Exp: curtis turbine) 9. Diversity factor is always (RPSC AE. 2016) () equal factor is always (b) less than unity (©) more than unity __(d) zero [Ans : (e) Diversity factor is always more than unity. 10. High Toad factor indicates that (RPSC AE. 2016) cost of generation per unit power is increased total plant capacity is utilized for most of the time total plant capacity is not properly utilized for most ofthe time load on the plant is high @ (b) © @ [Ans : (b) High load factor indicates that total plant capacity is utilized for most of the time. I, The process of maintaining the speed of the turbine constant for various load conditions is (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) bleeding (0) reheating (©)_goveming (@)_compounding [Ans : (e) The process of maintaining the speed of the lurbine constant for various load conditions is governing [Throttle Governing of steam turbine:~ The throttle Jzoverning of a steam turbine is a method of contrltin| ine turbine output by varying the quantity of steam Jemering into the turbine, This method is also know as servo motor method. R. De Laval turbine isa (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) Simple impulse turbine (b)_ Simple reaction turbine (©). Impulse reaction turbine (@)_ Both 2) & (3) [Ans : (a) De- Laval turbine is a simple impulse turbine Type of impulse turbine: (i) De- laval turbine (i) Curtis turbine ii) Rateau turbine tiv) Zoelly turbine, 13, In reaction turbines, the draft tube is used: (UJVNL AE. 2016) For the safety of the turbine To convert the kinetic energy of low by @ gradual expansion of the flow cross-section (©) To destroy the undesirable eddies (@)_For none of the above purpose [Ans = (b) In reaction turbine, the draft tube is used to lconvert the kinetic energy of flow by a gradual lexpansion of the flow cross-section Efficiency of draft tube __Actual conversion of kinetic headin to pressurehead Kineticheadat theinlet of draft tube Ratio of indicated work to hypothetical Indicated work in a steam engine isthe: (UIVNL AE. 2016) (a) Indicated thermal efficiency (b) Friction factor (©) Mechanical efficiency (@)_Diagram factor (@) ) me ‘Actual indicated work Ans : pe Hypothetical indicated work (@) Diagram factor = 1S. A curve showing the variation of load on a power station with respect to time is known as (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Load curve (b) Load duration curve (©) Diversity factor (a) Performance curve 24'a) A curve showing the variation of load on a| ower station with respect to time is known as Toad iver A. consumer of electrical power will use the power as and when required, and hence the load will always be changing with time. A curve showing] the load demand of consumer with respect to time is known as load curve. The energy consumption of the iconsumer is given by an expression kwh = ["(kw)at 16. The ratio of work done to the energy supplied to rotor in a turbine stage is called (UPPSC AE. 2016) (b) Stage efficiency (@)_None of these (@) Blade efficiency (6)_Nozzle efficiency Ans = (a) iagram or blading efficieney:- It is ratio ofthe work {donc on the blades to the energy supplied to the blades. bsolute velocity of inlet steam in mise. ‘Absolute velocity of exit steam in m/see mass of steam supplied in kg'see aC Blading efficiency (n,) = 2 T. The diagram efficiency is highest for simple impulse turbine stage having smooth and symmetrical blade when blade steam speed ratio can be given as (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) cosa, o © a (@)_ None of these Where «is the angle of absolute velocity at inet. [Ans : (e) The diagram efficiency is highest for simple jimpulse turbine stage having smooth and symmetrical blade when blade steam speed ratio can be given as 2 Impulse Turbine DN + Blade velocity (¥,) =22% vy (%) = +The ara of ow (A,)=2(D}-DF (A)=4(03-0}) + Optimum velocity ratio (pq) = 2 thy = cos a }* Maximum efficiency (Thu, 18. In Rankine cycle, the work output from the turbine is given by (UPPSC AE, 2016) @ in internal energy between inlet and ) © @ Change in enthalpy between inlet and outlet Change in entropy between inlet and outlet Change of temperature between inlet and outlet [Ans : (b) In Rankine eyele, the work output from the turbine is given by change in enthalpy between inlet and outlet Turbine work (W,,) =(h, —h,)kI/kg 1, For maximum Blade efficieney Tor single sage impulse team turbine with nozzle angle ais: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) p= cos? a (b) p=cosa cosa. cos? © p= @ pS Tans (@)Tmpalve turbines DN i) Blade velocity (yy) = 2S i) (vi): 0 iv Area ortow cay = 2(D3-p?) iii) optimum velocity ratio (Pag) = SS iii) opt velocity ratio (Pore) oe iv). Max blade efficiene: Curis turbine iss (OPSC AE 2015) (2). Reaction steam turbine (b) Pressure velocity compounded steam turbine (6) pressure compounded impulse steam turbine (4)_Velocity compounded impulse steam turbine [Ans : (b) Compounding of Impulse steam turbin In order to reduce the rotar speed, various methods ar| lemployed. All of these methods consist of multiple system of rota, in series, keyed to @ common shaft and| lhe pressure or the jet velocity is absorbed in stages asi lows over the rotor blades. This process is known as| [compounding |d) Velocity compounding of an Impulse turbine Examples:- De- Laval turbine |Gi) Pressure Compounding of an Impulse turbine Examples:- Rateau and zoelly turbine |G) Pressure - velocity compounding of Impulse turbine Examples: Curtis tur 25a Gas Turbines 1. Gas turbine works on (KPSC AE 2015) (a) Brayton cycle (b). Rankine eyele (©) Camot eycle (@)_None of these [Ans : (a) |Gas turbine works on Brayton cycle, OR Joule cycle [Brayton eyele:- 23 t wf iam — IProcess:- [Ans ©) Heating chamber t Q 5 w. i ¥ b é iz Ww. 5 h i 42 coon Gas Turbine Network leMicieney of gas turbine (n,) ae ("Feat supplied WW Ny Qa _ 600-400 1000 "Ne iency of gas turbine = 20% 1.2: Isentropic Compression 2:3:- Heat addition at constant pressure 3-4:- Isentropie Expansion 4-1:- Heat rejection at constant pressure [Thermal Efficiency:- Na, Tn @ two-stage gas turbine plant, reheating after the first stage (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) increases thermal efficiency decreases thermal efficiency does not affect thermal efficiency None of the above (a) ) © @ Thermal efficiency of a simple gas turbine for a ‘given turbine inlet temperature (KPSC AE 2015) @) ) © @ increases decreases first increases and then decreases remains the same [Ans : (b) In-a two stage gas turbine plant reheating after the first stage decrease thermal efficiency. 4 Second heating Generator First turbine [Ans : (d) Thermal efficiency ofa simple gas turbine for] la given turbine inlet temperature remains same, thermal efficiency dipend upon pressure ratio, [Efficiency of gas turbine(n) = ky = Pressure ratio, 1 oye fA 3.__Tna gas turbine eyele, the turbine output is 600 ki/kg, the compressor work is 400 ki/kg and the heat supplied is 1000 kj/kg. The thermal efficiency of the cycle is (KPSC AE 2015) (@) 60% (b) 40% (©) 20% @ 80% = For a jet propulsion leally the ‘compressor work and turbine work are (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) (@) (o) © @ unequal equal not related to each other None of the above 26mn on Performance off [Ans (b) For a jet propulsion unit ideally the)| Ans : (e Effect of Modi lcompressor work and turbine work are equally Simple Gas Turbine Cycle:- [Jet Propulsion: - ‘Optimum modification to | Work] Thermal The propulsive work needed for the propulsion evele output _| Efficiency sireraf, missiles and spaceships is generally achieved by || "Regeneration Wo effect” Tnereases @) Using an engine or a gas turbine to drive the ail | Tmtercooting Tneicases | Decreases screw or the propeller. Reheat Increases | Decreases (i) Expending high temperature and high pressure gases|| "Reheat + Regeneration | Increases | Increases that are discharged inthe rearward direction as high ercoatng =] Inereases | Increases ‘velocity jet (et propulsion) Regeneration 6. The thermal efficiency of a gas turbine with | Reheat + Intercooling Tnereases | Decreases regenerator is maximum when pressure ratio is Reheat + Intercooling + | Increases | Increases (HPPSC W.S. POLY. 2016)]| Regeneration (VE Jess Hen 0) are an 10. ‘Thermal efficiency of a gas turbine plant as (o)Fequal toro! (@)_zero ‘compared to diesel engine plant is [Ans : (¢) The thermal efficiency of a gas turbine with] (RPSC AE. 2016) regenerator work output no effect but thermal efficiency} © Migher (b) lower (©)_same (@)_unpredictable [Ans : (a) Thermal efficiency of a gas turbine plant as [Thermal efficiency of gas turbine (ny, |compared to diesel engine plant is higher. 1 Pressure ratio (5) = PoP Hihe thermal efficiency of a gas turbine with regenerator is maximum when pressure ratio is equal to 1.0 7. Eifciency of a jet engine is higher at (@) The installation and — The installation and running running cost is less cost is more Its efficieney is higher Its efficiency is less : ih Tie tance of Thetelrieg ofan LC toeratinde py MEESGAE200]lpcvubne pest engi pare Oe Ce) higheratinde Hi) Nonyubeeis ye! neo. wpe femed as: (Ei rey of @ jet engine is higher at higher|| TT To stage gas turbine plant, reheating after first stage 8 Tn a two stage gas turbine plant with (RPSC AE. 2016) intercooling and reheating (8) decrease thermal efficiency geet) (b) increases thermal efficiency ey (c) does not affect thermal efficiency improve (d)_none of the above (©) work ratio improves but thermal efficiency [Ans = (a) In a two stage gas turbine plant, reheating] decreases |sfter frst stage decrease thermal efficiene (©) thermal efficiency improves but work ratio |?" st 48° : decreases (@) both work ratio and thermal efficiency ae tee decrease afs 4 heating heating [Ans + (a) In a two stage gas turbine plant with inter cooling and reheating. both work ratio and thermal ; — Tompressor Fa S efficiency improve oo ie | el. \ Intercooling in gas turbine increase net output and| thermal efficiency both. Chistes \Gi) Reheating in a gas turbine increases the thermal yoy efficiency, Closed cycle gas turbine with reheating 9, Twa gas turbine plant, a regenerator increases | 12, Propulsion efficiency ofa jet engine is given by (RPSC AE. 2016)| (where w is flight velocity and v is jet velocity (@)_ work output (©) pressure ratio relative to aireraft) (©)_thermal efficiency _(d)_all ofthe above (RPSCAE. 2016) 27|combustion engine (i) Torque produced is uniform Gi) Can be driven at high speed Gi) has more efficiency 2u vew [Ans : (a) A gas turbine works on Brayton eyele @ 2 o a @)A gas ston evel 2u vou a ) @ © V0 © 0 2 ° P [Ans : (¢) Propulsive efficiency of jet engine t lu flight velocity 1 IV = et velocity 13. Gas turbine as compared to an internal v= combustion engine 1-2: > Reversible adiabatic compresion (TPSC AE, 2015)| 2.5: -» Heat addiation at constant Pressure (a) torque produced is uniform |3-4:—> Reversible adiabatic expansion . on be deve at high speed |4-1: —+ Heat rejection at constant pressure (c)_ has more efficiency - ~ : 16, Propulsion eMficiency of a jet engine fe given by (@)_Allthe above penne (where uw is Aight velocity and v is jet veloci [Ans = (d) Gas turbine as compared to an internal i ih i iy a ‘K closed cycle gas turbine works on (TPSC AE. 2015) @ ) © @ Camot eyele Rankine cycle Eriesson cycle Joule cycle + (@) Joule eyele:= A close eyele gas turbine works] lon joule or Brayton eyee. LY pti tna Catal ‘Generator Close cyele gas turbine Cooling chamber 5 A gas turbine works on which one of the following cycles: (UJVNL AE, 2016) (@) &) © Brayton Rankine Stirling relative to aireraft) (WIVNL AE, 2016) au vu o ® = © 2 @ v0 2 |Ans :(c) Propulsive efficiency of;etengine= 2% vu lu= flight velocity IV = Jet velocity 17, The ideal efficiency of simple gas turbine cycle depends upon (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Pressure ratio (b) Cut-off ratio (©) Both (a) and (b) (4) None of the above [Ans : (a) Thermal efficiency at gas turbine:- Pressure ratio (y, nal 1 Pressure FtO(y;) —> + Optimum pressure ratio for maximum specific output in simple gas turbine. Atop (@)_Owo 2818. Which of the following does not use ambient air for propulsion? (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Turbo jet (b) Pulse jet (©) Turbo-prop (a)_Rocket ‘Ans : (d) Rocket does not use ambient air for| propulsion Rocket engine :- In a rocket propulsion system, the entire mass of the fuel and oxidizing agent is carried by| the rocket body itself. As such, the rocket does not depend on any surrounding air for burning the fuel [Ans = (@) A large clearance volume in a reciprocating] (compressor result in lower delivery pressure 2 Dry compression is preferred due to: (OPSC AE 2015) (@) High volumetric efficiency (b) High mechanical efficiency (©) Less chance of damage of the compressor (@)_Al:pftie above + (©) Dry compression is preffered due to less [chance of damage of the compressor. ratio, 20, improved by using a regenerator, because the: (MPPSC AE. 2016) 19. Thermal efficiency of a gas turbine eyele with |3. The performance of a reciprocating ideal regenerative heat exchanger is compressor is expressed by (UPPSC AE. 2016) (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) (2), Equal to work ratio isothermal work adiabatic work iB a en work rate indicated work indicated work (4) Unpredictable ()othermalwork adiabatic work ‘Ans = (b) Thermal efficiency of @ gas turbine cycle cate frictionless work with ideal regenerative heat exchanger is less than work]|[Ans (a) Isothermal efficiency. OR Compressor __ Isothermal work done Indicated work done 2.3log(ps/P,) (a) Work of compression is reduced ; (b) Heat required to be supplied is reduced "|( 1 (2) Work out put ofthe turbine is ineease a1, (d)_Heat rejected is increased = (b) The efficiency of simple gas turbine can be]|4+ The work done is compressing T kg of air in improved by using a regenerator, because the heat|| compression will be least when the value of required 1 be supplied is reduced index is 21. Ifthe temperature at the farbine inlet Rept (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) constant, the net output of a simple gas turbine} (@) 1 plane would © 12 (141 (uPPSC AE. 2016) | [Kas = (a) The work done on the ait is minimum when (a) Increase with increasing pressure ratio. the compression is Isothermal (when n=1) and itis (b) Decrease with increasing pressure ratio |maximum when the Compression is isentropic (when (©) First increase and then decrease with In) pecause isothermal line has less slope then increasing pressure ratio : (@) remains unaffected with changes in pressure |)°Mttopic line fa hvorkdone during isothermal Compression fa) If the temperature at the turbine inlet is Kepi ‘constant, the net output of a simple gas turbine plant would Increase with increasing pressure ratio. =2.3P,V; log. (PyP)) lwork done during Adiabatic Compression Air Compressor 1. A large clearance yolume in a reciprocating compressor results in (KPSC AE 2015) @ (b) © @ lower suction pressure increased volume flow rate reduced volume flow rate lower delivery pressure Fane) Multistage compression leads to: (APPS LECT. 2016) decreased vol. efficiency for a given pressure ratio increased vol. efficiency for a given pressure ratio more cost (@ ) © @ more noise 29[Ans : (b) Advantages of multistage compression:- (i) It improves the volumetric efficiency for the given pressure ratio, (i) 1 reduces the leakage loss considerably (ii) It gives more uniform torque and hence a smaller size flywheel is required (iv) It reduces the cost of compressor Work input to the air compressor with » a index of compression (KPSC AE. 2015) Increase with increase in value of n decrease with increase in value of n remains same whatever the value of n first increases and then decreases with value ofn [Ans : (a) Work input to the air compressor with 1) as @ () © @ lindex of compression increase with increase in value| Jorn, (©) mC,(T,-T) 1B ‘) @ os [Ans : (b) (2) Work done during isothermal Compression W=23P,V, og 2 BR R R Jt PB ‘) = |i) Work done during polytropic compression (PV"=C) #) Work done during isentropic compression w mR (T, -T,) E soo ae a i w Pam T)=me, (1-7) 5._Th & two stage compressor with ideal inter [Compressor Work : cooling, for the work requirement to be (i) Work done during isothermal compression nine, the intemedicte teesnae Pi in We 2.3 Pjvi log. (PyP,) ° y eee ines ene Cee terms of condenser and evaporator pressure Pe i" and P, and respectively We Sj mkh (MPPSC AE. 2016) |i) Work done during isentropic Compression (@) PrP Pe wet nR(-) () PR =\PP ¥ IP. 7 Themain reason ov he ndopiingtheatiatfow| © B= compressors instead of centrifugal compressors] (gy p,=p./, in aircraft turbine is that: (KPSC AE. 2015) | [408 # ©) . (a) starting torque for axial flow compressor is lnterebcler high < () the frontal area of axial flow eompressor is re considerably less LP. Cyliner |?™ P.Thit. cylinder (6) the efficiency of middle speed range is higher (@)_pressure ratio per stage is high iu = [Ans = (b) The main reason for adopting the axial flow] et stage Be niae [Compressor instead of Centrifugal Compressor in| Net airraft turbine is that the frontal area of axial flow week p=, compressor is considerably less. 8 The work done in compromising a gas P= JPxP| isothermally is given by: (upesc AB. 2016) | 10. ‘The postive displacement compressor P, b) mRT, log, = (©) RT og, (TPSC AE. 2015) (@)_ Roots blower compressor (b) Axial flow compressor (©) Centrifugal compressor (d) Condenser 30[Ams = (a) Roots blower compressor is positive] displacement compression ‘Compressor Reciprocating air compressor compressor 1 Positive displacement Non positive displacement ‘compressor compressor (@Rootblower (i) Centrifugal compressor Gi) Vane blower (ii) Axial How compressor The work done in compressing a gas isothermally is given by: (UIVNL AE. 2016) eh P, ering me,(T;-1)) mnt-4) [Ans : (b)) work done during isothermal compression =mRT; log. (pa!P)) ') work done during Polytropic Compression —Eny yl (@) ) © @ inal pressure of air n= Polytropic index if (P2/P,) increases then volumetric efficiency decreases, Ay P when (p, /p,) + 13. The compression work requirement is minimum in case of compression process being (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@)_ Adiabatic (b) Isochorie (©) Isothermal (a)_Hyperbotic Ans: (© The compression work requirement 15] minimum is case of compression process being| isothermal (@ Work done during a¢ compression Fow ~PVa) (i) Work done during polytrophic compression P22) isothermal compression = Pi 1og.