NAME : NUR ASYIKIN BT NORHAJIS

NO STUDENT : 2018216558
CLASS : AS2293A
ASSIGNMENT : CASE STUDY OF WATER POLLUTION IN MALAYSIA AND
OTHER COUNTRIES.
NAME OF LECTURER’S : DR NIK AZLIN NIK ARIFFIN

CASE STUDY OF WATER POLLUTANT IN MALAYSIA

Places : Klang River Basin.

Sources :effluent from sewerage treatment plants (80%), commercial and residential
centers (9%), industries and workshops (5%) and in the food industry, wet markets and
restaurants (4.2%) and squats other (1.8%) [9].
Mitigation :
1) Ultimate goals to change the mindset of people.
 2) Preserve aquatic flora and fauna.
3) Geometric channels.
4) Increase river stability.

CASE STUDY OF WATER POLLUTANT IN INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY

Places : Citarum River, Indonesia.

Sources : Contaminated with range of pollutants, from industrial and domestic
sources.Contain also high concentrated toxic metals such as aluminium, manganese and
iron.
Mitigation :
1) Government begun work by cleaning up the Citarum.

Case study.

Sustainability: Citarum River, government role on the face of SDGs (water and
sanitation)
Resha Ayu Putri Belinawati1, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo1, Donna Asteria2,*, and Riza
Harmain1 1School of Environmental Science, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba, Indonesia
2Communication Department, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Universitas
Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Abstract. Citarum River is one of the most polluted river in the word. The pollution is not
only derived from plant waste, but also household waste to livestock. West Java
Government has a policy to handle Citarum problems, called Citarum Bestari Program.
Citarum Bestari expected to solve pollution problems in Citarum River. This paper seeks
to attempt the position of the West Java Government policy in the face of SDGs,
particularly in this research will using qualitative methods, which is supported by the
concept of David Easton political system. The author would like to see any input that
may affect the policy-making in the local government with a political ecology approach.
Support and demand for local governments of West Java is quite a lot already, not only
from the international community but also among local residents and NGOs. This
happens because many environmental impacts that occurred lately, such as flooding.
Pollution that occurred along the Citarum River should be of particular concern for the
Government of West Java, takes a neutral policy and strict supervision. Not only policies
that benefit one of the parties (producers) but also to the other party (the environment and
society).
1 Introduction The high population and economic growth in Indonesia, especially in
West Java has become the full attention of the Regional Government of West Java.
However with the high population growth in West Java has not been balanced with good
facilities and infrastructures. It is proven by the position of the Citarum River that became
one of the 10 most polluted rivers in the world [1]. Issues about the Citarum River and
SDGs is not the first time discussed, there have been many studies about Citarum River
and the connection to the SDGs especially for water and sanitation, as well as the local
governments awareness and need to execute programs based on the SDGs. This has been
highly documented. Some examples about SDGs: “Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) to be successful, a major shift in conceptual thinking about water management is
needed. It must be recognized that there is no single approach for sequencing portfolios
of investment to improve water security and that a high degree of flexibility will be
needed to embrace the unique economic, social and environmental
* Corresponding author: donna@ui.ac.id
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 52, 00038 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200038
CSSPO 2018

circumstances that will determine a nation’s pathway towards water security and
prosperity” [2] and the key success of water and sanitation goals is “indicators for this
target are defined and monitored will be key to ensuring that resources are most
effectively deployed to benefit those currently without access to safe drinking water” [3].
There are also some example about The Citarum River: “Citarum River has been
damaged and polluted heavily by sediments and various wastes Therefore it is necessary
to formulate an environmental management strategies and technologies to rehabilitate the
Citarum River so that its role can be sustained” [4]. The Citarum River is a watershed
(river) longest in western Java. The length of coverage Citarum River is also divided into
three parts: Indonesia the Citarum River catchment occupies an area of
approximately7400 km2, which can be divided into three parts; upper (1771 km2),
middle (4242 km2) and lower (1387 km2) [5]. Citarum River can be seen also the
streams of Citarum. Along Citarum River, there are 3 major dams, there are: Saguling,
Cirata and Jatiluhur, storage dams were built on this river and are used for hydropower,
irrigation, water supply [6]. The data from the Black Smith Institute and Green Cross
Switzerland in 2013 showed that Indonesia referred one of 10 countries that have the
most polluted rivers in the world and the Citarum River is one of them. Citarum River
pollution is not just at one point but have occurred along the Citarum River from
upstream to downstream. Sources of problems that occur in the upper Citarum River are
dominated by the public and government low concern about the preservation of nature.
Some problems can be formulated as follows [7]: 1. The shift area protected areas (forest
and non-forest) into residential areas, agriculture, and industry. 2. The increase in the
number of critical land area as a result of planning and poor supervision, 3. pollution of
rivers by domestic waste, is waste water originating from settlements, agriculture, and
industry 3. The level of groundwater out of control (exploited excessively) causing
subsidence and increase the potential of flood-prone areas. The other data identify the
problems of Citarum River, there are: Table 1. Identification of Citarum River problems
[5]. Citarum River Problems Resolved/Not Industrial Waste Pollution Not Resolved
Livestock / Livestock Waste Dissemination Not Resolved Domestic waste contamination
(household waste) Not Resolved Change of Land Use and Critical Land Not Resolved
Changes in Community Behavior Not Resolved Damage / Reduction of Water Sources
Not Resolved Law Enforcement Not Resolved Pollution coming from this household is
quite dominant considering the number of human population living along the river
Citarum is increasing. One of them is cooking oil, which comes from palm oil. The
contribution given by cooking oil in the contamination of the Citarum River is (0.1%) [8].
The impact from polluted Citarum River are; they will lose their livelihood. West Java
government should play an active role in addressing the problems Citarum River. This is
already become a concern for the Government of West Java. in 2015 West Java
Government have a program called "Citarum Bestari”. Provincial Government of West
Java (West Java Government) issued Governor Regulation No. 78 Year 2015 is Citarum
Bestari (Bersih : Clean, Sehat : Healthy, Indah : Beautiful, and Lestari : Lestari). Citarum
Bestari is expected to be a solution for the West Java government in facing pollution that
occurred along the Citarum River, because the pollution that occurs is quite heavy.
2
E3S Web of Conferences 52, 00038 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200038
CSSPO 2018

