1.

Which of these activities can take place under the general framework of peace
operations?

a. Diplomacy

b. Observation and supervision

c. Application of limited military force

d. All of the above

2. People who do not benefit from the protection of the Third or the Fourth
Geneva Convention:

a. Benefit from the protection stipulated in Article 75 of Protocol I

b. Do not benefit from any protection under humanitarian law if they took
part in the hostilities

c. Do not benefit from any protection under humanitarian law

d. Cannot, if they are protected by Article 75 of Protocol I, be prosecuted

for having taken part in the hostilities

3. Because the jus ad bellum does not apply to IHL:

a. A state victim of an aggression must nevertheless respect IHL

b. The aggressor and the aggressed must respect the same rules of IHL

c. The victims of the aggressor and of the aggressed are equally

protected by IHL

d. All of the above

4. The resort to armed force in international relations is restricted by the UN

charter to:

a. Individual and collective self-defence

b. Security Council enforcement

 c. A peoples' right to self-determination

d. All of the above

5. Rules of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and of the Additional Protocols of

1977:

a. Are all treaty rules

b. Are binding, for some of them, also for States which are not party to
them, if they are humanitarian rules

c. Are binding, as treaty rules, only for States which are party to them

d. Only a. and c.

6. Combatants:

a. Are members of the armed forces

b. Do not have the right to participate in hostilities

c. If they have fallen into the power of the enemy they become prisoners
of war

d. Only a. and c.

7. Which sentence is correct?

a. No rule concerning the protection of prisoners of war or the civilian

population in the power of the enemy can be found in the Hague Convention
IV of 1907

b. The Hague Convention IV of 1907 contains only rules governing the

conduct of hostilities

c. In case of overlapping between a rule of the Hague Convention IV of

1907 and one of Additional Protocol I, the latter applies, provided that either
the State is a Party to Protocol I or the rule of Protocol I codifies a customary
rule
 d. In case of overlapping between a rule of the Hague Convention IV of
1907 and one of the Geneva Conventions, the former applies

8. Which sentence(s) is/are correct?

a. The main sources of IHL are customary international law and

international treaties such as the Geneva and Hague Conventions

b. Humanitarian Law Principles are another source of IHL

c. Judicial decisions, Red Cross Law, the ICRC's principles and uses, as
well as the teachings of scholars, are also considered as sources of IHL

d. All of the above

9. In international human rights law:

a. The right to life, as far as it prohibits the arbitrary deprivation of life,

can never be suspended

b. Deprivation of life which is, in time of armed conflict, in conformity with

IHL, is not arbitrary

c. The prohibition of torture is relative, in the sense that it can be

restricted for considerations pertaining to the security of the State

d. Only a. and b.

10. The Fundamental Principles of Law Governing Military Operations:

a. Are the principles of military necessity, humanity, chivalry, and

proportionality

b. Are laid down in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

c. Were refined in the Declaration of St. Petersburg

d. Only a. and c.
11. Wars of national liberation:

a. Have been ruled to be strictly non-international

b. According to the opinion of several States, are non-international armed

conflicts only if the State concerned is a Party to Protocol II

c. Need, mainly for political reasons, to be recognized as such by the

ICRC in order to be considered as international armed conflicts

d. Are armed conflicts in which a people recognized as such is fighting

against a State which does not let it exercise its right of self determination

12. The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols:

a. Provide for a general duty of the States parties to adopt the national
measures that are necessary to ensure full compliance with IHL once it
applies

b. Provide for specific obligations regarding national measures of

implementation

c. Do not contain obligations to be executed in times of peace

d. Only a. and b.

13. In times of armed conflict, the ICRC:

a. Serves as a neutral intermediary between parties to conflicts

b. Visits and interviews prisoners of war and protected civilians

c. Offers its good offices to facilitate the establishment of hospital and

safety zones

d. All of the above

14. Human rights protected at the international level:

a. As far as those contained in treaties concerning civilian and political

rights are concerned, may usually be suspended, except for the hard core of
them, in times of public emergency
 b. Consist, in addition to civilian and political rights, of rights that usually
need legislative action from the part of the States, such as economical, social
and cultural rights, and of collective rights, such as the right to peace or the
right to a safe environment

c. Tend to ensure the protection of individuals

d. All of the above

15. The ICRC:

a. Was founded in 1863 by five persons coming from the different parts of
Switzerland

b. Was first called the International Standing Committee for Aid to

Wounded Soldiers

c. Was founded two years after the publication of "A Memory of Solferino"

d. Was founded in 1862 by five citizens of Geneva

16. With regard to IHL, the role of the ICRC is:

a. To prepare any development of IHL

b. To decide, with binding effects, because it is entitled to, that a Party to

an armed conflict has violated IHL

c. To help interpret IHL

d. Only a. and c.