(P2/ Pi) (Sm Steam Nozzle ‘Main advantage of pintaux nozzle (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Better cold starting performance (b) Ability to distribute the fuel (©) Good penetration (@)_Good atomization mR( nel ii) work done during Adiabatic Compression 12. What will happen to the volumetric efficiency with increasing pressure ratio in case of single stage compression in compressor? (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Decreases (b) Increases (©) Remains unaffected (d) None of these ‘Ans (a) Volumetric efficiency: It is the ratio ol] Volume of free air delivery per stroke to the swept ‘volume of the piston. The volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating air compressor with clearance volume is given by Mat =1+C=C( p/p)” [C= clearance rati [Ans : (a) Better cold stariing performance main ladvantage of paintaux nozzle 2. The eritical pressure ratio for a steam nozzle is given by (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) of Steam Critical pressure ratio Saturated Steam OST Clearance volume Superheated Steam 0546 Swept volume oF the piston Wet Steam: 0582 ‘Gas (Dry ait) 052 initial pressure of air 33. The function of steam nozzle is to convert : (KPSC AE. 2015) (a) heat energy steam into kinetic energy (b) heat energy steam into rotational energy (©) kinetic energy into heat energy of steam (@)_heat energy steam into pressure energy [Ans : (a) A steam nozzle converts heat energy of steam] into kinetic energy. The mass of steam, passing through] lany section of the nozzle remains constant, the variation lof steam pressure in the nozzle depends upon the velocity, specific volume any dryness fraction of steam, JA well designed nozzle converts the heat energy o! steam into kinetic energy with a minimum losses £ “A steam nozzle converts (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) heat energy of steam into kinetic energy (b)_ kinetic energy into heat energy of steam (©) potential energy into heat energy of steam (@)_both (2) & (3) [Ans : (a) A steam nozzle converts heat energy of steam] into kinetic energy. The mass of steam, passing through] lany section of the nozzle remains constant, the variation lof steam pressure in the nozzle depends upon the velocity, specific volume and dryness fraction of steam, JA well designed nozzle converts the heat energy off steam into kinetic energy with a minimum losses Nuclear Power Plant 1. A solar thermal collector (UPPSC AB. 2016) Collects the solar energy and reflects it back ‘Absorbs the solar radiation and dissipates it to the ambient Collects and converts the solar energy into electrical energy Collects and converts the solar energy into thermal energy and delivers it to the next stage ofthe system ‘Ans: (@) A solar thermal collector Collects and converts the solar energy into thermal energy and delivers ito the next tage ofthe system. 2. Assolar cellis basically @ ) © @ (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) A voltage source, controlled by flux of| radiation (b) A current source, controlled by flux of] radiation (©) An uncontrolled current source (@)_An uncontrolled voltage source [Ans + (b) A solar cell is basically current source, controlled by fux of redation 3. The capacity of generators being installed in super thermal power plant is (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) 100MW (b) 200 MW: (©) 400 MW. (@)_SoOMW [Ans : (c) The capacity of generators being installed in super thermal power plant is 400 MW. 4 CANDU reactor uses (RPSC AE. 2016) @ ) © only fertile material highly enriched uranium natural uranium as fuel and heavy water and coolant (4) plutonium as fuel [Ans : (c) CANDU reactor uses natural uranium as fuel land heavy water as moderator and coolant. = Fast breeder reactors are best suited for India because of (RPSC AE, 2016) (a) large thorium deposits (©) large uranium deposits (©) large plutonium deposits (@)_allotthe above Ans : (a) Fast breeder reactor are best suited for India) lbecause of large thorium deposits 6. Thermal shielding is provided to (RPSC AE, 2016) protect the walls of the reactor from radiation damage prevent meltdown of the core of the reactor protect the operating personnel from ‘exposure to radiation (@)_allof the above [Ans = (c) Thermal shielding is provided to protect the] [operating personnel from exposure to radiation, @ (b) © 7. The function of a moderator in a nuclear reactor is to (RPSC AE. 2016) slow down the fast moving electrons speed up the slow moving electrons start the chain reaction transfer heat produced inside the reactor to a heat exchanger fa) The function of a moderator in a nuclear reactor isto slow down the fast moving electrons. IModerator:- A moderator is a material introduced into] the fuel mass in order to slow down the speed of fast moving electrons. the slowing down of fast neutrons is |desirable because slow moving electrons are more leffective than fast neutrons in triggering fission. | moderator, apart fiom its high neutron slowing power| land low non-productive neutron, should be (@) ) © @ 32|(i) Stable under nuclear radiation. Gi) Corrosion resistant ii) Good thermal conductor iv) Available in adequate The graphite and concrete are generally used as moderator 8. Fission chain reaction is possible when (RPSC AE. 2016) (a) fission produces the same number of| neutrons which are absorbed fission produces more electrons than are absorbed fission produces less electrons than are absorbed none of the above ) © @ [Ans : (b) Fission chain is possible when fission] [produces more electron than are absorbed 9. Ina nuclear reactor the function of a reflector isto (RPSC AE. 2016) reduce the speed of the neutrons stop the chain reaction reflect the escaping neutrons back into the core (@)_allofthe above [Ans : (c) In a nuclear reactor the function of a reflector is to reflect the escaping neutrons back into the core. @ (b) © coolant water is pressurized to prevent boiling of water in the core no moderator is used. © @ 10.” Which material i the most commonly wed ionigm with high enetay neurons and operates al medecnie? extremely high power densities. These reactors «conte oy ESCH 210 Hrs moe il than ey comune de moderated. Further, these reactors employ liquid metal (e)_Deuterium (@)_any ofthe above _ |] Soiant to transfer heat from the core aa faster rate, [Ans : (@) Graphite is the most commonly used] | rs — pe gash point temperature: moderator. (OPSC AE 2015) TH, Ina pressurized water Factor (Fuel ignites without any spark (RPSC AE. 2016) (b) Fuel emits vapours which produce an (@) coolant water is pressurized to. work a inflammable mistare with at moderator (©) Fuel vaporize sat very high rate (6) coolant water boil inthe core ofthe reactor (@)_the fuel spontaneously ignites for longer time wi energy in the Sun 13. process is responsible for production of (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@)_ Nuclear fission reaction (6). Nuclear fusion reaction (6) Exothermal chemical reaction (@)_Allofthe above (b) Nuclear fusion reaction is responsible for] production of eneray in the sun. [Nuclear fusion : In Nuclear physies, Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons and/or protons). The difference in mass between the products and reactions is manifested as the release of large amounts of energy. This difference in mass arises due| to the difference in atomic "binding energy’ between the atomic nuclei before and ater the reaction. Fusion in the process that powers active or "main sequence" starts, or other high magnitude stats. 14. The working uid wsed in au MIND system coupled to a fast breeder reactor is (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Hot flicgases _—_(b)_ Seeded inert gas 6) Liquid metal inert gas (@) Liquid metal only [Ans (W) The working uid used in an MHD system coupled to a fast breeder reactor is Liquid metal only. Fast breeder reactor (FBR):- A FBR plant Uses [Ans : (b) At flash point temperature fuels emits vapours] lwhich produce on inflammable mixture with ai. 16. controlled Steam flow in a steam generato [Ans : (c) In a pressurized water reactor coolant water is lpressurized to prevent boiling of water in the core. by using : (OPSC AE 2015) 12, The conversion ratio of a brocder reactor is (a) equal to unity (b)__ more than unity (©) less than unity __(d)_none of the above (RPSC AE. 2016) Drum level sensor Feed water flow sensor (©) Steam flow sensor (a)_Allof the above @ ) [Ans (b) The conversion ratio of a breeder reactor is] lmore than unity. [Ans : (@) Steam flow in a steam generator is controlled] by using steam flow sensor. 3together with temperature between the two outer surfaces being T, and T;. If the juction temperature between the two surfaces is 1. What is the expression for the thermal Conduction. resistannce to. heat transfer| desired (0 be “7, chen their thickneses through a hollow sphere of inner radius 7, nd! gould be in the ratio of: outer radius r,and thermal conductivity K? (OPSC AE 2015) (MPPSCAE.2016)| (a) 1:2 @ 2 eas Ark (t~f @ 11 @) 3:1 @ Gms Gq AK(o-4) © @) “rk i [Ans = (a) ao (4) None of these is corr 1G} Gekin (d) None of these is correct Ans: (6) for hollow sphere ga fmink(h=T) for first slab, at = Katt Q dx Kadt nn k Q 0 Weknow that for second slab a =2K A Q ay 2kAdt a ) [oe ky ‘Thermal diffusivity of a substance ie 2, ‘The MLTO system the dimension of thermal (OPSC.AE 2015) conductivity (@) Inversely proportional to the — thermal (OPSC AE 2015) ‘conductivity @ MAT*® =~ Mire! (©) Directly proportional to the density of the (©) MLO" TS (@)_ MLo'T? Svan) : = (©) Inversely proportional to the specie heat An, Foes thet (@)_Directly proportional to kinematic viscosity [Dimension of thermal conductivity [Ans : (c) Thermal diffusivity ofa substance is Inversely] lproportional to the specific heat. [Thermal diffusiv [Thermal diffusivity («) lpropagation of heat into the medium. heatonducted Ky ge heatcapacity pC, The larger thermal iffisivity, the faster the ja katt Kat 2 dx ded Axat lint oF thermal conductivity = Wink lo H Seem g MLT? 6") a Two plane slabs of equal area but with thermal conductivities in the ratio 1 : 2 are held When K is the thermal conductivity, + is the density and C, is the specific heat of substance, then thermal diff given by (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) cya) o) ® ce Og 2G, Kx 2G ee oz os k ‘Thermal diffusivity = ) Thermal Y Ze IK = Thermal Conductivity lensity ICy= Specific heat of substance. av = KA 0 dx ar, = ek KA lary: at, ar 6 FR, and Ry are the inner and outer radii of a cylinder, the heat conduction through al[dTi:dTa:dTy=4:2:1 cylinder is proportional to The thermal conductivity b expressed as = (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) (KPSC AE. 2015) (@ @-R) ©) @xR) (@) Wink () Wink © L @ 1 (©) WhmK @)_ Wh'mK ®- R [Ans (a) Fourier's law of heat Conduction wa} [Ans : (a) Radial heat transfer by Conduction] through a thick eylinder:~ Outside temperature of liquid Inside radius of the pipe Jutside radius ofthe pi rei) = Thickness of the pipe 2nKe(T, Ts) | 2nKé(T;~T) 23loa(a/ 2ak() ?*H8(V/2) 7 comput wall cous of ree aTarnt materials having thermal conductivity k, 2k and 4k respectively. The temperature drop b 7 It is also an important low in heat Conduction, lwhich is represented by the equation ar a = Amount of heat flow through the body in a unit Q=KA time (in watt) |A= Surface area of heat flow (in m?) [aT = Temperature difference on the two faces of the| [body Cin’) [dx = Thickness of the body through which the heat] iflows(in m ) lk = Constant of Proportionality known as thermal [Conductivity a egal QeKA Pacers Axdl x -watamete meter? *K across different materials will be in the ratio : (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) (@ Usted (b) 1:24 (©) 4:2:1 @ 2:41 [Ans : (e) Fourier’s law of heat conduction = = Kaa dx |Thermal conductivity of different material K, 2K ang| lak. ‘A composite wall consists of two layers of lfferent material having conductivities ky and kz, For equal thickness of the two layers, the ty of the slab will (UJVNL AE. 2016) (a) Kytky (b) Kiks 2k\K 2kiKa © eK[Ans = (@) 12. Which substance has the minimum value of feLone ot thermal conductivity? (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Air (0) Water = |* (c)_ Plastic (@)_Rubber [Ans : (a) Air has the minimum value of thermal conductivity Material ‘Thermal cond Wimk. ‘Wood 0.1 Air 20°C) 0.025 Water (100 'C) 0.6804 Steam (200 °C) 0.03349, Natural Rubber os Plastic 033 13. Corks a good thermal insulator because (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Its density is low (b)_ Ibis porous Itis flexible (c)_Itcan be powdered _(d) Ans : (b) Cork is a good thermal insulator because 115] porous. Porous material :- Porous materials are material with pores (cavities, channels or intersties)._The| characteristics of a porous material vary depending on the size, arrangement and shape of the pores, as well as| the porosity (The ratio of the total pore volume relative| fo apparent volume of the material) and composition of material it sel. 10, Mateh Tist-I with TistIT select the correct Answer using the codes given below the list: List-I List II (@) Momentum transfer 1. Thermal difusivity (b) Mass transfer 2. Kinematie viscosity (©) Heat transfer 3. Diffusion coefficient (UIVNL AE. 2016) Code iB Ore 13 3 2 @t 2 [Ans : (a) List 1 i) Momentum transfer i) Mass transfer Diffusion coefficient Kinematic viscosity w Unsteady state of heat Bow occurs ia (UPPSC AE. 2016) Flow of heat through furnace walls Flow of heat through insulated pipe with constant surface temperature (©) Annealing of castings (@)_Flow of heat through refrigerator walls (@) ) i) Heat transfer ‘Thermal diffusivity [Ans : (e) Unsteady state of heat flow occur in annealing] of casting TI, A high value of thermal diffusivity represents (UPPSC AE. 2016) High storage, less conduction of heat Less storage, more conduction of heat ‘There is always equal amount of conduction and storage since itis a property thas no relevance (@) (b) © @ ‘Ans : (b) A high value of thermal diffusivity represent ess storage, more conduction of heat Thermal diffusivity:- Thermal diffusivity indicates the ‘case at which energy get diffused in the volume of the pag Convection ‘The critical radius of insulation for a sphere is equal to (UPPSC AE, 2016) h a) 2k w 2 ® o£ © % () Vib substance. It is defined as the ratio of thermal [conductivity to the heat capacity of a substance K ——— Pe, Hence it is directly proportional to the thermal conductivity. [Ans : (6) 1. The critical radius of insulation Tora sphere is equal vo 2 bh 2. The critical radius of insulation for a cylinder is k equal to * qual to 362. In a cylinder under steady state conduction 'b) When a temperature difference produces a] with uniform heat generation, the temperature ||density difference which result in the mass movements ‘gradient at half the radius location will be lof fuid. the process is ealled free or natural convection (UPPSC AE, 2016) ||Some examples of free convection are heat flow from a) (a) One half of that at surface hot place to atmosphere, chilling effect of a cold wina| (b). One fourth of that at surface lon a warm body, heating of room by stove, cooling o (6) Twiee that at surface electronic components. (@)_Four times that at surface 6 A body cooling from 80°C to 70°C takes 10 [Ans ¢ (a) In a cylinder under steady state conduction with uniform heat generation the temperature gradient Jat half the radius location will be one half of that at surface. minutes when left exposed to environmental conditions. If the body is to cool further from 70°C to 60°C under the same external conditions, it will take 3. Heat is Tost from a 100 mm diameter steam (KPSC AE 2015) pipe placed horizontally in ambient at 30°C. If] (a) more than 10 minutes the Nusselt is 25 and thermal conductivity of] _(b) same time of 10 minutes 0.03 WimK, then the heat transfer! (c) less than 10 minutes (CoP rape (UPPSC AE. 2016) (b) (CoP)se <(COP)ape (a) 1kW (b) 2.5kW {©} (CoP). = (COP ape 35kW @ Skw a)_None ofthe above Tas + (@) Unie of Refigeration-A tonne of] | [Ans (a) CoP of air refrigerators rolated wih CaP a vapor compression refrigerator as (CoP), > (CoP), 1, The refrigerant used in commercial ice plant (KPSC AE 2015) (a) Air (b) Carbon dioxide (c)_Ammonia (@)_Freon-12 [Ans : (c) Application of different refrigerants Refrigerants Applic Cold storage, ice plants Water, Li-Br absorption system Used as dry ice in transport Central air conditioning Domestic refrigerator ‘Window type air conditioner The refrigerant R- 744 is (KPSC AE 2015) (a) ammonia (b) freon-12 (©) carbon dioxide __(d)_ sulphur dioxide Ans: (c) for Inorgaine refrigerants IR- 700 + Atomic weight) R - 700 ( Co: Atomic weight) R= 744 3. Usual secondary refrigerant in milk chilling unit is: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Ammonia solution (6) Sodium silicate (©) Glycol (@)_ Brine [Ans : (d) Usual secondary reffigerant in milk chilling unit is Brine 4. The refrigerant R717 represents: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Carbon monoxide (©)_Ammonia (@)_Methane[Ans : (e) thas lower operating pressure It gives higher CoP It is miscible with oil over a large range of temperature (d)_All ofthe above @ ) © Inorganic refrigerants R-700+(Atomic weight lSawurated —-Unsattrated [Refrigerants Chemical formula ICarbon dioxide R-744 |Carbon mono-oxide R78 Ammonia RIT 5. Which of the following properties of a refrigerant is undesirable [Ans + (¢) R-I2 is preferred over R22 in deep reeze because it is miseible with oil over a large range of temperature R-12:- Dichloro -difluore - methane (CCLF:) Non-toxic, non corrosive and non-flammable + Operates at low pressure Relatively low latent heat * Equally amenable with all types of compressor and condensing tubes Good miscibility with oi Leakage easy detected with halide torch or by an electronic detector (KPSC AE. 2015) @) ) ©) (a [Ans : (d) [Desirable Properties of Refrigerant |) Critical temperature should be high (i) Specific heat of refrigerants in liquid phase must below and vapour phase must be high. high critical temperature low speeific heat of liquid low specific volume vapour high boiling point Refrigeration System and (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) (a) Ammonia is absorbed in hydrogen (b) Ammonia is absorbed in water (©) Ammonia evaporates in hydrogen (d)_Hydrogen evaporates in ammonia ii) Enthalpy of vapoursation should be high iv) Heat Conductivity should be high [Ans : (e) In electrolux refrigerator Ammonia evaporates in hydrogen v)_ Freezing point should be low. 6 The leak is a refrigeration are detected by vm using freon (MPPSC AE. 2016) A halide torch, which on detection produces greenish flame lighting Sulphur sticks, which on detection gives @ ) 2 Tn Electrolux refrigerator (KPSC AE 2015) (a) Ammonia evaporates in hydrogen (b) Hydrogen evaporates in ammonia {e) Hydrogen is absorbed in ammonia (d) Hydrogen is absorbed in water white smoke (©) Using reagents [Ans = (a) In electrolux reffigerator Ammonia evaporates lin Hydrogen, (q)_Sensing reduction pressure [Ans : (a) The leaks is a refrigeration system] lusing freon are detected by a halide torch, which on] detection produces greenish flame lighting. 3 The throttling operation i ‘a refrigeration (KPSC AE 2015) (b) capillary tube (d)_expansion valve (a) evaporator (c)_discharge valve 7. The refrigerant used for absorption refrigerators, is a mixture of water and: (UIVNL AE. 2016) (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Sulphur dioxide (c) Lithium bromide _(d) Freon 12 [Ans (c) Vapour absorption relrigeration system lov system INH refrigerants reftigeration (1150 system H.0 :- Refrigerants Br) Refrigeration [Ans (b) Refrigeration cycle: .) Throtling Evaporator [The throttling operation in a refrigeration cycle is carried out in capillary tube 1,0 :- Absorber LiBr:- Absorber 4. Refrigerant flow is controlled by: &. RAD is preferred over R22 in deep freezer, (OPSC AE 2015) because (2) Capillary tube (6) Condenser LIPPSC AR. 2016 (6), Solenoid (@)_Expansion Valve 47[Ans : (@) Refrigerant flow is Controlled by expansion]|9. In split system of air - conditioner, the valve ‘condensing unit is located: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Inside the area to be conditioned (b) Outside the area to be conditioned (©). Near the reftigerator (d)_None of the above [Ans = (b) In split system of air- conditioner, the] condensing unit is located outside the area to be Vopour compression cycle conditioned. Compressor 5. Nhermetically sealed unit imp! 10. Arrefrigerant moving in a refrigerator follows: (OPSC AE 2015) (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (2) Compressor in sealed (a) open system (b). Motor is sealed (b) closed system (©). Refrigerant eyele is sealed (©) both open and closed system exists, (d)_Both compressor and motor are sealed (d)_none of the above [Ans : (@) A hermetically sealed unit implies bothl| [Ans : (b) A refiigerant moving in refrigerator follows compressor and motor are sealed. close system. 