Feynman Rules in Quantum Electrodynamics: 20QFT Lessons in Field Theory

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96
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20QFT Lessons in Field Theory 88
Feynman Rules in Quantum electrodynamics

84
Position Space Diagrams
80
A. K. Kapoor
http://0space.org/users/kapoor
76
akkapoor@cmi.ac.in; akkhcu@gmail.com
72
The quantum electrodynamics is the theory describing interactions of electrons and
photons. The interaction part of Lagrangian is given by 68
Lint = ieψ̄(x)γ µ ψ(x)Aµ (x) (1)

64
We will now formulate the Feynman rules for quantum electrodynamics.
The new points, as compared to the scalar theory are 60
• There are two different fields the electron field ψ and photon field Aµ . So the
diagrams will have two kinds of lines. One type of line,the wavy line, for photons 56
and another kind of line for the electron.

52
The propagators for the electron and the photon fields are defined in a fashion similar
to the scalar field.
48
def 1
(S c )αβ (x − y) = h0|T ψα (x)ψ̄β (y)|0i (2)
i
def 1 44
Dµν (x − y) = h0|T (Aµ (x)Aν (y))|0i. (3)
i
The electron propagator is given by 40
Z
1 k/ + m
(SF )αβ (x − y) = [−i∂/x + m]αβ ∆(x, y) = 4
eik(x−y) d4 k (4)
(2π) k − m2 + iǫ
2 36
We will need to assign a direction to the electron line. As you can see that the field at
x and y are ψ and ψ̄ and are not the same. Apart from this the rest of the digrammaitc 32
rules are similar to the phi4 theory.

There are two important differences to be noted. 28
• The every interaction comes with a γ matrix. This will get reflected in
24
the factor to be assigned to a vertex.
• To each closed loops of electron lines must be assigned a factor of (-1). 20

The exact form of the propagator,Dµν , for the photon field depends on the choice of
gauge to quantize the electromagnetic field. In QED one can use the expression 16
Z
1 −gµν
Dµν (x) = d4 qeiqx 2 (5)
(2π)4 q + iǫ 12
Depending on the choice of gauge condition, the photon propagator has extra qµ qν term.
These terms drop out due to to gauge invariance of the theory. 8
1 4
1
0
100
96
Note We did not have occasion to discuss the covariant quantization of pho-
92
ton.You may consult Chapter 5 of Mandl and Shaw for this topic. We do not need an
explicit expression for the photon propagator at this stage.
88
While drawing the diagram, in this theory we will need to distinguish between a line
for the photon and the line for electron.
84
So now let us see how the position space diagrams look. I am attaching pages from
Bogoliubov and Shirkov for you to read.
80
A Word about Notation In the notation used by Bogoliubov and Shrikov,

76
• the indices i, j, k, m, n etc. denote four vector indices running from 0 to 3. 72
68
• D0c denotes the Feynman propagator for scalar field with zero mass.
{F for Feynman propagator → c = causal propagator}. 64
So Z ik(x−y)
1 e
D0c (x − y) = d4 k 60
(2π)4 k2 + iǫ
• S c denotes the electron propagator. 56
/ = γ µ Aµ
• Â denotes A
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
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100
96
Let us now look at the second order term in the S-matrix

92
2 2

S2 = (i e )T Lint (x)Lint (y) = T : ψ̄(x)Â(x)ψ(x) :: ψ̄(y)Â(y)ψ(y) : (6)
88
One of the terms that appears in the Wick expansion is
84
80
76
Fig. 1
72
and the corresponding diagram is given on the next page.

68
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . over Bogoliubov and Shirkov pages . . . #

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Pages from Bogoliubov and Shirkov follow 64
Please turn over to next page 60
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See Also Mandl and Shaw Sec 7.3 Pages 128-131
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Feynman Rules in Quantum Electrodynamics: 20QFT Lessons in Field Theory

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100

20QFT Lessons in Field Theory 88

Feynman Rules in Quantum electrodynamics

Lint = ieψ̄(x)γ µ ψ(x)Aµ (x) (1)

and another kind of line for the electron.

rules are similar to the phi4 theory.

• To each closed loops of electron lines must be assigned a factor of (-1). 20

A Word about Notation In the notation used by Bogoliubov and Shrikov,

• the indices i, j, k, m, n etc. denote four vector indices running from 0 to 3. 72

• S c denotes the electron propagator. 56

Let us now look at the second order term in the S-matrix

and the corresponding diagram is given on the next page.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . over Bogoliubov and Shirkov pages . . . #

Pages from Bogoliubov and Shirkov follow 64

Please turn over to next page 60

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