= Routines. ~ Repeated actions or events. e.g. They often play volley ball on Saturdays. ~ Things happening at the moment of speaking. ¢.g. They are playing volley ball on the beach. ~ Permanent situations. - General facts. e.g. Jeremy lives in Australia, ~"Temporary situations. ~ Current projects. e.g. Lam staying at the Park Hotel. ~ Future actions (events based on official calendars, timetables, programs). €.g. The plane leaves Geneva at 10:30. ~ Fixed future arrangements (personal). e.g. He is having dinner with Linda on ‘Tuesday. Never, rarely, hardly ever, sometimes, often, usually, always. ten used with time expressions like: Now, at the moment, at present, currently. I 1 am (‘m) You a You We vad We are (re) ia They They il He/She/It_| plays He/She /It {is (’s) T Am I Do you you we Are we é they any they Playing? Does fhe / she Jit Is he / she / it T I am not ('m not) You . You . do not (don't) are not (aren't) wwe play me playing They They He/She /1t_| does not (doesn’t) He/She /It is not (isn’t) 139RCISE 1 1. Don’t forget your umbrella, It often in London, (A) rains (B) is raining (©) rain (D) doesn’t rain BT the bus this week because my ear broke down yesterday. (A) am taking (B) took (©) takes (D) take 5. This river ‘ocean, into the Atlantic (A) flows (B) flow (C)_ don't flow (D) are flowing 7. Listen! Wendy the piano. (A) play (B)_ is still playing (©) still play (D) don’t play % They grow fruit and vegetables in their garden, (A)_ usually (B) every year (©) well (D) doesn’t 140 2 6. 10. Markus all our meetings. (A) hardly ever (B) usually attends (C) often attend (D) atthe moment His parents and Greek. her to study Latin (A) doesn’t want (B) want (©) wanting (D)_ they want Arnold is in Malaysia at the moment. He at the Imperial Hotel. (A) am staying (B) is staying (© don't stay (D) stay Who you want to invite? (A) do (B) does (©) are ) is They are launching the new campaign (A) never (B) once a week (©) this week (D) seldom~ Completed actions in the past. e.g. Did you get my message? He refused to lend me his car. ~ Focuses on the present result of a past action or recent event. e.g. Look! My cup is empty. Somebody has drunk my tea, ~ Often used with expressions referring to a specific time or period in the past. e.g. 1 went to China three years ago. I sent him a letter last week. ~ Refers to situations or actions in a time up tonow. e.g. Ihave interviewed three applicants this week. ~ Situations or actions that began in the past and still continue. e.g. She has been ill for two weeks. How long have you had this car? rT Yesterday, last (week, month, etc.), ago, in + year, it’s time, etc, Often used with time expressions like: Ever, never, so far, how long, for, since, already, yet, this is the first time...., etc. x T You You : He/She/It | played We have (V0) | layed We |The; They_ He/She 7it_| has C3) i Have 1 i you you pia he/she/it | play? we played’? we they they Has he /sheTit rT T You ‘You have not He / She /It : We (haven't) We Genet | play They played They Tas not He / She / It (hasn't) 141EXERCISE 2 1. He ago. anew job two weeks (A) found (B) has found (©) founded (D) was found 3. [don’t think that she to Europe. (A) has ever been (B) have never gone (©) wasn't here (D) were 5. How long your girlfriend? (A)_ have you known (B) do you know (C)_ has been known (D) you knew 7. So far, the company 3,000 units, (A) sold (B) has sold (©) was selling (D) didn’t sell 9. Who ____ at the party’? (A) did you meet (B) you met (C) are you meeting (D) meet 142 10. It’s the best movie__. (A) Inever see (B) Ididn’t see (©) Ihave ever seen (D)_ have you seen He his application yet. (A) sent (B) hasn't sent (C)_ were sending (D) has been sending When dinner yesterday evenit (A) did they have (B) have they had (©) they had (D) they were having Sam was driving back home when his car (A) has broken (B) broke down (C) braked down (D) broken has she worked for that German company? (A) How long ago (B) How long (©) When (D) SinceIn descriptions: to give background details. ‘She was alone at the bus stop. It was raining. ‘The wind was blowing. Repeated past habits or actions (criticism). ‘She was always compl weather. ining about the To refer to actions oF situations in progress at and around a particular time in the past. ‘AL 10:30 he was altending @ meeting. Past simple and past continuous are sometimes used together in the sentence: the verb in the past continuous expresses an action in progress interrupted by another action (in the past simple). We were just leaving the room when the phone rang. Often while, as sd with time 1 He/she/it__[** You playing We were They T fies he/she /it ‘you playing? Were we the i was not (wasn't) He/She /It You playing We ‘were not (weren't) ‘They 143- Activities or situations which began in the past and are still continuing (duration). Thave been waiting for him since lunchtime (and I am still waiting for him). ~ The present result of completed or recently completed actions. Thave been working all day (That is why Tam exhausted now). ~The continuous form of the present perfect cannot be used with stative verbs (ie. verbs expressing states and not actions), e.g. To know, to like, want, seem, doubt... Thave known about it since January. Often used with time expressions like: all day, for years, over the last few years, for, since, ete T You . We havea) been playing They He/She 7 [has C3) T you Have we been playing? they Has he / she 7 it T You have not We (haven’t) The been playing Tras not He/She/It | (hasn't) 144Refers to completed situations or events that happened: ~ before a particular time in the past - or before other events in the past (often expressed in the past simple tense) By 10 o’clock, she had already typed all the letters. When the police arrived, the burglars had already left. Often used in: - reported speech structures ~ in 3" conditionals The present perfect continuous (see section 11.4) is used to refer to activities going on up to the present. She asked me if I had done it, If you had asked me, I would have told you. She has been waiting for the train for 20 minutes. (= She is still waiting. The train has not arrived yet.) The past perfect continuous is used to refer to activities going on up to a point in the past. She had been waiting for 20 minutes when ‘the train arrived. (= She started waiting for the train at a particular time, it arrived 20 ‘minutes later. She is no longer waiting.) fien used with time expression: after, once, by, already, just T You He / She /It hhad (*4) played We They 1 you Had [he/she /it played? we they T You He/She /It | had not (hadn’t) played We They 145EXERCISE 3 1. 5 146 This photograph wife. by my (A) is taking (B) was taken (©) had taken (D) was taking Itis high time you truth. her the (A) told (B) tell (©) said ) say How long in Taipei when you decided to move? (A) did you live (B) had you been living (©) are you living (D) you have been living, Stan is on vacation this week. He to the Bahamas. (A) has gone (B) has been © is (D) would go Monica was nervous on the plane because she __before. (A) has not ever flowed (B) had never flown (©) was not flying () fy 4 10. This is the first time he a horse. (A) has ridden (B) rode (©) was riding ) isriding He said he before, to her the month (A)_ had phoned (B) had spoken (C) is speaking (D) called By the time she arrived at the station the train (A) _ is departing (B) had lived (©) had already left (D) had been left She has been working here 1995. (A) for () since © ago (D) until He was tired because in the morning. since six (A) he worked (B) he had been working (©) heis working (D) he works~ Future facts and predictions. WILL + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO | e.g. He will be away for five days. Production costs will increase by 3% next year. - Immediate decisions (i.e. decisions made at the moment of speaking). e.g. “I forgot my wallet. I haven't got any money.” “Don’t worry. I'll lend you some.” Willis replaced by the present simple after the following words: when, while, before, after, as soon as, until / till. ~ Future intentions or plans (decision made before the BE GOING TO + INFINITIVE, moment of speaking). e.g. “Why are you turning on the radio?” “I'm going to listen to some music.” ~ Future events whose cause is evident or can be seen now. e.g. My daughter is not feeling well. I think she’s going to be sick. ~ Fixed future arrangements between people. PRESENT CONTINUOUS e.g. She is seeing her sister next week. ~ Future actions (simetables, programs). PRESENT SIMPLE e.g. The train arrives in London at 6:00. T T You you He/She /It | will (ll) |play Will fine /she /it | play? We we The} the; T von IL not He / She / It wen’ play We They 147EXERCISE 4 1. Your suiteases look very heavy. I 2. What this summer? ‘you carry them, (A) will help (A) do you do (B) help (B) are you doing (©) am helping (©) youdo (D) helped (D) you are doing 3. “It is Louisa’s birthday today.” 4. Saturday the warmest day of the “Tknow, some flowers for week. her”. (A) Lam going to buy (A) will have (B) I buy (B) is going to (©) Iwill buy (C) willbe (D) Iwill have bought (D) will 5. Please let me know __ you are 6. Lam going to call him while on ready. the train. (A). than (A) will be (B) as soon as (B) Tam (©) until (C) Tam being ) will (D) tobe 7. Don’t miss the bus if to 8. The airport shuttle every half an arrive on time, hour. (A) you will want (A) is leaving (B)_ you want (B) left (©) you wanted (C) lives (D) would you like (D) leaves . 