6. Pipe material for the refrigerator with ammonia solution as working fluid should not be: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Mild steel (b) Copper (c)_ Aluminum (d)_ Brass + (b) Pipe material for the refrigerator wit orator ammonia solution as working fTuid should not be|| TT. In an Kleal vapour compression refrigeration |copper. An Ammonia refrigerating system the tubes of a| cycle, the specific enthalpy of refrigerant jshell and tube condenser are made of steel. Every| (ki/kg) at the eee stages is given as lvapor-compression refrigeration system or unit eve Inlet of condenser Jouilt will have at least one each of these four] Outlet of condenser 116 iponenie Exit of evaporator = 232 i cammecsie: ‘The CoP is I+ Condenser (UPPSC AE. 2016) I+ Expansion (@) 227 (o) 275 | Esaporator OE {a)_3.75 7. Undercooling of refrigerant leads to: Ans : (a) ene (OPSC AE 2015) ce, (a) Decrease refrigerating effect (b) Reduce work done fieci (©) Reduce COP ‘ware +) (@)_Inerease the COP of the eyele Ans : (d) Undercooling of refrigerant leads to increase| Fanennnanrr, Hh, lthe COP of the cycle. a "aponaor Effect of sub cooking (con), -Reltigeation ete Reffigeratng effect will increase eo er input COP will increase heh (Gi) Work done will remain same (Cop), = BoB )) Volumetric efficiency will remain same. hy—hy ‘The presence of moisture in refrigeration effect | [inlet of condenser (hs) = 283KUJikg is fettate [Outlet of Condenser (hs) = 116 KWKg=hy (PSC AE 2015) | |EXit of evaporator (by) = 232 KiTkg (a) Evaporator (b) Condenser pipes (cop), = 23216 {(c)_ Expansion valve (d)_Compressor unit a [Ans : (@) The presence of moisture in refrigeration (Cor), =227 lefect is felt at Expansion valve a 4812. In window air-conditioner the expansion device used is (UPPSC AE, 2016) (a) Capillary tube (b). Thermostatic expansion valve (c) Automatic expansion valve (@)_Float valve (@) In window air-conditioner the expansion 1 used is capillary tube. The capillary tube is used as an expansion device is small capacity hermetic sealed refrigeration unit such {as in domestic refrigerators, water coolers, room air- [conditioners and freezes, [Ans = (@) Supotheating in a refigeration cycle lunpredictable COP. Effect of super heating:- 1. Refrigeration effect will increase 2: Work done will be directly proportional to inlet temperature than work done will increase |3. COP will depend on refrigerating substance. for R- 12 it will increase and for NH, it will decrease 4. Volumetric efficiency will remain almost constant Properties of M Psychrometrie 13. im an alr craft refrigeration system the Dressure at the cooling turbine outlet is equal to (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Ambient pressure (b) Cabin pressure (©) Pressure at inlet to compressor (d)_None of the above 1. Which of the following parameters remains constant during adiabatic saturation process on unsaturated air? (KPSC AE 2015) (a) Dew point temperature (b)_ Dry bulb temperature {o) Wet bulb temperature (a)_Relative humidity ‘Ans : (b) In an air craft reffigeration system the pressure at the cooling turbine outlet is equal to the cabin pressure. 14, The presence of moisture in refrigeration effect is felt atz (UPPSC AE. 2016) (2) Evaporator (0) Condenser pipes (©) Expansion valve__(@) Compressor unit [Ans + (€ The presence of moisture in refrigeration effect is felt at Expansion valve, TS. Waste heat can be effectively used in which one of the following refrigeration system? (UJVNL AE. 2016) Vapour compression cycle ‘Vapour absorption cycle (©) Air refrigeration cycle (d)_Vortex reftigeration system [Ans : (b) Vapour absorption cycle waste heat can be] @ (b) leffectively used in reftigeration system. Vapour labsorption cycle is used where Electricity Cost is more. Condenser -Generator Theosting valve Pump Evaporator Absorber 16. Superheating in a refrigeration cycle (KPSC AE 2015) (a) Decreases COP (b) Increases COP (6) COP remains unchanged [Ans (e) Wet bulb temperature remains constant during] adiabatic saturation process q ‘ph Diy bulb temp——> in adiabatic saturation temperature is taken equal to the hwet bulb temperature. 2. The amount of moisture by ir can be measured (KPSC AE 2015) {a) Sting psychrometer (b) Mass apeetrometer (©) Photometer (@)_Thermistor [Ans + (a) The amount of moisture in air can be measured by sling psychrometer. 3. On a phychorometric chart, the relative humidity lines are represented by (KPSC AE 2015) uniformly spaced inclined lines uniformly spaced horizontal lines non-uniformly spaced lines curved lines @) ) ©) (a) [Ans (a) Relative humidity cnet, —— (@)_Unpredictable ®4. Dehumidification is the process of removing moisture from air with dry bulb temperature (KPSC AE 2015) @ (b) © (a) [Ans = (d) Decreasing Increasing Changing in any direction Remaining constant DRT —> IProcess 1-2 :- Dehumidification lin dehumidification Dry bulb temperature remains constant, 5. Which of the following is considered as comfort ‘condition in air-conditioning? (KPSC AE 2015) (a) 15°C DBT and 40% RH (b) 20°C DBT and 60% RH (©) 25°C DBT and 70% RH (@)_None of these [Ans : (b) It may be notes that a human being feels lcomfortable when the air is at 21°C DBT with 56%| relative humidity 6 Tn cooling tower, “approach” is temperature difference between the: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Hot inlet water and cold outlet water, the 7. Heating of air without changing its moisture content takes place on a psychometric chart along : (OPSC AE 2015) (a) A horizontal line of constant dew point (b) Rising line (6) Falling line (@)_Curved line [Ans : (a) Heating of air without changing its moisture lcontent takes place on a psychometric chart along al horizontal line of constant dew point sp. humidity DBI ——> line — 1-2 represent in psychometric chart heating| lwithout changing moisture content. 8. IFT, and T; are dry bulb temperature of air ‘entering and leaving the coil and T, is ADP temperature (temperature of cooling coil), then T, bypass faetor for sensible cooling of air is: (OPSC AE 2015) OT ih (@) oO (©) Hot inlet water and wet bulb temperature co (©) Cold outlet water and wet bulb temperature |Z (@)_Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature : t [Ans : (€) In cooling tower “approach” is the] temperature difference between the cold outlet water land wet bulb temperature Ale af Make up water Tah z 2 — . ——-| 2 ee 5 a ttt 2 tot By pass factor (BPF 3 ut 9. During mixing of steams in case of air conditioning, the process is associated with: (OPSC AE 2015) HThe Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature or adiabatic (@)Throtling (©) Adiabatic saturation temperature is the temperature at which the (o)_Isobaric (@)_Isochoric air can be brought to saturation state, adiabatically, by|| Ans = (B) During mixing of steams in case of ai the evaporator of water into the owing ar. conditioning, the process is associated with adiabatic 3010. ‘The humidity ratio is also expressed as where P, is the partial pressure of superheated vapour and p is the barometric pressure of mixture: Ans: (©) (OPSC AE 2015) 1,=18°C (@) 062% (b) 0.622—P — & 4nac (p-p.) (p~Ps) ty : Die ot (0.6222 0 s Pe IBy pass factor (BP) = “cw 1085 [Ans : (a) Specific humidity OR Humidity ratio(a)s Teal hous massof vapour _ m, mmassof air m, o= 0622-06 RR Ae BPF=06 : =P Pos of ap ee eee eee Partial Pressure of air (@) increase with increase in velocity of air = Total pressure passing through it Tf we have 100% RH, then DPT, WBT and (®) decrease with increase in velocity of wir DBT can be related to cach other as: passing through it (OPSC AE 2015) (©) remains unchanged with increase in velocity (@ DBr WBT> DBT velocity of air passing through it depending (@)_None of the above "upon the condition of air entering [Ans = (6) When 100% Relative um then saturation) | Tans ay condition (Gy At unsaturated conditions [DBI > WBI > DPT. [DBT = Dry bulb temperature IWBT = Wet bulb temperature [DPT = Dew point temperature. 12. The desuperheating coil performs the function of: ina condenser (OPSC AE 2015) improving the heat of superheat of the refrigerant before it goes into condenser (a) Sphumidity Dar —> % IBy-pass factor for a cooling coil ease with inerease 13, The atmosphere air at dry bulb temperature of 15°C enters a heating coil maintained at 40°C. ‘The air leaves the heating coil at 25°C. The by- pass factor of the heating coil is: heer [in velocity of air passing through it OTe pti te nofecart toto it goes| Incase of sensible cooling_of ain, he col into condencer efficiency is given by (BPF = by pass factor) : fans + (© The desuperheating coil in « condense] Gq) ppp 1 Cheon esormanee the function of improving condenser] (o)_VBPr (@)_1=BPF perormance. awry (HPPSC AE 2014) (a) 0376 (b) 04 ©) 06 (@) 067 31lEfficiency of coil (n)=1- BPF 16. _Inasaturated air-water mixture the : (HPPSC AE 2014) dry bulb temperature is higher than the wet bulb temperature ddew point temperature is lower than the wet bulb temperature dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and dew point temperature are the same dry bull temperature is higher than the dew point temperature [Ans : ()() At saturated condition DBT = WBT = DPT lwED = 0 Gi) At unsaturated condition IDBT > WBT > DPT [DBT = Dry bulb temperature IWBY = wet bulb temperature IDPT = Dew point temperature WBD = wet bulb Depression @ &) © @ [Ans = (@) In compound compression system with intercooling in a refrigeration Cycle the suction vapour tothe seconds stage of compression is Dry saturated 19, The process of removing moisture from constant dry bulb temperature is known a (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) (a) Sensible heating (b) Sensible cooling (e)_Humidification _(d) De-humidification [Ans (d) The process of removing moisture from air ai constant dry bulb. temperature is know as De- I Sp. humidity Dat De: humidification The most commonly used method for the design of duct size is the: 20, (UJVNL AE, 2016) (a) Velocity reduction method (b) Equal fraction method (©) Static region method (4) Dual or double duct method TT. Which property of moist air remains constant during adiabatic cooling? (HPPSC AE 2014) (@) ) ©) (a) [Ans = (a) Dry bulb temperature Specific humidity Relative humidity Wet bulb temperature RH= 100% 2—> we [Ans : (b) Equal friction method most commonly be] lused method for the design of duct lother methods of duct size i) Velocity reduction methods. i) Static regain methods 21. Water at 42° at atmospheric pressure, dry bulb temperature of 40°C and a wet bulb temperature of 20 °C. The air leaving the spray humidifier is not saturated. Which of the following statements is true? ‘sprayed into a stream of alr (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@)_ Air gets cooled and humid (b)_ Air gets heated and humidi (©) Air gets heated and dehumidified (a)_Air gets cooled and dehumidified DAT [During 1-2 adiabatic cooling i) Relative humidity increases Gi) Specific humidity increases iu) DBT decreases, (iv) wet bulb temperature remains constant it follows| [constant enthalpy line. 18. In compound compression system with intercooling in a refrigeration cycle the suction vapour to the second stage of compression is : (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) (b) Wet (@) _Subcooled (a) Superheated (©)_Dry saturated [Ans : (b) Air gets heated and humidified Given Water spraying temperature Dry bulb temperature (T,) Wet bull temperature (T.,) = 20°C Here we see that Water spraying temperature > Dry bulb temperature 2, During the chemical dehumidification process of air (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Dry bulb temperature and specific humidity decreases, (b) Dry bulb temperature increases and specific humidity decreases 32(©) Dry bulb temperature decreases and specific humidity increases Dry bulb temperature and specific humidity @ ‘Ans : (b) = pat ‘Chemical dehumidification process 1-2 DBT and 4 w In chemical dehumi e=8% Tat t Te ZD, Speci Humidity Tip Tow Tap Day bulb temperature—> For unsaturated air ie. 6<100% Dry bulb temperature >wet bulb temperature>Due point| temperature Tagua Ifthe specific humidity of moist air remains the same but its DBT increases, its DPT (UPPSC AE. 2016) B, If a sample of unsaturated air, containing superheated water vapour, is cooled at constant pressure. The partial pressure of each constituent remains ‘constant until the water vapour reached the saturated! states as shown by point B. At this point B, the first {drop of dew will be formed and hence the temperature at point B is called dew point temperature. 24. For air with a relative humidity of 80% (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) The dry bulb temperature is less than the wet bulb temperature ‘The dew point temperature is less than the wet bulb temperature The dew point and wet bulb temperatures are equal The dry bulb and dew point temperatures are equal (b) For the then dew point temperature temperature ) © @ with a relative humidity of 80%] less than the wet bulb fication, dry bulb temperature (a) Remains the same increases and specific humidity decreases {b) Increases 25, Dew point temperature fs the temperature at| (€) Docreasos which condensation begins when the air is] (@) May increase or decrease depending om its relative humidity cooled at constant . : ues az. 201s) [ABS #2 Forte ayehometie han, we ave seen a] G@ Volune wy “tee, Jew point temperature remains same. (Pressure (@)_Enthaipy It Ans : (©) Ms ° » ny Specific humidity 1° Tato t A, 7 me x Dew point temperature line is horizontal and parallel to . specific humidity line —>S 26. Humidity ratio can be given in terms of partial pressures of dry air (P,) and water vapour (P,) as (UPPSC AE, 2016) w aad 2) (4). None of the above [Ans : (e) Humidity ratio 0.287P, oai6P, Humidity ratio = m= mass of dry air artial pressure of vapour artial Pressure of air P= Total pressure27. If the air is passed over the cooling coils then this process is termed as (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Sensible heating (b) Cooling with humidification (©) Cooling with dehumidification (@)_None of the above ‘Ans : (c) Ifthe air is passed over the cooling coils then| this process is termed as cooling with dehumidification ay Air inlet > — Air outlet Dehumidification is process of remaining mixture from| the air at constant dry bulb temperature. there fore [dchumidification, of air will take place if the coil surface temperature is below the dew point temperature of entering air. 28. ‘The relative humi during sensible heating (UPPSC AE. 2016) (2) Can increase or decrease (b) Increase or decrease (6) Decreases (@)_ Remains constant ‘Ans: (© during sensible heating relative humidity decreases. it {Specific humidity pat > 29._If-a mass of moist air in an air tight vessel is heated to a higher temperature, then (UPPSC AE. 2016) (2). Specific humidity ofthe air increases (©) Specific humidity ofthe air deceases (c)_ Relative humidity ofthe air increases (@)_ Relative humidity of the air decreases b) Ifa mass of moist air in an ar tight vessel is heated to a higher temperature, then specific humidity lof the air deceases 30. Which of the following processes is generally used in winter air conditioning? (KPSC AE. 2015) dchumidification humidification cooling and dehumidification heating and humidification (@) b) © @ [Ans = (d) Heating and humidification process is| |generally used in winter air Conditioning e ; ‘abt ‘Which one of the following statement is correct for a cooling and humidification process 1-2 as shown on the psychometric chart shown in figure? (MPPSC AE. 2016) (a) wot decrease in the process (b). The total enthalpy increase inthe process (©) The total enthalpy remains constant in process (@)_Itisan adiabatic saturation process [Ans (b) Specific humidity DBT —> Process 1-2 as shown on the psyshometric chart total lenthalpy increase inthe process. 32. As relative humidity decreases the dew point will be———-wet bulb temperature (KPSC AE. 2015) (@) higher than (b) equal to (©)_lower than (@)_none of the above [Ans : (c) As relative humidity decreases the dew point will be Lower than wet bulb temperature, & ge I Sp. humidity ——> DBT05. ENGINEERING MECHANICS| Je between two forces P and Q is The of these forces is (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) YPP+Q+2PQsina (by PPO" +2PQc0sa © Pe @ Pre 2PQeose [The centre of oscillation is termed as centre of Ipercussion. It is defined as that point at which a blow Imay be struck on a suspended body so that the reaction] lat the support is zero, [Ans : (b) Parallelogram law of forees:~ It states that if two forces, acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent side of a parallelogram, then theit resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of a parallelogram which passes through their points of intersection, R=\PF+Q"+2PQc050 omnes P+Qcos0 2 Which of the followi tana= not a sealar quantity? (KPSC AE 2015) @ ) Mass Volume Time Acceleration Mass, volume, density Vector quantity:-Displacement, Valocity, acceleration, 3. Ifa suspended body is struck at the centre of percussion, then the pressure on the axis passing through the point of suspension will be: (HPPSC W.S. POLY. 2016) (@) Maximum (b) Minimum (©) Zero (@)_Infinity. [Ans : (c) Ifa suspended body is struck at the centre off percussion, then the pressure on the axis passing through the point of suspension will be zero. The effect of a force on a body depends on its: (OPSC AE. 2016) (@) Direction (0) Magnitude (6) Position (@)_All ofthese [Ans : (@) The eflect of Toree on a body depends on is |i) Direction, (ii) Magnitude, (iii) Position The horizontal and vertical components of a force of 200 N acting on a body at an angle of 30° with the horizonatal is, (IPSC AE. 2015) (b) 200 V3 N and 200 N (d) 300 V3 N and 300 N (@) 100 V3 and 100. (©) “nana 400. 