3A VIIOTPEBATA HA APBAAETA B CPEAHOBEKOBHA BbATAPA Aean PaGoban06 (HAVIM npu BAH — gunvan Beruxo Tepuo80) TIpeamer na nacrosmord uscneBaHe € BPSMpHeMaHeTO Ha enHo OT Hall-cnoxiTe B TexXHMeCkO orHomenne cpenHoneKoBHH opsxxuia — apGaneTsT 8 cpenHoseKosia Bisirapua, Toll He camo OTpa3iBa BUCOKH nosHaHiel H JLOCTHKeHHA B OGRACTTa Ha MexaHNkara, HO H creMKpusHHTe HY A Ha EHO OBUIECTRO, B KOeTO AOEHHHTE MeficTaHA Boe TIOBEYE H TOBee Ce KOHLUCHTPHpAT OKOIO aTaKara M 3aulitTaTa Ha YKperuIeHs. Tlonon na ce Hacowa kom TeMara e nce nlo-ypenmianaulusT ce Gpoll Ha naMeTHiuTe, cmBp3aiin c apSarera or Tepuropnsra Ha BBsrapis, W CbileBpeMeHHO MAKOTO BHHMAHHE, KOeTO HM ce OTHeMA B PonHaTa Hay'Ha H nlonyaapia mreparypa. Tenra wa paGorara e He na ce onmmar mHoroGpoiirutre apreipaxti 8 GbarapcKure My3eu M YacTHH OWIEKUMM, KOTO BCE OLE HaKAT CBOR Mpoy'eaTen, a sla ce NPeACTABAT TexHH OOpasill — BEPXOBE Ha Crpem, ‘aCTH OF CYCKORUS MexaHHabM H YCTpOlicTROTO 3a oMrbaaHe Ha TeTusara. HaKoM OT THX ca MasIKO NOSHATH H Necro ocTasar HemeHTHcbmiUpant TIpyra oGnacr, p kosTo ule ce Hacowar YounusTa, € la ce HanpanH oni ja ce npocsensT MmstaT H BpeMeTO Ha MpoHHKBaHe Ha apGaneTa B cpemHoseKosHa Bearapna n a ce OTTOBOPH Ha BbIIpOca HO KaKBa CTeTIeH Mt B xaxpa cpeua ce maripnema Toit, sarasva 1H ce a ynorpeGa W ci naaHero Ha GusirapeKata AbpxaBA B KDAR HA XIV. Tipeam aa ce npeeppre p ent or naii-nonynapinrre n edpexrHBiin MeTaTenHi ppt tia cpesHOBeKOBHA Espona, apGanerst npexHsasa MbiTbr TT Ha passuTHe. PHYHM OpbKHA, MPH KONTO AbpBeH HIM KOMTOSHTEH ek € SaKperleH NON NpaB Brkn Ha NBpBEHA Nowa H TeTHBATA ce 3akpeniBa HeNOABIDKHO 3a pasMHIHO MO KOHCTPYKUNA OcHOGORNABAMIO YCTpOHicTHO, 3a Aa HAXBBpMN NBHKeMIla Ce MO xzIe6 Crpema, ca NOsHATH B Cpeaisemtomopueto ome or TV p. np. Xp. Hesapncnmo nan ce wsnonsBa cHnaTa Ha sTBK, Wau Ha cHonOBe OT ‘BbXeTa, Te3I OPHKUA MON PaaAHHHH HasBAKHNs Ca yrloTpeGABANH OF PAMAAHETTE H KApTHHHO OTMCaHH oT Beret mpes IV p. (Edge D., J. M. Paddock. 1991:34-36). B nocacasanua nepon a Panoro cpexHonexonue undopmauusra 3a Takusa opmxna B Eppora € MHOTO ockbaHa, HO OeBHAHO Te cbuLecTaynar. C yRenuuanaHe PonsTa Ha YKperneHNaTA HEA BOEHHOTO eT pes NlocheaHHTe eceTHNeTHA Ha XI B, HlonyaapHocrTa Ha apSanera Gup3o pacre, ocoGex0 a loxuure paliouu sia Eapona ~ Menians, TIposaxe, Uranus, Crira ce nop 0 za6pann 3a Herovara ynorpeGa epemty xpucrustin oT nana YpGan I npes 1096-1097 1. u or Bropua Ilarepauexn cuGop npes 1139 r. (Contamine Ph, 1996:71-73; Oakeshott E. 1994:298-299), ‘ApOaiersr ce CbCTOH Of XOPH3OHTAMHO CTORIL THK, 3aKPerIeH KbM JIbPBeHA 10%, B KORTO CrIeMHAsIHO NpneriocoGnerue sanbpxxa HaTerHarara TeTHBA, KATO HanpaBseHeTo Ha NoneTa Ha cTpesara ce OcbuleCTBABA oT we6 sEpxy TOKATa HoH OT BA ynopa, AppxautH OrripeNt H OTsaM Crpenata (Foley ¥,, etal. 1985; Medeedes A. 1966:90-96). Joker na opnaKiteTo MOKe Ja € ADPReH, KOMTIOSHTeH, pH KoftTO HBpXy stePHEHA OCHORA OTE HI ca aaseneHM CyXOxMAINATA, a OTBBTPE POTORUTE nNAcTHHH HAH cToMaHeH. [lyppHtTe Ba Our Haii-wecTo ynorpe6asann, Karo € nloxasarerio, ¥e apater ¢ spBEH sTGK CTPYBAA ‘BA MBTH MO-eBTAHO OT KOMMOSHTHIIS. Cromavennire xpxone ce noxpanar esiaa m kpas Ha XIV h., Ho TeXHITeckHTe SarpynlieHsl B POHSBONCTBOTO I ekcIuoaTaunsra UM npewar Ja HABIAsAT MacoBO NpEAM MepsnTe eceTHsIeTHA Ha XV B, Jloxkata Ha apGanera ce napa6oTBana OF TEEPAO ABPBO ~ KG HK Opscr, a TeTHBATA Gna s1eGeN WHYp, HanpaneH OT pacTHTesHH ‘axa (ocHOBHO KOHON) 11H N10-pssIKO OT cyXoxkUTHR, Tp npombirKHTedMHa ynOTpeGa HIK HaBHaKHABAHE TH ce paatarana it Mo:xesia a ce CMeHH eNHHCTREHO Ha crleuMamIeH CTAHOK, UyscrsuTeAHN KoM Brarera OHH ROMMOSHTHHTe bKOBE H 3aTOBA GHAM YBHBAHH c epraMeHT WAH KOKA, a UANATA Nema YacT Ha apGanera — Tocranaia p creNHasieH KOxeH Kass, KOTATO He ce HaNOMsBaMt (Veapoe Jf. 2007), Ciyckopiiat MexaHH3bM Ce CBCTOH OT 7. Hap. “opex” H ChERHHEH C Hero MeTasieH cnycbK (6p. 1 a). Opexst npencrasnasa uiLaMTep, H3PxIBAH OT Por KH KOCT, HAH OTZHBAH OT GPOH, NPHKPenIBAH