17. Rules concerning civilian persons in the power of the enemy:

a. Are contained in the Fourth Geneva Convention and in Protocol I

b. Are contained in the Fourth Geneva Convention only

c. Protect only the civilians who have not taken part in the hostilities
 d. Protect persons who do not benefit from the protection of the Second
Geneva Convention

18. In non international armed conflicts, civilians:

a. benefit from the same protection as fighters from the opposition who
are hors de combat

b. are protected only if they are in the power of the enemy

c. are protected against forced incorporation into the armed forces of the
parties to the conflict

d. are protected against forced enrollment

19. The status of prisoner of war:

a. Must be granted to captured combatants

b. May not be granted to mercenaries

c. Entails, if it is granted to combatants, the immunity for having taken

part in the hostilities

d. All of the above

20. The International Fact Finding Commission is able:

a. To inquire into alleged violations of a party, as long as both parties

agree on the competence of the Commission

b. To inquire into violations in non-international armed conflicts, if the

parties concerned agree

c. To publicly release the results of an agreement if both parties consent

d. All of the above

21. Treaties of international human rights law are implemented:

a. Only by the UN Security Council

 b. By the International Court of Justice

c. By the national legislation of the State involved

d. All of the above

22. Geneva Law rules included in the Fourth Geneva Convention and in Protocol I
contain specific provisions on:

a. Women

b. Children

c. Journalists

d. All of the above

23. Which sentence is not correct?

a. "Soft law" texts are always mandatory for the States

b. Provisions of "soft law" texts are mandatory for the States only if they
express a customary rule; in general, they are very useful for the
interpretation of the treaties of international human rights law, that they
complete on specific aspects

c. International human rights law includes a lot of texts, generally

adopted by organs of the United Nations in the form of resolutions, which
indicate what States think the law "should be" and which are called texts of
"soft law" (i.e. non binding but exhortatory)

d. International human rights law is mostly composed, as far as its

sources are concerned, of treaty rules and customary rules

24. The extra-conventional right of initiative of the ICRC is mentioned:

a. In Article 9/9/9/10 of the four Geneva Conventions respectively and in

Article 81, para 1 of Protocol I

b. In Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions

 c. In the Statutes of the International Movement of the Red Cross and
Red Crescent

d. All of the above

25. Public international law is:

a. A law composed only of treaty rules

b. A law containing rules that apply only to States and never to

individuals

c. A law composed only of customary provisions

d. A law composed of treaty rules and customary rules

26. Rules governing non international armed conflicts:

a. Are all contained in Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions

b. Are only treaty rules

c. Are all contained in Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and

in Protocol II

d. Are composed of treaty rules, mainly contained in Article 3 common to

the Geneva Conventions and in Protocol II, and of customary rules, which
concern, mainly, the conduct of hostilities

27. Rules concerning the methods of combat:

a. Protect civilians and combatants in all situations

b. Prohibit only indiscriminate attacks

c. Protect only the combatants

d. Protect civilians and also protect combatants in certain situations

28. Treaties of IHL:

 a. Apply to all armed conflicts

b. Apply to armed conflicts and internal strife

c. Apply only to international armed conflicts

d. Do not apply to non international armed conflicts

29. According to the Additional Protocols of 1977, the medical personnel defined
as such:

a. Includes the military medical personnel of a Party to the conflict

b. Includes the medical personnel of the National Red Cross or Red

Crescent Society of the Party to the conflict

c. Includes the medical personnel attached to medical units or medical

transports made available to the Party to the conflict by a non belligerent
State or an international organisation

d. All of the above

30. The rules concerning the use of the Red Cross/Red Crescent emblem are
contained:

a. In the First Geneva Convention of 1949 only

b. In several IHL treaties

c. In domestic laws

d. Only b. and c.

31. Wounded, sick and shipwrecked:

a. Benefit from a little higher protection than the civilian population as far
as rules concerning the conduct of hostilities are concerned

b. Benefit from the same protection whether they are civilian or military
 c. May renounce in part or in entirety the rights secured to them by the
present convention

d. All of the above

32. IHL:

a. Is part of public international

b. Is a legal system created by States

c. Is entirely composed of treaties

d. Both a and b above

33. Additional Protocol II:

a. Applies to all non international armed conflicts

b. Supersedes Article 3 common to the Geneva conventions

c. Applies to armed conflicts when the organized armed forces exercise

such control over part of the national territory as to enable them to carry out
sustained and concerted military operations

d. Applies to non international armed conflicts, provided only that the

State is Party to it

34. When the ICRC offers its services in a situation of internal violence not
amounting to an armed conflict:

a. It takes an initiative which is authorised by IHL

b. It takes an initiative which is authorised by the Statutes of the

Movement

c. Its offer of services must not be arbitrarily rejected by the Security

Council

d. Only b. and c.
35. Which of the following is true for traditional peacekeeping?

a. It involves non-combat military operations that are undertaken by

external forces with the consent of all major parties

b. It is designed to monitor and help implement an existing truce

c. Peacekeepers deployed on traditional peacekeeping operations are

authorized to protect themselves only in self-defence and to protect the
civilian components of a PKO

d. All of the above

36. The International Tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda:

a. Are based solely on IHL grave breaches provisions

b. Are international tribunals created to judge, inter alia, IHL violations

committed during specific conflicts

c. Are based on resolutions adopted by the Security Council of the United

Nations by virtue of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations

d. Only b. and c.