3 [Ans (a) horizontal components = 200 cos 30° Fy =100/3N Vertical component = 200 sin30° =100N 6 What is the thrust at the point “A’ in the post shown in the figure? (UPPSC AE, 2016) 1 kN A (a) 0.866 kN (b) OS KN (©) 1388kN (@) kN s‘Ans : (a) Thrust at the point A= Vertical component of] force 1KN Thrust force = | sin 60° Thrust force = 0.866KN 7A roller of weight W is to be rolled over a wooden block as shown in the figure. The pull F required to just cause the said motion. ME (UPPSC AE. 2016) w a >) W o> Oy) (BW (a) 2W F W Free body diagram. R w R sin150”~ sin120~ sin90° Wsin 120 sin150 1. Ona Indder resting on a smooth ground and leaning against rough vertical wall, the force of friction acts (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) ‘upward at its upper end towards the wall atthe upper end towards the wall at lower end (@) ) © (a). downward at its upper end [Ans : (a) 1,8 (Grction force) ee G (Smooth) lor smooth ground i= 0 lon a ladder resting on a smooth ground and leaning| lagainst rough vertical wall, the force of friction acts towards the wall at the upper end. 2. When trying to turn a Key into @ lock, the following is applied : (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) (a) Coplanar force (b)- Lever (c)_Moment (a)_ Couple. = (d) When trying t turn a Key into a Tock, the) lcouple is applied. |Coupte:- The two equal and opposite forces, whose line JoFaction are differen, form a couple at B a Moment of a couple = Px. 3. AIZEN force produces a moment of 36 kNem then, the moment arm is (@) 2m (c) 6m [Ans (a) F= 12KN T=96KN-m T=Fed d=8m 4. The coefficient of friction i the ratio of (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) the normal reaction to the limiting foree of friction The weight of the body to limiting force of friction (©) the limiting force of fiction to the normal reaction 4)_the weigh ofthe body to the normal reaction [Ans = (¢) The coefficient of fiction isthe ratio of the] limiting force of friction to me normal reaction fre () 4m (@ 8m ) uk +rlu = Coefficient of friction, IF = Limiting force of frition formal reaction. The algebraic sum of the moments of a given system of forces about any point in the plane of [Ans : (a) Rate of change of momentum takes place in the direction of applied force, a Ratechangeof momentum = (my Be am) Ratechange of momentum = mY a forces is equal to the moment of their resultant about the same point. This statement is the (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) Low of moments (b) Lam's thorem (©) Varignon’s principle “Tow masses 2 kg 8 kg are moving with equal kinetic energy. The ratio of magnitude of their momentum is. (UPPSC AE. 2016) (b) 0.50) (@)_1.00 (a) 028 (c)_0.625 (d)_Triangle law of forces [Ans : (¢) Varignon's principle of momentum:- "It a] lnumber of coplaner forces are acting simultaneously on| la particle, the algebric sum of the moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment of theit resultant force about the same point. Work and Energy In virtual work principle, the work di frictional force acting on wheel when without slip is: (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) (a) Zero (b). Positive (c)_ Negative (d) None of these = (a) In virtual work principle, the work done by] ional force acting on wheel when it rolls without slip is zero, Ans : (b) Kinetic Energy 2. A body is pulled through a distance of 15 m| 3." The velocity ratio of a lifting machine is 20 and along a level track. The force applied is 400 N,|"~ an effort of 200 N is necessary to lift a load of acting at an angle of 60° to the direction of| 3000 N. The frictional ond is, motion. Then the work done is (TPSC AE. 2015) (TPSCAE.2015)| (a) 7000N (b) 1000, (a) 13.33 Nem (b) 3000 Nem (©)_50N (d)_350N. (e)_$196.15N-m__(d)_26.66N-m [Ans (b) Velocity ratio (VR) =20 |Ans : (b) Distance = 15 m JEffort (P) = 200 N. Applied force = 400 N Lita load (w) = 3000 N, Acting ang Frictional load = (P x VR - ited load) 20 200 - 3000) 1000 N When two bodies collide without the presence of any other force or force fields? (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Their total kinetic energy must be conserved. (b). Their total momentum must be conserved. (©) Their collision must be direct (@)_Both (a) and (b) 1. Rate of change of momentum takes place in the direction (KPSC AE 2015) (a) of applied force (b) of motion © @ ‘opposite to the direction of applied force perpendicular to the direction of motion ‘Ans : (@) When two bodies collide without the] [presence of any other force or force fields. (i) Their total kinetic energy must be conserved Their total momentum must be conserved.and Moment of 1, Moment of inertia of a body does not depend (KPSC AE 2015) Axis of rotation of the body Mass of the body Angular velocity of the body distribution of mass in the bod! @ ) ©) (a) +(e) Moment of Inertia of a body does not depend lon angular velocity of the body Area (A) IN and ty = fetaa Where x and y the Co ori of the dein Fiomons of rca JA Slsce tin aca GAs mali by te square etthe dance he momen of ner ka cate the second momen ten r Shear centre of a semicircular are i 4. Centre of gravity of a thin hollow cone lies on the axis at a height of : (HPPSC W.S. POLY. 2016) ‘one-fourth of the total height above base ‘one-third of the total height above base one-half ofthe total height above base three-eighth of the total height above the base (a) (b) © ) [Ans : (b) h wks | hi Sy, |Centre of gravity of a thin hollow cone lies on the axis lata height of one-third of the total height above base 5. The centre of gravity of a hemisphere of diameter 80 mm form its base diameter is (TPSC AE. 2015) (@) 15mm () 40mm (©) 20 mm (@)_10mm [Ans : (a) y A body is said to move or vibrate with simple harmonic| Imotion if it satisfies the following two conditions. (i) Its acceleration is always directed towards the centre known as point of reference or mean position. Gi) Its acceleration is proportional to the distance from| the point (HPPSC AE 2014) a ve ae The centre of gravity of @ hemisphere is ata distance o 2 [8 from base [Ans (a) Shear centre ofa semiciteuar ace is tA CG=38 — @r=de8omm) 3. The acceleration, ina simple harmo €G=15mm motion, is proportional 6 Tho base of triangle fs 6D mm and height i 5D (HPPSC LECT. 2016) mm. The moment of inertia about its base BC’ (2) linear velocity is (©) angular velocity (TPSC AB. 2015) (e) displacement {a) 2,08, 333.33mm* —(b)6.25,000 mt (d)_rate of change of angular velocity (©)_9,00,000 mm* (d)_3,00, 000mm* [Ans (e) The acceleration in a simple harmonie motion || Ans? (by is proportional 1o displacement wv iw 4 bh 6 bh? 2 60%(50)* 2 Iye= 625000 mm oe7. Moment of Inertia of an area dA at a distance x from a reference axis (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (b) feds (@)_Ix'da ‘ofan area dA ata distance (a) Sed (o)_fx’da = (b) Moment of Inert jx from a reference axis is Jx°dA yy Pyne y x The axial moment of ieria‘Of a plane area is the gcometrial characteristic of the area defined by the mtegras l= fy? 4A and by =fean to displacement. (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (a) angular velocity (b) acceleration (6) time period frequeney (2)_mass ratio. If the body falls freely under gea Ans :(b) In SHIM acceleration is always proportional to] gravitational acceleration is taken as Aisplacement (TPSC AE. 2015) [A body is said to move or vibrate with simple harmonic (@) +891 mst © tome lmotion if it satisfies the following two conditions. (©) +9.81 mis? (d)_— 9.81 mis’ (i) ts acceleration is always directed towards the centre known as point reference or mean position di) Its acceleration is proportional to the distance from] [Ans : (d) Velocity and acceleration oF particle moving] hvith simple harmonic motion:= (i) Maximum velocity (Via,) = 0 i) Maximum acceleration (,.,) = oF 4 A rigid body can be replaced by two masses placed at fixed distance apart. The two masses form an equivalent dynamic system, if (select the most appropriate answer). (UPPSC AE. 2016) The sum of the two masses is equal to the total mass ofthe body. The centre of gravity of two masses coincide with that ofthe body The sum of the mass moment of inertia ofthe masses about their centre of gravity is equal to the mass moment inertia ofthe body. (@)_Allof the above [Aas + (@ (i) The contre of gravity of two masses coincide with that of the body i) The sum of the two masses is equal to the total mass of the body ii) The sum of the mass moment of inertia of the masses about their centre of gravity is equal to the mass moment inertia ofthe body @ ©) © Ans : (¢) Ifthe body falls reely under gravity, then the gravitational acceleration is taken as + 9.8/m/scc™ 2A ear moving with a uniform acceleration that point covers 450 m in 5 sec interval, and covers 700 Ys simp Erma tstion tie wastrel a proportional ofthe car (RPSC AE. 2016 (appsc LECT. 2016 (2) displacement (®) 75 msec? (©) Wmbec" (O) mar vloty ira (©) angular velcty i (d)_rate of change of angular velocity JAns: (B) Si ut + [Aas (@)'n simple harmonic motion the acoleatoa i] apetaan in Cacao pls reo erin peo ine 7 [Displacement — 2 acceleration P 5 Ths mishanamscsloretion of parle i moving with SHIM is ce 7 (TPSC AE. 2015) 1150 = 10u + S0a (ii), @) oF ©) or for equation (i) and (ii) (c) or @) wr 1Oms 393. Ifthe velocity of projection is u misec and the| (a) 981 ms? ) 10mie tangle of projection sc’, the maximum helght| (6) 0.98im/? (98.1 me ‘of the projectile on a horizontal plane is : [Ans (@) Object mass=T0 kg re tense Ws POLy. 2016 loa san 9818 9 eae yy mame a oO" Oe lbs =10x¢ w tan? a w sin? lg = 0.981 misec” oO @ 7._K eirenlar dive rolls dowa withoet slipping on (ans) an inclined plane. The ratio of its rotational netic energy to the fotal kinetic energy is. (UPPSC AE. 2016) : @ + mt 4 2 ot @ 2 3 3 velocity of projection gle of projection 1 of Project 2usina zg Gi) Height of projectile: he 28 iy Range of projectile: peusin2a & 4 The force applied on a body of mas 100 Kg to produce an acceleration of § mis is (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) SOON (®) 100N (©) 20N (@)_10N [Ans = (a) Second law of Newton's = Fem & at F=ma F = 500N. 5. The speed of a particle moving in circular path is 600 rpm. Then, the angular velocity of the particle is (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) 20x rad! see (b) 10 nradlsee (o)_20/nradisee (d)_10/nrad / see [Ans : (a) Speed. fo a particle = 600 rpm. 2aN [Angular velocity = 2% rad /see s a 2600 60 |Angular velocity = 207 rad/sec. 6 Aw object having 10 Kg mass and weights as 9- 81 Kg on a spring balance. The value of "g" at that place is rad /see (UJVNL AE, 2016) Ans : (¢) Total kinetie Energy Rotational kinetic Energ [Moment of Inertia of Circular dise Radius of gyration of circular dise Total kinetic Energy eae Air? xa? +4m(Ro) 2 +7m(Ro) est Total kinetic Eneray = 7mR*o +>mR Total kinetic Energy 1 {mi 2 Rotational kinetic Energy = 4| ™ Jo? wal ) Rotational kinetic Energy = m'R’o* Ratio of rotational kinetic Energy of the Total Kinetic L eRe? amor TinR?0! +1 mR%0" a 2 1 3 8 The tension im the cable supporting a lift is more when the lift is (UPPSC AE. 2016) Moving downwards with uniform velocity. Moving upwards with uniform velocity. (©) Moving upwards with acceleration, (@)_moving downwards with acceleration. [Ans : (c) The tension in the cable supporting a lift is more when the lift is moving upwards with acceleration (@) ) 00FLUID MACHINES If the discharge of water is radial at the outlet, the hydraulic efficieney of the Francis turbine is given by 1. Force exerted by a jet of water impinging on 2 (TPSC AE. 2015) moving flat plate is Vystta (TPSC AE. 2015) (@) ny=—2—) Hy i at Vue @ Fav) Faw-w a rt . Omg Ome @ Sav-uy 2g (@ The work done by water on the runner pe vine Moving "8 vera pe U= plate velocity |Force exerted by jet on moving flat plate normal to jet P,=pa(v-u)? pala) lwork done per second (Ww) a[v..u] |And work done per second per unit weight of water striking Hydraulic efficiency of the Francis turbine yn fOr maximum efficiency of th Pelton wheel is that (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) blade speed is one fourth of jet speed. (b)_ blade speed is one-third of jet speed (©) blade speed is one half of jet speed. (d)_blade speed is equal to jet speed. Tar 3. Which of the following turbine used for Tow heads of water ? (TPSC AB. 2015) (a) pelton wheel (b)._Kaplan turbine (c)_Franeis turbine (a) Girard turbine [Ans (b) Types of turbine head Pelton turbine High head Francis turbine Medium head Kaplan turbine Low head. 4. The specific speed of @ turbine is speed of an e wary turbine, identical with the given turbine, which (APPSC AE 2012) (a) delivers unit discharge under unit load (b) delivers unit discharge under unit speed (©) develops unit IL. under unit head (q)_develops unit H.P. under unit speed [Ans : (e) Hydraulic efficiency siya ——Rurmerpower Hw” Kinetic Energyper Second 2(v=u)(1+ keos oe (v=u)( oyu mu -(*EBHH) Hydraulic efficieney is maximum when blade speed is lone half of jet speed. [Ans : (ec) The specific speed of a turbine is speed of an] limaginary turbine, identical with the given turbine| which develop per unit H.P. under unit head NP ray Significance of specific speed :- Specific speed plays} an important rote for selecting the type of turbine. Also ie performance of a turbine can be predicted by| knowing the specific speed ofthe turbine 5. A pelton wheel turbine is ideally suited for N, 7 (KPSC AE 2015) ust (a) High head and low discharge _ (b) High head and high discharge u= Blade speed (c) Low head and low discharge sie peed, (@)_Medium head and medium discharge or[Ans : (a) A pelion wheel turbine is ideally suited for (i) High head i) Low discharge i) Low specific speed iv) Horizontal shaft turbine (v) Tangential flow turbine 6 The specific speed of turbine i indicated m (OPSC AE 2015) NVQ NvP ay AYO 5 ® pa © Jp0 NVQ NvP ic a ) as © 7 (by Specific speed of turbine:- It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in. shape, |geometrical dimensions, blade angles, gate opening etc. with the actual turbine but of such a size that it wil ldevelop unit power when working unit head 7, Ifa Ws the angle of blade tip at outlet, then jum hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is: (OPSC AE 2015) Leos, 1-cosa, (a) b @ => o = L+sina, Iesina. 5 @ © + o> li) Work done per second= pQ(Vy, +Vq, its eieny= HRS8 \(iii) Mechanical effciency = —Shaftpower_ (iv) Overall efficiency =n, x Ms x Noack (v) Speed ratio (K,) 8 Tnrea (OPSC AE 2015) (a). The vanes are partly filled (b) Total energy of fluid is converted to kinetic energy in the runner It is exposed to atmosphere (@)_Itis not exposed to atmosphere [Ans : (d) Reaction turbine:- Reaction turbine means that the water at the inlet of the turbine possesses Kinetic energy as well as pressure energy. As the water lows through the runner, a part of pressure energy goes lon changing into kinetic energy. The water through the runner in under pressure. The runner is completely lenclosed in an air- tight casing and the runner is always full of water © 9. In reaction turbine, draft tube is used: (OPSC AE 2015) To transport water downstream without eddies To convert the kinetic energy to flow energy by a gradual expansion of the flow cross- section (©) For safety to turbine (d)_To increase the flow rate [Ans : (b) Draft tube:- The drafi- tube is a pipe of leradually increasing area which connects the outlet o the runner to the tail race. It is used for discharging| lwater from the exit of the turbine to the tail race. This pipe is gradually inereasing, area is called a draft tube. lone end of the draft- tube is connected to the outlet o the runner while the other end is sub-merged below the level of water inthe tail race. 10, _A plot between power generated in MVW and time is known as: (@) (b) (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Load curve (b) Load factor (c) Demand curve ___(d) Load duration curve [Ans : (a) A plot between power generated in MVV and] ime is known as Load curve. lLoad Curve:- A curve showing the load demang| (variation) of consumer with respect to time is known as lioad curve. This curve may be for daily, weekly, monthly and on yearly basis. this a graph between load land duration, [The energy consumption of consumer is given by an lovn= fw TT —The valle of maine Toad to raied plant (orse ae 2015) (a) Load factor (b) Utilization factor {©} Maximum oad fcior (8) Capacity factor [Ras = (6) The rato of maximum food to rated pla] capacity is known as utilization factor. HThe utilization factor or use factor is the ratio of the time that a piece of equipment isin use to the total time| that it could be in use. It is often averaged over time in the definition such that the ratio becomes the amount lenergy used divided by the maximum possible to be| lused. These definitions are equivalent. 87, Capacity of a hydroelectric plant ‘excess of the peak load is known (OPSC AE 2015) (@) Operating reserve (b)_ Spinning reserve (6) Peak reserve (d)_Cold reserve [Ans : (d) Capacity of a hydroelectric plant in service in lexcess of the peak load is known cold reserve. 12. Ina pelton wheel, the bucket peripheral speed is 10 ms. the water jet velocity is 25, m/s and ‘volumetric flow rate of the jet is 1.0 m/s. Ifthe service in @jet deflected angle is 120° and the flow is ideal, the power developed is: (OPSC AE 2015) (b) 225kW (@)_37.5kW @) 15.0kW (o)_7.5kW [Ans :(b) Given data u= l0misee V,= 25 mise 0.1 misee let deflection angle = 120° B= 180° 120° = 60° Power developed by pelton wheel, P=pQ(V,-u)(I+cosp)u 10)(1+c0s60") x10 (Crm = (Crp (2 “| py'p® ) constant P=22500W or 22.5kW ‘KX hydraulie turbine generated 500 KW at 1500 rpm under a head of 60 m. During testing conditions, a scale model of 1.5 works under the head of 15m. the power generated by the B. 14, Turbine is a machine which converts: (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (a) mechanical energy to hydraulic energy (b) Hydraulic energy to mechanical energy (©) Flectrical energy to mechanical enerzy (@)_Mechanical energy to electrical energy ‘model will be. (OPSC AE 2015) (a) 2kW (b) 16 kW fc) 3kW (@)_25kW [Ans : (d) Given data for prototype power generated [Ans : (b) Turbines:- Turbines are defined as the] hydraulic machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used in] running on electric generator which is directly coupled] Ito the shaft of the turbine. 