COC KEM noxara, Kofiro uMa ea H3pe%a 110 HBHTTHTe cH CTpaltH. B enulns ce BMecTBAT TeTHBaTAa H KpagT Ha cTpesiara, 561a apyruat noewa Merasna cnycBk (o6p. 1 6). B&npekH npoctorara cH TO3H MexaHHgbM € HanexueH H-Tpact, OCHTYpaba MuIaBEH MEK CHYCbK AAaxe NH MOMULHO OpwAHE, OT cbinecTReHO sHaYeHHe 3a TOUHOCTTA Ha ‘erpesOara e, le yarppxka TeTHBaTa TO¥HO fo cpenara Ha OcTa Ha cTpenara (Medeedee A. 1966:90-96; Vaapos JI 2007; Foley V, et all. 1985), Cawure erpemmt ca or Teupxo xbPBO (ith, GyK HAM ACEH), MHOTO TIo-KBcHt (Mexy 30-60 em), teGenH (meray I 12 eM), a Yecto u rto-rexxn (Mtexay 70 4270 r) oT Tesi Ha mpKa, KATO HlepaTa Sa cTaGHAUSHpaHe Ha nonera ca or xoxka, por van sepso (Yeapos Jf, 2007). Tpmnna 2a ToBa um yorpolicrao e crpemexcer sia ce YCTOU Ha OrpoMHNIA HaTHCK BUPXY CrpesIara, OkaBBAH OT TeTHBATA Ha ce OOGpA GanncruKara. Mponop- ‘WoHiasHo mt BupxOBeTe 3a Te3H CrPeMH ca TO-MACHBAH. AKO 3a THK MOBesETO ca OKOLIO 9 rp, TO 3a apGaser ca oT 18.20 30 rp, a moro or 30 20 50 rp. Tipit Team c Brysika Ta € ¢ no-ronam anamersp (10-15 Mat), a mpu TesH c ulHN, kowro ca no-runinu 3a TIpnGantuxa, Ceneposanania Pycus « Yurapua (Nowakowski A. 1994:97-102; Medeedes A. 1966:90-96; Nicolle D. 1999:301-303), wunovere 3a npukpenpavie KbM AupaenoTo eTD6n0 ca No-MaCHBHH Hc KPSEAO HIM KBAMPATHO ceveHMe. JfoTAUHATA Ha RepXa sapupa Meaty 6 12 cm. FIpocnemuma © Tevizeniuniara no-pasiture (or XII-XIII B.) aa He ca aka MacHBHH KaTO 10-kBcHuITe (or XIV, HO Hafi-BeYe oT XV a.), karo mp KEcHHITe octpHleTo cTana Hce T10-KeCO (Op. 2 a), (Medeedee A. 1966:90-96; Cesrun C. 2002), Maxap ¢ repmnuutre ballista arbalastes 2a ce oTOensabar Kako poMHM apGANCTH, Taka M TexKH MaLLIHN 3a pasrionarave no Kymt H crenH (Bachrach D. 2006:1411-1413), aokyMentime w onucaHuara Ha cparKerta ‘orpasavar TpH OCHOBHH pasHOBHAHOCTH Ha opwrxHeTO. Balistae ad unum pedem, wn envocrbrianHn apGaneTH, 3a yronpe6a of nem no-paako Koni crpemu. Balistae ad duos pedem, win xsyeronanan apGanetH, Te Gus no-MouH, MpeoGnataBaio ¢ KoMMOSHTHH mbKOBe. Topain TexkeCTTa cll Ca H3HOA3BAHH OCHOBHO Ha saumrres roa. Mlocnennar sit ca balistae ad turnum, wt owe arbaléte & tour. Tosa ca ronest i Text Opwaxita, pastlonaralin BPXY CTaHOK, ¢ MHOTO MOMLEH ADK, OTbBAH KIpes Mexantt4HIo yerpoticrBo (Bachrach D. 2004:107-119; Bachrach D. 2006:1411-1413; Yeapoe Jf. 2007). Xapakrepna pasnuka Mexay apGanetiTe € MeTONDT, U3NOASBAH 3a OMBBAHETO Ha TBKA. Yensppuuenicraatiero My noseorasa ynorpeGara Ha MO-MOMULHH MKOBE M OTTYK TIO-ronaMa jJaneKoGofi#HOCT mpoOussta cua wa crpenara. Haii-crap e Neto, nput xotiro erpeneusr sacrsia ¢ sea Kpaka moka u o6rara ¢ abe pulle TerHBATa. Toi e msnoassaH mpi oppaxus ¢ no-caaGu, Hall-beve xppHeHH TeKOBe, YrorpeGara Ha TIO-MOLLHH XbPBEHH, aiienee Ha KOMMO3uTH bKOBe, Bon npes XII B. 10 iaHosIRAHETO Ha KykKa Ht crpeMe. Crpeeuyr eTona B CIpeMero, 3akperieHo ormpen Ha JorKara Hc MOMOUITa Ha KYA, 3akperteHa 3a KONaHa MY, 3aXBaMa TeTHBATa H onpaa aurara Ha bKa (o6p.2.6, 3 a). Tosi woutett ynoGex MeTOM o3ONABA MPH TEKORE Che cHuTa Ha OBTATAHE 150 Kr Ja ce ocbutecrBar 0 4 uacrpena B NiHyTa (Yeqpoe Jf. 2007; Medeedes A. 1966:90-96). Tot ocrasa ‘ocHoneH 10 Kpas Ha XIV p., Korato c pasBiTTHeTO Ha AOCXHTe Ce MBBEAKET OMe NO-MOLNHN srbKOBe, Jano¥wAr Na ce NSNON3BAT MO-CIOKHM MeXAHHYHM MeTOIM 3a ONBBAHE: C KOSH KPAK, c eGenkKa Hc KpaHeKnH. Te oGaye YnemuaBaT TersoTO Ha OpEANETO H 3aGaBxT ckopocrpemHocTra no 1-2 userpena B Munyta (Veapos Jf. 2007). Or raxrivecka megHa TouKa apOanersT © opwxNe 3a HaCTHMIHa MpoTHRONexoTHa crpenGa. Hopanu ulckara My CKOPOCTpeIHOCT B NlONeBH CpaxeHHIA TO! He MOXe s1a OCIIYpH FORMA KOHLEHTPAlA Ha OF DHA aro sTbKa, KOETO € TIOKA3AHO HarvtexHo HO apeme Ha CroromMuHara nolitia. OcHoBHO e Watom3BaH B araKara, B sauluuTara Ha KpenocTH HB Mopexara sofia. Tam nponmasar 1 npenumcTsara My. Toff nosBoaasa npombs- XxIITENHO MpHuenmane H cwerkawiaa crpen6a, 6e3 WSMopHTentiara HeOOXOAIMOCT Ja ce ABH OTrBHaTA ‘TeTUBaTa, KAKTO IPH