1 tennis with Bruno next 10. We are going to buy a house when we Sunday. more money. (A) am playing (A) have (B) play (B)_ will have © going to (©) are having () played () willbe 148‘ZERO CONDITIONAL "General facts. "Things that are always true. If | + | Present tense | > | Present tense If prices increase , _ people consume less. FIRST. CONDITIONAL = Things that may happen in the future and their probable results. mw | + Present tense | + | Will + infinitive (without TO) If Imissthe bus, Twill take a taxi |ECOND CONDITIONAL Hypothetical present or future situations / actions: things that are impossible or unlikely to happen, tt | + | pastsimpte | » | Would, conld, might | + infinitive (without TO) i Thad his number , 1 would call him. ‘THIRD CONDITIONAL = Past situations and actions and the results they may have had it | + | pastpertect | » | Would, could, might + have + past participle If Thad followed his advice, I would have saved time. 149EXERCISES 150 My parents will get worried if I them this evening. (A) called (B) don’t call (©) had called (D) would call She would have rung the doorbell if she her keys. (A)_ had lost (B) lose (©) was lost (D) have been losing If they asked us to make a decision, it be wiser to choose ‘someone from our company? (A) wouldn't have (B) wouldn't (© will have (D) if What if he had asked you? (A) would you have done (B) you would have done (© will you do (D) you would do If you stopped doing it, they be very disappointed. (A) would have (B) would © will (D) had 10. If you didn’t watch TV so often, you better results at school. (A) didn’t get (B) would get (©) got (D) have got If they us earlier, we would have postponed the meeting, (A) had told (B) had said (© would have told (D) would say I him immediately if I had my mobile phone with me. (A) will call (B) would call (©) didn’t call (D) had called They never thought it again (A) would happen (B) happens (©) will happen (D) happening 1 spend the weekend at the seaside. (A) like (B) would like to (©) _ look like (D) would have‘Main verbs followed by the ~ing form admit avoid consider delay deny Main verbs followed by “to” + infinitive afford agree appear arrange claim decide demand enjoy justify recommend finish Gis)like tisk love suggest mind postpone deserve neglect threaten expect offer train guarantee plan want hesitate pretend would like hope promise earn refuse manage tend Main verbs followed by -ing or “to” + infinitive: changes in meaning Remember ‘She remembers locking (= she remembers that she did it). ‘She remembered to lock the door (= she remembered that she had to do it, and then she did it), Forget She will never forget visiting Egypt (= her trip to Egypt will always remain in her memory). I will not forget to call you when I have more details (= I will definitely call you). Stop ‘When the phone rang, Tom stopped reading his newspaper (= he was reading his newspaper and he stopped because he wanted to answer the phone), He stopped to make a phone call (= he stopped doing what he was doing in order to make a phone call). 1 regret shouting at him (=I shouted at him and now I'm sorry about it) Tregret to inform you (that) you didn’t pass the exam (= I'm sorry to say this to you). Try 1 tried to call him twice but there was no reply (=I made an effort to reach him but didn’t manage to). ‘Try entering the password again (= do it again and see what happens. Perhaps this will help to solve your problem). 151EXERCISE 6 1. She finished during the weekend, the report (A) type (B) to type (©) typing (D) typed 3. He promised me a car if | passed the exam. (A) buy (B) to buy (C)_ buying (D) to buying 5. Tremember the door this morning when I left. (A) to lock (B) tohave locked (©) locking @) lock 7. He asked them alittle longer. (A) wait (B) to wait (C) waiting (D)_ not wait 9% I would like awards banquet, you to our (A) invite (B) to invite (©) inviting (D) have invited 152 10. Tf you have a headache, try _an aspirin, (A) to take (B) taking (©) take (D) about taking Do you want center with me? to the shopping (A) togo (B) going (C) tohave gone (D) to going She pretended the party. too tired to go to (A)_ being (B) tobe (©) be (D) to being He suggested her out to dinner. (A) me to take (B) to take (C) taking (D) take ‘The burglar denied the jewels. (A) steel (B) steal (©) tosteal (D) stealingThe following list is not exhaustive. It only includes some of the most frequently used verbs -or adjectives- and the prepositions that generally follow them. Axour Or To be sorry To approve To be short To be worried To be afraid To be tired ‘To complain To be aware To be in charge ‘To think To be guilty ‘To think To be proud Ar Ow To be surprised To depend To laugh To live For To To apologize Similar To forgive (somebody for Superior something) To listen To be responsible To be able (to + inf) To wait To be accustomed (to + ING) A need (for something) ‘A reason (for something) To be / get used (to + ING) To look forward (to + ING) From with To be different To agree To be charged To borrow To compare To be crowded To recover ‘To be acquainted To be satisfied To suffer To be bored To be happy IN No PREPOSITION To be interested To access To discuss To succeed To enter To phone. ‘To have difficulty (+ ING) To call 153EXERCISE 7 Match the words in the first column (1-9) with their opposites in the second column (A-1). 1 With A To 2. From B Before 3 Into) Cc off 4 On D In front of 5 Down E Up 6 Above F Without 7 Against G For 8 After H Ont (of) 9 Behind 1 Below 1|2[3 7\8]9 EXERCISE 8 Keiko is very angry her I'm thinking my old car. daughter. (A) of (A) tosell (B) for (B) of selling (©) after (© sell (D) with (D) of to sell He succeeded the problem. Lam not responsible what happened. (A)_ in solving (A) of (B) solving (B) for ©) tosolve ©) with (D) solve () in 154He is quite aware the problem. (A) with (B) from (©) for (D) of I’m afraid I can’t agree there. you (A) at (B) with (© for (D) of They borrowed $10,000 __the bank. (A) by B®) wo (©) from (@) of 10. Tam not interested politics. (A) in B) to © a (D) on It depends your test scores, (A) of (B) from © by (D) on Their educational system is different ours. (A) of (B) from © a (D) on 155Indefinite article: A/ AN Unspecified singular countable nouns ‘There is a bank near the restaurant. Unknown people A Mr Jones left two messages for you. Names of jobs James is a doctor. Expressions of measurement He travels to California twice a year. Definite article: THE To refer to a particular thing or person Thad lunch in a new restaurant. The waitress was rude but the food was delicious. Specific national groups ‘The Dutch; the Americans; the Koreans. Categories of people or things ‘The homeless; the unemployed; the Democrats; the Protestants. Titles (when they are not followed by a name) The President ; the Queen ; the Pope but President Lincoln, Queen Victoria, Pope John Paul I Superlative adjectives The largest; the best; the most expensive Unique objects ‘The Moon; the Earth; the Universe Geographical names * Countries (collective or plural): the UK, the Philippines * Rivers: the Thames + Mountain ranges: the Alps + Oceans: the Atlantic ‘Zero article To refer to things or people in general Banks are closed on Sundays. Tea is served at 5:00. Geographical names Countries (if they are not collective or plural): Spain, Denmark Streets: Oxford Street 156EXERCISE 9 1 Si % Iread summer. interesting book last. (A) an (B) a (©) these (D) several cake she Did you taste made? (A) an (B) the (©) same (D) both We usually have at 8:00. (A) breakfast (B) the breakfast (©) for breakfast (D) after breakfast Tneed about the project (A) some information (B) an information (©) of information (D)_ for information drink a lot of water. (A) The French (B) French (C) A Frenchman (D) A Frenchwoman 6. 8 10. She goes to Ireland twice year. A) (B) © () by the a an It costs about 10 dollars _ (a) @) © () Have you ever been (A) (B) © () Is (a) @) © () They collected money to help (A) (B) © (@) week a week the week last week Egypt? an the wo in journey. seven hours the seven hours seven o'clock a seven-hour the poor poor man. poorly poor 157Susyecr | Onjecr POSSESSIVE | POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS | PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES | PRONOUNS PRONOUNS 1 Me My Mine Myself | Yourself You You Your Yours ‘Youssotves (lui) He Him His His Himself She Her Her Hers Herself It It Its Its self We Us Our Ours Ourselves They Them Their Theirs Themselves Examples They want to meet us but we don’t want to meet them. = These shoes are my shoes. These shoes are mine, + She looked at herself in the mirror. EACH OTHER / ONE ANOTHER “Bach other” is used to refer to two people: Tom and Jennifer looked at each other furiously. “One another” is used to refer to three or more people: + The twenty students attending the lecture looked at one another blankly. Either phrase may be used when there is no definite context. 