BYAAAS Waves and Turbulence in a Tokamak Fusion Plasma Author(s): C. M. Surko and R. E. Slusher Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 221, No. 4613 (Aug. 26, 1983), pp. 817-822 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Stable URL: http://www jstor.org/stable/ 1691473 Accessed: 18-09-2016 10:03 UTC ISTOR i a not-forproit service that helps seolas eseurchers, and students discover, us, and build upon a wide range of content in a tasted iit archive, We use information technology and tols to increste productivity end feiitate new forms of ch ISTOR, please contact suppor@jstor. org Your use ofthe JSTOR archive indicates your aceplance ofthe Terms & Condition of Use, Intp-aboutjstor.orgterms American Association for the Advancement of Selence is collaborating with ISTOR to digitize, pweserve and extend acess to Seience This one downloaded fa 13730.242.61 oe Sua, 8 Sep 2016 10.0536 UTC Albus subet lo hplabottoraretansDaw vomerirnerss SOLENCE Waves and Turbulence in a Tokamak Fusion Plasma CM, Surko and R, [. Slusher ‘The belvior uFsysteuss of many pale than ayproxiiately 100 milion desrees ticles cam offen be dominated by cllee- sn that the pradiet of plasma density tive offers For example, consider he sn energy eomisnien tine he preter rwutly coherent waver generated on the than 1 10" em 2 ec (Ii). Coneee Sorface of a liquid By sibrsting is con- quently, Resting oh 8 pncmn with 20 taince. An example of a more turbulent herent waves und uinertaning te late thy utlve ol alae excited by 3 miechaniame by sehien energy cam Be ivi wind, so that the many waves tanyported out ofthe plasma by natural ‘Summary. Ihe tokamak 16a prototype fusion device n which a foreidal magnetic field gsed te confine n hot plasmin Coherent waves, axed nenr the plasma enge, utr be used lo baepurl egy nl the plasmin ud lo hei to the lemperates Fequies for nermanuclea’ fusion. In aeiton, okamak olasmas are known to exhib high levels of turbulent danalyfuctuntions, which can waaspor panicles fad enerny ful of the phase Recaly. experinais awe beet conus a hace te ature of bom the conerent waves and the turbulence. Ine exDenments prove Inalgh in a nena range of neni naa are anninner plsama penomann Ant ilo many al the processes thal determine such pate ngs as ps asl ane continent which are exeited interact to produce av occurring turbulence are bot ino State of nearly tansomnAnctistions In 8 tant To this goal Us plasma, which ia collection of charged ‘The wleamak a protorype fision particles sich ae poritive ions and elex- device m which s toroidal uaghtic Hl trons, colletive phenomenn are racial configriton is used to contain a hot twa complete description ofthe system. plasm. This is shown schematically ia Huy alle will Weal Lule wolreat iy. 1). Plas uae pve waves ang turbulence im the hot, dence ¢4 by the magnetic Hel sts. feo plasmas that ae elevant ta the goal Sans and tiilenec are neglected, the Uherinnasler fasion ‘hanged purtiles make only smal excur ‘Study of the waves and turbulence in sions Uausverse 1 te Held Lies. i plasmas is of iterese rom two diferent takamak, the mngnctle Feld lines nee Dumts oF view Fst ny uevestune twisted Ly autre sauce i Ue plas Tinear snd moriinene wave phenomens mv This twisting of the field lines re are conveniently Studied im plasms. Yerts separa ofthe pastive lane nt Second, from a technological pont ol the election alt essential Ue ps View. magnetié confinement of a hot ma caullbrium. plasia is promising approach to con- Phenomens involving waves aad tu Ueoed ertionuclear fusion (3). Ta bulunce re Heel the relevant tn vin achieve thermonuclear fusion reauites ally ll apyradches tv etille hei {hat he plasma tompeentina he greater qiciear Mision (2) However, we. wll limit our discussion of waves and turbu lence to tokamaks, since they provide @ relatively longsived plasma (one with 3 tsi greter thm 1 second) in which to study wave phenomena. In addition, ing of waves und Muciuation phemomens are probably greater for tokamaks than for any other prototype fnion device ‘We will deus: only luctuations in plas mi deusiy, although fluctuations in vih- cer quantities (sich sx magnetic Fld and temperature) ane” aso