The return of watershed functions is also supported by the agreement of countries that
have participated in the signing of SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). SDGs has 17
Goals, these goals support to meet the overall objectives of SDGs. SDGs has a time
period of up to 2030 where each country must reach before the year is reached. The
purpose of SDGs No. 6, specifically discusses water and sanitation. The big goals from
SDGs 6 Water and sanitation is “ensuring that communities have access to clean water”.
One of these indicator from the goals is to reduce pollution and reduce the amount of
waste disposed into the river. Problem about water and sanitation is become important
because, the growing global population requires ever- larger quantities of food, energy,
and other resources, which must be met by agricultural, economic, and infrastructure
systems already straining planetary boundaries [9]. Water and sanitation is one of the
SDGs goals, goals number 6.3 is: Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all [10]. The SDGs for water and sanitation are mentioned
indirectly but have considerable coverage.
2 Material and methods In this study, the authors would to see how the SDGs can
influence the policy and how policy can support the Local Government goals for SDGs
2030. In this study the authors would use a qualitative approach. The authors would like
to see how the symptoms, events and facts to form a conclusion. Also in this study the
researchers also used the approach to environmental science. [11] Approach to
environmental science is a science that integrates the natural sciences, social and holistic
studies around us. The authors would looking at how the position of the West Java
Government in achieving SDGs. In particular for the water and sanitation (point 6.3)
focus on reducing toxic waste into rivers and households. The author would see in terms
of policy making, which the policies made by the Government of West Java is in
conformity with these achievements without prejudice to sustainability and
environmental concepts.
2.1 Sustainability concept Sustainability is the ability of the earth and the human nature
to survive, develop, and adapt to changing environmental conditions in the long term
[12]. According to Engger & Smith is an act of sustainable development to meet the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet the
needs of life on Earth's renewable resources without destroying the ecological processes
that support [13]. According to (IUNN/UNEP/WWF) Sustainable development is to
improve the quality of life, without damaging nature.

Fig. 1. Sustainable development [14].

3
E3S Web of Conferences 52, 00038 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200038
CSSPO 2018
From figure 1, the concept of sustainable development is given the IUCN explained that
the environmental aspects should be included in the social and economic aspects. This
happens because nowadays the environmental aspects tend to be excluded. Indonesia is a
developing country, the type of developing countries is to improve the infrastructure,
without looking at the environmental aspects. It should not have happened, because
aspects of environmental, economic and social have the same parts. Sustainable
development is agreed upon as a development that meets the needs of the present without
sacrificing the right to meet the needs of future generations. It contains two important
ideas: (a) the idea of "necessity" that is essential to sustain human life, and (b) the idea of
limitations that stem from technological conditions and social organization's
environmental capacity to meet present and future needs [15].
2.2 Political systems theory David Easton David Easton's systems theory is a simple way
to see a political system starting from how the proposed policy as a policy makers and
how it will impacts to the community. in Figure 2 shows that the policy has born because
there is a support in the environment and the demands of the society. Then they processed
in a policy process, and generate a policy, but it does not stop in a policy, we would like
to see the impact of the policies to the public, which made by the Government. According
to Easton outside and behind the political system there is other systems or the
environment, either physical, biological, social, psychological and so that could be the
cornerstone of distinguishing between the political systems with the system eat it [16].
Easton views political life as a system consisting of interrelated activities. The activation
finds its systemic relationships or links from the fact that they affect how an authoritative
decision is formulated and implemented. If political life is viewed as an activity system,
then there is a certain consequence of how to conduct an analysis of the operation of a
system [17]. In this study the authors will looking at the factors that influence the local
government of West Java in creating policies that correspond to the achieve of SDGs. The
author would like to see the input factors and the process, and how they impact the local
government of West Java.

Fig. 2. Political systems theory David Easton

Environment Environment

Feedback

Input: Support and Demand Proses

Output: Regulation
4
E3S Web of Conferences 52, 00038 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200038
CSSPO 2018

3 Result and discussion Figure 3 illustrates that the inputs of this demand and support
have a large effect on processes and outputs. Currently Indonesia is faced with several
demands such as SDGs that have started running and must be achieved in the know 2030,
the economic needs and human needs. To fulfil the whole, the Indonesian government
must prepare the appropriate policy. This is done so as not to focus on one goal of the
economy. The sources of the contaminants come from various kinds: industrial waste,
household waste (plastic, cooking oil) contribute to water pollution especially in West
Java. To handle it eat though on-stage process and out program that handling pollution
problem of Citarum River.

Fig. 3. Implementation of Political Systems Theory David Easton with the case
Sustainable development is a major challenge for Word country, and as the action the
make a regulation to solve the issue/problem, called SDGs. Indonesia, is one of the word
country need to achieve the goals, in West Java Government (Indonesia) is faced with a
major problem that is polluted in Citarum River. This is of particular concern for local
governments because current West Java West Java Government are faced with the new
goal, there is: SDGs. That is a continuation of the MDGs. When the MDGs era, West Java
Government has a program to settle the problems of the Citarum River, called Citarum
Bestari. However, to achieve the goals of the SDGs, West Java Government need a new
strategy to solving those problems. Because the previous program was made for the
MDGs, is not change a lot of Citarum River condition. Policy-making based on supply
and demand, which the West Java Government was faced with the demands of SDGs. In
SDGs the function of Central Government dis controlling, because the scheme used in
SDGs is the contribution of local government to meeting these goals. In the previous,
Government of West Java also has a program called Citarum Bestari. Currently the West
Java Government must move fastest in resolving this issue. The theory of David Easton's
political system help to understand how the the government make a policies/regulation.
The demands is not only from the SDGs, but also from communities and NGOs,
surrounding communities assisted by NGOs pushing West Java Government to make a
policy in addressing the problems of the Citarum River. In the case of the Citarum River
catcher the input of experts is needed, not only from environmentalists but from social
and economic experts as well. The government needs to hear the advice and input that
experts provide, for better Citarum purposes [18].
feedback
Input: supply and demand SDGs Economy needed NGO and People
Proses
Output: New Regulation
5
E3S Web of Conferences 52, 00038 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200038
CSSPO 2018