37. The First and the Second Geneva Conventions:

a. Protect the same category of persons as the Third Geneva Convention,

provided they are wounded, sick or shipwrecked

b. Mention only the medical personnel of the Army and the one put at the
disposal of the Army by National Societies

c. Provide for the protection of medical and religious and medical units
and means of transportation put under the military authority

d. All of the above

38. Human Rights Law:

a. Is not applicable during times of armed conflicts

 b. Regulates specifically the means and methods of warfare

c. Guarantees the individual, in times of peace, respect of his/her rights

and civil, political, economic, social, and cultural freedoms

d. And IHL do not have the same objectives

39. IHL was developed to promote rules:

a. Of jus in bello

b. Of jus ad bellum

c. Governing the legality of the resort to armed force in international

relations

d. Including Human Rights Law

40. According to the Secretary-General's Bulletin on the Observance by United

Nations Forces of International Humanitarian Law:

a. The fundamental principles and rules of IHL are applicable to United

Nations forces when in situations of armed conflict they are actively engaged
therein as combatants, to the extent and for the duration of their engagement

b. The same principles and rules are applicable in enforcement actions

c. The fundamental principles and rules of IHL are applicable in

peacekeeping operations when the use of force is permitted in self-defence

d. All of the above

41. When there is a Protecting Power:

a. The ICRC cannot undertake any task in favour of the victims of the
conflict

b. The ICRC can only, in parallel with the Protecting Power, visit prisoners
of war and civilians protected by the Fourth Geneva Convention
 c. The ICRC can, in parallel with the Protecting Power, visit prisoners of
war and civilians protected by the Fourth Geneva Convention and undertake,
on the basis of its right of initiative, all activities it considers necessary with
regard to the interests of the victims

d. The ICRC cannot exercise its right of initiative

42. The position of the ICRC with regards to violations of IHL by peacekeeping
forces is:

a. That it is the responsibility of the ICRC to remedy it

b. That it is the responsibility of the UN to remedy it

c. That it is the responsibility of other contingents of peacekeeping troops

to remedy it

d. That it is the responsibility of the national authorities of the contingent

concerned to remedy it

43. The ICRC:

a. Shares in common with NGOs the fact that its supreme body is not
composed of representatives of States

b. Is more similar to an intergovernmental organisation than to an NGO

c. Is open to foreigners, especially for specialised functions, but its

Assembly must, according to the Statutes of the International Red Cross and
Red Crescent Movement, be composed of Swiss citizens

d. All of the above

44. The most important point(s) in regards to the application of IHL to

peacekeeping and peace enforcement are:

a. The rapid pace by which peace operations developed and continue to

develop

b. The need to constantly adapt theoretical implementation approaches to

actual peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations
 c. The need to strictly adhere to the definition of peacekeeping listed in
the UN Charter

d. Only a. and b.

45. The task of the ICRC to "work for the faithful application" of IHL is mentioned:

a. In Article 5 of Protocol I

b. In the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent

Movement

c. In Articles 9/9/9/10 of the four Geneva Conventions, respectively

d. In the Third and the Fourth Geneva Conventions

46. The protective emblem may be displayed:

a. By medical and religious personnel

b. On medical units and means of transportation

c. By persons and things that benefit from a special protection under IHL
because they serve to help the wounded, the sick and the shipwrecked

d. All of the above

47. Violations committed during non international armed conflicts:

a. Are a violation of Article 1 common to the Conventions and Protocol I

as has been decided by the International Court of Justice

b. That are then repressed, are not expressly included in Article 3

common to the Conventions, nor in Protocol II

c. Are included in the violations for which the International Tribunals for
former Yugoslavia and Rwanda are competent

d. All of the above

48. The primary purpose of peace enforcement operations is:

 a. The maintenance of peace under conditions broadly defined by the
international community

b. The same as that of peacekeeping

c. Restoration of peace under conditions broadly defined by the

international community

d. Only a. and c.

49. A war criminal can be prosecuted:

a. Only by the parties to the armed conflict

b. Only by the State of which the victim is a national

c. Only by the State of which he is a national

d. By all States parties to the Geneva Conventions

50. The activities of the ICRC are:

a. Guided by the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocol, for

certain specific tasks

b. Guided by the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocol, for

general tasks

c. Guided by their own statutes

d. All of the above