15, Ma circular chamber fs introduced belween the casing and the impeller, then is known as: (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (a) guide blades casing (b) vortex casing (©)_volute casing (@)_none of these (Ans : (b) Ifa circular chamber is introduced between] the casing and the impeller, then casing is known as} vortex casing. Vortex Chamber Impétler Vortex C: 16, When a centrifugal pump is started, there will be no flow of water until the pressure rise in the impeller is large enough to overcome > (OPSC AE 2015) 15? Na (@) Manometricheed (b) Total head 60°" (1500)? (c)_Static head (@)_Frietion head Ny =3750rpm [Ans : (a) Manometric head:- The manometric head is| ah [defined as the head against which a centrifugal pump) ? has to work. Ii denoted by Hy. Ce ap Hig = Head imparted by the impeller to the water- Loss lof head in the pump. @lH, = “2242. Loss of headin impeller and easing 8 ig = hy + hat hg + hy + 2 28 s,= Suction head y= Delivery head i= fictional head oss in sution pipe NP oy) ~S @ OE © PVN PAN ) @ © TE © [Ans:(b) Specific speed of hydraulic turbine ‘equation (i) and (ii) Ns=35 Consider the following statements is respect to Kaplan Turbine: (MPPSC AE. 2016) (1) Iisa reaction turbine 2) Itisan impulse turbine G) Ithas adjustable blades has= fictional head loss in delivery pipe ha= velocity of water in delivery pipe 17. The power obtained from an impulse turbin proportional to the number of nozzles used. A Pelton turbine with six nozzles has a specific speed of 8.1. The specific speed per nozzle is : if (KPSC AE. 2015) H=Imamd P =Ikw. then (@) 135 2 nin ©) 33 d) 81 a Tans (¢)P Nowe 21, In hydraulic reaction turbine, function of the PaxNozle draft tube isto (RPSC AE. 2016) n= NP (@) Increase the flow rate a (b) Reduce water hammer effect Nex (& Conver kinetic encrgy of water to potential = ua 0 sony by a gecadd eyannian i Shores part ee pe ii) (@)_Increase efficiency of the turbine e [Ans :(c) |) In hydraulic reaction turbine, function of the drat tube is to convert kinetic energy of water to potential energy by a gradual expansion in divergent part. It permit a negative heat to be established at the ‘output of the runner and the increase the net head ‘on the turbine The turbine develops more power and also the to the total energy transfer (d)_Velocity energy to pressure energy [Ans : (a) Degree of reaction of a turbine is defined as a ratio of static pressure drop to total ener ve 7 20. Given that N= speed, P =power, H =heat The specific speed of hydraulic turbine is given by : (MPPSC AE. 2016) aed aveniate efficiency ofthe turbine increase TeqCLe Te B turbine usually used for i. Reaction Turbine ii, Adjustable Blade (RPSC AE. 2016) i Low head iv High discharge (@) law head installation upto 30m Axial flow turbine (b) medium head installation from 30 m to 180 19. The dogree of reaction ofa turbine defined ava m ratio of: (© high head instalation above 180 (MPPSC AE. 2016) (d)_ for all heads (State pressure drop to total energy [Ans (b) (b) Total energy transfer to static pressure drop | HTurbine Head (©) Change of velocity energy across the tubine} Pelton turbine High head installation above 180 m ‘medium head installation from 30m to} 180m, low head installation up to 30m. [Francis turbine [Kaplan turbine 23. Operating charges for same power output are minimum for (RPSC AE. 2016) (a) gasturbine plant (b) hydroelectric plant (©) thermal plant __(@)_nuelear plant [Ans = (b) Operating charges for same power output are Ininimum for hydro eletric plant ofLoad centre in a power station is (RPSC AE. 2016) centre of coal fields centre of maximum load of equipments centre of gravity of electrical load centre of power station @ (b) © (a) 28, A Pelton wheel is ideally suited for : (UJVNL AE. 2016) (@)_ High head and low discharge (6) High head and high discharge (c) Low head and low discharge (@)_Medium head and medium discharge |And work done per second per unit weight of water 1 lstriking’s =+[V, u, ws = [Vem ] Hydraulic efficiency of the Francis turbine eH ma = Ans : (c) Load centre in a power station is centre of ? el lgravity of electrical load. rae wheel is ideally suited for high head) 2S. Which of the folloing Turbine wed Tor Tow | ft 12 discharge heads of water ? Hana (TPSC AE. 2015) is (a) pelton wheel (b) Kaplan turbine |i!) Low discharge (c)_Francis turbine (4) Girard turbine __ it) Low specific speed Tans =) Types oft aaa iv) Horizontal shaft turbine Pelton turbine High head 1) Tangential flow Francis turbine Medium head 29. The hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine Kaplan turbine Low head. is maximum, when the velocity of wheel is 26. The condition for maximum cfficiency of the that of the fet velocity. Pelton wheel is that apsc.at. 215) (APPSC AE 2012) (a) lade speed is one fourth of jet speed ° aoa rama (b) blade speed is one-third of jet speed : (c) blade speed is one half of jet speed. |Ans : (b) Hydraulic efficiency (d)_blade speed is equal to jet speed. gg Rune power [Ans : (c) Hydraulic efficiency lt» “Kinetic Energy per second shea Runner power 7 ‘Kinetic Enerayper Second tami Ht) Me (0+ kos) when wheel velocity = 2 veleity ve 2 1+ Keos@ 30. The number of buckets on the periphery of a Miya Pelton wheel Hydraulic efficiency is maximum when blade speed is (APPSC AE 2012) lone half of jet speed. ‘DE ‘Dee at (a) or 5 (b) 2a 0, 2 D D u=Blade speed © 3th @ 320 v= Jet speed. 27. If the discharge of water is radial at the outlet, eal: (©) Natnbet oe buon a tances grven by. the hydraulic efficiency of the Francis turbine z=1s+P is given by 2d (PSC AE. 2015) z=15+0.5m Voy. JH D a) n mnt = m=— Jet ratio (12 for most case) © =a © m-sES 7 ( ). a Vai 31. Ina reaction turbine, the draft tube is used © w= @ =F (APPSC AE 2012) wi e (a) toran the turbine full [Ans ¢ (@) The work done by water on the runner per (6) toprevent air to enter the turbine [Vu] (©) to increase the effective head of water (@)_to transport water to downstream, [Ans : (e) In a reaction turbine, the draft tube is used to increase the effective head of water. Hence by using draft tube, the net head on the turbine increases The turbine develops mare power and also the jency of the turbine increases iency of draft tube (ng)__Actval conversion of kinetic headin topressurehead . kineticheadat theinlet of draft tube (x) Tn an inward flow rea 2 m turbine (APPSC AE 2012) the water flows parallel tothe axis ofthe wheel the water enters at the centre of the wheel and from there flows towards the outer periphery of the wheel the water enters the wheel at outer periphery, and then flows towards the centre of the wheel the flow of water is partly radial and partly axial (@) ) © (a) [Ans : (d) In an inward flow reaction turbine the water 35. The specific speed of a turbine is given by (APPSC AE 2012) NvP NvP ay) SP D @ WF © NyP_ NvP © © “p [Ans :(b) Specific speed of a turbine NvP_ N, Le li P = 1kw and H = Im then turbine speed is equal to specific speed N=N lin MKS units, unit power is taken as one horse power land unit head as one meter, but in SI unit, unit power is taken as one kilowatt and unit head as one meter. (i) Ina Kaplan turbine runner, the number of blades are generally between 4 10 8 Gi) In a Francis turbine, runner, the number of blades are generally between 16 to 24, 34. The power developed by a turbine is (APPSC AE 2012) (a) Directly proportional to H!'? (6) Inversely proportional © H"* (©) Directly proportional to 1" d)_Inversely proportional to It [Ans : (@) Ny Now? speed 2: “ Q,--S--& vit Ji Qan? Discharge =H (i) i) |the wheel at outer periphery, and then flow towards the| 36. The turbine to be used for 450 m bead of water is centre ofthe whee (APPSC AE 2012) Reaction turbine (@) Pelton wheel (b)_ Francis turbine (c) Kaplan turbine (d)_ None of these “Ras :@) Turbine Head Inward radial flow Outward radial low ||| Pefion turbine Tigh head rection niine reaction webine |] Kaplan turbine Low head 33. Ina Kaplan turbine runner, the number of || Francis turbine Medium head blades are generally The turbine to be used Tor 430 m head of water (APPSC AE 2012) || pelton wheel. (@) 204 0) 408 37. If Dis the diameter of Pelion whee! aad de the (© 8106 (@)_161024 diameter of the jet, then number of buckets on Tans = by the periphery of a Pelton wheel is equal to: (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) D D @ > om © 370 D D Pais Pig © at (@) 3520 [Ans : (€) D = Diameter of pelton wheel d= Diameter of jet [Number of bucket (2) = P +15 2d D m= 2 Get ratio pie atio) a= Pais 2d 2=05m015 Hydraulics Pumps Cavitation in fluid flow oceurs when (APPSC AE 2012) the total energy suddenly increases total energy deereases suddenly velocity head reduces to zer0 pressure of flow decreases to a value close to its vapour pressure @ ) ©) @(Ans: (d) Cavitation in Tuid flow oscurs when pressure lof low decreases to value close to its vapour pressure. (Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation lof vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure ofthe liquid falls below its vapour pressure land the sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a legion of higher pressure when the vapour bubbles collapse, a very high pressure is created. 2. Cavitation in centrifugal pumps reduced by can be (KPSC AE 2015) (a) Throttling the discharge (b)_ Increasing the flow velocity (©) Reducing the discharge (a)_Reducing the suction head [Ans = (d) Cavitation in centrifugal pumps reduced by] reducing the suetion head, ICavitation in centrifugal Pumps:- In_ centrifugal lpumps the cavitation may occur at the inlet of the impeller of the pump, or at the suction side of the lpumps, where the pressure is considerably reduced. lHence if the pressure at the suction side of the pump| ldrops below the vapour pressure of the liquid then the leavitation may occurs, [Ans : (b) In a centrifugal pump casing, the flow o lwater leaving the impeller is radial flow. [The centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that the flow in [centrifugal pump is in the radial outward direction. The| [pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow. 6. If Dis the diameter of impeller at inlet, w is the ‘width of the impeller at inlet and V, is the velocity of flow at inlet then discharge through centrifugal pump is equal to: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) DV; (b) DV w ()_xDvew (@)_xDw [Ans : (c) Discharge through a centrifugal pump=nDv; w] D = diameter of impeller at inlet IW = width of the impeller at inlet velocity of flow at inlet 7. Which of the following is not a rotary pump? (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Gear (b) Vane (c)_Axial (a) Screw [Ans (c) Axial pomp is a nota rotatry pump. ‘Air vessels used in reciprocating pumps are initially filled with: [Ans = (a) Centrifugal pump is started with its delivery] valve kept fully closed, The centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. this means that the flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward directions, [The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced| lvortex flow. 4 How docs pressure inensi rotates at an angular veloci Varies when liquid ofa vertical axis? (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Directly with radial distance (b). Directly with square of the redial distance (©) Inversely with square of the radial distance (d)_None of the above [Ans = (b) Pressure intensity varies directly with square lof the radial distance when liquid rotates at an angular velocity of a vertical axis 5. Ina centrifugal pump casing, the flow of water leaving the impeller, in: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Rectilinear flow (b) Radial flow (©) Free vortex flow _(d) forced vortex , (OPSC AE 2015) [Cavitation factor for centrifugal pumps. es oes H, -H, —H, (c)_Compressed air (d) None of the above iL [Ans (8) Air Vessels:-The ar vessel, ina reciprocating] — - FATS TAG um. isa cast iron closed chamber having an opening 5 CRE po REE WT TS SEG the il be sc i a lelivery pipe close to the cylinder of the pump. The (KPSC AE 2015)|| esc ate use forthe following purposes. (a) Dept flly closed (b) Dept fully open |G) ‘To get continuous supply of liquid ata uniform rate (©) Kept 50% open __(d)_None of these (Gi) To save the power required to drive the pump. This js due to the fact that by using air vessels, the acceleration and friction heads are reduced. Thus} the work is also reduced. 9. If NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) for a pump is not obeyed, then: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) The pump gets cavitated (b) proper head is not developed (©) Pump has tow efficiency (d) More power is consumed [Ans = (a) If NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) for a] lpump is not obeyed, then the pump gets cavitated. ‘Net positive Suction Head (NPSH):~ the net positive lsuction head (NPSH) is defined as the difference between the net inlet head and the head corresponding| to the vapour pressure of the liquid. It may be noted that lwhen the pressure at the suction falls below the vapour pressure of the liquid, then cavitation will be formed 10. ‘ype of centrifugal pump the impeller is surrounded by the spiral casing. (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (b)_ bevel @)_ spur (a) involute (©) volute 7[Ans = (c) In volute type of centrifugal pump the impeller is surrounded by the spiral casing. 12, “The specific speed N NVQ tor a double suction pump isto be evaluated. The discharge would be taken (KPSC AE. 2015) @ (b) half the actual discharge actual discharge (6) double the actual discharge (a) square of the actual discharge /Ans : (b) The specific speed Ns=(NYQ)/ 1H" for al double suction pump is to be evaluated. The discharge| would be taken actual discharge. IKPPSC given answer half the actual discharge. 12, Is it possible around 100°C under atmospheric condition using centrifugal pump placed near the tank: (MPPSC AE. 2016) ‘to pump water available at No Yes (©). Yes, if pump is selected properly (@)_None of these are correct? [Ans : (a) Centrifugal Pumps:-A centrifugal pump is a lmachine which converts the kinetic energy of the water lito pressure energy before the water leaves its casing. [The flow of water leaving the impeller is free vortex. The impeller of a centrifugal pump may have volute] leasing, vortex casing and volute casing with guide| blades (a) ) 1, The vanes of centrifugal pump are generally: (MPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Radial (b) Curved backward (©) Curve forward __(d)_ Twisted = (b) The vanes of a centrifugal pump are generally] lcurved backward, m Of the foot valve in a centrifugal (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) not to permit the liquid to move downward back to the sump when the pump is not working, (b) to permit the liquid to move downwards back to sump when the pump is not working, (©) not to permit the liquid to move upwards from the sump when the pump is working. (4) to permit the liquid to move downwards back to th sump when the pump is working [Ans = (@) The function ofthe foot valve ina cenefugal] pump is not to permit the liquid to move down wards ack to the sump when the pump isnot working 15, Discharge (Q) ofa centrifugal pump is given by (TPSC AE. 2015) (@ Q=2Dv; (>) Q=AbVe (©) Q=ADbV, (@)_ Q=DbV, (Where D = diameter of impeller at inlet Width ofthe impeller at inet V.= Velocity of flaw at inlet) [ans (e) Discharge (Q) ofa centrifugal pump l= apo; ameter of impeller at inlet b= width ofthe impeler at inlet c= Velocity of flow at inlet. 16, In reciprocating pump, the percentage of si equal to (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) 1 coefficient of discharge (b) 1 +coefficient of discharge 1 2) cofficient of discharge cofficient of discharge theoretical discharge JAns : (a) Slip in percentage is given by (Qu, = Ques) 100 Q Qa CQ, % Slip=(1-C,) «100 Where C, = Coefficient of discharge slip is negative when delivery pipe is small and suction pipe is long and pump is running at very high speed 17. Which of the following hydraulic machines are subjected to cavitation? @ Seslip 200 (IPSC AE. 2015) (a). Impulse turbines only (b)_ Reciprocating pumps only (©) Reaction turbines and centrifugal pumps (d)_Impulse turbines and reciprocating pumps [Ans : (c) Reaction turbines and centrifugal pumps are subjected to cavitation. |Caviation:- The formation, growth and collapse of lvapour filled cavities or bubbles in a flowing liquide due to local fall in fluid pressure is called cavitation. (a) It causes noise and vibration of various parts (b) It makes surface rough (c) It reduces the discharge of a turbine (a) It causes sudden drop in power output and efficiency} 818. A centrifugal pump is started with its delivery valve kept: (UJVNL AE. 2016) H, = Atmospheric pressure head in m of water 1H, = Vapour pressure head in m of water ones aries H, = Suction pressure head in m of water (2) Parially open___(4)_S0% open H__=Nethead on the turbine in m. [Ans (b)A Centrifugal pump is stared with its dsliven]|23. In a centrifugal pump the liquid enters the valve kept fully closed a 19. For centrifugal pomp impeller the maximom (APPSC AE 2013) value of the vane exit angle is (a) at the centre () atthe top (APPSC AE 2012) (c)_at the bottom (d) _ from sides (a) 10°10 15° (b) 15° to 20° [Ans : (a) In a centrifugal pump the liquid enters the] (c)_20°t025° (4)_23%10 30" pump atthe centre. [Ans = (€) For centrifugal pump impeller, the maximum value ofthe vane exit angle is 20° to 25° 20. Which of the following pumps is preferred for igation applications ? (APPSC AE 2012) (a) Centrifugal pump (b) Mixed flow pump (6) Axial flow pump _(d) Reciprocating pump flood control and the centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This means that the flow in centrifugal pumps in the radial outward direction. The| [centrifugal pump work on the principle of forced vortex low which means that when a certain mass of liquid is rotated by an external torque, the rise in pressure head| lof the rotating liquid takes place. [Ans : (¢) Axial flow pump is preferred for flood control land irrigation application 21. In order to avoid ea pumps itation in centrifugal (APPSC AE 2012) (@) the suetion pressure should be high (b) the delivery pressure should be high (c) the suction pressure should be low (@)_the delivery pressure shouldbe low Ans : (c) In order to avoid cavitation in centrifugal] lpumps the suction pressure should be low (Cavitation in centrifugal pumps:-In centrifugal lpumps the cavitation may occur at the inlet of the impeller of the pump, or at the suction side of the lpumps, where the pressure is considerably reduced Hence ifthe pressure at the suction side of the pum] larops below the vapour pressure of the liquid then the cavitation may occur, The cavitation in a pump can be noted by a sudden drop inefficiency and head 2, “The cavitation ina hydraulic machine (APPSC AE 2012) ‘causes noise and vibration of various parts makes the surface rough reduces the discharge of a turbine causes sudden drop in power output and efficiency [Ans : (a) Effects of Cavitation = |i) The metallic surface are damaged and cavities are formed on the surface Gi) Due to sudden collapse of vapour bubble, considerable noise and vibration are produced. \Giiy The efficiency of a turbine decrease due to] cavitations @ (b) © @) 24. Multistage centrifugal pumps are used to (APPSC AE 2012) (a) give high discharge (b) pump viscous fluids (c) produce high heads _(d) None of these () Multistage centrifugal pumps are used t high head. [Multistage Centrifugal pumps : - If « centrifugal lpump consists of two or more impeller, the pump is called a multistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may} lbe mounted on the same shaft or on different shalt. A] multistage pump is having the following two important unctions (i) To produced a high head ii) To discharge a large quantity of liquid if a high head is to be developed, the impellers are| connected in series, while for discharging large quantity lot liquid, the impeller are connected in parallel 25. ‘Theoretical power required to drive a reciprocal pump is (aPPSC AE 2012) wou, WOH, © 7B oO WOH, 270 © @ [Ans : (b) Theoretical power required to drive a] paQ reciprocal pump is EOS procal pump is PSE p=220 WOH, 75 p= Density of liquid Q= Discharge = static head = suction head + delivery head26. The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is [Ans : (a) The function ofthe foot valve in a centrifugal sivenby lump Isnt to permit the iid to move down ward (apesc ae 2012)|[bas the sump when the pump isnot working 29. Discharge (O) af entiugal pump Ts given by N N 7 w SB w MO (IPSCAE. 2013) (a) Q=nDV; (b) Q=mbV; @ Me @ Ma (©) Q=xDbV; @ Q=Dbv; bts nr (Where meter of | [as Specie spend ofa onal pump eanemeras Wo Ver Velocity af aw at inet) sa [has Dscargs (Oo a cenit pump lo abwv, Ne ma ID = Diameter of impetter at inlet if Q=Im" /see and H = Im then pump speed is lequal to specific speed, ‘The specific speed of @ centrifugal pump is ldefined as the speed of a geometrically similar pump, lwhich would deliver one cubic meter of liquid per |second against a head one meter. 27,__If two pumps identical in capable of d head H are connected in series, the resulting, discharge (KPSC AE. 2015) (2) 2Q against a head 2H () 2Qagainst ahead H (©) Qagainst a head 2H (@)_Qagainst ahead HL [Ans :(¢) If two pumps identical inal respects and each capable of delivering a discharge Q against a head H are connected in series, the resulting discharge is Q agains a head 2H, Series combination Gi) Discharge. Q=a Gi) Head H=H)+Hy H=2H 28, The function of the foot valve in a centrifugal pump is (TPSC AE. 2015) (@) not to permit the liquid t move downward back to the sump when the pump is not working, to permit the liquid to move downwards back to sump when the pump is not working, rot to permit the liquid to move upwards from the sump when the pump is working, to permit the liquid to move downwards back to the sump when the pump is working ) © @ (a) It causes sudden drop in power output and effciency| lb = width of the impeller at inlet lve= Velocity of flow at inlet 30.