4 Conclusion Policies are made by the West Java local government cannot be separated
from demands and support. The Demands not only politically issue but also ecological
and economic. From the Politics: Government of Indonesia in this case the Government
of West Java should meet the objectives of the SDGs, as it will improve the bargaining
position of Indonesia in the international world, especially in achieving the SDGs Goals
6.3 (water and sanitation), from an economic standpoint: economic development is still
necessary for local residents, pollution is happening currently profitable one, but harmful
to the other, such as waste disposal textile, household waste and others, will have an
impact there irrigation for farmers along the Citarum River, in terms of ecology, flood
already widely occurred in West Java not only that access to clean water is also reduced,
which before the residents rely on water from the Citarum River , and now, they didn’t
use that, because the water conditions are not suitable for consumption.
Acknowledgements This research is funded by the Grant of Indexed International
Publication for Final Project of Students/Publikasi Terindeks Internasional Untuk Tugas
Akhir Mahasiswa (PITTA) Universitas Indonesia 2018 with contract number
2579/UN.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2018
References 1. Blacksmith Institute And Green Cross Switzerland. The worlds worst 2013,
the top ten toxic threats cleanup, progress, and ongoing challenges. (2013) 2. M. Ait-
Kadi. Water for development and development for water: realizing the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) Vision. Aquatic Procedia 6, (2016 ) 3. G.Y. Soetrisno. status
and characteristics of pollution in the Citarum Cascade Reservoir. Journal of
Environmental Technology 2, 2 (2001) 4. I. Juwana, N. Muttil, B.J.C. Perera. Uncertainty
and sensitivity analysis of West Java Water Sustainability Index – A case study on
Citarum catchment in Indonesia. Ecological Indicators 61, (2016) 5. Kurniasih, N.
Journal of Environmental Technology, 5 (2002). 6. K. Noda, K. Yoshida, H. Shirakawa,
U. Surahman, K. Oki. Effect of land use change driven by economic growth on
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(2017) 7. T.F. Sabrina, M. Halimi, & K. Komalasari. Implementasi Gerakan Citarum
Bestari (GCB) dalam menumbuhkan civic responsibility terhadap lingkungan. Jurnal
Civicus 20, (2016) 8. J.T. Trimmer, R.D. Cusick, J.S. Guest. Amplifying progress toward
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Science and Technology 51, (2017) 9. D. Satterhwaitte. A new urban agenda?
Environment and Urbanization 18, (2016) 10. P. Thomsona, J. Koehlera. Performance-
oriented monitoring for the water sdg – challenges, tensions and opportunities. Aquatic
Procedia 6, (2016) 11. W.P. Cunningham, M.A. Cunningham. Environmental Science: A
Global Concern, 12th ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2012) 12. G.T. Miller, S. Spoolman.
Environmental Science (Cengage Learning, Boston, 2014)
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13. E. Engger, B.F. Smith. Environmental Science: A Study of Interelationship 12th ed.
(McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010) 14. The IUCN Programme 2005_2008: Many voices,
one Earth, adopted at the World conservation Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 17-25
November 2004 15. Akhmad, F., Alex, O. Journal of Development Economics 15, (2014)
16. Solong, H. A. Read Journal 8, (2015). 17. Magriasti, L. Proceeding the National
Symposium on Regional Autonomy (2011). 18. A. Brotosusilo, D. Utarai, A.A. Satria.
Sustainability of water resources in the upstream watershedbased community engagement
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Water Quality Using Chemometrics: a Case Study in Klang River Basin, Malaysia
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International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.43) (2018) 83-89

International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET

Short communication
Pollution Sources Identification of Water Quality Using Chemometrics: a Case Study in
Klang River Basin, Malaysia

Mohd Saiful Samsudin1*, Azman Azid1, Saiful Iskandar Khalit1, Shazlyn Milleana
Shaharudin3, Fathurrahman Lananan1,2, Hafizan Juahir2

1Faculty Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA),
Besut Campus, 22200 Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia. 2 East coast Environmental
Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300
Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. 3 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences,
Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia *Corresponding author E-mail:
saifulsamsudin294@gmail.com

Abstract

The objectives of this paper are to review the status of Klang River Basin and to
investigate the most significant pollutant using chemometric techniques. The extraction
of secondary physico-chemical water quality data by Department of Environment,
Malaysia from 2003 to 2007 were taken. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) used to
identify the significant water quality parameters and Absolute Principal Component
Scores-Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) was applied to evaluate which
pollution source contributed the most significant from the other factors. Then,
Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) was used to find which monitoring
station of Klang River provided the most significant pollutant. The result shows 9 PCs
(75% of the total variance) which extracted from PCA. APCS-MLR model revealed
anthropogenic activities which NH3-N as the main parameter is the most significant in
Klang River. Based on HACA specified 1K16 has the highest amount of NH3-N
concentration in Klang River. Therefore, the utilization of envirometric techniques
achieved the research objectives which will beneficial for present and future river water
quality management.

Keywords: Chemometric; Water Quality; Principal Component Analysis; Absolute

Principle Component Scores- Multiple Linear Regressions; Hierarchical Agglomerative
Cluster Analysis.