MbKa (Medaedes A. 1966:90-96; Foley ¥. et all. 1985; Veapos J. 2007). fIpyro npeswimcr#0 © cpanHirTe|Ho Mo-ecHoTO OGyyeltHe B cTpenGara c apGaneT H no-MamKHTe USHYECKH HSHCKBAHH KEM ctpeeuia » cpapiieHne cbc ctpenGara c 1px. Tosa oOxcHtBa luNpoKaTa My NonyslipHocT cpe rpasteKitre MALI 8 Haxou Centckit paitonn (Medsedes A. 1966:90-96; Contamine Ph, 1996:71~73; Nicolle D. 1999). Tlo-wankure PaaMepi Ha ctpesitte NosnosABAT 1a Ce HOST Nlopexe OT TAX It B MO-Ma”IKH KOAHAH, He tpaGna 2a ce nponyekar m 206pure nocrinkeHid Ha caMoTO Opie, KOeTO Mo npoGHBHa cna pewsaxoksla ka, CpeaHosexopiiara Mapka “iacTpen ¢ apSaer” e pasna Ha 240 mt, a npuuemsa crpenGa ce sonia Ha 80 M, Equn envocronasien apGaner Hanpumep WanoA3RA Crpeat C mBsDKUHA 32 eM 1 TerAo 70-80 rp. Asmeuviara wa aoxkara my € 80-90 cm, pasmaxer Ha ska 70-90 cM, a TeroTo 4-5 kr, KATO Ha ANCTAHUU 10 150 Me Moxxex 2a npoOite puuapeKa Opons (Veapoe J. 2007). Tova oGacusiva uinpokara ynorpe6a Ha apGaxera » Sanaqua Espona wax 20 xpaa Ha XV b., xoraro e HaMecTeH oT pLHHioTo OrHecrpeato oppixue (Contamine Ph. 1996; Nicolle D. 1999; Edge ID, J. M. Paddock. 1991), Hoxonko o6ave apGanersT e Grit nosHaT HB HsTosHA cpesHseMHoMOpcKH CBA? Cromeriasa ce, ve e 6111 uspecTen Ha apaGitTe 1 usrionseaH p Tlepcus, ktteTo € HapyaH “wap” (Medsedee 4, 1966:90-96; Perrin N. 1992:280-291). Jlopu e cwataH 3a TunnHo OpwAxUe Ha 2uTeRHTe Ha Marpeba. Ynorpebanasioro rast opie ob ate e 1l0-1eKo, Ges Crpeme M c o-Tbitka slo:ka, Karo crpemitre My primar Ha ‘Tesi Ha mbxa (Petrin N, 1992:280-291). 562To X18, spa BusaHTHticKTe H3BOpH He ce crioMeHaBa opbkHe ¢ TakoBa YeTpoticrsO. TaM ce ynorpeGaBa ‘TL Hap. “arrow-guide”. Towa e stbk, KbM KofiTO ce saKpena 7EO ILM TPEGA, NOSBOARBAMLH sta ce HSCTpEABAT NO- ‘xocH ctpemm, Pasmikara e ® HaNH'MeTO Ha Mexannvex CriycBK npH apanera (Petrin N. 1992:270-280; Hyley ‘St, 1992), Crpeniite, nsrton38aHH c Tosa YeTpoficrao, ce LOGmNKaBaT N10 XapakTePHCTHKH AO apGaNeTHHTe, HO ca no-neKu. Tosa ce nlouKpens u or orkpitriTe sepxone (Harrison R. 1988:174).. Tokasarento 3a HeTHnmsHOCTTa Ha apGasteta 3a BusaHTHs € TORpOGHOTO H KapTHHHO onHcaHHe Ha Opbaxuicto i Ha eekra of ynorpeGara My, HanpaseHo oT Anta Komuntia. CroneTHe chem HER WPKOBHAKET Huxona Mecapur npe3 1208 r cbuto onvesa “pasnsnitre sxone” Ha aTaxyBasitre KopaGa My mupati. JopH npes XIV 8. Koncrauri: XepMounakoc or Enup cura apGatera 3a J0cTOeH 3a ONHICAHMe B ananTauuATa cH a “Vianaza” u opi npexicrana sapextatteTo My Che CTPeMe 1 KyKa, Bis BHSAHTHVICKHTE HSBOPH OPbARHETO CE CBEP3BA HSKMONHTENHO Coe SanaAHANTE Hi Op KaHTAKY3HH TO Hapitya “‘aaruucKH wbx”. Crasa CHO, 4e apOanersr ¢ Gus usnonsBaH panko, H To MONTH caMo B OGcanH H MopeKHt cpaxeHiia (Bartusis M, 1992:331— 333). Bonpexit Tova, ocoGexo npes XIV 8,, Tol HaBsiHsa ace NoBeYe BPE BOCHHOTO JenO Ha BusanTufickara unepua H eeceanre it, Bes chaieHHe OcHOBHH “sHHOSHHUN” 3a TOBA ce ABARAT 3ananHoeBponetinuTe — HaeMiMUM, MOPRLM, TEPrOBLL, OPH LemH BOeHIIN eKcneAMLUA, Taxa apGasierer ce noanana #a Kpuim xem sTopara nonosusta Ha XIII, c ipoHHKsaveTo Ha neventtancxtiTe Fasepi Haxonknte a Bypxone sa apGaneta crpemt (Gp. 2 a) u “opexsera” (0Gp. 1 6) or Cyaak (Bapatioe H. A, 2004:527-542; Cexnun C. 2002), YoGan-Kyne (Kupuaxo B., JI. Moty, 2004:239; Cemun C. 2002), Oynta, Ato- Tar, Maniryn, Kaba H YemGasio nlokassar, 4e ynorpeGara Wa apGamera ce ynenH4aBa, 34 21a NOCTHTHMe CBOR THK pes XV s., 1 tpaGsa a ce campxe OcHOBHO c reHyesKoTO mpuicecrane H mnnsine (Cerna C. 2002). Coc sanasuoesponelicko sananiie ce oGacHava H HlofyaxpHoctra Ha apGaera B 3aniaqHeTa Yact Ha Bankanickiia nomyoctpos. Tam Ta3 BoeHHa Texomoria ce npeasa pes YurapeKoto Kpasicro, HO Hall-Beve pes Jy6possuk, sac aupeKTHo HTanHalicko opsakie. OcoGeHo ciaHo apGaneTsr ce Hazara B Jlanwaus, KosleTo nexoTuutTe crpemun urpasT vaxHa pons 8 TO3H ypOaHSHpaH! MopeKH peritoH (Nicolle D. 1999:293— 295). ApGanersr oGave © mupoKo HsTIONSRAH IH BbB BbTpeUIHHOCTTA Ha Xpaarcko H Bocua. Taka