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    2 views8 pages

    Mozilla 5

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    alaga4000

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ‘Smart Materials Research —_ ae excitation ‘Baling pial properties 1: Schematic representation of the pro Poslve wind diction icone 2: Finite element model with the coordinate system and, wind direction (B = 57.6m and D = 19m) techniques to get the building responses. The frequency do- ‘main approach has been dominant over time domain ap- proach for its lesser requirement of computational power though it involves more approximations compared to the time-domain approach. Nevertheless, with the current tech~ nology where computational power is no longer a problem, the time-domain method is becoming @ popular analysis technique. The time-domain method allows determination cof wind responses directly from the equation of motion us- ing the measured time history, thereby avoiding all the sim- plifying assumptions used in the frequency domain tech- nique [7]. However, even if the more accurate time-domain approach is used for the analysis of the response, the three-dimensional (3D) mode shapes found in complex tall buildings complicate the use of the HFBB test results for predicting the response (8, 9]. In general, mode shape cor- rection factors for the HFBB technique are necessary for nite element modeling wth modal ‘parameters of fll scale building) ed procedure for response prediction and reduction in tal buildings under wind loads. the assessment of wind-induced responses of a tall building. This is to account for the significant uncertainties in the prediction of generalized forces due to the nonideal mode shapes as well as presumed wind loading distributions (10, 11). HEPI with the time-domain approach can be more accurate provided that enough coverage of pressure taps on the model’s outer surface is performed. HEPI technique is based on simultaneous pressure meas- urements at several locations on a building’s outer surface. Pressure data can be used for the design of the claddings as well asthe estimation of the overall design loads. The HEPL technique cancels out any inertial effects that may be includ~ ed in the overall loads measured by the base balance if the EBB technique was used. Time histories of wind forces at several levels of tall building models can be obtained in the wind tunnel with a multichannel pressure scanning system This enables the building responses to be computed directly in the time domain for buildings with simple or complex mode shapes. Finite element models (FEMs) can be used for describing the dynamic behavior ofthe structures. HEPL with FEM have the advantages of considering complex shapes of structures with nonuniform mass distribution and can easily account for any required number of mode shapes to be con: sidered in the response analysis. Preliminary analysis of tall buildings in their preliminary design stages help the designer to make decision by mod ifying the design or adding passive, active, or semiactive con: trol techniques. Structural control has ecently been the sub- ject of much discussion among structural designers. Struc tural control can potentially provide safer and more efficient structures. The concept of employing structural control to ‘minimize structural vibrations was proposed in the 1970s Smart Materials Research Mean wind speed profile F Turbulence intensity profiles (at = 1m 10 i 4 wo 10 o 10! 0? Experimental data — Target eurocode 1 Vor karman spectrum cune 3: Mean wind speed profil, turbulence intensity profiles, and wind spectra (is the integral scale) Config, no. 1 (expomure ‘Config no. 2 exposure 2.5 dep) , 5 Fiouae 4: Two different configurations are sed, ere Herr cm Mette freroa ‘Smart Materials Research ® Ficvne 5: Pressures onthe outer surface ofa scaled 1:100 model were obtained from a wind tunnel ts: (a) pressure tap distribution (leva- tion and side view), (b) mean surface pressure coeficient distribution (for 292.5 deg). PSDtap: 10203, 10 10 3 10 =o a Ew Frequency (2) — 10003 original pressure data «2nd peak © Isp 10203 fered pressure data Ficune 6: Typical spectrum of measured pressure data (at model scale). [12]. The purpose of structural control isto absorb and to reflect the energy introduced by dynamic loads. The reduc tion of structural vibrations occurs by adding a mechanical system that is installed in a structure. The control of str ural vibrations can also be done by various means, such as modifying rigidities, masses, damping, or shape, and by pro- viding passive or active counter forces (13, 1d. Pasiv, active and semiactive [15, 16] types of control strategies have been proposed. ‘McNamara [17] studied the tuned mass damper (TMD) as an energy-absorbing system to reduce wind-induced stru- tural response of buildings in the elastic range of behavior. Active control techniques are studied intensively for the con- trol ofthe response of tall buildings under wind loads [18- 22]. The most commonly used active control device for tall buildings is the active tuned mass damper (ATMD). TMDs and ATMDs are shown to be effectiveness in the response reduction of tall buildings under wind loads [23-28] ‘The aim of this study is to present practical procedure for