1. Introduction
Malaysian rivers and their tributaries are the main medium of transportation before the
establishment of tarmac roads, railways and air transportation in Malaysia. In the past,
until the advent of the 20th century, the main method of transportation, river banks and
estuaries were usually the main meeting point and place for marker and business trade.
From the river upstream (highlands and mountains), the river flow continuously
especially during the wet monsoon bringing with them alluvial soils that enrich the
lowlands and gives benefits in agricultural activities. Fishing, agricultural activities and
barter trade were the main business occupation of the village folks in the beginning.
Fruits, paddy and other crops were planted in the interior (helped by irrigation from the
river waters), the crop yields were transported by waterways, using rafts and boats to sold
and trade at the markets. Settlements then started and slowly expanded and grew from the
river mouths and along the river banks. Village developed into towns, towns into cities
and cities into metropolitans. According to an article [1], using these parameters, a set of
guidelines is established. These guidelines may have arranged in which the water must
fall, a maximum value of a pollutant, or a minimum value of a necessary substance (such
as dissolved oxygen). The quality of a water is then determined based on whether it meets
all of the requirements. Table 1 provides an example of chemical water quality criteria:

Table 1: Typical fresh surface water quality criteria for general use. Parameters Value pH
5.0 - 9.0 Total Ammonia Nitrogen < 9.0 mg/L Dissolved Oxygen > 5.0 mg/L Fecal
Coliform < 200/100 mL Orthophosphate < 0.01 mg/L
The water quality index (WQI) has been considered to give criteria for surface water
classification based on the use of standard parameters for water characterization [2]. The
purpose of an index is not to describe separately a pollutant’s concentration or the
changes in a certain parameters. It was reported that WQI development is the biggest
challenge in to synthesize a complex reality in a single number since it is directly affected
by a large number of environmental variables [3]. The water quality index (WQI) was use
as a basis for assessment of watercourse in relation to pollution load categorization and
designation of classes of beneficial uses as stipulated in the National Quality Standard of
Malaysia (NWQS). Therefore, the NWQS has applied to the surface waters as a guideline
to the classification of the different state of the river water quality. For references, the
standards of related parameters are given in Table 2. Description of the classes, in terms
of the utility, is also given in this section [4].

Table 2: Excerpt of National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) for Malaysia. Parameter
Unit Limit of Classes I II III IV V
84 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Ammonical Nitrogen (NH3-N) (mg/l)

< 0.1
0.1 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.9
0.9 - 2.7
> 2.7
BOD (mg/l) < 1
12
> 12
COD (mg/l)
< 10
25
50
 100
> 100
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (mg/l) > 7

<1
pH
> 7.0
7.0
6.0 < 5.0
< 5.0
Total Suspended Solids (mg/l)
< 2.5
50
150
30
> 300
Notes: CLASS I: Represent water bodies of excellent quality. Standards are set for the
conservation of natural environment in its undisturbed state. CLASS IIA: Represent
water bodies of good quality. Most existing raw water supply sources come under this
category. Class IIA standards are set for the protection of human health and sensitive
aquatic species. CLASS IIB: The determination of Class IIB standard is based on criteria
for recreational use and protection of sensitive aquatic species. CLASS III: Is defined
with the primary objective of protecting common and moderately tolerant aquatic species
of economic value. Water under this classification may be used for water supply with
extensive/advanced treatment. CLASS IV: Defines water quality required for major
agricultural irrigation activities which may not cover minor applications to sensitive
crops. CLASS V: Represents other water, which does not meet any of the above uses.

Malaysian rivers can be classified as Class II/III Rivers. In this study, secondary data
were taken into consideration to extract the spatio-temporal information of Klang River
Basin. The secondary data used in this study were collected from monitoring stations
under the river water quality monitoring program by the Department of Environment
(DOE) from 2003 to 2007. Practically, 30 physico-chemical parameters were involved in
this study. Significant Parameters which contributed to Potential Pollution Source from
PCA were determined by developed Multiple Linear Regression model which is to
evaluate the most significant pollution source of those rivers.
2. Methodology
2.1. Site description
Klang River Basin (Fig.1) is a fourth and the largest basin between the Langat River
Basin, Selangor River Basin and Bernam River Basin. Alignment of Klang River is
approximately 120 km of 80 km in the Selangor and 40 km in the Kuala Lumpur City
Hall (DBKL) area. Estimated total area of Klang River Basins covers 1.290 square
kilometers [5]. The basin is located in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia between
latitudes 2°55'N-3°25'N and longitudes 101°I5'E - 101°55'E. The river starts on the
western slopes of the Main Range of Peninsular Malaysia, at an altitude of about 1200
meters and flows southwestwards before being joined by the Gombak River at the heart
of Kuala Lumpur. Two main estuaries of the Kelang arc the Gombak and Batu rivers
with basin areas of 260 km2 and 145 km2 respectively. Other large estuaries are the
Keroh, Jinjang, Ampang, Damansara, Kuyoh and Kerayong [6]. Klang River which
flowed in the middle of Klang Town separate to two parts – North Klang and Klang
South. Klang River is the pulse of the development of Klang City which river mouth
become as the main Klang Valley doorway to foreign traders. Thus early on Klang River
is a catalyst and the role on the development gives high impact for the State of Selangor
in the future entirely [5]. The Klang River Basin is the most important, urbanized, and
most populous and most muted river basin in Malaysia. The basin of the river, known for
its murky waters and floating debris is part of the Klang Valley Metropolitan area, which
is the most important region of the country in terms of economy, the institution and
population [ ] The ’s Census shows the population of Malaysia
was 28.3 million, compared with 23.3 million in 2000. This gives an average annual
population growth rate of 2.0 percent for the period 2000-2010. This rate is lower than
the 2.6 per cent for the period 1991-2000 [7]. The Klang River facing enormous threats
from various sources, more than ten years, due to the different types of industries such as
food and beverage, chemical, semiconductor and electronics industries, etc. In fact, the
river flows through a densely populated area are often with point and nonpoint sources
make it difficult to track the pollutants’ loading in the river [8]. Today, the public realized
that serious effort has to be done to improve in several rivers in the Klang Valley. In Ulu
Klang, leafy trees along Klang River have been spared for slope stabilization works.
Where Kerayong River flows through Cheras, a water treatment plant is under
construction. In Selayang, the banks of Sungai Gombak have prettified. The main
problems which are polluting Klang River are: effluent from sewerage treatment plants
(80%), commercial and residential centers (9%), industries and workshops (5%) and in
the food industry, wet markets and restaurants (4.2%) and squats other (1.8%) [9].