important 10 ‘complete description of the plasma (J, ‘Tebabee it Toke Plies Containment of & hot, dense plasma leads immediately to a protound conse- sqcnee: the renting state of the plaamn nat sie tut i inlay te dependent (13). This i because one has necessanly introduced gradients 1m both emapernue and density and there> fore there isu free energy of expansion available to dive IMutualons an star Hltiee Indeed in magnetically canned plasms, dhe parumeters of the plas such as density electrical potential. and ragnetiosRold re mot invariant in time Fal clone om ame a mare ie se ‘ehutuceriate of he elective mes ‘oscillation of the plasma Hi). the Imowt vnlont of these frmanlons. oan result in abrupt termination of dis- charge. Fortunately, rxearch has woe fenveredraltively lange npcrating finies where such violent "sruptions of the plosaia can be aveied mi), ‘There remeins, however, © plasma tur Fale at 8 weasel fest 1 lie speci operating eowition, This turbulence may have a considerae cle fet on tun-port in tokumk plasmas and vl Ue diswessed i sue Ua ‘Tokamak plas exhibit emomalouse by high Tevels of panicle am energy lwanscor. In other words, the Maxes of energy nnd peices anrnce the magaenie field are aye compared tw due expect Sicier beat te Sead See Seo Stee nae ‘Alls abject thi abot rrp emsed from “classical” coulomb collsious measured ively by the ane of seat of the charged plasma particles (J, 2), tering relave to the direction of the ‘This enhanced transport of energy ut aiden electromagnetic raison. Such of the plasma is deletevivus, since it ascateing process scaled Bray sete Fasccs! the energy cantsinmcat time. tering, a term that min eoeeeed 9 ‘Thus. understanding and contreling this ing af xrays from the electron ‘ansport are very umpontant (othe goal distribution ius etystaly Av i the crys ‘af nchicwing contalled eleaefision talline cave, scattering experiments in Crude estimates indicate thor the rur- —plowmns mensure the spatial dribuion Louleut density Muviuations observed in Of the elecuvus, Frou! tis Kun! ol es- tokamak plasmas are sulfiient to pro: yeriment in tokamak plasmin, the mean dee the observed transport (J, 2}; Bow. wavelength, Agua, of te density Aven fever, the diet connection of this turbu ions in the dievtion perpendivic wo Jemee with de energy wausport has wot dae magnets Held is feud ty be of the been caahlished Comseqienty, inder= onder of 1 em (S210, 1) Te tems of the standing the mature ofthe turbulence and paramevers dha characterize the plas, ts eoutabution to the tramport i ill a sti found that ‘jor ga inthis Bot af research ino Nature of the turbulence Tis typed Baar © 2a 0 oftokamok plsmas tha Jemsity Bvciua wave py the crasteistie cai of tions ate present throushout the fe of gs7tion ofthe plssma lons in the mag the plasma (5-10), The spatial seale (that netic eld, is eypicallyw few milimeters. is, the typienl wavclongth af these Ane- The senvelemgrh yo ie amall core ‘motions fas been determined in numer pared 10 the minor diintetof the pas (us eaperiaents wilh Lull misivoave ln which is typically several tens of fand Inser scattering and mctol probes senilmescrs. Conseyuenly these ut Thaream belnseriad near the pis edge ations ae Lewuently Ueseiled as a lu measure density and electrical poten croturbulener (4) 10 distingnish them tial Sn!) Inthe catering oxporimente, fram macraseeple mgelydrayta- the wavelength of ihe Muctutions se (MHDI onlin, which have wave- Fie. 1. A wlan fs” Buea ee ironic eit one 2 arent indused in lpi prodaces ‘ited bys I the Waves, oad 1 beat Ue enn ve ‘sea, can bee ‘Sa hy anton at the plasms eae Tig, 2 Frequency fpcinim of ena beion io pas fir tie Pineton ech aie gion land fcnle wave ‘Rai ot 09 ledavted rom (2) {ile 10 the ve and . Souidbetspisl ofan > ae ergs over sever e388 The ape Freauery one) nary tle ange af equeeies of He iT which ld he pet TorMigen" gait saves. The sperm iiertes the tut autre of the deity Feawlls comparable Ww dhe plasms size ua "The tama plasma 1 a very ans leopic syste wil strong nda ig etc Held and gradient n plata dens 1 and temperate pempendienlar 19 the nage Held (Fig 1), Laver aad sto weave nattering experiments have chown