pstNING WALLS 4,=0.3V3=0.52 m ual length of the slab avaitaty 2og=0.9 m. Hence satistactory® Now size of ey = 300mm x 300 mrs Py #3448) =3 (4403) Ww 2121.05 + 43.2 x 0.3 = 134.01KN Actual force to be resisted by tne key, at F.S=1.5 is =1.5 Py-p=Ww = 1.5 x 55.47 ~ 0.5 x 134.0] = 16.2 kN _ 16.2 x 1000 Shear stress = 300 x 1000 ae = 0.054 N/mm? (safe) : 16.2 x 150 x 1000 Bending stress = i ce \ % * 1000 (300) +900 bile ne }200 (>) Reinforcement "F atthe inner ele 1208 0t stem {@) Section of wall =0.16 N/mm? (safe) - FIG. 18.19. The details of reinforcement etc. are shown in Fig. 18.19. 18.8, DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL WITH HORIZONTAL BACKFILL \ AND TRAFFIC LOAD Design Example 18.2. Design a cantilever retaining wall for a road for the following =6m | requirements: Height of wall from the bottom of base to top of stem i 2. Superimposed load due to road traffic = 18 kN/m’ 3. Unit weight of fill = 18 kN : 4. Angle of internal friction for fill material = 3 ‘ 5. Allowable bearing pressure on sroind, Z oes a Coeffici iction between concrel = 0. : Also, peck re wall I m high on the top of stem. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. : constants M 20 concrete, and Fe 415 steel reinforcement, we have ieee Bie = 230 N/m rt; m= 13.33; k= 0.289 ; j= 0.904 the following : c= G,=7 N/mui:t= Ow md R= 0.914—— a REINFORC! ED CONCRETE i 2. Dimensions of base. Assume that a horizontal force Q=2 4Nj wall will act because of person standing near Leng of par the parapet. ape Due to surcharge, equivalent height of fill is given by w 18.1 m bee ya) 18 Hence, in determining the values of banda. etc., we will use a height My =H +h, =6+1=7 m. The ratio of the length of toe slab EF to the base width b may be determined by Eq. 18.28. 160 a=1-57545x7 The width of base may be found from Eq. 18.25. 1 - sin 30° CT pan wenger 1 Ste W, Fleet oot fe 6=095x7Vaq—paaatag mF eae ac be Katte However, keep minimum b between 0.5 to 0.6 Hy. Hence adopt b=4 m. -. Length of toe slab =o b=0.42x4=1.68 m. Keep it equal to 1.7 m. Let the thickness of base = 50 cm for preliminary calculations, 3, Thickness of stem. Height H,=6-0.5=5.5 m Due to retained soil, the earth pressure diagram will be a triangle, having an ordinate equal to K,yh, at h below B. Due to surcharge w, there will be a uniform hori pressure K,w =4x18 =6 kN/m’ throughout the height. The total bending moment a C will be due to moment of horizontal force Q= 2 KN acting at A, plus moment of rectangular pressure distribution, plus moment of triangular pressure distribution. FIG. 18.20. 2 3 Ma 00i+ + Kwit Key Meer (sen bee OP 5x 'g 8 = 13 + 90.15 +.166.35 =270.1 KNem =270.1 x 10° N-mm @ oY 221x108 1000 x 0.914 ~ 544 mm Using an effecti veep nba festive cover of 60 mm, ta thcknes of stem = 544 + 60 = 604 mm However a B, so that cae pee 620 ~ 60 = 560 mm. Reduce the total thickness to 200 mm 200 from B to 4, a B= 200-6 = 140 mm, Continue uniform thickness ofpeTAINING WALLS 4. Stability of watt, Fy | Fully dime Length of heel slab cp _ dimensionea wall i é 4-176 S shown in ty, vt = weight of rectang 82 = 1.68 gy iM Fig. 1g. 29 of ‘tiangular . Ws = weight of base stab Portion of stem, W. = weight of : Sone EN)? HAE a] 0.2 x65x1%25 = 225 3X04 X5.5x1%25 <295 0.5 x 4x 1% 25 = 50 1.68 x 5.5 x1 x 18 = 166.4 1.68 x 1x 18 = 30.2 EW = 308, Total earth pressure at base= x, 1H 1, 18 6? = 108 kN Overturning moment at toe, due to earth Pressure = 108 x $ =216 kN-m Overturning moment at toe, due to horizontal force Q=2x7=14 KN-m Overturning moment due to horizontal pressure caused by live load Lig x Oe : gx 18x55 = 108 KN-m Total overturning moment Mo = 