Fig. 1: Map of Klang River Basin. (Source: modified from Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn
Bhd).
2.2. Chemometric Techniques
2.2.1. Pre-Processing Data
Preliminary work has been done in the data matrix that involved gathering and data
transformation. The data that were lower the detection limit were unified with values
equal to half the detection limit. Normal distribution tests were carried out with the
support of the W (Shapiro-Wilk) test; the agreement of the distribution of the physico-
chemical parameters of water with the normal distribution was tested [10, 11, 12].
Different variables with normal distribution were subjected to a transformation. The data
pretreatment is following the equation [13, 14] as cited in [15]:
( - µ) / σ (1)

Where is the jth value of the standard score of the measured variable I; is the jth
observation of variable i; µ is the variable’s mean value; and σ is the standard deviation
The raw water quality parameters were standardized through zscale transformation to a
mean of 0.0 and variance of 1.0 to certify that the dissimilar water quality parameters had
equivalent weights in statistical analyses which can be found from Equation (1) [15]. The
analysis results will be influenced most strongly by the variables having the highest
magnitudes [14, 15, 16]. Furthermore, these transformations homogenize the variance of
the distribution [13] and prevent any classification errors that may result from groups or
classes described by variables of completely different sizes [15, 17].
2.2.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
PCA has been designed to reduce the dimension of large data matrix to a lower dimension
by retaining most of the original vari
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 85

ability in the data [18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. This is achieved by converting a set of
observational variables to a possible set of uncorrelated variables linearly called the
principal components (PCs) [20, 21, 22]. The first principal component accounts for as
much of the variation in the original data. Then, each succeeding component accounts for
as much of the remaining variation subject to being uncorrelated with the previous
component. The covariance or correlation matrices obtained from data matrices play an
important role in PCA to calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors to obtain relevant
components that include most variations in data [23]. To achieve the objective in this
study, correlation matrix was employed in the data set. At least 70% of cumulative
percentage of total variation was recommended as a benchmark to cut off the eigenvalues
in a large data set for extracting the number of components [22, 24, 25]. The reduced
matrix is the component matrix of eigenvector loadings which defines the new variables
consisting of linear transformation of the original variables that maximizes the variance
in the new axes. In this study, Pearson correlation was used in PCA for calculating
eigenvectors and eigenvalues [26, 27]. Pearson correlation coefficient between two
variables is defined as the covariance of the two variables divided by the product of their
standard deviations. In this case, Pearson correlation is used to measure the distance (or
similarities) before implementing a clustering algorithm. The Pearson correlation
coefficient between two vectors of observations is as follows:

Where and refer to the vectors of observations in matrix data with observations,
with and refer to the mean of the vectors. The steps involved in PCA algorithm are as
follows: Step 1 : Obtain the input matrix. Step 2 : Calculate the correlation matrix. Step
3 : Calculate the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the correlation matrix. Step 4 :
Select the most important principal components based on cumulative percentage of total
variation. Step 5 : Derive the new data set This analysis is based on eigenvalue criteria by
which a value >1 is deliberate significant, and a new group of variables was produced
based on the similarity of the entire data set [28, 29]. Factor loading gives the correlation
between the original variables and the varifactors (VFs), while the individual transformed
observations are called factor scores [21, 22, 30]. The VF coefficients having a
correlation 0.49– are considered ‘weak’ significant factor loadings, correlations in the
range of 0.74–0.50 are considered ‘moderate’ and those in the range of >0.75 are
considered ‘strong’ [ 9, , ]
2.2.3. Absolute Principal Component Scores-Multiple Linear Regressions (APCS-MLR)
Quantitative contribution of the various identified sources was determined based on
Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) of the Absolute Principal Component Scores (APCS)
from PCA. In APCS-MLR, the predicted influence of each pollution source to the total
concentration was determined using MLR with the denormalized APCS values produced
by PCA as the independent variables and the measured concentrations of the particular
pollutant [17, 21, 29, 33]. APCS–MLR model is based on the assumption that the total
concentration of each contaminant is made up of the linear sum of the elemental
contribution from each pollution component collected [21, 32]. Source contributions was
calculated after grouping the water quality parameters for each basin in this study into
number of factors and identify the possible sources by
PCA. Therefore, in order to find the source of contribution, MLR is used to calculate
sample mass concentration on the APCS [21, 34]. The contribution from each factor was
estimated using MLR using APCS values as independent variables and measured water
quality parameters as dependent variables. The quantitative contributions of each source
of individual contaminants were compared with their measured values. A combination of
PCA and MLR to form APCS-MLR is employed to find the source of apportionment
using the equation as expressed in equation (3) [8]:
 (3)

Where is the contaminant’s concentration; is the average contribution of the nth

contaminant from the sources not determined by PCA, is the linear regression
contaminant and the bth factor and is the absolute factor score for the bth factor
with the nth measurement. Coefficient of determination, R², Adjusted R² and Root Mean
Square Error (RMSE) are the values that need to be considered in the best fitting
regression linear equation [20]. R² is defined as the proportion of the variability in the
dependent variable the fundamental measurement of the goodness of the fit of a linear
model and is the fundamental measurement of the goodness of the fit of a linear model
which is accounted for by the regression equation [20, 22, 35, 36]. The performance of
the MLR model was assessed using correlation coefficient R², adjusted correlation
coefficient R², Schwarz Bayesian Criteria (SBC) and Akaike’s Information Criteria
(AIC). The best model performance happens when the R², adjusted R², AIC and SBC
values are close to unity. The minor difference in AIC and SBC indicate the MLR model
fit for the prediction of possible pollution sources [1, 11, 32].
2.2.4. Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA)
Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) is an independently pattern
recognition technique that exposes constitutional structure or fundamental behavior of a
data set deprived of creating an assumption about data, to categorize the items of the
system into categories or clusters based on their closeness or similarity [21, 30]. HACA
was accomplished on the normalized data set by means of the Ward’s method, using
Euclidean distances as a measure of similarity and usual have gathering items into groups
so that items in a cluster are like each other while things located in other groups are
dissimilarities with each other. Euclidean method is based on a single linkage (known as
nearest neighbor) described as the ratio between the linkages distances divided by the
maximal distance which can be seen in equation (4):