thatthe wavelengths assoctated with the twain are very sua in bod Ue rections perpendicular to the magnetic ‘eld (5-9). With CO, laser seatenng experiments, its also been shown that lhe waverly of the Mutuals pate lle 0 the toeoidal magnetic Bel are Tong compared w dhe wavelengths oF the Nustuations pespendicula tothe fel 011) Thea altative pte fe thst ‘ofaretaively oropic, two-dimensional turbalence sn the plane perpendicular to the toroidal magnetic ‘eld, uith the sharacteriste setle siew of the turbu lence being small compared the minor ameter ofthe plasma (48,1). Ty use of scattering and probe teche rigaes, the chursstertade Frequency of Ue fac uation las Geen Fou 6 Bea the range af a fess bilohertr 10. few hued iets. The me requency., Toof the fuctuations i lower than the ‘Sharnnoreie foqueney 9° evrtion of the plasma ins in dhe magetic fll, “The experimenis are (very roughly) com sistent with 13) F~ toiled Q where se length associated withthe sradient mn plasma density IL. ~ nn) 14), whore the plasma density nd fe the nr ras F the pasa. Simos the frequency fs i typealy tens of hen and py tea onder 1100, F {Sin the range af hundrde nfilnor. is plausible tha the natural spatial imension af the turbulence ia the direc. tlon perpendicular to the magnetic field is of thy ord of thy ion gyrus p, (Eo. 1) since, at the characteristic fe= quencics of the turbulence, Auctuations wll Use waveteuglls ae typically the least stable 2, 15, 1). Also the frequen cy deserhad hy Fay? qulhanvely comistene with the spatial cule of the ‘Muctuationy aid the Cac thal a ilioe mogencons plasma sich os that ina Tohamak, uiere at associated dit Yelocty, uj. of waves traveling in the lees perpendisiar ta hat the mag neve field and the density gradient “Thus, one can imagine a disturkance af wavelength 2np, propagating a a veloc ty vy which eerie ama mean frequency’ F (un the laboratory trame) equal tos dep This expression forthe feqionsy tugs out to be identical to the ight-hand side of La. 2 SCIENCE. VOL. 221 ‘Alls abject thi abot rrp emsFi. 5. Rela ampli of doy Puts {i Anas fm of be ema ‘a Ga evo te ln limfe) or tmo pasos in the. Alain A trian acted team 1 esogeome et hw the dita for highdesty finns G5, im ands ds ran ‘ours wih dams sfc of 10 tomer, ‘ote the vey a eel uf fsa peat fe pm eige fr he set teh A general and important feature ofthe Actions abscrved in lps numer of expesiemts is thal ie fiequeacy wil Al asosated with singly wave length ie very lege (BF =) (S13). This broad frequeney spectrum wns recently eesaaaned by Mazzucate (19. Ln wide to ciminnte the possitiity that diferent frequencies were uctually occurring at ere spatial Foatious witha Ue vole tum of pm Reing observed, ne Used 3 rmierawve sentering apparans speci sally designed for good spatial eeolu Wom. Fauie 2 shows fis ats for the ‘quency spectrim ofthe tctstions at {wall defined “uvelengih nd localized positon athe plasia (1), The ‘hcorued wile ings oF frepencics at 8 ‘given yuve number supports thy eonela fom thatthe naturally cocurring waves in tokornle plasms are qnlitsvely d= sete as a tusbulonee, i wont case of 2 superposition of "Tinea modes, each having a specie wave: length ond having sociated with it ‘well Uline fewuensy. As Jow, such a conclusion has important sconieguences with regard 10 a physieal Dictate of ee Mutu ‘An important teature ot the turbulence {he imps, af he Aone fe tions relative tothe local plasma dens ym A numbor of experiments nave estalished that the normalized tuctus tion amplitude, in cam vary hy mare than an order ot maanitude between di- feront spatial laeations in plasma. It has been shown by use of both CO: Laser scartering and metal probe techniques Uhm ese he pas dg ea bv very large and, in some cares, eam Vary sii ieamily with mean plasma density Oe 12), Figure 3 shows pres of a7 3s ution of caus for two dlferentplase rma densities (17, 22). The Meruation amplide neur the pass edge at high Plats densities ie the maximum poe (ible vane for randam fomarins, fin ~ 05. Figure 1 shows a photograph of the ge turbulence of a tokamak plasms. ‘Tne pone wns token with an expose tine of approximately 1308) sev0nd, so that Muctuations with frequencies ess