158‘Are these clothes 2 (A) his (B) here's (C) at him (D)_ he's Is Greg a friend 2 (A) to your (B) atyou (©) your () of yours I spoke to the President (A) him (B) himself (© he (D) cach other Can you give water? a glass of AT (B) me © mine (D) myself ‘The door closes by (A) it (B) (©) itself (D) themselves 10. Luke and Vicky phone every evening. (A)_ himself (B)_ themselves (©) each other (D) they My boyfriend and party. first met at a (A) I (B) Me (© Mine (D) Ourselves Jerry, are you enjoying this evening? (A) yourselves (B) yourself (©) you (D) yours Look at in the mirror. (A) you (B) yourself (©) yours (D) your All the players were looking at (A) one another (B)_ himself (©) ourselves (D) their 159REGULAR FORMS: T syllable ‘Young, “Younger (+ than) ‘The youngest Tall Taller (+ than) ‘The tallest I syllable (ending in-e) | Nice Nicer (+ than) The nicest Fine Finer (+ than) The finest 2 syllables (ending in) [Pretty Preitier (+ than) The prettiest Ug! Uslier (+ than) ‘The ugliest 2 syllables (other endings) |Famous ‘More famous (+ than) The most famous or more Beautiful |More beautiful (+ than) |The most beautiful IRREGULAR FORMS ‘Good Better (+ than) The best, Bad Worse (+ than) The worst Far Physical distance Farther (+ than) ‘The farthest Further (+ han) Additional, more advanced | The furthest Further (+ than) LESS... THAN Less AbsECTIVE (no ending) | Tuan | NOUN/PRONOUN/ CLAUSE, etc. Less expensive than in the USA. EQUAL COMPARISON: AS... AS as Apjective(no ending) | AS | NOUN/ PRONOUN/ CLAUSE, etc. Noras 5 Norso | ADJECTIVE (no ending) | AS | NOUN/ PRONOUN/ CLAUSE, ete. As tall as my brother. Not as / so expensive as in Europe 160EXERCISE 11 1 5. 9 Life was not (A) as easy as (B) socasy (©) easier (D) the easiest He would look much hair was short. (A) better (B) best (© good (D) g00d as is nowadays. if his ‘This armchair is much cheaper the sofa, (A) as (B) that (© than (D) so Her essay is (A) the worst (B) worth (©) worse (D) bad as It would be. plane. (A) quicker (B) the quickest (©) the quicker (D) more quickly than yours. if you took the 10. She owns diamond in the world (A) as expensive as (B) more expensive than (©) the most expensive (D)_ less expensive It’s movie I have ever seen, (A) the worst (B) worse (©) as bad (D) the worse Feel free to call me if you need information. (A). as far (B) further (C) the farthest (D) than He lives in the same town me. (A) than (B) that (©) as (D) like It's one of the _ interesting conferences I have ever heard. (A) more (B) most © less ©) as 161EXERCISE 12 ‘Match the words in the first column (1-10) with their opposites in the second column (A-J). 162 1 Older A Worse 2 Uslier B Smaller 3° Farther C Shorter 4 Cheaper D_ More expensive 5 Bigger E Dirtier 6 Easier F Warmer 7 Better G More beautiful 8 Cleaner H More difficult 9 Taller T Closer 10 Colder J Younger {7 [2][3 7/8 | 9 |10When you are traveling, signposts show you where you are now, where you have been and the direction to take. In a conversation or written text, linking words are used in the same way as ‘of some written or spoken messages easier to understand. The following Ii forms. ignposts to link one idea to another. Knowing some of them can make the structure not meant to be exhaustive but fo present the most commonly used Firsi(ly), second(ly), third(ly) In the first (second, third) place Then, next Finally, in the end SEQUENCING Before, previously, earlier Lastly Both... and. Also, too, as well Either... or. In addition (to) Neither... nor... Furthermore EXPRESSING Not only... but also. Moreover ALTERNATIVES Whether... or... From... to/ until or till. Instead (of) Between... and. The same... as Like SHOWING SIMILARITY | As... as In the same way (Aithough, even though Nevertheless Despite, in spite of However CONTRASTINGIDEAS [on the one hand... on the other hand Whereas Because (of) ‘As a result Since On account of this For In order to EXPRESSING = on So that CAUSE AND EFFECT |7) Cfore Consequently Thus Tn fact ‘Actually REAUSTIUATION As a matter of fact, If... then Unless CONDITIONALITY Provided (that) REPHRASING In other words That is to say 163164 ‘They will not sign the contract we change some of the terms (A) both (B) despite (©) unless (D) earlier She couldn't eat very hungry. she was (A) despite (B) although (© inspite of () either He has two cars. Both are Japanese. (A) of them (B) they (©) of they (D) them As Tsaid our sales increased by 5% last year. (A) also (B) furthermore (©) previously (D) nor The shop is open 5:30. 9:30 and (A). between (B) from (©) both (D) either 10. You can enter the club a member. you are (A) previously (B) provided (©) neither (D) too You will have to work with him, you like it or not. (A) either (B) neither © or (D) whether Leave the door open he arrives. (A) unless (B) until (© too (D) for they decided not to move to Europe. (A)_ Despite (B) Inthe end (© Inaddition to (D) Inorder to I will go to the library this afternoon borrow some books, (A) in addition to (B) inorder to (©) because of () too