(4)

The linkage distance represented by the y-axis is standardized by multiply it with 100
[20, 37, 38, 39]. The result is showed by a dendrogram, representing the clusters and
their proximity.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
PCA was primarily applied to the normalized datasets to compare between the
compositional patterns of the analyzed water samples [8, 32, 40]. Besides, PCA was also
utilized to identify the factor that influenced significantly to each of the variables [20].
Projections of the original variables on the subspace of the principal component (PCs) are
called loadings and coincide with the alternation coefficients between the PCs and
variable [22, 30, 40]. In the PCA, variables having loadings more than one are susceptible
to the complex and difficult interpretation; therefore, it is advisable to conduct a varimax
rotation that may ultimately group and
86 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

changes the factor loadings values spanning around 0 and 1 [41]. Furthermore, varimax
rotation of the axis defined by PCA produced a new set of factors. Each one the factor
involves primarily as a subset of the original variable and is divided into groups of
variables that are independent towards each other [38]. In the PCA, the eigenvalue
promotes as a measure of the factor loadings. Eigenvalues of one or greater are
considered as significant [21, 22, 9] In addition, the factor loading is classified as
‘strong’, ‘moderate’ and ‘weak’, corresponding to the absolute loading values of greater
than 0.75, 0.75-0.50 and 0.50-0.30, respectively [8, 21, 22, 29, 30, 39, 42]. In this study,
the concentrations of 30 water quality parameters for each of the river basin are used as
variables for the PCA.
The results revealed that pollution pattern the resemblance in geographical structure and
surrounding factors that contributed to the variation of variable concentrations. The PCA
stipulated nine PCs with eigenvalues greater than one explaining 75 % of the total
variance in the water-quality are described in Table 3. The results show that factor 1
(VF1) exhibit 29.9 % out of the total variance with strong positive loadings posed by
count, Sal, DS, TS, Cl, Ca, K, Mg and Na. The direct relationship between these
parameters coincides with the study that has been conducted by [30, 41]. Therefore, the
VF1 are corresponded as a source of the mineral component that are overlying in the river
water.

Table 3: Loadings of nine Varimax Factors (VFs) of Klang River Basin. VF1 VF2 VF3
VF4 VF5 VF6 VF7 VF8 VF9 DO -0.091 -0.155 -0.113 -0.041 0.161 -0.652 -0.229 0.036
-0.162 BOD -0.064 0.830 -0.016 -0.025 -0.034 0.171 0.180 0.056 -0.048 COD -0.006
0.828 0.174 0.033 -0.049 0.233 0.092 0.054 -0.009 SS 0.000 0.139 0.945 0.009 0.002
-0.034 -0.022 -0.011 0.002 pH -0.080 -0.023 -0.039 -0.001 -0.027 -0.113 -0.495 0.233
-0.341 NH3-N -0.058 0.127 -0.089 -0.026 -0.122 0.696 -0.145 0.209 -0.097 TEMP 0.084
0.133 0.011 0.112 0.007 0.709 -0.028 -0.016 0.002 COND 0.992 -0.018 -0.006 -0.013
0.005 0.000 0.002 -0.009 0.006 SAL 0.993 -0.018 -0.006 -0.013 0.004 -0.005 0.002
-0.009 0.006 TUR -0.016 -0.012 0.944 -0.021 0.018 0.027 0.058 -0.012 -0.015 DS 0.994
-0.018 -0.010 -0.014 -0.001 0.001 0.004 -0.008 0.005 TS 0.989 -0.002 0.099 -0.013
-0.001 -0.002 0.002 -0.009 0.005 NO3 0.054 -0.105 0.045 -0.032 0.842 -0.173 -0.025
-0.006 -0.022 Cl 0.977 -0.025 -0.007 -0.016 -0.025 -0.015 0.007 -0.017 0.018 PO4 -0.023
0.242 -0.140 0.076 0.005 0.424 -0.027 0.619 -0.041 As 0.022 0.008 0.020 0.099 0.023
0.000 -0.006 0.716 -0.019 Cd 0.011 -0.019 -0.014 -0.064 0.014 0.165 -0.112 -0.144 0.549
Cr 0.096 0.358 -0.124 0.178 0.049 0.115 -0.199 -0.411 -0.284 Pb 0.003 0.010 -0.037
0.017 0.022 -0.058 0.035 0.053 0.706 Zn 0.032 0.188 0.060 -0.127 0.200 0.103 0.604
-0.174 -0.263 Ca 0.921 0.072 -0.049 0.008 0.023 0.109 -0.028 -0.012 -0.035 Fe -0.090
0.096 0.021 -0.029 -0.100 -0.092 0.738 0.150 0.057 K 0.970 0.010 -0.026 -0.017 0.010
0.027 -0.012 0.018 -0.003 Mg 0.978 -0.019 -0.022 -0.018 0.016 -0.009 -0.017 0.005
-0.002 Na 0.989 -0.019 -0.006 -0.013 0.022 -0.010 -0.001 -0.005 0.003 OG 0.001 0.677
0.090 0.107 -0.053 -0.298 -0.205 -0.044 0.110 MBAS -0.016 0.006 -0.016 -0.010 0.866
0.035 0.027 0.012 0.032 E-coli -0.037 0.002 0.000 0.911 -0.010 0.051 0.037 -0.007
-0.010 Coliform -0.051 0.050 -0.012 0.922 -0.025 0.007 -0.089 0.065 0.003 Eigenvalues
8.6852 2.873 2.1032 1.7673 1.52 1.385 1.27 1.088 1.039 Variability (%) 29.906 7.457
6.560 6.138 5.389 6.511 4.764 4.329 3.878 Cumulative % 29.906 37.363 43.923 50.061
55.450 61.960 66.724 71.053 74.931 Note: Values in bold indicate the variables having
strong loading >0.75 and value underline indicate the moderate loading.
Meanwhile, factor 2 (VF2) signifies strong positive loadings of BOD and COD with 7.5
% of the total variance. This factor represents as the anthropogenic pollution sources.
Theoretically, the BOD and COD have a strong significant correlation with one another
and this is confirmed by the Pearson correlation that portrays r= 0.745 at p < 0.001. The
strong significant correlation was due to the high levels of dissolved organic matter that
will inevitably consume large amounts of oxygen that undergoes anaerobic fermentation
processes, hence leading to the increase of COD values, BOD value and reducing the
levels of dissolved oxygen required in the water column [30]. Whereas, VF3 indicates
6.56 % of the total variance have strong positive loadings of SS and turbidity (r= 0.819, p
= < 0.001). The direct relationship between both parameters has been reported in [11].
Thus, this confirmed that suspended solids and turbidity does correspond to one another.
Therefore, this factor is categorized as the surface runoff that comes from the field,
transporting a high load of soil and waste disposal amenities into the river [11]. VF4
shows 6.14 % of the total variance with strong positive loadings of E-coli and coliform.
Which is consistent with other study [44]. The result suggests that both parameters are
suspected to be originated from the animal faecal, surface runoffs and sewage treatment
plant effluent discharge. On the contrary, the VF5 ac
counted for 5.4 % of the total variance having strong positive loading of MBAS and
NO3. The alliances between these variables are suspected to be derived from the
municipal waste discharge such as detergent [45]. The surfactants that are utilized in the
detergents are also called as methylene-blue-active substance (MBAS) due to the colour
changes that can be observed in aqueous solution of the methylene blue dye [46].
Generally, Klang River flows through the densely populated area in the urban city of
Kuala Lumpur. Along the way the Klang River transported different kinds of particulates
into the river, hence resulting in the variety of non-point pollution sources into the river.
Therefore, this study confirmed that the association of these variables in VF5 is embodied
into the river water due the municipal waste discharges. VF6 exhibited to 6.5 % of the
total variance with strong positive loadings of NH3-N and temperature. The results
suggest that it is potentially due to the high loading of dissolved organic matter or other
liquid organic waste deposited into the river. This organic waste leads to the anaerobic
conditions, hence resulted in the formation of ammonia and organic acids that cause the
reduction of pH [40]. Moreover, the pH may decrease once the temperature increase.
Therefore, the VF6 are corresponded as the liquid organic waste, a type of pollution
sources available in the Klang River
International Journal of Engineering & Technology 87