__In reciprocating pump, the percentage of slip equal to (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) 1-coefficient of discharge (b) 1 + coefficient of discharge 1 © Siiicetot dacharge cofficient of discharge theoretical discharge @ [Ans (a) Slip in percentage is given by (Qa = Qua) 100 Qu, S.)s10 Qn % Slip=(I-Cy) 100 Where Cs = Coetticient of discharge Slip is negative when delivery pipe is small and suction pine is long and pump is running at very high speed. 31. Which ofthe following hydrau subjected to cavitation? ‘machines are (IPSC AE. 2015) @ & Impulse turbines only Reciprocating pumps only (©) Reaction turbines and centrifugal pumps (@)_Impulse turbines and reciprocating pumps [Ans = (c) Reaction turbines and centrifugal pumps are] subjected to cavitation, Ica ‘he formation, growth and collapse o} vapour filled cavities or bubbles in a flowing liquide| {due to local fallin fluid pressure is called cavitation. \(a)_ It causes noise and vibration of various parts |(d) Itmakes surface rough (c) Itreduces the discharge of a turbine 70NTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE a Air Standard Cycles 1. A100 cc engine has the following parameter as 100 ec (KPSC AE 2015) (@) cylinder volume (b) clearance volume (c)_swept volume __(d)_ full tank capacity [Ans : (e) Wwe onc [Ans : (d) i, Equal compression ratio and heat rej lorder of values of thermal efficiency: ows > Nat Nos for same maximum temperature and heat addition Tere” Maw No ‘Same maximum pressure and heat input Na > Rows r stroke cycle engine, the four operations suction, compression, expansion and, exhaust are completed in the number of revolutions of crankshaft equal to @ 1 (b) 2 (©) 3 id) 4 2. For the same compression ratio : (a) thermal efficiency of otto cycle is greater than of diesel cycle (b)_ thermal efficiency of otto cycle is less than of diesel cycle (©) thermal efficiency of otto cycle same as that for a diesel cycle (@) thermal efficiency of diesel cannot be predicted [Ans (a) |i) for Same Compression ratio and heat addition Mato > Nese (i) for Same maximum temperature and heat addition, Moyet > Moto 3. The order of values of thermal efficiency of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycle, when they have equal compression ratio and heat rejection, is given by: (MPPSC AE. 2016) (2) Mowe > Moise! > Most (b) Rowse! oat > Now (©) Mow > Mosse! Now (8) Noww > Now Move [Ans : (b) (i) Ina two stroke engine, the working eycle is completed in two stroke of the piston or one| revolution of the erankshaft \(i) In a four stroke engine, the working cycle is lcompleted in four strokes of the piston or two revolution of the crankshaft 5. Ina four stroke cycle, runs at ‘engine the camshaft (RPSC AE. 2016) (@) same speed as crankshaft (b) half the speed of crankshaft (6) twice the speed of erankshatt (d)_any speed irespectve oferankshalt speed [Ans = (b) In a four stroke eycle SI engine the camshaf runs at half the speed of crankshaft i “Morse test measures the indicated power o (KPSC AE. 2015) (a) Stengine (b)Chengine (c) Steamengines __(d) Steam turbine [Ans : (a) Morse test measure the indicated power of SI lengine The morse testis adopted to find the indicated power o leach cylinder of a high speed 1.C. engine, without using| indicator diagram, 7. Thermal efficiency of standard Otto eyele for a compression ratio 5.5 will be (RPSC AE, 2016) (b) 35.4% (a) 50% (@) 20% (©) 47.5% [Ans : (d) Given data R55 yea Maw == 8 50% Moto 78. For the same maximum pressure and heat input, the most efficient cycle is (RPSC AE. 2016) (a) Brayton (b) Otto (©) Diesel @)_Dual [Ans + (©) (@) For same compression ratio and heal] addition Mago > Naat > Mio for same compression ratio and heat rejection Mago > Nat > Moist Gi) for same maximum pressure and heat input Nove > Mal > Mao 9. Otto eycle is also known as (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) ) constant pressure eyele constant volume eycle (c) constant temperature cycle (@)_constant temperature and pressure cycle [Ans : (b) Otto eycle is known as constant volume eyele land heat addition at constant volume. atto eyele The stroke ofan engine is the 10. (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) (b) © Diesel cycle is more efficient than Otto cycle Dual cycle is more efficient than Otto and Diesel cycle Dual cycle is less efficient than Otto and Diesel eycle (Ans: (b) For the same maximum pressure and temperature diesel cycle is more efficient than Otto eycle, (Comparison of cycle: (i) For same compression ratio and heat addition Mao > Maat > Maat (Gi) For same compression ratio and heat rejection Mao > Nat > Mot (ii)For same maximum temperature and heat rejection Mace > Mat > Nan (ii) Same maximum pressure and heat input Mca > Mat > Nae Th an air standard Diesel eyele at fixed ‘compression ratio and fixed value of adiabatic index (7) @ 2 (UPPSC AE. 2016) Thermal efficiency increases with increases in heat addition cut-off ratio Thermal efficiency decreases with increase in heat addition cut-off ratio Thermal efficiency remains same with increase in heat addition cut-off ratio (d)_None of the above (Ans: (b) In an air standard diesel cycle at fixed lcompression ratio and fixed value of adiabatic index then thermal efficiency decreases with inerease in heat addition cut-off ratio, @ ) © were [Distance between TDC to BDC is called stroke length DxL, lv. 11. For the same temperature maximum pressure and (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) volume of the cylinder 13. For the same compression ratio, the efficacy (b)_ length of the connecting rod of Brayton cycle is (©) intemal diameter of the cylinder (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) distance between TDC and BDC (a) Equal to that of Diesel cycle [Ans : (d) The stroke of an engine is the distance] (b)_ Equal to that of Otto cycle lbetween TDC and BDC (©) Equal to that of Dual eycle openne (@)_Greater than that of Diesel eyele [Ans.: (b) For the same compression ratio, the efficiency lof Brayton cycle is equal to that af Otto cyce. [Otto eyele efficiency:- Now Brayton cycle efficiency =~ Ta = = Compression ratio y= Pressure ratio ‘y= Adiabatic Index 1 Compression ratio of diesel engines in the range of (RPSC AE. 2016) (@) 81010 () 101015 (©)_16t0.20 (@)_ 211030 7)mare Tas + Wy) The Taniion qualiy of diesel hal Tota Cinder Volume ___ v, | fepresssd by extne number Is dfn. a5 te [Compression rat = en hme ty | percentage, by volume of cctane in a mixture of eotane Icarance Volume fe |! |and alpha-methyl-napthalene. compression ratio of ol engine i 6-12 The etae Wek saight chain prin which + Compression ati of diesel engine is 16-24 pu gation quay ia aiged w cette mater o TS. Highest useful compression ratio Ts The | [100 and lph-nethsL-naptatene which ik hydrocarbon compression ratio at whieh fat poor atten quay igned 0 oon (nosc ae. 2016)| lumber (a) engine canbe safly operated Th knocking tendeney ofa el in Sl engine i {b) engine gives maximum thermal effceney — |feenerally expressed by is octane number The 1 pe iP Perceniage, by volume ofiso-ctane ina mixture of 0 {detention Rat bocts anda rf [Ans = (@ Highest useful compression ratio 1s the]|6 Am IC engine has a bore and stroke of 2 units compression rato at which donation fist becomes|| each The area to calculate heat toss cam be ibe taken as (HPPSC AE 2014) ‘Combustion in SI and CI tee lees Engines Tas + (a) Area of wall oF The engine is ken Tor ea] fans tans he Rol hina spade —— (KPSC AE 2015) |rstalarea= 22% (a) acceleration (b) idling [Total a (c)_ starting (d) cruising ital ee = TIF ratio Wr nereasing temperature of take a TC tate iets gine effiteny | ‘Cruising/Normal 16-164 (HPPSC AE 2014) Max powerrange 12.13 (0) decreases Starting 35 (©) increases Disadvantage of hy Fuel in TC (6). remains the same Peraarmage OF Hydrogen as a fuel im KC] (9) epends on oer fctr {a) Storage is easy (b) LowNO, emission | [Ans = (a) When inereasing temperature of air density] {e) Detonating endeney_(@) Easy handling |{devreases as 9) Detonation teeny eras erro ws ua in Engine as EIt diesel is Ted Tato petrol engine Then Te| | Volumetric efficiency of engine decreases todaeatie eee af Se oe Set ce mg (OPSC AE 2015)] etvreney decreases (@) Notrun (b) Knock & For the same maximum pressure and heat (6) Detonate @) Grelotofsmoke |” fap [ns (a) If diesel & Ted To pool engine then th (appsc AE 2014) engine wil not (@) the exhaust temperature of petal engine i Weeapredes rar Gia antdes Gormal more than that o the esa, ngine toners (&) te exhaust temperature of desl engine is (oPsc AB 2015) Imre tan that ofthe etl engine (@) Oto eyeejises than Dual Sele (© the exhaust temperate of dual eye engine isles than that ofthe diesel engine (4) the exhaust temperature of dual cycle engine is more than that ofthe petrol engine [Ans © (@) For the same maximum pressure and hea] input the exhaust temperature of petrol engine is more| fa Tat > Mal > Mat nan that ofthe diesel engine. Gi) for same maximum temperature and heat rejection |} 5- Tet of ax engine working cet > Nat > Nowe is increased from 5 to 7, the % 5. The ignition quality of dies fuclis expressed by ficiency wil be: (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) , (HPPSC AE 2014) (2) Octane number (>). Cetane number @& 4% () 8% (o) Carbon percentage _(d) Caloric value (©) 14% (@) 2% (b) Otto eycle is same as that for Diesel eyele (6). Otto cycle is less than that of Diese! (a) Otto eyete is more than that of Diesel eycle [Ans (d) @ For same compression ratio and heat addition 3[Ans = (e) Case T™ a5 m= lar 54 = 0.36 6 age increase in efi iency lpercentage in crease in efficiency 10. The magneto in an automobile is basically (HPPSC AE 2014) (a) transformer (b) D.C. generator (c) magnetic cireuit__(d) A.C. generator (b) The magneto in an automobile is basically D.C. generator [Magneto Ignition system:-The magneto ignition system has the same principle of working as that of coil ignition system, except that no battery is required as the magneto acts as its own generator. it consists of either rotating magnets in fixed coils, or rotating coils in fixed magnets. The current produced by| the magneto is made to flow to the induction coil which] lworks in the same way as that of coil ignition system, [The high voltage current is then made to flow to the| distributor, which connects the sparking plugs in rotation depending upon the firing order of the engine. This type of ignition system is generally employed in| small spark ignition engines such as scooters, motor leyele and small motor boat engine IL, Selfignition temperature of petrol Is of the| order of : (HPPSC AE 2014) (a) 150°C (b) 370°C (c) 450°C (a) _ more than 500°C [Ans (d) The Self Ignition auto ignition temperature is lowest temperature at which a fuel such as petrol o eset spontaneously ignites in normal. atmosphere hwithout an external source of ignition, such as a Hame| lor spark. * Self ignition temperature of petrol is 247-280 °C, Seif ignition temperature of diesel i around 210 °C [so as seen, diese! has low self ignition temperature, and that's why diesel engine doesn't have a spark plug. [Note:- HPPSC given answer more than 500 °C ‘Which is correct statement about reaction time for auto ignition of fuel and the fuel air ratio? (HPPSC AE 2014) (a) Lean mixture has low reaction time (b) Rich mixture has high reaction time (©) Chemically correct mixture has minimum reaction time (@)_Allof the above (4) Correct statement about reaction time Tor auto ignition of fuel andthe fuel air rato, (@) lean mixture has low reaction time i) Rich mixture has high reaction time \iiChemically corect mixture has minimum reaction time, R 13, For same power and same speed, the flywheel of a four-stroke engine as compared to two- stroke LC. engine will be : (APPSC AE 2014) (a) smaller () bigger (c)_ same size (d)_dependent on other engine parameters [Ans :(b) Four-stroke Engine Two-stroke Engine (Turning momentis not so ()Turning moment is luniform and hence a heavier more uniform and liywhee! is needed hence a lighter flywheel ean be used, (i) Higher volumetric efficiency ji)Lower volumetric due to more time for mixture efficiency. due to intake lesser time for mixture imtake (iipPart load efficiency is poor. (ivyTwo- Stroke engines have no valve but only ports. (i) Part load efficieney is better (iv) Four- stroke engine haves valves and valve Imechanism (v) one power stroke in two (v) One power stroke in revolutions lesser cooling ‘one revolution land lubrication requirement lower Greater cooling and rate of wear and tear lubrication requirement, Higher rate of wear and tear, 14, Lean mixture in an automobile is required during : (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) (a) Idling (b). Starting (c)_ Accelerating (a)_Cruising [Ans = (d) Lean mixture in an automobile is required] during cruising lOperation AVF ratio idling 12-125 [Cruising/normal 16-165 [Maximum power 12-13 Starting 35 1S, Precise petrol injection system is (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) (a) Direct injection (b). Sequential injection (6). Throttle body injection (a) _Port injection [Ans : (c) Precise petrol injection system is throttle body] injection The injector or atomizer is also an important part of the diesel engine which breaks up the fuel and sprays into the cylinder into a very fine divided particles, 16. Iso-octane content in a fuel for S.I. engines : (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) retards auto-ignition accelerates auto-gnition does not affeet auto-ignition none of the above @) ) ©) @ 4[Ans = (a) Tso-octane content in a f retards autoignition, Iso-octane is a very good anti-knock fuel, therefore it is for ST. engines (a) lower (b) higher (c) same for same power output (@)_may be lower or higher lassigned a rating of 100 octane number. on the other hand, normal heptane has very poor anti-knock| lqualities, therefore it is given a rating of zero octane| lnumber. These two fuels i.e, iso-octane and normal heptane are known as primary reference fuels TT. During idling of a petrol engine requires = (KPSC AE. 2015) (a) chemically correct mixture [Ans = (a) Specific fuel consumption is amount of uel] |consumed to produce unit power in one hour. lgrc = Ha fuel consumed power [Specific fuel consumption of a diesel engine as [compared to that for petrol engine is lower. (b)_ variable mixture (@} lean mixture 2. In case of petrol engines, at starting (RPSC AE, 2016) (2) by increasing the compression ratio (b)_ by retarding the spark advance (c) by increasing the inlet air temperature (d) im increasing the cooling water temperature (@) ich fuer ratio is needed (6)_rich mixture (6) weak ular ratio is needed ‘Ans : (@) During idling of a petrol engine requires (c) chemically correct fuel-ar ratio is needed rich mixture. Requirements of A/F Ratio under tee ae ns different operations oe a — (a) Petol engine at stating rich fuel air rato Taling 12-125 [Operation AP ratio Cruising / Normal 16-165 ding 12-125 Maximum Power range | 12-13, crising 6-165 Siang 35 Max power R3 18. The knocking in STengine gota reduced [Suarting 305 (KPSC AE, 2018) |22, Voltage developed o strike spark Tw the spark plug is in the range (RPSC AE, 2016) (a) 610 12 volts (b) 100 10 200 volts (c)_1000 to 2000 volts _(d) 20000 - 25000 volts [Ans = (b) The knocking in SI engines gets reduced by} letarding the spark advance. [Factor tending to reduce knocking in SI engines: = (W) Spark plug :- I is always screwed into the) leylinder head for ignition the charge of petrol engines, itis usually designed to withstand a pressure up to 35| SetFignition temperature of fuel = High har and operate under of 10000 to 30000 volts [Compression ratio Low 23. In_a 4-eylinder petrol engine the standard Init temperature and pressure Low firing order is Supercharging No (RPSC AE. 2016) Spark advance No (@) 1234 (o) 143.2 ame travel distance Small (o) 1324 (@) 1342 19. In spark ignition engines Knocking can be @) In a 4 - cylinder petrol engine the standard] reduced by firing order is 1-3-4-2. (MPPSC AE. 2016) Torque developed by the engine is maximum at (2), Increasing the compression ration (RPSC AE. 2016) (b)_ Increasing the cooling water temperature (a) minimum speed of engine (c)_ Retarding the spark advance (6) maximum speed of engine (@)_Increasing the inet air temperature (©) maximum volumetric efficiency speed of [Ans (c) In spark ignition engines knocking ean engine be reduced by Retarding the spark advance. (d)_maximum power speed of engine [Factor tending to reduce knocking in SI engine (a) Torque developed by the engine is maximum] |* Self ignition temperature of fuel - High lat minimum speed of engine. I+ Compression ratio > Low 25, Knocking is petrol engines get reduced by + Inlet temperature and pressure. =~ Low (RPSC AE. 2016) I Super charging 5 (a) increasing compression ratio I+ Spark advance NG (b) retarding spark advance Flame travel distance = Small (6) increasing inlet air temperature I+ Engine size Sma (@)_increasing cooling water temperature I+ Engine Speed 2 High [Ans = (by Knocking in petrol engines get reduced by Octane rating 2 High retarding spark advance ~ 20. Specifie uel consumption oF a diesel engine as |Factor Tending to reduced knocking in SU engin ‘compared to that for petrol engine is Seignition temperature : Blah ‘ompression ratio 5 ow (RPSC AE. 2016), Bniet temperature and pressure - Supereharging : Flame travel distance : Engine size : Turbulence : [Engine speed octane rating : 26, Stoichiometric ratios (RPSC AE. 2016) fuel ratio by volume fuel ratio by weight chemically correct a chemically correct ai @ b) (©) theoretical mixture of air for complete combustion (@) actual ratio of air to fuel for maximum [Ans = (b) Stoichometric ratio:- Chemically correct or lstoichometric mixture is one in which there is just lenough air for complete combustion of the fuel. For lexample to burn one kg of octane (CsHs) completely 15.12kg air is required 27. During idling a petrol engine requires (RPSC AE, 2016) (a) rich mixture (b) lean mixture (©) chemically correct mixture (d)_variable mixture ne (9) Tere are two type oF operation [Steady state operation sient operation \) tdling () Starting Cruising, ‘Acceleration Gil) Maximum power Idling a petrol engine requires rich mixture 28. An air-fuel ratio 8 will have (RPSC AE. 2016) (a) chemically correct air (b) excess fuel (c) excess ait (d)_any of the above (b)_ same as atmospheric (©) more than atmospheric (a) _depends on atmospheric conditions Ans : (a) In naturally aspirated engine, pressure inside] leylinder at the end of suction stroke is less then| atmospheric. 31. In some carburettors, meter rod and ‘econumiser device is used for: (RPSC AE, 2016) (a) Cold starting (b) tating (©) Power enrichment _(d) Acceleration [Ans : (e) In some carburettor, meter rod and economist] ldevice is used for Power enrichment. The carburettor is la device for atomising and vaporinsing the fuel and| Imixing it with the air in the verying proportions to suit ine changing operating conditions of the engine. the| process of breaking up and mixing the fuel withthe ait is called carburation. 