waMepeHuTe B kpenoctra JloGop 8 Bock sepxose or kpax Ha XIV-cpenara wa XV B. ca camo apSanerHm (Bojanovski I 1978:74-75).. B Crp6us naii-panuure conyerencrna 3a ynotpeSara Ha apanera npousxoxaar oT Pauikara Kpenioct, Orxputute Bepxone 3a apGasierHH cTpenH (10% oT BCHYKH), JBa OpeXa Ml KYKa 3a Hatarane (O6p. 2 8) ca oT xopusowrit of Kpag tla XII 0 Haam0TO Ha HereHproro AeceTHeTHE Ha XIII B. (Popovié M, 1999:253-259, 352-353), Bopxy crenionnertre or 1316-1324 rw 4epxsara “Cs. JInmrrnp” 8 Tes © Hsobpasen “camoctpen”. Ay6ponimnmxnre noKymerrH or pas Ha XIV-XV p, sco noxasBar crpemerka Ha cpEGckHTe BnaneTeNH Aa ce CHOOHAT ¢ BLSMORHO TiOBeYe apGaAeTH H CrpemH 3a TAX 3a SaMMHTa CPetIty BbTHATA Ha OCMAHICKOTO SaBOEBANHE (ixpusanus F. 1968:194-196). Jiarnnonnre mepaxapin s Pepuvs H 8 apxiiienara cpio ca NoTeHuManeH HSTOSHHK 3a HOBOTO OpwKHE. Tloxasarexent e npiiepoT coc cpentiosexoBnoTo ykpertexo cenmme Tlanaxtou, oGuTapatio ot cpenara ita XIV 20 HavanoTo Wa XV B, Tam HesoeHeH kowlrexcr ca orkpuTH 26 sypxa 3a apGaneran crpem (Gerstel S. et all. 2003:221-222), Ha oa Ha Tosa HepastoMepHo Hanmiaane Ha apOamera pS BOCHHOTO He0 Ha Bankawure Kaxsa Gxt Moraa a ¢ kapTunara B seniire Ha Henna Brarapia? PasOpa ce, ena tanocTHa OGpaGorKa a MaTepHamiTe le sane MHOTO MO-TEAHH AaHHH, HO NyOrMkyRAHATA HIKOpMALA NOsBoNABA Ta Ce ONepTasT HHTepeCHHt aKOHOMePHOCTH 3a pasmpocTpaHeHHeTO M xpoHONOTHATA Ha CBBPIAHHTE C OPBARHETO HaXOAKH. Yerupit sbpxa c ksco MupamtanHo OcTpHe H KOHYCOBHIAH BTyAKa ca OTKPHTH B utHTatenara Ha Yepsen (Hewesa B, 1985:185). Bpox Ha apGanerua crpena npowsxoxna oT niacra Ha onloxapaisaHeTo mpes 90-Te omit Ha XIV B, Ha 2xiLTHWIHHA KBapran Kono Nepxaa Ne 3 BbB Boat rpan Ha Kanaxpa (Mocuposa M, 1996:61, o6p. 123). 3a cbxkaneHHe HeHsBECTeH, HO HeMAsbK MpoueHT OT 423-Te Gpos BEPXOBE 3a cTpemH OT Ilymexickara kpertoct ca 3a apOater (Anmonoea B. 1995:104, o6p. 107,). Flax of LllymeHcxo, ocHoBHO oT pationa Ha cenara JIparoeso no-Masiko or Menxosent, BecenuHoso Cpenia, npoHsxormat pasHooGpasnin io bopMa supxone 3a apanerant crpemtt. Cpex onucannre or J[. Momssin08 sepxose 3a crpenn of pasxonkiTe Ha TIpecnascxara Tlarpnapuinn omep 100 or karasora e apbareriia (Masrwturoe J. 2003:296, 303, o6p. 9). Or 30-re pos Bepxope 3a cTpent ® exenosnunara ta IM — Tlortono 4 ca apOaneriti®, Tler sepxa 3a crpesiu ¢ npusMarH4no OcTpHe H LIKI, KOTO HaMUpar npHAHKH c HRKOM apSanerHH, ca oTkpiTH it 8 cexTop II Ha cpenHOBeKOBHOTO cenmule mp CrepMeH (Bat08 B. 1982:95), " Braronaps 3a mxcbopmauuesra ta Konerara Cranmmap Crofives oF PAM-LLlywen. 2 Bnaronaps a umbopwanusra na xonerara Huxona Heneswes, xoftto npesicTox a nyGnKysa HaxoAKaTa. 563Tloo6nm warepnamm ca waMmparn w sa xor or Crapa naaxusa, Or orkpaTure w xpenocrra Mezek 32¢1H0 © atepnann of nepliona XII-XIV 8, 24 sepxa 3a crpenu 8 ca c Kuco TpHpbO0 OCTpHe M LIMPOKA KONHUHA ryaika, He Ges ocHosanne e nocouena npunikara uM c TesH oT JJpopenta B TspHono (4aadacoe JL, H. Hempos. 1985:59), Apxeozormyecknte npoyssanua mexny 1961 1 1964 r. p Llennia npexoctanar 21 6poa Bupxone 3a ctpemn. Or tax 14 (MoN® 2-15) ca c mBmxUHA 8.2-12 eM, HETHPHBTEMHO WaMbIxeHO OCTPHE H KOHYCOBMAHA sryaka (Teopeueoa C., H. Tusdoea, 1966:51-53) n HaMmpar naparenu cpen HakOH THnOne BEpxOne 3a apOarleTH erpents OcoGero mirepectit NaHHH NaBAT pasKONKHTe Ha cpeAHOReKOBHOTO CenHUIe HAA TpaKHlicKHa rpast Cevrononie, ®yrkunormpano seposTHo kato mpesrpanie Ha GauskaTa Kpenocr B nepuiona XI-XIV a. 8 Hero ca OTKpHTH AoKasaTencTsa 3a 20GB H OOpaGoTKa Ha rKe1830 (YaHeosa FH. 1972:75-82, 137). Or orkpuTuTe asl 100 spxa 3a crpenn 20 ca 3a apOanet (Yaxeoaa H. 1972:91, 93). Hafi-Horo apxeonoruyeckn anim 3a ynorpeGara wa apGaslera 8 cpesuiosexosna Boirapua uma or croununina TupHosrpan, Mp Hanpasexoro npoy¥saHe Ha NosesiTe miBeHTApHH KEITH Ha 28 oT OGeKTieTe Wa Lapesett ca orkprri 133 sepxa Ha crpean 3a ox cpemy 20 3 apOarer, T: e, 6.6:1, 10 KaTO ce oTunTa, Ye MaCT OT CTpeqHTe 3a JTHK More sla ca OT