Basin. VF7 accounted for 4.8 % of the total variance with strong positive loadings of Fe.
This result is consistent with [47] and [8] which suggested that the presence of Fe in the
river water are basically derived from the industrial effluent that held near the river.
Moreover, Fe was also enlisted as one of the elements in the metal group. According to
[48], soluble Fe can be found in groundwater, dead-ends in water distribution systems,
oxygen-free reservoirs and scale (hard mineral coatings) within pipes. VF8 described 4.3
% of the total variance with the strong positive loading of As. This VF is referred as
industrial application waste from industrial areas. Many chemicals including heavy
metals, entered the river and accumulate in environmental compartments [48, 49]. Based
on [48] research on Klang River, As is discharged into the environment by the several
sources like the fusion process of Cu, Zn and Pb, likewise by the industrialisation of
chemicals and glasses. Other sources are paints, rat poisoning, fungicides, and wood
preservatives. VF9 accounted for 3.9 % of the total variance with strong positive loadings
of Cr. This factor is explained due to the chromes, dyes and leather industry waste that
have contributed to the production and generation of Cr in the river. According to [48],
the most relevant source of Cr in Klang River is from solid waste. Solid waste from
processing plants chromate, when are improperly disposed of in landfills can be a source
of contamination of the groundwater, the residence time of Cr may be several years. It is
believed the leakage from topsoil and rocks is the most essential natural source of Cr
access into water bodies [48]. The formation of Cr (VI) from Cr (III) happens, notably in
the presence of common minerals containing Mn (IV) oxides. The summarization of all
the possible pollutant sources is displayed in Table 4.

Table 4: Summary of Possible Pollution Sources for Klang River Basin. Parameter
Possible Pollution Sources VF1 : Cond, Sal, DS, TS, Cl, Ca, K, Mg, Na Mineral
Component VF2 : BOD, COD Industrial Waste/ Anthropogenic VF3 : SS, TUR Surface
Runoff VF4 : E-coli, Coliform Sewage VF5 : MBAS, NO3 Municipal Waste (Detergent)
VF6 : NH3-N, Temp Liquid Organic Waste Product VF7 : Fe Abundant of Fe Element in
Earth Crust VF8 : As Pesticide/Industrial Application Waste VF9 : Cr
Chromes/Dyes/Leather Industry Waste
3.2. APCS-MLR for Source Apportionment
Source apportionment is a very crucial approach in environmetric. This approach assists
in the identification of sources that contributed to each of the parameter concentrations
[34]. Although, the PCA provides qualitative information concerning the source of
pollution, it was still found inadequate to support the contribution of each type of the
sources [43]. Therefore, to acquire significant sets of result, MLR was employed in an
attempt to determine the percentage of contribution for each of the sources. This approach
calculated the weight of sources in the total sum using multiple regressions. The
outcomes were evaluated based on the R2 values where if the R2 is greater than 0.75, it
indicated as a good fit between the measured and predicted concentration. Meanwhile,
the goodness of the receptor modeling approach (PCA-MLR) to the source apportionment
of the water variables is determined based on the excellent correlation computed [43].
This study revealed that the coefficient of determination (R2) for the APCS-MLR model
in Klang River indicates that it is relatively accurate with R2 equivalent to 0.724 as this is
displayed in Table 5. Although the R2 values demonstrate a slightly different value in
comparison to Wu et al. (2009) [43], the goodness of the receptor modeling approach
(PCA-MLR) are still managed to illustrate a good correlation with the source
apportionment of the water quality parameters in the Klang River.