32, Which of the following consists of spark plug? (RPSC AE. 2016) (a) Slengine (b) Clengine (©) Gas turbine (d)_ Steam engine [Ans : (a) SI engine consists of spark plus. A spark plug] isa device used to produce spark for igniting the charge| lot petrol engines. It is always screwed into the cylinder head. It is, usually, designed to withstand a pressure lunto 35 bar and operate under a current of 10000 to| 130000 volts. The spark plug gap is kept from 0.3 mm to lo.7mm. 33. in a four stroke cycle diesel engine during suction stroke (TPSC AE. 2015) oly air is sucked in only fuel is sucked in (©) mixture of fuel and air is sucked in (d)_firstair is sucked in, later fuel is sucked in (a) (b) [Ans : (b) ld) A mixture which contains ess air than the stoichiometric requirement is called a rich mixture (Excess fuel) mple: A/F ratio of 12:1, 8:1, 10:1 ete) Gi) A mixture which contains more air than the lstoichometric requirement is called a lean mixture (Excess air) [Example: A/F ratio of 17:1, 20:1 etc) 29, In spark ignition engines, knocking tendeney is reduced by (RPSC AE. 2016) (a) reduction of compression ratio (b) advancing ignition timing (c) increasing exhaust temperature (d) adding dope like tetra ethyl lead to the fuel [Ans = (d) In spark ignition engines, knocking tendency] lis reduced by adding dope like tetra ethyl lead to the vel 30, To naturally aspirated engine, pressure inside cylinder at the end of suction stroke is (RPSC AE. 2016) (a) less than atmospheric (a) In a four stroke cycle diesel engine during] suction stroke only air is sucked. Diesel cycte:- 1-2 = Isentropic compression heat addition (p= 3-4:-Isemtropic Expansion 4-5: Heat rejection (¥=0) — 34,__The spark ignition engines are governed by (TPSC AE. 2015) (@)_hitand mis-governing (b) qualitative governing (©) quantitative governing (@)_combined (2) & (3) 76(¢) The spark ignition engines are governed by] |quantitative governing, |Governing of LLC. engine:- In order to have a high| efficiency of an IC engine, at different load conditions, its speed must be kept constant as for as possible. The| process of providing any arrangement which will keep] the speed constant is known as governing of LC. lengines. (@) <105 bar (b) 105-21 bar (c)_ 30-50 bar (a) _200 - 246 bar Ans (@) Fuel injection pressure in solid inje system is approximately in the range of 200-246 bar. Fuels, Supercharging and Engine Testing 35. In some carburettor, meter rod and economiser device is used for: (UIVNL AE. 2016) (a) Cotd starting (b) Idling (©) Power enrichment _(d) Acceleration [Ans = (c) In some carburettor, meter rod and economise] device is used for Power enrichment. The carburettor is la device for atomising and vaporinsing the fuel and| Imixing it with the air in the verying proportions to suit the changing operating conditions of the engine. the| process of breaking up and mixing the fuel with the ait is called carburation 36. Which of the following consists of spark plug? (UIVNL AE. 2016) (2) Slengine (©) Clengine (c)_Gas turbine (@)_ Steam engine [Ans : (a) SI engine consists of spark plug. A spark plug lis a device used to produce spark for igniting the charge| Knocking tendency in an SI engine reduces with increasing (KPSC AE 2015) (@) Supercharging _(b)_ Wall temperature (©) Compression ratio _(@)_Engine speed [Ans : (d) Knocking tendency in an SI engine reduces with increasing engine speed. Factor tending to reduce knocking in SI engine H* Selfignition temperature of fuel - High !* Compression ratio - Low } intet temperature and pressure = - = Low }* Super charging - No I+ Spark advance = No }+ Flame travel distance = Small }* Engine size = Small H+ Engine Speed - High }* Octane rating - High lof petrol engines. It is always screwed into the cylinder|| 2. Which is not a part of magneto-i head. It is, usually, designed to withstand a pressure system? lupto 35 bar and operate under a current of 10000 to| (KPSC AE 2015) !30000 volts. The spark plug gap is kept from 0.3 mm to (a) Condenser (b) Battery 0.7mm, (©) Circuit breaker___(d)_Induction coil 37. Consider the following statements: Knock in|[Ans : (b) Battery is not a part of magneto- ignition the S.1. engine can be reduced by system, . (UPPSC AE, 2016) ||Magneto ignition system:-The magneto ignition w 2) @) a Supercharging Retarding the spark Using a fuel of long straight chain structure Increasing the engine speed Other these correct statements are (a) Land? (b) 2and3 (o)_1,3and4 (@)_2and 4 ( Factor Tending to reduce knocking in SI engine * Self ignition temperature of fuel ~ High ** Compression ratio - Low * Inlet temperature and pressure = Low * Super charging = No * Spark advance = No * Flame travel distance ~ Small * Engine size = Small * Turbulence ~ High Engine speed ~ High * Octane rating ~ High 38. Fuel injection pressure in solid injection system is approximately in the range of (UPPSC AE. 2016) system has the same principle of working as that of coil ignition system. except that no battery is required, as the magneto acts its own generator. This type of ignition system is generally employed inl small spark ignition engines such as scooters, motor leycles and small motor boat engines. 3. Major constituent of natural gas is: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Ethane (b) Methane (c)_ Propane (@)_Butane [Ans (b) Major constituent of natural gas is methane HThe natural gas is usually. Found in or near the| petroleum fields under the earths surface. It essentially, lconsists of marsh gas or methane (CH,). Together with lsmall amounts of other gases such as ethane (CoH). [Carbon dioxide (Cos) and Carton mono-oxide (co). 4, The method of governing for a petrol engine is (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Hit and misgoverning (b) Quality governing (©) quantity governing (@) Misgoverning, 17[Ans : (e) Governing of ILC. Engine:-In order to have al high efficiency of an LC. engine at different load| lconditions, its speed must be kept constant as far as possible. The process of providing any arrangement, lwhich will keep the speed constant is known as |governing of I.C Engines. IG) The method of governing for a petrol engine is Quantity governing. Gi) The method of governing for a diesel engine is Quality governing las the fuel being tested, in the same engine and under the same operating conditions. for example, a fuel o lcetane number 50 has the same ignition quality as al lmixture of 50 percent cetane and 50 percent alpha- lmethyl-naphthalene, 9. Duration between the time of injection and time of ignition in a diesel engine is called: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Lead period (b)_ Delay period 5. Fuclisinjected in a four-stroke CI engine: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Atthe end of suction stroke (b)_Atthe end of compression stroke (o) Atthe end of expansion stroke (d)_Atthe end of exhaust stroke (©) Combustion period (@)_period of compression [Ans : (b) Duration between the time of injection and] ime of ignition ina diesel engine is called delay period [Delay period in compression ignition engines depends| lupon [Ans = (b) Fuel is injected in a four-stroke Cl engine af the end of compression stroke. [The piston reaches the TDC (during the compression] stroke) fuel oil is the form of very fine spray into the lengine cylinder, through the nozzle, known as fuel linjection valve. At this moment, temperature of the lcompressed air is sufficiently high to ignite the fue. 1 suddenly inereased the pressure and temperature of the products of combustion |i)‘ Temperature and pressure in the cylinder atthe time| of injection, di) Nature of the fuel mixture strength Relative velocity between the fuel injection and air} turbulence pressure of residual gases. Stoichometrie ratio means: 10. (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Chemically correct air-fuel ratio by mass (b) Air-fuel ratio for maximum efficiency © spe (a) Increases (b) Remains same (©) Decrease (a) _First increases and then remain constant With increase in compression ratio flame (OPSC AE 2015) fe) Cheaivally crteee wt-tiel taco by value (@)_Oxygen- fuel ratio_by volume [Ans : (a) A mixture that contains just enough air for] complete combustion of all the fuel in the mixture is called a chemically correct or stoichomettic fuel ait ratio [Ans : (a) With increases in compression ratio flame| speed increases. TI, Morse test is used to determine = (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) (©) Using air for throwing burnt gases out of cylinder during exhaust stroke (a) Using correct air fuel mixture 7, Scavenging means: (OPSC AE 2015) (a). Using fresh air for compressor (b) To reduce detonation (a) Indicated power for multicylinder engines (b) Shaft power (©) Mean effective pressure (q)_ Temperature of the exhaust gases [Ans = (a) Morse test is used to determine Indicated] power for multieylinder engines. The morse testis adopted to find the indicated power o [Ans : (c) Seavenging of LLC. Engine:- The process oi removing burt gases form the combustion chamber the engine cylinder, is known as scavenging. [Types of Scavenging: | Cross flow scavenging i) Backflow or loop Scavenging i) Uniflow scavenging leach cylinder of a high speed 1.C. engine, without using| indicator diagram, P,,x10° xLxAxn 60 Ip,,= Actual mean effective Pressure HL = Length of stroke in meter JA = Area of the piston in m® Indicated Pow. watt ‘Cetane number is the measure off (a) Delay period (b)_ Detonation (©) Flash point (a) Ignition quali (OPSC AE 2015) IN = Speed of the engine in rpm ln = Number of working stroke per min, 12, Mist lubrication is mainly used (HPPSC WS. POLY. 2016) [Ans + (d) The ignition quality of diesel oil is expressed] by cetane number. It is defined as the percentage, by| lvolume, of cetane in a mixture of cetane and alpha- lmethyl- napthalene that produces the same ignition lag (a) Four-stroke petrol engine (b). Four-stroke diesel engine (©) Two-stroke petrol engine (@)_Wankel engine 8[Ans : (@) Mist lubrication is mainly used in two - stroke] petrol engine (b) CO emission (@)_PM emission (@) HC emission {6)_NO, emission 60 a Fluid Pressure and Measurement 1. Im order to increase sensitivity of U-tube ‘manometer, one leg is usually inclined by angle 0. Sensitivity of inclined tube to sensitivity of U-tube is equal to: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) sino (b) cos 0 (©) tan (@)_Vsine [Ans = (d) In order to increase sensitivity of U - tube lmanometer. one leg is usually inclined by angle 8. [Sensitivity of inclined tube to sensitivity of U-tube is lequal to 1/Siné. (sensitivity ) vaste © (sensitivity inclined) tube «x — sind MeLeod gauges are used for measuring: (HPPSC LECT. 2016) (@) RPMofshat —_(b)_Surface roughness (©)_Vacuum (a)_Velocity [Ans :(c) McLeod gauges used for measuring vacuum, |A McLeod gauge is a scientific instrument used to] lmeasure very low pressures, down to 10-6 Torr. It was} invented in 1874 by Herbert McLeod (1841-1923). [McLeod gauges were once commonly found attached| z to equipment that operates under vacuum, such as a| lyophitizer. Today, however, these gauges have largely| [bcen replaced by electronic vacuum gauges. The design| lof a McLeod gauge is somewhat similar to a that of a Imercury-column manometer. Typically itis filled with Imercury. If used incorrectly, this mereury can escape| jand contaminate the vacuum system attached to the ‘The depth of fluid is measured in vertical Z- direction; X and Y are the other two directions and are mutually perpendicular. The static pressure variation in the fluid is given by (symbols have the usual meaning). (MPPSC AE. 2016) wo (@) © els ele [Ans : (d) Hiydrostaties law 4, The atmospheric pressure at sea level is (TPSC AE. 2015) 101.3 kNim? 10.3m of water (©) 760 mm of He (a)_Allof these [Ans : (d) Atmospheric pressure:- The atmospheric ar] lexerts a normal pressure upon all surface with which i is in contact and it is known as atmospheric pressure. it is also known as barometric pressure. [Standard atmospheric pressure = 101.3 KNim? 103 mof water = 760 mm of Hg, Tn an inclined plane submerged in water, the centre of pressure is located (APPSC AE 2012) (@) (b) {a) at the centroid (b) below the centroid (©) above the cetnroid (@) anywhere in the plane 85[Ans + (b) In an inclined planes submerged in water, the centre of pressure is located below the centroid Te 4k AR AR In equation X is the distance of C.G. of the| larea of the vertical surface from free surface of the liquid. Hence from equation it is clear that a i Centre of pressure (plies below the centre o gravity ofthe vertical surtace |(ii) The distance of centre of pressure from free surface} lortiquidis independent ofthe density of the liquid 6 Which property of mercury is the main reason for use in barometers? (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) High density (b)_ Negligible capillary effect (©) Very low vapour pressure (@)_Low compressibility [Ans + (¢) Very low vapour pressure of mereury 1s the main reason for use in barometers, ‘Vapour Pressure : Molecules of liquid have tendeney to escape from the free and get deposited on the top of the container if it is closed. These molecules exert partial pressure, which is known as vapour pressure. The saturation vapour of Hg, at 20°C is 1.210 m of| rostatics Force on Surface The Centre of buoyaney is: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Centroid of displaced volume of fluid (b) A point slightly above meta-centre (©) Centre of gravity of the body (@_Allofthe above [Ans : (a) The centre of bouncy is centroid of displaced] lvolume of fluid. |Centre of buoyancy: It is defined as the point, through] lwhich the force of buoyancy is supposed to act. As the force of buoyancy is a vertical force and is equal to the lweight of the fluid displaced by the body. The Centre o buoyancy will be the centre of gravity of the flual displaced, 2, The position of centre of pressure of a plane surface immersed in a static fluid is: (HPPSC LECT. 2016) atthe centroid of the immersed surface always above centroid always below centroid none of the above (@) ) © @ [Ans : (c) The position of centre of pressure of a plane| surface immersed in a static fluid is always below| eentroid incline position centre of pressure (h) = X+ jesin? ° 3A floating body will remain in stable jum so long as : (KPSC AE. 2015) (@) the metacentre M lies below the centre of gravity () the metacentre M lies above the centre of ravity (©) the metacentre and centre of gravity remain at the same position (@)_None of these [Ans = (b) A floating body will remain in stable lequilibrium the metacentre M lies above the Centre o leravity M Mo Gym G G Unstable Neutral rium equilibrium equilibrium M= Meta Centre G=Centre of gravity The ratio of pressures between two points X. and Y located respectively at depths of 0.5 m and 8 m below water level in a tank is (APPSC AE 2012) @ v2 1:2 © 18 16 [Ans : (d) £ ) @ Pressure ata point X abySpe. ® w Ratio of pressure between x and y. Le 16 ‘The hydrostatic pressure in kgf exerted on one of an annular area enclosed by concentric circles of radii 2 m and 1 m, and having its ‘centroid 4 m below water surface is (APPSC AE 2012) 100%, 240002 10000 12000 @ © ©) @ ans :(@)Aca= 5( avwa= 2 a x=4m hydrostaties pressure (P) = pgAX = 1000% 2% 4 4 Hydrostatic pressure = 12000 aN When a body floating in a liq small angular displacement, oscillating about a point known as (APPSC AE 2012) (a) centre of pressure (b) centre of gravity (©)_centte of buoyancy (d)_metacentre [Ans : (d) When a body floating in a liquid is given a] |small angular displacement, it stands oscillating about a| point known as metacentre, Normal axis id is given a it stands sf ogi dioplacerent iw, Normal axis Meta - Centric height (GM) = BM ~ BG I* Metacentric height for, rolling, condition will be less than metacentric height for pitching condition TA body floating in a neutral equilibrium, if its metacentre (APPSC AE 2012) coincides with its centre of gravity lies above its centre of gravity lies below its centre of gravity lies below the centre of buoyancy and centre of gravity id is said to be in @ (b) © @ Stable Equilibrium Unstable Equilibrium | Misbelow G Neutral Equilibrium Mand G Coincide 8 When a body is immersed in a fluid, the Duoyant force experienced by it, is proportional to MisaboveG (UJVNL AE. 2016) (@)_ Volume of the body (6) Volume of the fuid displaced (©) Weight ofthe body (€)_Velocity of immersion [Ans = (b) Buoyant foree OR Buoyaney= When @ Nui is immersed in a uid, an upward free is exerted by the IMuid on the body. This upward force is equal to the Weight of fuid displaced by the body is called the force of buoyaney or simply buoyaney Fo= Mia 1p.= density of liquid V,= Volume of fluid displaced, oceurs when pressure (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Becomes less than zero (b) Becomes zero (6) Does not flow continuity equation (a) Changes slowly [Ans : (a) Separation flow occurs when pressure gradient becomes less than zero, 2. Drag force on a body is result of (OPSC AE 2015) Fluid dynamic force acting on the object ‘A component of resultant fluid dynamic force inthe flow direction Pressure variation over the surface of object due to horizontal force None of the above @) ) © @ [Ans : (b) Drag force on a body is result of a component lof resultant fluid dynamic force in the flow direction, 3. In a two-dimensional velocity field with velocities u and v along the x and y direction respectively, the convective acceleration along the x-direction is given by: (OPSC AE 2015) ev, au a @ wee 0) uh ov, ou ou © wy @ wae 87[Ans = (@) In a two-dimensional velocity field with Welocities wand v along the x and y-direction respectively, the convective acceleration along the x- du, du tiretion is given by u. “4+ v.48 bs “db ix dy [Total Acceleration of fluid:- au ae ux eve ews a Yay du & da at Convective Temporal or local acceleration acceleration oy du ae a at ‘ex wth Bernoulli's theorem deals with the pi ‘conservation of ple of| (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016) (a) energy (b) momentum (c)_mass (a) _fovwe [Ans : (a) Bernoulli's theorem deals with the principal conservation of energy. [Bernoulli's equation is obtained by integrating. the| [Euler's equation of motion, JB fades feds sconsom r PP 47 = constant pe 28 P Ps VA, =kinetic hea lint 2. Pett end = pressure head. 5 The nominal thickness of boundary layer represents the distance from the surface to a point where : (KPSC AE. 2015) (a) the flow ceases toa laminar (b) velocity is 99 percent of its asymptote limit (©) the shear stress becomes maximum (@)_the flow behaves as if it were rotational [Ans (b) The nominal thickness of boundary Tayer represents the distance from the surface to a point where velocity is 99 percent ofits asymptotic limit 6__The change in moment of momentum of uid due to flow along a curved path results in (APPSC AE 2012) (a) a dynamic force which passes through the centre of curvature a torque a change in energy ‘a change in pressure (b) © @ [Ans : (b) The change in moment of momentum of fui ldue to flow along a curved path results in a torque. a [S (awe ts for (UPPSC AE. 2016) ‘A potential function e @ &) © Steady flow only Two dimensional irrotational flow only Irroational flow of fluid whether compressible or incompressible Irrotational flow of incompressible fluids only (@) A potential function exists for iotational flow of incompressible fluids only. Velocity potential function (6): @ ie ox + Flow always occurs in the direction of decreasing] potential, + Velocity potential function exists only for ional ow Laplace equation given by 24 269 ox’ dy’ IF velo penal fmetion sss lps equation