MepHONHTE, MPENMECTHAIIN MIK HANXEEpaAMM Tos Ha BropoTo Sparapeko uaperso, Tosa ¢ orpaseno HB jaHHH 3a NpoyseaHnsTa Ha Tpanesuita or penn 2007 r. (fonsio¢a- Tyxanoacxa M. 2008:89) CrotHomenstero 5:2 nlonsa Ha BupxoBeTe 3a apOaneTHH CrpesH cnpAMO Te3it 38 Tbk, OTKPHTH TPH paaxonknre Ha Marpuapumnara va Lapeset, topi nonrikna H. Axrenos 2a wanuune, 4e Te mpeoGnanazann BbR spopprKeHHeTO Ha cpenHOBEKOBHaTa OpsIrapcKa solicka (Anizen06 H. 1980:181, 194). B Gnwsocr no Tlarpwapumsra —santanuara vact wa 1oxHN® ft CkNOH, € OTKpHTa W Hali-unTepecHara Haxouka, cespsava c apGazera. Or Tperita mepiox Ha CbuLECTayBAHs Taw 2xHAMUIeH KBApTan (nocneswATa setsopt wa XIV 8.) Aatupat MHOXecTBO MPeAMeTH, CBEPSAHH C BKOPKEHHETO, CPE KOIITO CAH HAKOKO Bbpxa 3a apSaterHu Crpesl, ACTH OT CHYCKOB MeXAHHSDN H EMH KENeIeH MpeMMer, OcraHan Hepasno3Har OT acnenpata, KoliTo acbuLOcT e Kyka 3a Hararawe wa apGaner (o6p. 2 r), (Kewimo JI. 1985:40-41, 57-58, o6p. 5 on). Hali-moro6potin ca naxonkitre or npoyssannaTa Ha Jeopeua Ha Llapenen. Or orkputure 77 6poa BppxoBe 3a crpentt 31 ca 3a1bK, a41 3a apGaer. Mocaenitite ca nea Tana — oT Hall-pasnpoctparieHara cbopaa, © BpEX KaTo npaBiLIa TPH WIM NeTHpHeTenita MupaMna H HsMMREHA KOHYCOBHAHA BrymKa, TloKasaTeMHO e, Ne ca OTKPHTH OCHOBHO w Haii-BaxKiHITe 3a OTGpaHiara Ha Jlsopetta TOHKH — CeBepHaTa Kyla H NOprara, 170 B actor XIV x, Tosa nasa octionante Ha WacneeaHa na npennonOxH, 4eca naBneamn 8 Bwarapus torasa (Huxonoea A 1974:286-288, 290-291), Benpeku HemaKoro apxeonormyeckn aHiH 3a yrlorpeGara na apOaneTa B cperHoBeKoRua Buarapia, 3a ChAWIEHHE TINCMEHHITe H3BOH He MIpeLOCTABAT TaKHBA. Zacera ENUHCTREHO USKMONeHHe, Ha KOCTO He € oGpbutano siimanie, © eta mutinariopa s6B Barukasickus npermc a cpeaHOGbiIrapcktta MIpewo Na xponnkara ha Koucrarit Maxacn (06p. 3 6). Ha wea e noxasana oGcanara wa Koncranrrunonon or mepeuiTe 10 Bpemeto ha ummepatop Hpakauti. Cpex se6epure Ha Kpenoct ca Hs0SpaseHH s1BaMa SaMNUITHHUM, OT KOTO rOpHHAT OMrepa IK, a AOTHNAT ApH B NOOxeHMe 3a crpeGa apGanet che cTpeme. Pokara Ha nocmeIHUIA e cBitTa B aKbTA, AHPAEHIKH OTAOAY NO-UINpOKATA Ora Ha OPEAHETO, HHHiTO MTBK € NO-KBC, a TeTHBATa NO-cr1aG0 OBTerHaTa oF Tes Ha apyria crpene. Tosa Ws0Gpaxeitne Hamupa MHOroGpolti Napaemn cpex apOanerumustTe oF sanaaHoesportelfexsrre wimnitariopu (Gp. 3 a, 3). Upes npenctasennre naHHM Morar a ce NoTepesT OTroBOpH Ha cnemHUTe BENpOCH. Ha NEpRO MACTO, xora TpaGsa la ce ocrasi Bs3npHemaHieTo Ha apGanera B cpenHoBeKoBHa Bearapua? ApxeonormueckuTe TaMeTiinuH ¢ Tebpxa AATHPOBKA HACOUBAT KEM jlaTa cnen cpenara Ha XIV B. TakuBa ca AaHHTe 3a MaxOAKHTE or Zopeua Ha Lapeseut (Huxoroea A. 1974:286-288, 290-291) u kpaprana no Marpuiapumata (Kewxmo JI. 1985:40-41, 57-58, o6p. 5 p-a), Kaxro wor Kanuaxpa (Hocupoea M. 1996:61). lupoxara saruposxa tia paarnenanirre nperMerH ot pyrite OGexTH He e 8 npoTHBOpesiMe Ha ToRA npeanonoxeHne. IIpaKo cBiNteTesICTBO © Mimmmaniopara sha Barikarickua npenue na xponnxara na Koncranrun Mantacuii, nero chamasane ce oruaca 8 1345 r: (piles I. 1963:XXXV). Vaepenusr H npasitnen piicyHox Ha ctpeneua ¢ apSaner noxcKasna, ue ynorpeGara Ha opbaHeTo BeNe € Gua NosHaTa Ha XYLOKIMNKA, a JMNcaTa Ha apyrH TaKiBa B pwKonuca HaMekwa, Ye TOBA BCE OME He e NOMMHNPANO BNeHE BBB BOeHHIA 2xIBOT. Koosetto cannerencrso € Ht niicara Ha BEpXoBe 3a apOaneTHH CTpeNH HAIN ZpyrH YaeTH oT OpBARHETO B uupoko npoy¥exu 1 curypHo 2aTHpann cennuta or XII B, Karo Manono (Borisov B. 1989:115-134), Towa no Kosaiexo, Mlasaparxnuxo (Tames 7. 