216+ 14+ 108 = 338 kN-m against overturning = =2.52>2. Hence: safe. FS. 1g, Pe > (6x 6) =146 KN =P Total horizontal pressure = 2 + 108 + ( PEW _ 04x 308 9 gy 15 F.S. against sliding =p 146 ‘ fe He fe. Special shear key will have to be designed to make the wall sa lence unsafe. Special against sliding. nts = ZM = M,—My xa ic sum of moments . Pressure distribution. Algebraic aso? - 33825127 kN-m = 308 KN i Al i f vertical forces = 2 W= 2s ication of resultant is given igebraic sum of of the point of application o! Hence distance ¥ from te,4 \ Eccentricity ¢ a 1,66 =0.34 m This is tess than 2 .67 m. Hence no tension is developed, 6 EW/, | 6e)_ 308 Pressure p; at toe SP (1+ Se) = M8) = 116.3 KN/m’< 160. Hence safe. Pressure p: at neet= 2 (1 $) SP (1-8 Jana KN/m? Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is p =116.3- 163 aT 7 = 82.9 kN/m? f Pressure p’ at the junction of stem with heel slab is Pp’ =1163 ~ 183377 % 2.32 = 70.7 kN/m? 5. Design of toe slab. The upward pressure distribution on the toe slab is shown in Fig, 18.21. The weight of the soil above the toe slab is neglected. Thus two force are acting on it : ( upward soil pressure (ii) downward weight of slab. Downward weight of slab per unit area =0.5 x 1x 1x25 = 12.5 KN/m?. Hence net Pressure intensities will be 116.3 - 12.5 = 103.8 KN/m? under D and 82.9 ~ 12.5 = 70.4 KN/mt under F, Total force = S.F. at F= (103.8 + 70.4) x 1.7 148.07 kN 70.4 + 2 x 103.8) CG. of fe =, =|——-*——* of force from F =x, [ 704 + 1038 }? 0.904 m BM, at F = 148.07 x 0,904 = 133.9 kN-m = 133.9 x 10° Nemm 133.9 x 108 4 = Vio00 xara = 383 mm. is ice nena mm and total depth equal to 500 mm so that 60 mm effective cover luce the teens, ‘otal depth to 200 mm stem reinforcement mm cle giving 4, = (step 7), 148.07 x 1009 10005440 = 9.337 N/mm?RETAINING WALLS Hence from Table 3.1, Hence the slab ig Distribution stee} - 0.12 [ ad 7 2 Using 8 mm © bars, having 4, = 503 p> | Hence provide these @ 199 ona mm’, spacing =x) pe 6. Design of heel stab, Fou a (@ downward we; - forces act on ight of soi s \ ) ¥ 5.5 m hi i traffi (iii) weight Of heel slab (iy) pear a oe ae ~ Weight of soil = 1.68 x 1 S'S ile Sige ae 8 x 1x 1.68 = 30, 5 x 1.68 x 25 = 2: Upward soil reaction = 1 (70.7 + 37.7) x 1 Weight of heel slab = 68 = 91.06 kN 10,7 +2 x 37.7) 1.68 acting at | a77 | gen 07S m from C \ Total force=S.F. at C= 166.32 + 30.24 +21 - 91.06 = 126.5 KN B.M. at C = (166.32 + 30.24 + 21) 0.84 - 91.06 x 0.75, = 114.46 KN-m = 114.46 x 10° N-mm_ Keep the same depth as that of toe slab, i.e. d=440 mm and total depth = 500 mm. Reduce total depth to 200 mm at edges. 114.46 x 10° As = 339 x 0,904 x 40 = 1252 mm? 1000 x 314 Using 20 mm © bars, do= 314 mm’. Spacing = 355 =250 mm. 126.5 X10" _ 9.998 N/mm? % = 7900 x 440 « corcement required t0 get t) 20.29 N/mm" is equal to 0.49% From Table 3.1, % aw Mo bd 0.49 x 1000 X 440" 9 56 a ee ae @pproxiamately. This gives 4s =—700 ny 160 6314 = 242.8 mm 140 140 mm cic. Actual Ax = Hence provide 20 mm 9 bars @0.12 | 460 + 200 Distribution steel = 799 | 7 1000 x 50.3 396 Spacing of 8 mm © bars= = 127 mm.2 120 mm cjg 7. Reinforcement in the stem. 270.1 x 10° - 4x = 330 x 0.904 x 500 ~ 2320 mm 2. , 1000 314.1 Using 20mm @ bars, de = 3141 mm’ 2, 52 SORA However provide 20 mm © bars @ 120 mm cle 1000 x 314.1 Actual Ay provided = -°7 °°" = 2618 mm? Bend all the bars in the toe slab to serve as the reinforcement there. order to make the toe slab safe in shear, required A, = 3080 mm’ gives s=100 mm He provide 20 mm @ bars @ 100 mm c/c. Due to this, sufficient bond length will be avaiaye to both the sides of point C (point of maximum bending moment). Total