then it ao sts contin equation and hee the ow spss 8. Astream fonction (UPPSC AE. 2016) Is & mathematical faction which bas m0 posal alee Ts detned only for scady and incompressible tow Sates Laplace equation for rotational motion (@)_May ntrcmain cosa fora steaming Ans : (a) A stream function is defined only for steady. nd incompresible Now ream fanetion (9) = 2 ey, + Ay exis, thn it sises comin equation and tow canbe tational or ination! + itaveam fneon satis Laplace equation ten it iscaue ioctl ow A by i eal streamline Body when (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Itissymmeial about he ais along the et son @ >) © v ay(b) Surface of the body coincides with the|2. Pitot tube is used for measurement of: streamlines (OPSC AE 2015) (©) Flowis laminar around it {a) Viscosity (d)_It produces no drag for low around it (b) Pressure ‘Ans : (a) A body is called streamline body when Iti (©) Flow symmetrical about the axis along the free stream (a) Velocity 10. Atthe point of boundary layer separation: |[Ans: (a) (UIVNL AE. 2016) [Pilot tube is used for measurement of velocity. (a), Shear stress is maximum Deviee Measurement (b) Shear stress is zero [Venturimeter Rate of flow (c) Velocity is negative Flow nozzle Rate of flow (@)_Density variation is maximum lritice meter Rate of flow [Ans = (b) At the point of boundary layer separation] ||Bend meter Rate of flow shear stress is zero. lRotameter Rate of flow Pitot tube Velocity Hot wire anemometer Air and gas velocity 3. Euler's equation in differential form is given as: (OPSC AE 2015) to) Bavtiveste~ p ) Bivavegtde=0 P ap _ rE lesa ial Prvavrede=0 the velocity at a point (2,3) will be: do (UIVNL AE. 2016) @) Bivravestér=0 (a) 7.21 unit (b) 10.82 unit e (o)_18unit (@_S4 unit ans (Bakes equation of mato: This i gunn Gar WiShein Eee =a lot motion in which the forces due to gravity and| A) Sam in = ee ae eaerace es an Mey 3x lconsidering the motion of a fluid clement along a| ae ay Velocityata point(2,3) =6unit unt. Vetocity(v) =u? +? v=N5T+36 V = 1082unit Fluid Dynamics ‘The maximum thickness of boundary layer in case of a pipe of radius R is: (OPSC AE 2015) @R (b) BR (© O1R (@_23R a) The maximum thickness of boundary Tayer in] case of a pipe of radius is R. stream - line as. ap ® vedztvav=0 7e [Bernoulli's equation is obtained by integrating the lEuler's equation of motion, J2% fades fear =coman For a lig height attained is: ‘out of a nozzle, ma (OPSC AE 2015) 89[Ans : (a) | test irce liquid jet is defined as the jet of water coming ou irom the nozzle in atmosphere. The travelled path by| the free jet is parabolic. \@) Maximum height attained by the jet: usin? 0 2g s Gi) Time of fight :- _2usin® 8 The equation of continuity is applicable when the flow: (OPSC AE 2015) Velocity is uniform at all eross sections Is steady Is one dimensional All ofthe above @) ) © @) [Ans : (d) [The equation of continu (i) Flow is steady (i) Flow is one dimensional |Continuity equation :- |The equation based on the principle of conservation off Imass is called continuity equation. Thus for a fluid INowing through the pipe at all the eross- section, the| |quantity of fluid per second is constant 6. All the terms of energy in Bernoulli's equation is applicable when:~ have dimension of: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Force (b) Work (@) Length (@)_Energy [Ans (c) All the terms of energy in Bernoulli’ equation] lhave dimension of length. PL 42=constant ps 2g 7. ‘The magnitude of velocity at stagnation point is an immersed body is: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) Zero (b) Large (c)_Small (@) Half of the initial value [Ans : (a) The magnitude of velocity stagnation point is lan immersed body is zero. 8. The most approj ideal uid flow are: fe governing equation of (HPPSC LECT. 2016) @ (b) Euler's equation Navier Stokes' equation (©) Reynolds’ equation (d)_Hage Poisullie equation [Ans : (a) The most appropriate governing equation oi idea! fluid flow are Euler's equation [Euler's equation:- This is equation of motion in which] tne force due to gravity and pressure are taken into consideration. This is derived by considering the motion] lof fluid element along a stream line Ideal solid t t Newtonian fluid deal fluid = (5) fy “Laplace equation’, (HPPSC LECT. 2016) @ () © flow is rotational flow docs nt satisfy continuity equation flow is irotational and satisfy continuity equation flow is irrotaional and does not satisty continuity equation Tf flow conditions satisfy Laplace equation then flow is ieotational and statics consinuity equation Laplace equation i given by ao oh rea it velocity potential function satisfies laplace equation then it also satisfies continuity equation and hence the tow is possible @ N=m P. = pressure energy per unit weight [ or n| pe N ¥*/2g-Kinati energy per wit weight [oR m] 10, A pitot-tube is an instrument for measuring = (KPSC AE. 2015) @) ) © @ pressure of flow discharge of fluid velocity of flow total energy[Ans : (e) A pitot is an instrument for measuring velocity lot flow [Pitot-tube:- It is a device used for measuring the lvelocity of flow at any point in a pipe or a channel. I is based on the principle that if the velocity of flow at al lpoint becomes zero, the pressure there is inereased due| to the conservation OF the kinetic energy into pressure energy’ TI, Ifthe stream function is given by the velocity at a point (2,3) will be : (MPPSC AE. 2016) (b) 10.82 unit (@_S4unit ixy then (@) 7.21 unit (©) 18unit ) [Ans : (W)= 1082 un 12, The divergent portion of a venturimeter is ‘made longer than convergent portion in order to (TPSC AE. 2015) avoid the tendency of breaking away the stream of liquid to minimise frictional losses both (1) & (2) to maximize frictional losses @ (b) © @ [Ans : (e) fot}a, 3° |Angle of convergence = 16° - 20° |Angle of divergence = 6° - 7° The divergent portion of venturimeter is made longer] than convergent portionin order to |i) Avoid the tendency of breaking away the stream o liquid Gi) To minimise frietional losses. 13, The mean velocities of water at smaller end and larger end of a pipe are 20mvs and § mis respectively. If the area of the smaller end is 2500 mm?, then the area of larger end is (TPSC AE. 2015) (b) 1,000 mm? (@)_100 mm* (@) 10.000 mm? (©)_1,00,000 mm? [Ans : (a) Equation of AI, = AV 2500 x 2 10000mm” i jing the sum of pressure heads and datum heads is called as (TPSC AE. 2015) (a) Datum head line (b) Total energy line (©) Piezometric line __(d) _ pressure head line ‘Ans: (¢) Piezometric head = Datum head + pressure head Piezomettic head = Z+"- Pg. [The line joining the sum of pressure heads and datum| head is called piezomettic line. 18. The discharge in (m'/s) for laminar Now through a pipe of diameter 0.04 m bearing a centreline velocity of 1.5 mis is (APPSC AE 2012) 3x 3x a) © 3506 an an © © oo [Ans : (a) Pipe diameter ()= 008m Maximum velocity = 1.Snvse. “Average velocity = 0.7Sm/se. Discharge (Q) = Axv = F004) 075 an see 10000 16. A flow whose stream line is represented by a ‘curve is called (APPSC AE 2012) (@) one dimensional flow (6) vo dimensional flow (©) three dimensional flow (@)_four dimensional flow or[Ans : (b) A flow whose strearm line is represented by a] lcurve is called two dimensional flow. (i) A flow whose stream line is represented by a curve is called two dimensional flow. u=f(x),v=Oand w=0 (i) for a steady three dimensional flow, the fluial parameter are function of three space co-ordinates (x, y land z only). U=f(OGy), v= BOLy) and w=0 \Giiy For a steady three dimensional flow, the flual parameter are function of three space co-ordinates (x, y land z only) u=f(x,y,2),v=6(x,y,2)and w= fy(x,y,2) The Bernoulli's constants for points lying on the same stream line and those which lie on other stream lines will have the same value, if} 17. the flow is (APPSC AE 2012) (a) incompressible (b) steady (c) inrotational (4) uniform, [Ans : (€) The Bernoulli constant for points lying on the] same stream line and those which lie on other stream] lines will have the same value, ifthe flow is irotational Rotational flow is that type of flow in which the fui particles which flowing along stream lines, also rotate labout their own axis and if the fluid particles while Mowing along stream lines do not rotate their own axis then the type of low is called itrtatinal flow 18. The Bernoulli's — equation written conventional form represents total energy per unit of a certain quantity. Identify ‘quantity. (APPSC AE 2012) (a). energy per unit volume (b) energy per unit mass {c)_eneray per unit weight (d)_energy per unit specific weight [Ans (@) Bernoulli's equation FY 4 7-Constant p25 [Bernoulli's equation in which P pressure energy per unit weight of fluid of PE pressure head a netic energy per unit weight or kinetic head IZ= Potential energy per unit weight or potential head, Pv Ans: (d) Z+ + =e pe 2g Z= Datum head Pipg = Pressure head v? /2g = velocity head Kineticenergy weight The coefficient of discharge ‘Cy’ of a venturi ‘meter lies within the limits Velocity head = 20, (APPSC AE 2012) (a) 07-09 (b) 06-08 (©)_0.75-0.95 (@)_0.95-0.99 ; = _Actual discharge |Ans : (d) Coefficient of discharge = —Actualdischarge_ @, Be = 5 [The coefficient of discharge of a venturimeter ties lwithin the limits 0.95 ~ 0.99. 21, When the venturimeter is inclined, then for a ‘given flow it will give the reading as (APPSC AE 2012) (@) same (b) more (©) less (@)_no relation [Ans : (a) When the venturimeter is inclined, then for a] given flow it will give the reading is same. 9, -Lustavah On aa n=x(22-1) te) The velociy of Tguid” Mowing through Whe rls all plait (APPSC AE 2012) 2, @ ) © @ [Ans : (b) Convergent remains constant decreases increases no relationship Divergent The velocity of liquid flowing through the divergent 19. The velocity head representing the ki ‘energy per unit weight of fuid is denoted by (APPSC AE 2012) @v o> © Veh oF lportion of a venturimeter decreases. w‘The head loss is more in a (APPSC AE 2012) (a) nozzle meter (b)_ venturimeter (c)_inclined venturimeter_(d)_orifice meter (@) The head loss is more in a orificemeter. vemeter ‘= Direction of flow —7 Differential ‘manometer It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a uid through a pipe. Cato J28h Discharge(Q) var y= Co-efficient of discharge for orifice meter The co-efficient of discharge for orifice meter is much] smaller than that for a venturimeter. 24, If successive measurements with a Prandi- pitot tube indicate that the tip piezo meter reading varies only across the flow, and the size piezometer reading varies only in the direction of flow, the flow is evidently (APPSC AE 2012) uniform, irrotational ‘non-uniform, rotational uniform, rotational non-uniform, irotational @ ) ©) @ [Ans : (b) If successive measurements with a prandil] pitot tube indicate that the tip piezo meter reading varies lonly across the flow, and the size piezometer reading| varies only in the direction of flow the flow is evidently lnon-uniform and rotational 25, Momentum equation is completely independent @ ® ° aa wo & o & ° aa wo & }Ans : (d) Continuity equation :- This is based on law off conservation of mass which states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed. for one-dimensional steady flow. the mass per second = pAV. p=mass density. A= Area of cross - section, v = velocity pA a(pav)=0 pd(AV) + AVdp =0 p[Adv+vdA]+ Avdp =0 pAdv+ pydA + Avdp dividing by pAV [wah a _ vy Ap For flow in a nozzle discharging trom a top "choking" condition occurs, when the flow the nozzle exit is m (APPSC AE 2012) (a) subsonic (b) supersonic (c) critical (a) _transonic [Ans = (c) For flow in a nozzle discharging from a 100] Jchoking condition occurs, when the flow the nozzle exist is erica. IFor maximum flow through orifice or nozzle fitted to the tank, pressure ratio (APPSC AE 2012) ty effects (b) frictional effects (©) viscous effects ___(d) momentum flux [Ans = (e) Momentum equation i completely dependent] lot i) Compressbility effects 28, ‘At the point of separation (UPPSC AE. 2016) (2). Velocity is maximum (b)_ Shear stress is zer0 (6). Shear stress is maximum (@)_Pressure gradient is zero Gi) Frictional effects Git) Momentum flux 26, The differential form of continuity equa one dimensional steady flow compressible fluids with usual terms is ‘Ans : (b) At the point of separation shear stress is zero, Atthe average of separation (2) iszero ou is also zero ‘Shear stress t (APPSC AE 2012) 9329. Fluid is lowing in a curved path without any external impressed contact force. This flow is known as (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Free vortex flow (b) Foreed vortex flow (©) Radial flow (@ Spiral flow + (a) Fluid is flowing in a curved path without any] ‘external impressed contact force. This flow is known as| free vortex flow. Forced vortex flow : In this type of flow, the vessel ‘containing the liquid is forced to rotate about the fixed! vertical axis with the help of some external torque. Free vortex flow : In this type of flow, the liquid Particles describe circular paths about a fixed vertical axis, without any external torque acting on the particles, The flow of water through the hole in the bottom of a wash basin in an example of free vortex flow: 30.__In the region of boundary layer on a flat plate surface where velocity is not zero, the viscous force is (UPPSC AE. 2016) (a) Less than inertial force (b) More than inertial force (©) Equal in magnitude (a)_Not predictable ‘Ans : (b In the region of boundary layer on a flat plate surface where velocity is not zero, the viscous force is ‘more than inertial fore. |At nearest to the wall viscous forces are more than ncrita forces. 31. For a linear distribution of velocity in the boundary layer on a flat plate, the ratio of displacement thickness to nominal thickness is (UPPSC AE. 2016) 1 L oy 5 l 2 @ + @) 2 © @ 5 [Ans : (c) For a linear distribution of velocity in the| boundary layer om a flat plate, the ratio of displacement thickness to nominal thickness is 1/2 8 =Displacement thickness Nominal. thickness 32, The size of a venturimeter Is specified by (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) (b) © @ [Ans : (e) ‘The size of a venturimeter is specified by pipe diameter| and throat diameter. Fluid pressure Discharge Piper diameter and throat diameter Length of venturimeter atte a 4, (Jo3}a 3° Angle of convergence = 20°-22” Angle of divergence = 6-7" and it should be not arcater than 7° to avoid flow separation 33, Ina flow field at the stagnation point (UPPSC AE. 2016) (@) Pressure is zero (b) Total energy is zero ()_ Pressure head is equal to velocity heed (@ All the velocity head is converted into pressure head (@ In a flow field atthe stagnation point all the velocity head is converted into pressure head Pitor-tube is based on principle of conversion of kinetic head into pressure head. The point at which velocity reduces to zero is called stagnation point 34. For the flow to oceur between two points in a Pipeline, the differential pressure between these points should be more chaa (UPPSC AE. 2016) {a) Surface friction (b) Viscosity force (©) Fretional force _(@)_Allof the above [Ans = (d) For the flow to occur between two points ina] ipeline, the differential pressure between these points should be more than (i) Surface friction i) Viscosity force i) Frictional force 35. A stagnation point isa point where (APPSC AE 2012) @ ) pressure is zero total energy is zero (©) total energy is maximum (a)_velocity of flow reduces to zero [Ans : (d) A stagnation point is a point where velocity 0 ow reduces to zero. Pitot tube is based on principal of conservation o kinetic head into pressure head. The point at which] velocity reduces zero is called stagnation point. 4Flow Through Channel ‘The hydraulic mean depth of a circular pipe of diameter d running full i equal to: (OPSC AE 2015) (a) 2 (b) a4 (c) 0.294 @ a |ans : (b) Hydraulic mean depth (m) = A(A%2of flow) .(Perimeter) media 1 Head loss at entrance to (OPSC AE 2015) 3v? ay D fa) 2g (b) ave ) —— @ g “Ans (b) Head Toss at entrance to pipe OSV Condition Head loss Tosses due To [power transmitted at outer of the pipe P=W(H-H) nd?V un) condo fr maximum tansnision power # é db dy = pax 4 Why are the surge tank used in pipe line? (MPPSC AE. 2016) (a) To reducer frictional loss in pipe (b) To ensure uniform flow in pipe (©) To relieve the pressure due to water hammer (d)_To reduce cavitation [Ans : (c) The surge tanks used in pipe Tine to relive the lpressure due to water hammer. 5. Water hammer is developed in (RPSC AE, 2016) (a) penstock (b) draft tube (©)_turbine (@)_surge tank sudden expansion Toses due 10 sudden contraction Tosses at exit of pipe Losses at entrance 10 pipe Tosses due to bends 3, The power Gansmitted through a pipe maximum when the loss of head due to frietion is given by (H= head supplied) (BPSC POLY. TEACH 2016, UJVNL AE 2016) H @ * o> H 2H ) a © oF [Ans (a) Water hammer is developed in penstock. The pressure rise due to water hammer depends upon (i) The velocity of flow of water in pipe Gi) The length of pipe (i) Time taken to close the value iv) elastic properties of the material of the pipe. [The following factor of water hammer in pipes will be considered, 6 The supply head of a pipe is 21 kpa. for transmission the loss of head = 10 kNim’) (IPSC AE. 2015) @ 2m 4b) im (©) 9.81 m (d)_ 0.7m [Ans : (d) Supply head of a pipe = 21 kpa. p= ph PB 8 21x10* T000x10 he21m for maximum power transmission head loss = Total head hy=W3 y= 0.7m7. According to chezy's formula, the mean velocity of flow through the pipe is given by @v (© _V=CV¥mi @ (TPSC AE. 2015) CI ) |Ans : Chezy's constant 8 The Darcy - Weisbach fri pipes is dependant on (2) roughness height, diameter and velocity (0) ‘relative roughness, diameter and viscosity (©) relative roughness, velocity and viscosity (8) relative height, diameter, velocity and factor ‘F which a direct measure of resistance to flow in (APPSC AE 2012) kinematic viscosity a |Ans : (d) friction factor (f)= * (@) fiction factor (9) = pwd [Friction factor depend upon :- |) Diameter i) veloc ii) Kinematic viscosity iv) Relative height for laminar flow. 64x 9. ‘The parameters which determine the friction factor for turbulent flow in a rough pipe are (a) Froude number and relative roughness (b) Froude number and Mach number (©) Reynolds number and relative roughness (d)_Mach number and relative roughness (APPSC AE 2012) [Ans : (e) Friction terms. i) Reynolds's number Gi) Relative Roughness of pipe surface m factor: factor is dimensional terms it is depends two] a mK ‘Reynolds number —> friction factor, f=0R, Kid) 10. The total energy line is always higher than the hydraulic grade line, and the vertical distance between the two represents (APPSC AE 2012) (@) the datum head —(b) the pressure head (c)_the velocity head _(d) the piezometric head [Ans = (c) The total energy line is always higher than] then hydraulic grade line, and the vertical distance lbetween the two represent the velocity head. TL. The total energy represented by the Bernoulli's equation (E+E) has the units ag oY (APPSC AE 2012) (@ N-mm (0) Nem (c)_N-m*is. (d)_N-m/s. [Ans : (b) The total eneray represented by the berouts equation 2+ +> ]has the nit 22 se 2) N =~ pressure head = Pressure energy _.N—m be Weight 12. A cippoletti weirs (APPSC AE 2012) (a). rectangular weir with sharp edges (b) high triangular notch (©) trapezoidal notch with 45° slopes (@) trapezoidal notch with sides inclined at 1H av Ans : (d) A Cippoletti weir is a trapezoidal notch with| sides inlined at IH 4V. tan? AB _1 27 BC 4 H ra