1985) u Tlepamuxara xpenoct (Yaxzoea H. 1992:166-188). * Crana munpoc 3a oGexru NoNe 1, 3, 4, 5, 7,9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 35, 38, 41, Anex 3a J{sopeua, Lispksa np Apxeonornveckara 6a3a, 564Kom Takapa aaTHpoBka HanexknaT CBUIO MauHHHTe H TSTHILATA Ha NPOHUKBAHe Ha HOBOTO OpBxHE. Hpemmapaxero npes Gsarapcxure 3emM Ha KpEcTOHOCUUTe, 3anoNHasIO ¢ TIupaMA TOXOL, MpostbMKABA 10 Mersppria, Cneq nocieanna sescTaxosevara Grarapexa xoprana ce CGmsckna c HoBocwanaeHITe arHNCK Aopxaan, 38 UiATO BOeHHA KysrTypa apOaaeTsr Ce sBABA OCHOBHO MeTaTemHO OpB:xt. He tpaGpa aia ce nponyckar 1 nlocroaiinte BoeHIH COmbcbiLH ¢ VurapexoTo KpascTEO, KbeTO NpoNecET va yopomnane Ha apGanera Oia no-W3pa3eH B HerosHTe 3anANHH CHABAHCKH NpoBHHUMM, HO pes XV B. Toll HanbAHo usMectHn perbnexcuus mx (Nicolle D. 1999:301-303). Hrannanckwre apOaseranun ca mirerpania act or Bolickata Ha rpat) AMeneii VI Canotickn, Koto pes 1366-1367 r; onycromasa Gearapexus wepomopexn Opar (Ky2ee A. 2002:171-173). Tipes XIV 2, nce noneve Hapacrba ponara Ha HaeMHMIUITe BBB BOEHHNTe CHL Ha OamIkANICKHTe xopraBH, karo Berapna He mpanu uskmoyenie, Yact of Tax ca “ATH, KOHTO HWIBaT CbC CROTBETHOTO CH BBOPBIKCHHE. Tloxasaresien e npumepbr ¢ karananite, cpen Konto apSameranuute saeMar HemanoBaxko MacTo. KakTo rile Panow Myttanep: “karananiire ne cuvrar 3a apOanersik TOsH, KOHITO He MOXe Ja HanpaBit BCHIKO CaM 1O Cpemure H apOazera cH... H OPH BeekH HIMa KYTHA ¢ HNCTpyMeHTH, caKAM ua paGorumuta” (Muntaner R. 2000:276), Apyr wer na nponiixsane TpaGba 1a ce TepCH BEB BHOCA Ha HraztnancKo opBakite oF JIyGpoRuNK, a Moxe Gu # oF caMnTe eHENMAHUH H reHye3uH, YoraHoBHIAH ce TpaliHo & Yepxo Mope cea BTOpaTa nonosHHa Ha XIII 8, Moxasarenso e, 4e apGanern xynysa 8 KonicranTnonon caus ANeneti Canotices (Kj2ee A. 2002:173). ‘Tenppea npeacTon na ce Hanpann Kaprupave, pes KOeTO za ce yeraHoBM HanuyneTo H cTereHTa Ha NpuicpcTene Ha apOatera B cpeaHoBeKoBia Buarapus. OvenuiTHo € OFave, Ye HaXONKHITe, CBAp3aHIH € Hero, ca MHoro no-MHoroGpoiiiiu 8 ueHtTpoBeTe Ha LaperBoTO Karo TepHoBrpag, IllyMeH H YeppeH mB HAKOM KpenocTH nau B eByp3ann c Tax cena Karo Cesrorione, Mesex 1 Lena. Hirrepecta caeranna xeppaxr eaHH fO-KECHH naHHH. B OcMaHCKH perHicTEp or 1479-1480 r. ce nocouna, se p xpertocrra Hitkorion Hapest¢ $7-re sanurTHHitH HNtao H 28 seHOeperaum (erpesuH ¢ mBKOBE c MpY>KU!. 3a tax 6 ayumn rounmapu or ¢, Toctita, Jloseuko tpxGsa0 1a aocraBaT roguulHO M0 6000 crpemt 3a pouHLH sToxoRe 1 6000 3a mexove ¢ npyaun (Kysee 4,, B. Fosexea, 1981:128-129). B comma perucrsp crpenute ¢ py AUHeHH srbKORE B pasniosoxeHara cpeliy HuKorton kpentoct XosrbpHitk ca 33-Ma, a n Tiopreso 55-Ma (Kjsee A, B. Tlosenes, 1981:145, 166). He orpaaanar aM Tesn nani EnAM ApCeHANIH, a BbIMORHO Ht BOCHHBUIPAHO HacezIe~ ne, youoeHH OT TypuurTe cea YHMILOxaBaHeTO Ha T>pHOBCKOTO WapCTHO cates GuTKeTa Np Posue? BesinHocT Tova BeposTHo ca Gui OcHoBHuTTe KpertocTit Ha tap Matt Lmmwan cea noxona wa Asi nauia npes 1388 6. Hocaesiwanoro nasanie Ha TepHoBrpat Lpnara tas kapriia orpasasa peamia cHTyaLMs Ha BbSnpHEMAHe Ha EHO HOBO Opb:KHE MepBO BDB BOKHHTE BOCHEH UeHTpOBE, CBLPIAHH C Lapa H HolicKaTa. Ha Mpso Macro, TpAGBa za ce OTUNITA BlICOKATa eva Ha apOaera u ctpemrre 3a Hero, Taxa AMenell Canoficki wsiutauta “24 ¢bopuria 106p0 Tero” 3a 6-Ma “Sanueru” (Kyseo A, 2002:173), a or pyri aHHM sHaeM, He WeHaTa Ha apOaneT HANBHUIABA TASH Ha Mew HAH tunew (Nowakowski A, 1994:97-102). Tosa He nossonaea Ha GunrapexiTe auageremm, suTO pecypeu npo- TpechAHo Hawanaar npea XIV p,, 1a ce enOGUAT c NlOReve OT Te3H OPHHKH, BUNPeKH PaCTAlATA HYAwa OT TAX 3a sauuurrara Ha xpeniocriTe ut rpaxosere OF susaTa Ha OcMaHIcKOTO HawlecraHe, [loKasaTenlIO € OTCLCTBHETO ta mpenMerH, emspapann c apGasiera B HeyKpeneHo cesmile KaTO TOBA no c. XoTHUNA, yHkUMONMPanO npe3 cous nepuion (Anexcuee Hf. 2004), ‘Yuynpaura © sncara Wa cnequ OT OpwKHeTO Bb BAKE UeHTEP KaTO Jlovey (Yanzosa H. 2006), a npuceeranero my p Llenuna (Feopeuesa C., H. Tusdoea, 1966:51-3) u Mesex (Axado«coe ZL, H. Hempos. 1985:59) waxymrasa na ce OGmupuKe ¢ “naTHHCKH” HaeMHHUN B rapHHsoHHTe Ha Kpenocture, Orxpusaiero Ha conaerenctaa 3a apGanera 8 rpaxuavicka cperta Ha Lapenet, nozzonana Jia ce u3KaxKe ‘ejia ximoTesa 38 everTyaiel 3avarbk B CbITaBAHETO Ha TpAK/AHCKA MILTHUNH, KOTO sla HloMara B 3auuiTaTa a rpata. Tpa6ea a ce nocou, ¥e nopastH chonTe KavecTea apGaxerst e THTHYHO OpbiKite 3a TaKiIBA ‘opsuponaria xaxto B Sanaxtia Espona (Contamine Ph, 1996; Nicolle D. 1999), raka up 3anannure Bankai (Nicolle D. 1999:293-295), nw cpenrosexosna Pycua (Medaedee A. ®. 