S.F. at C =0+K.wih+Key =246x55+3x 2 5.5) 12535 w _ 125.75 x 1000 * ="1000 x 560 100 A, _ 100 x 3080 _ oe 2 hd” = 7000 7560 7955 % Hence t,=0.31 N/mm? >t, Hence sl Let us curtail reinforcement between C and B. If there were no other external force, except the earth pressure, and if the depth of stem were constant, half the bars cold have been curtailed at a depth aso H, below the point B. Because of presence of other forces, let us try at depth = 0.65 H, = 0.65 x 5.5 =3.575 m below B to see whether ba the ‘bars could be curtailed there or not. Thus, depth of section below B=h=3575 @ = 0.225 N/mm? ; ; BM. = O04 D4 Kew 5+ Ky E22 8.575 +1) + SOS) +1 Bass! = 9:15 + 38.34 + 45.69 = 93.18 kN-m=93.18 x 10° N-mm as 560 - 140 d=140+ 353.575 =413 mm bg = 9818 108 This is less pre sete oe half of i 2 tis @epth. However, the bans Provided at C. Hence half the bars can be curaiet 2) OF d(=413 many beng noua be extended by a distance of 120 (= 12%" coral nant HENCE curtail half ges Point, whichever is more, Hence h = 3.575- 042 Ralf of the remai at a hei wish © below SE Tmaining par. jeg a's & height of 3.1 m below B. If We "Y it at a section at depth A = 0.65 x3.575 = 232%geTAINING WALLS BM. = 2.32 +14 Qs» : = 6.64 thy te + 16.15 4) IX Zar» ~ d 2.49. 6 ) = 140 4 560 ~ 149“? = 35.28 yyy, BS SagX 2.09 3 = 35.28 x 106 Aa = 7738.28 x 196 317 mm mm This is slightly tesg na, oe X37 = 536 mnt half of the remaining bars Ga one fourth of thar. hia I - 'e. However. at provided veyond this, ie. curtail half of the 1.17 °%%M4 the bary pe ©. Hence we pelow B. Rest of the bars way 1, mining IS by a dig can cunait "5 will be contineg a 4 distance of mH 4=317 mm a a 7 ‘Upto the 32-0317 Distribution reinforcement, Average th top of the Parapes, 2m Be thickness of stem _ 200+ 620 7 = 410 mm . Area distribution reinforcement = (0, 12/100) (1000 410) =492 mm? Using 10 mm © bars, 45=78.5 mm? Hence provide 10 mm bai ee along its length. ts @ 150 mm Temperature reinforcement Total area = 492 mm’. Provide 10 mm © bars @ 300 mm cle bot way son the outer face. 8. Design of shear key. The wall is unsafe agninst sliding, Let us provide a shear key of depth a below the stem. A Let p, be the intensity of passive pressure developed just in front of the shear key. This intensity p, depends upon the soil pressure p just in front of shear key. Pr = K.P l+sino 1 where K, =——_—— =3 1-sino and p =82.9 kN/m’, from Fig. 18.21 Hence p, = 3 x 82.9 = 248.7 kN/m" eval }-1.7 m is i i i be con- This intensity may be es me an stant along the depth of aes a ieaie a | be little increase in p, , becal pelea P with depth. We will, however, conse e al constant value of p, = 248.7 KN/m- 3 Total passive force oornen it ee er ee (1) FIG. 18.2. P, = 248.7 x 0.6 = 149.22 KNWeight of soil between the base and level Jy =0.6 x4 x 1x 18=43.2_ KN (approx.) EW =308 + 43.2 = 351.2 kN Guwt =P 1723 However, it should be noted that the above passive pressure when a length a, given below is available in front of the key ° a =atand=atan( 45+) 200 mm Hence F.S. against sliding is =aVK, =0.6 V3 =1.04 m. where @ = 45 + 0/2 = shearing angle of passive resistance. ‘Actual length of toe slab available =GF=1.7 m. Hence satisfactory. Let us keep the width of key = 600 mm. Actual force to be resisted by the key =(15EP)-p=EW = 15x 172.3 - 0.4 x 351.2 = 118 kN Hence shear stress _ 118 x 1000 7000 x 600 = 0-2 N/mm. Safe -. Bending stress = 118 x 1000 x 300 = 176% 1000 (600)° = 0-59 N/mm? 4000 mm- “= CONcR, Total sliding force at the bottom level of key is my 118 EP =2+ (6x 6.6) + 5x > 6.6)" =2+ 39.6 + 130.7 = 172.3 kN 0.4 x 351.2 + 149,29 eae Sa ee: y “fy = 1.88 Hey wile eee : %