Table 5: Goodness of fit statistic for regression of WQI. Statistics Value R² 0.724
Adjusted R² 0.718 MSE 8.413 RMSE 2.900 AIC 829.812 SBC 869.344

Based on Table 6, VF6 has been identified as the major contributor to the NH3-N and
temperature with the percentage of 66.35%. The result suggests that the elevated amount
of industrial activities near the Klang River will lead to the introduction of high pollution
sources in the river. Therefore, the high loading of NH3-N will literally result to the
fluctuation in the water temperature. Hence, the contribution of these pollutants suggests
that the river must undergo continuous monitoring of the levels of pollutants to control
and protect the river water from being continuously polluted due to the human
negligence.

Table 6: Goodness of fit statistic for regression of WQI. Variable R2 Diff R2 MSE RMSE
% contribution All Source 0.724 8.413 2.900 L-VF1 0.663 0.061 10.254 3.202 8.354 L-
VF2 0.717 0.007 8.606 2.934 0.966 L-VF3 0.688 0.037 9.503 3.083 4.986 L-VF4 0.698
0.027 9.201 3.033 3.637 L-VF5 0.721 0.003 8.494 2.914 0.464 L-VF6 0.238 0.486
23.191 4.816 66.346 L-VF7 0.663 0.061 10.248 3.201 8.326 L-VF8 0.724 0.000 8.403
2.899 0.057 L-VF9 0.674 0.050 9.922 3.150 6.866 Total for Diff R2 0.733 100
3.3. Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering Analysis for Significant Parameters
HACA was incorporated on the water quality data set to assess the spatial variations of
the significant water quality parameter. HACA is used as a grouping and classifying tool
based on the parameter similarity level. These prior studies have denoted the importance
of HACA in the water quality assessment [11, 38, 40]. The clustering procedure first
reflects the individual items as separate groups. Then, pairwise distances between groups
are calculated and the pair with the minimum distance is linked to form new clusters [20,
50]. The dendrogram is used to illustrate the classification of the objects which display
the similarity levels then quantified through Ward’s method and Euclidean distance
measurement. In fact, HACA has been widely used in the water quality assessment to
identify one station in each cluster which can act as a reasonably accurate representation
of the spatial assessment despite reducing the cost of monitoring and analysis [11]. The
parameter that has been chosen for HACA analysis is based on the percentage of the
source apportionment in the APCS-MLR. The secondary data from the Klang river basin
were subjected into HACA analysis to classify the monitoring stations based on the
concentration of NH3-N. The results revealed that the HACA managed to categorize the
level of NH3-N concentrations into two clusters. The concentrations of NH3-N at each of
the monitoring stations are categorized into two distinct groups in Fig. 2. The dendrogram
classified IK16 as Cluster 1 shows to the highest level of NH3-N concentration in the
river. Meanwhile, the Cluster 2 grouped all of the other monitoring stations in Klang
River as low level of NH3-N concentration. These findings suggest that station IKI6 may
have been induced with high level of NH3-N concentration due to anthropogenic
activities that occurred surrounding the area. According to [52], sedimentation is a major
pollutant in Klang River, which high concentration of SS because of the development of
substantially due to population growth. Besides, disposal of sewage and industrial waste
also contribute to pollute
88 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

the Klang River. Furthermore, Klang River is regarded as main waterway that flows
through the capital city of Kuala Lumpur which is known as a densely populated and
urban industrialized area. Based on [53] research in Kerayong River, IK16 area is
exceedingly urbanize with 74 % imperviousness. The residential area forms the largest
fraction of the impervious surface, covering 50 % of the total catchment. The daily wash
offs did not brush up the catchment due to the remaining pollutants washed off from an
internal drain, which could be related with the sludge from sewerage treatment plant
activities in the catchment [53]. The river was badly polluted even though the rainfall
intensity was high. Theoretically, the improper sewerage treatment effluent and waste
product that consist of sewage, liquid manure and other liquid organic waste product
discharges into the running water course will lead to the increase of NH3-N concentration
in the river water. Moreover, Klang River basin is categorized as Class III and Class IV
according to the Environmental Quality Report [54]. This indicates that the river is facing
a current threat due to the one station (IK16) that emits high concentration of NH3-N into
the river. Therefore, the urge to monitor this station constantly needs to be implemented
in attempt to reduce the amount of pollutants despite positioning IKI6 as a representative
station in the Klang River Basin.

Fig. 2: NH3-N dendrogram showing classified sampling sites located in the Klang River
Basin.
4. Conclusion
PCA in Klang River Basin involved 9 PCs eigenvalues greater than one explaining about
75 % of the total variance in the data set of water quality. The result from PCA suggested
mineral component, Industrial waste/ anthropogenic, surface runoff, sewage, municipal
waste (detergent), liquid organic waste product, abundant Fe element in the earth's crust,
pesticide/industrial application waste, chromes/dyes/leather industry waste as possible
pollution sources in the Klang River Basin. NH3-N has been revealed as the main
parameters for polluting the Klang River Basin by using APCS-MLR model. Monitoring
stations from Klang River Basin have been clustered by two groups which are high
concentration of NH3-N and low concentration of NH3-N. HACA specifies 1K16 has the
highest concentration of NH3-N. SPC comes out with the result signifies that the mean
concentration of NH3-N in 1K16 were not in the control process. A potential clarification
of this problem might be that the Klang River Basin is exposed to the anthropogenic
activities in the highly industrialized area.
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledged the assistance and support provided by the Department of
Environment (DOE), Malaysia during the study conducted.
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