than shout 2 kl are resolved (17). The Tlanontary stetuee that pes in this bicture is predominantly the long-wave length, low frequency part af the density Nycustion speciruus. whit is ocaized ear ihe plans edge. The lng woler- ‘ence lenath of the fuciuations along the tgneie old an he soon ne the ha al ines at cute cowed he inne wall. Uhe relatively. short coherence length acres the Rol ie indento hy the allman intensity of he line, We have diseusted in some detail the normalized ample of the nirbilence fan. tn order w understand the nature of Uy tubule. is nortan 6 eal the dependence of n/n on the other auan ties that ehamaeterine the state of the phos Figure 5 slows ns Faneton OF KL, for dats from 2 number of ‘diferen’ tokamak devices. Here, Kis The tein wave umber oF the turbulence (R= 200k, where 10 the mean wave length ofthe nirhlones in the dirction pecpeadivala (othe ngnetis fv) und Ey the yrauieut Feng ot the density ‘échned in connection with La. 2. The fxlsing dts foe hm, oth in the plasm Inletios aid wear the alge, eat by ve Ty summarized by the expression fin — VR o Cutiaiey, the normed Rta Gimp ln, esrb by Bg 3 tnt be out at las Ue the fe ery of expansion of he tons wth mcon nti see tnd the fee ene valle frm he ‘Stent oun dau wi spa soley. However, Wh proved A Cai ave der fn ny go ay Us. 62 Desens af the tony W me futon in tokamak were self Sty meretng iear meses, he resem hears af waves In loss laid este the stsonrectonly Wel (3.1). However. ths 1 nt the fat Tat ne perimental ate ae ‘Alle abject top abot rrp ims Fig. 4. Photograph of «lama in the ASDEX (hana Unechm Wet Gray The ‘tpn ie MD msc te done tno prominent “Te one rn ere ponds othe prof ofthe nr rss sec tn viewed athe duet tate toe Sowing athe pts en ‘The Ramentery race i the photorarh Alta the dBc (re ea RR love of turbulence near the plosma {Phewgrap courtesy of Dy HJ. Goo at incomes, Fig. 7) indenting » brosdband turbulent eta pow a signfconr chal lenge fo the theory. Reseatly, such the forctical progress has been made. It is ‘now generally accepted that, for em tions with wavelengths of the onder of the jon gyroradus (Hig. Uy dhviv ay rnlincartes that sill” accessaity brvaden the frequency spectrum ofa sct of linear modes US-20). In wun, Comper simmlations U1) have shown ‘at the Muctuaiions axeited oe nue numbers, Ky of the vider of 9" ean Imersct oalincaely te produce tact Gone with mush muller wave mumbers Wht is now required 2 thenry warm» selt-consisent set of assuinplions valid ‘over the many diferent repione of tem perature and density appropriate to oka ‘ak plasmas (for usta ho plana inthe ecater ar rool plas seat te welge). A complete theory of the turbu Jeace should eveu iiwlave dhe sevion ‘where an is as large ns it can possibly be n= 0.5, 1 focusing ltenton onthe prohlem af snictoturbulent Mustuations i tok pnsmns, went pushing ona forefront in {lusical physios am seeure nd Tincar kinetic desctitin of plata Ur hlonce Turbulent transport af particlee and ‘energy. The mort nignibeant practical ial of the recaarah on nithilence in fusion plasmas undetotanding there luon between the turbulence” and the anspor oF particles and energy in the plas (1). has been established qui feneraly that the election thennal somductivity s larger (by atactor of as much magnetic field acts to produce a Muctuat 28 108) than thar predic hy eoneider- ing def velocity, 3, ofthe plasms erase ing only coulomb collisions uf he plasma the el. Te Gine wveruged vulus off price thir tuctor of 1W) ia therinal isthe particle Hx. Thos, the dill fondnetvity degrades the achiovihle caefisient, Ds. of the particles across lists eontsinaent for dherawausiear the mauve led lines due eo the dens fusion ina serious way. In audition, the ty fctuations fy deadly telaled 1 the pamile-difsion cocfficent near’ the corrclaton herwcen a an! Plasua edges very lange vompaced with Te Hust eaperiment W measure the the classical value U, 2). Consequently, corrclation between # and £ i loki lunrsanding the river diision QP mae ne roeany esr oat i the eae ‘energy al patil is quite important. plasms by Zweben er al 2), using [As ciscussed above, measurements of etal probe techmques. ln this expert the