the response prediction and reduction in a very slender high: rise building under multidirectional wind loads. The pro. cedure is schematically presented in Figure 1. Wind loads were obtained from an HEPI experiment conducted in a wind tunnel. The tower responses in the two lateral direc: tions combined with the torsional responses (effect of higher, ‘modes on the responses is studied) are evaluated. Two impor- tant voids associated with procedures to aid in the design are considered: the fist is on the distributions of the wind loads; the second is on the effects of the higher modes. Consider- ation of these two problems needs wind tunnel pressure ‘measurements on the surface of the building and FEM. The building is modeled using the finite element techniques and 3D lumped mass model. The uncontrolled responses ob- tained using the two techniques of modeling are compared. Active control of the structure using LQR and fuzzy logic controllers under wind that is attacking from different direc: tions is proposed. In this study, the lateral responses of the building in the two directions are controlled at the same time, while the effects of the uncontrolled torsional responses of the structure are simultaneously considered. 2. 3D Modeling of the Building ‘A-A8-strory steel tower proposed in Aly etal. [23] is used in this research. The FEM of the tower, along with the coordinate system, is shown in Figure 2. Te full-scale build ing has a height of about 209m and a rectangular cross section of B/D ~ 3 (B: chord length and D: thickness). The aspect ratio in the y-direction is about 11, which makes it very sensitive to strong winds. Modal parameters ofthe FEM forthe frst six modes are given in Table 1. 2.1. Equations of Motion in Modal Form. Equations of ‘motion governing the behavior of the structure under wind Smart Materials Research 5 mot 7 met ° @ 0 Wo \ ara Foor 7 Hs Des ° oO n-3 m2 @ ® Ficune 7: Wind load estimation from pressure data: the tributary area of floor N was divided into smaller areas; pressure forces acting on. cach smaller atea, A, were calculated based on pressure data at the nearest presse tap, mt. [OX WS aR a ie = ww a eo as os ° al GE un om 0 os OB OB | 02 01 01 0000S an OL 02 Input variable "Ace30" Input vale Ae 30" « ® A eee ee es St sr as as ° ° NM “03-04-03 02-010 01 02 03 04 08 04-03-02 -O1 0 ON 02 03 04 Input varie Acca” Input aie "e748" @ @ Floune &: Membership fanctions forthe input measured accelerations inthe x-direction (Acc-30, Acc-x48) andthe y-direction (Ace-y- 30,Ace-y-48). loads are x and y directions, respectively. 0) = (F(t) Fy(0]", in which F,(t) and B,(¢) are m x 1 vectors of external forces, acting in x and y directions, respectively. Using the first N ‘modes obtained by FEM with the next transformation MX + CX +KX = F(r), w where X = [x y]" is a 2n x 1 vector and m is the number of nodes, while x and y are vectors of nodal displacements, X= 0Q, @ ‘Smart Materials Research VE NL"NM” NS NVSZRPWS PS” PM” PL PVL “3 2-10 12 3 4 5 xi! ‘Output variable “force” @ NYT NU NM NS NVSZRPVS” Ps PM PL PL os “I 08 06-04-02 0 02 04 06 OR 1 x10 Output variable force y" o Figure 9: Membership functions forthe output contro force inthe x-direction (Force-x) and the y-direction (Force-y). or 0203 Oa Frequency (He) — Acceleration in -ditctons for 90 deg ‘Aceceaton in y-direction for 90 de, os 0807 Ficune 10: Power spectra of the aceleration response ofthe top coer ofthe building inthe two lateral where @ is 2n x N matrix of eigenvectors and Q is Nx 1 vector of generalized displacements; that is, Pili) 2m) ++ Owl) Pilx2) Polar) +++ Pw(a2) Pil%e) rl%e) e+ Pula) dln) Gol) > dw | din) dala) +++ ond C 3 ° $10) 200m) *++ vl) a n 4x Substituting by (2) into (1) and premultiplying by 7, one obtains MOQ +@"COQ+O"KOQ = OF), (4) By assuming the damping matrix, C, to be proportional damping, (4) results into six uncoupled equations mud tends thugs = Soita)Fl) + Yip) Fl) = GF, ‘mai end + kas = Lextorut + Ze.65.A0= Ge 5 imi + end + kung = SOx Fault) + FOv (Bult) GF, where mis cis kin and GF, are generalized mass, generalized damping, generalized stiffness, and generalized force of the ith mode, respectively. Using the measurements obtained by the pressure transducers, pressure coefficients (matrix Cp) are evaluated at each tap location as a function of time. These values are used with the full-scale model to give the pressure distribution on the surface. The pressure values on the surface of the prototype can be calculated as le P( spacetime) = 3 pU°Cp (spacetime), 6) where P(space,time) is a matrix containing the pressure values on the surface of the full scale model as a function of space (x, y, and 2) and time; p isthe air density which is assumed to be 1.25kg/m? (according to [2]), and U is the prototype mean wind speed. The wind load at any node of the outer surface is the integration of the pressure over the surface area in the vicinity ofthe node as Finodes time) = | P(space,time)da 0 ‘Smart Materials Research ict (contig. 0.2) 1riretion (contig 0.2) 02 02 = é Foss Fos be i ous 05 a ee) Ss hoo Wind diction angle lg) Wind diction ne) ® ® ous $02 = ; E oa 3 2 jos : i Foust | 5 gos i os a a Ss ia nas OS ‘Wind direction angle (deg) ‘Wind divection angle (deg) oo re *r ptes

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