1966:90-96; Shpakovsky ¥. et all. 2002:18-19), a cpeGexurre Bnazerenn or kpaa Ha XIV —wavanoto Ha XV 8. nosarar cnleunanun younua Bran Hacoka, santbypkaBaiixi HanpuMep AyGposHuvantTe ot Hono Bupao a ce pboppxar ewe “camocrpen” (xpi ans T. 1968:194-196). ‘Ynorpebara Ha apSaera B GunrapennTe 3eMH He Ce NpeKpatsea ¢ yHnmMoxaBaHeTO Ha GearapeKara appxapnocr. Io-rope neve 6xa Noco¥eHl sanHH 3a ynoTpeOara My B YHABCKHTe rapHI30HH OT OcMaHUNTE. Hspectuo e, ve typuurre rit usnom3saiu n so BocHHnTe JeHicrsHa Ha Kpumckua nonyoctpos npes XV a. (Cemuy C, 2002). ApOanerst ¢ act oT BLOpBxCHHETO M Ha YYACTHHUUNTe B MOxOAUTe cpemty OcMaNTe, Bonen or noncxua xpan Baaxnenas IV Sireno ¥ ax Auom Xysnaaun (Ceemocaaecxu B. 2002), O6ave wanyveto 565Ha ronsMt KoNTIIITeHT CrpenluH © perbrleKces THK CpeN TYpLUNTE HaMarABA SHaHeHHeTO Ha apGaneTa, KoHkTO HapeN ‘c Tosa cate cpenata na XV Bp. 3anlo4Ba MHoro Gppso a ce HIMeCTBA OT PEHHOTO OTHecrpesiHO OpEiKue. [lo- caienero HHe camo e 10-erulo KATO Hampaza u GoenpHitaci, HO eH lo-necHO 3a ynoTpeGa Ha 3auLHTeHH Nos. Haxpas Gux uckast ja OObpHa BHMMAHe SHPXY TOBA, TOM KaKBO HME € GHsI NlosHaT apOaneTDT B cpeaiosekopiia Barapa. Bue BuaHTHfickuTe MHCMeHM H3BOpH ce cpeitia HaswaHeTo WaHrpa WM uarpa (clépa), (Pétrin N. 1992:280-291; Bartusis M. 1992:331-333). B epsGoxure noKymenru or XIV-XV a. € Hapita “camocrpen” (Llixpueanuy [. 1968:194-196). B emmrictaeHna, waKap H KbceH AOMaLICH H3BOp — “Buarapexara aHoHmMeta xpoxinka” or XV p., IIpi onHcaHMeTO 1a TepBATA Typeka Ocala Ha KoucTanTHHorON ce mocouna, ve dbpaitkure crpenam c “uarpH” “sloMGapan” cpemty TyputTe, a Mak TAM, Ha Apyro MacTo ‘cwperaxa cc caowre caMoctpestt u warpH” (Thomiondacues H. 1992:92-93). Satosa e mHoro BeposTHo Obst- rapiire sia ca Wanol13Ba.1H KakTO cHAaBAHICKOTO caMOcTpen, Taka M saeTara OF RUSANTUMlUUTe AYMa arpa HAM, ako oT¥eTeM boHeTHKaTa Ha esHka, YaHTpa. TYK GMX HCKALT a OTGeeKA, He On|peNesAHETO OF HAIKOH ABTOpH Ha Ssyaurpa” Kato rosin stbx (longbow), (Oavapoe H. 1994:28-30) Hanbnio npormBopesH Ha xocTa noxpoGHuTe Onncanus ppp BHSAKTHTICKHTe H3BOpH. Visyuasanero a apGanera xaTo Wact OT BLOpbxKEHHeTO, HSTONSBAHO OT GanlrapisTe B MepHoma Ha BropoTO Gexrapexo wapcrao, Temsppa npencrou. HatseaM ce, He c Tosa HscmeABaHe CoM YorLAN Za NpHBeKa BHMMAHHETO KbM Towa ca10xkHO Mt efheKTHBHO opwrkre. OcoGeHO BaxHO € TO 1a ce pasrnena B KOHTeKcTa Ha OCTaHATOTO BROpbKeHHIe CBC Saale MPOHSNON OT HauuITe Jem ITO TOSH HANH B ObAeMIE We ce paxGepe HETHHeKaTa My ‘pons 8 GbrapcKoTo cpemHOBeKOBHO BOeHHO sexo, ocoGeHO npes XIV B. UMTHPAHA JIHTEPATYPA Anad.4e08 Jl, H. Hempos. 1985. Apxconorvieexu paakonst » xpeniocrra put Mesex. — HMIOWB, Vill, 49-68. “Anexcuee Hl. 2004, CpesonexosHo cennute npr cexo Xora, BesukorspHoncro.— B: Cpesosexos10 Topuoso. Benno Top oro, 35-92 “Auzeroe H. 1980, Tlerpuapueckusr xownvtexe Ha Llapexeu npes XII-XIV 2. ~B: Llapesrpan Tepion, 3. Coous, BAH, ‘Anmonoea B. 1995, Ulywen x Llysenexara xpenocr. ~ Illywen, Bapanoe H, A. 2004, Konruiexe-tpertett wereepr XIV nera 8 Cyaxexofl xpenoeri,—B: Cyratlicxn cGopmn, Knoa-Cysax, 524-559. ‘Brave B, 1982, ApxeonoriYecku npoyssastia» joroaanasutara YacT Ha pantocpenHOveKoBHOTO yxpeneHo Cente npu Crepmen. — Cotua, BAH. = PM, VII, 70-113. Tame Il. 1985. Cpestionexonio cermute 1 wexponon oF XII p, xpat ceno Korasen Coda, BAH, = PI, XIL Teopeueea C H. Fusdoea. 