Spectrum and amplitude of the dens sent, Doth the sage ud the si of fy Mhematians. maw exist However 14 were found Yo agree sith ths estimate ese ueasurenents ae not sulicient oe panicte ux, a leas inthe equaria ‘etormine the transport, rinceitsmvolves plane near the outside edge ofthe plas: not jus Mucmuarions in one quamity cuoh ma. te eoneeluahe that 4 ini 63 sis density bul acorevlalion betwown dif perineal gould be accomplished to meu ferent quantities such a demsity and sure Dy in the plasma interior by ion ectrc ld or mugnetie eld nnd cur- eam (2) technaics (hat Ie, measrng twat If couplets and amunbiguows he dali ain Uelvction ofan ener theory of the turbulence existed, iteould etic ion beam by the turbulent Muctuse be used to relate the present measure- ons). While very diivul, sual at ex ments athe rmnsport. Hlawever, ar pro pesiment cont provide valunbic insight ‘sent. no such Theory is ava Inup the relation eween the 1urulence ‘One strategy for establishing the cone and plasta transport, faction herwnen rhe nihenee an plac. It Rae Reem shawn that small lsc ‘ma transport isto measure directly the fuctuations inthe direction of the mag combination of fluctuating quantities that netic field in a tokamak can produce ue ir rn tho ramapare Far exemple, sgnifennr onorey tmenart (29) Conse omider the put diffusion caused by queily, mwasurvinent of these magnetic the presence ofturbulent density Mactuar Auctuations (aod the velevatconlai tioos n. These fictuations have axsoci- between electron curreat and mance sad with them eleerie ld eruatione, Ald perurbions) in har tokamak pla E. Th soulbination of Band the toroidal may of eousiderable interest, AL pres ‘nein UAT the epotanepe e mnsma fiefs a 1 Teen tie ini el EER Sere it ee cee ae a Be Feet dae aves cones hy aspen ea a Eturthener (fi Ny ens a amit fo poetry eden a as SS ATE Ae ge at, there arw not experimental tech niques available with the required rene fity to carry our wich meastiremente fa ‘thot cokamuh plasms, Coherent Waves tn Tokamak Plasmas ‘We wil naw conser sinions where Felutiely cote waves are excited in the plasma by means of auton OF 1 cerewiave aimenires cate atthe plas lke (for instance, see Fig. D. Those fcolerent waves ine pags can couple te'the particles to prosuce plasma hest ing ((,2) For example, waves whose phase velocity clovely matches the ve Tocty of te plasma particles ean tansfer wave energy to the particles by a penecss nova as Landau damping (2), “The simplest way to at the plasmas slung heuing, where un induced slce thon eureut heats ihe plasua by cou Jul culisions Ueiwveen tle electrons and ions. However, athe asin te Perira Inaresane, Ie reeeiity freases and is Heat methods 0 Jogger ecient. Thus an. alterative method i required tn hent the plssmn fuoan the temperatures of abut 20 ail lion degroes abtained with ohmic heaton to the temperatures of the order of 100 sulion deaees required for fusion. One ofthe major autivations fox waders ing coherent wave phenomena into de velop relatively simple and feient ways 28 to lat the plsum We ill describe two examples of coherent wave ‘experiments intakamaks, ehosen no for le alsolute Heating eliiency obtained, bt forthe insight they provide into the rr of those waves and thse peng ‘won an duping in tokamak pas. ‘Lowes hybrid waves, The loves hybrid LHD wave isa mode ofthe plasma that propagates wht frequencies netwcen he ‘lectro and the ion plas liegueusy {What se, tween the eharttentie fre quensies of wseilluion of w collection of ent experiments ds le is key dat dhs Rid of pragress will continus ia the went generalion of these experiments, which are wow bein conducted G8). In addon, similar ex etieuty ae in prowess fo say Ue Benoration ind mate conversion of AIT en waves excite at Frequencies Helaw the fon cyclotron frequency) US). These plasmas 0. 4) Alek ge 1 7 us 3 2 ring o atone Re q : 2 2 q ie Feat AES too Tout 919,14? (1966). Young, ee ein Phe minnow ied Wack aston” Bases (1980), pape Ee hte a Pa, 5 Te Parte, 4 9, 1 RRP Bh not tn Fig A TG Soe me fone ae 2 Pe aoe wees ear eee ios pont flo bine) aoe i i Fa, aa ee eae es at en, A ae Ra ert ts Mt fee AE Pata Ps Cara ‘Alls abject thi abot rrp ems