1966, Cpeavonexonnara xpenccr Llemnia (Apxconorimecia npoysiasits 1961-1964). — HAH, XXIX, 41-36, onsiooa-lIykanoocka M. 2008, Tparesnua » cuetmutara ua apxeosoritieextre paaKonkit. ~ Beno Tsprono. ‘Mlyities He 1963, Tetonnera wa Koneratrrt Mauacu. - orotunuo wazasnte Ha BavixancKn nem Ha cpea- oSunrapexui pesos, Yeon u Genexxkn or Haan Jlyfives, Comin ‘Focuipoea M. 1996, Keapraswoto apo oxono irspxsa Ne 3 » Kanwraxpa npes XIV ,— Apxeonorus, XXXVI, 1, Tasapmacuuncn oxpse: — 54-64, Keunmo I 1988. Saranac xeapran ao Hlarpnapunnsra » Pspion. -B: Kymrypara wa epemvonesoesns Topnon, Coppa, 40-59. Kupuano B. Hl, B. Jl. Meng. 2004, Yepensiennte YoSan-Kyne. ~ B: O spessioceax YOrxHoro Gepera Kpaina Ht rop ‘Taspirieckix. Knew, 205-245. Kysee A, 2002, Haxon oppacua 1 o6caaHH ChopbxKeHHA BbB BOficKaTa Ha rpad Ameseii VI CapolickH B MopcKH® rioxon npes 1366-1367 1. — B: Opwote tenapaxeriie npea Ksevara axraranocr n Cpeanoveropuero IV-XY a., Acta Musei Varnaensis |. Bapita, 171-177 Kyxea A., B. Frozenee, 1981, Buarapenn cpeswonexoaxi rpaniove w sperioery, 1.—Bapta Medecdes A. . 1966, Pysiice wetarensiioe opye (yx m erpents, canoctpen) VIII-XIV pa. ~Mocxsa Maswutoe JX. 2003, Cpeanoxexonio weopwxetnie or pasxonxire Ha TIpecnapckara Tlerpnapinna, — Hawexa- Tipecaas, 9. Lymer, 293-315. Heweaa B. 1985, MeranooSpaGoreatte, wnemipeTs0, npexavecrao, muisavecrso, THRavECT#O H OGyiMapeTBO Odpasoraa na Koc, aspaoodpa6ornatte. Ceacko eronaicrao 1 prGonon, ~ B: Cpeawoneropinirr Wepaes, 1. Lljranemara va rpana. Cops, BAH, ‘Husonosa J. 1974, Jonaumnsr Gur w svopwxensiero @ awopeua wa Llapenelt cnopen apxconorivecki Mare- puan, ~B: Llapenrpan TepHon, 2. Coss, BAH, 187-386 Oswapos F1.1994,Tipoy'sanun sspry Cpeaorexontero 1 o-Hosaravctopix wa Bapaapcra Maxezosis. Cops. 566Ceenmocraacru B, 2002. TlonscKoe soopyacniie 90 ppews Guren no3 Bapuoit » 1444 rony, — B: Opwane 1 cnapoxenite npes Kacwara airruunocr a Cpenionexoatievo IV-XV », “Acta Musei Varnaensis I. Bapra, 199-212, Ceun C. Cpeaueuexoxoe soopyxenne Kpuiwa eropott nononnnst XII-XV ss. ApSaner (no MaTepstasian apxeonorneckx packoniox).~ B: Oppakie u cHaparxesme mpes Kxctiara axrursnoct H Cpeanosexosero IV-XV s., Acta Masei Varaensis I. Bapyia, 213-220. Tiomiondonuee H. 1992. Bearapexara avoxnsta xpounxa ot XV Bek, ~ Beso Tsposo, Yoqpoe J. 2007. Cpeawesexossse werarensiiie maui Sananiof Eapasim. ~ B: http:/iwww-xlegio.ru/artiley/ > oe 6p. 2. a. Bupxose ua empenu no Cenun C. 2002, 6. Pucynna na apbaremeus, wsnotseaus wemoda za namazane na apGarem c xyKa u empene (no Osprey Publishings), ¢. Kyka 3a onpeave na apGatem om xpenocmma Pau (no Popovié M, 1999:s1, 220), 2. Kyxa sa onvoane na ap6arem u enyeKoe mexantzest om paaxonkume na acumen eqpmat, roxeno om Hlampuapuaana (no Keunmo Jl. 1985. O6p. 5-6, 2. ) Fig. 2a Points of crossbow bolts (after Cena C. 2002), 6. Drawing of a bowman employing the method of bending the crossbow with a hook and trigger (after Osprey Publishings), 6 Hook for bending the crossbow from the fortress of Ras (after Popovié M.1999:s1. 220), 2. Hook for bending the crossbow and a trigger device from the excavations ofa living quarter south of the Patriarchy (after Keuumo Jl 1985:06p. 5 0-0) 5696p. 3. a. Munuamopa na xoex ¢ apBaremu om dhnanandexu prxonnc om 1338-1344 2. (no Nicolle D., Gr. Turner 2004:46), 6. O6cadama na Koncmanmunonan om nepeume no epeaemo na wunepamop Hpaxnui. Muruamiopa om Bamuxaucxuim npenuc na cpeduoGsizapexuam npeaod a xponuxama Ha Koncmaumun Manacu (no Jiyitwee H. 1963:245), «. Cmpexba c apasem om Codex Monnesse, cvsdaden 1300-1340 2. (om luip:/Avurw, vikingsword com/vb/showthreat,php?t=7460 2a 2008 z.) Fig. 3. a Miniature of hunters with crossbows in a Flemish manuscript from AD 1338-1344 (after Nicolle D., Gr Turner 2004:46), 6. The siege of Constantinople by the Persians in the time of the emperor Heraclius. A miniature in the Vatican copy of the medieval Bulgarian translation of the Chronicle of Constantine Manasses (after Jyiives H, 1963:245), «@ Shooting with a crossbow from the Codex Monnesse dated to AD 1300-1340 (htp./www vikingsword com/vb/ showthreat,php?1=7460) for 2008.) 370BE(MKOTBPHOBCKH YHHBEPCHTET Raa ~CB. CB. KHPH1 HW METOQHH” we HMCTOPHYECKH @AKYATET KATEQPA ,APXEOMOrMA” BETHKOTbPHOBCKHAT YHHBEPCHTET CB. CB. KMPH H METOGHH” H BBATAPCKATA APXEOMOTHA 1 YHHBEpcHTeTCKO HSgaTeacTBO “CB. cB. Kapa 4 MeToani” Beanko TepHono, 2010