revThe derivation of Eq. (1.

16) assumes that all the hydraulic power delivered to

the motor is converted to mechanical power. This conversion is not 100% efficient;
there are losses. Analysis of the losses is presented in Chapter 5. The formula in
Eq. (1.16) is widely used and is a very useful approximation. It is important to
remember that the actual torque available at the motor shaft is always less than
that computed with Eq. (1.16).
1.2.2 Basic Circuit Analysis The fluid power circuit shown in Fig. 1.3 has four
components. The functions of these components are described below.
1. Pump. The pump develops a flow of fluid through the circuit. The pump shown in
Fig. 1.3 is a fixed-displacement pump, which means that it delivers a fixed volume of
fluid each revolution. 2. Relief valve. The relief valve protects the circuit. If
the pressure rises high enough to offset the spring force keeping the valve closed,
the valve opens, and flow returns to the reservoir, thus limiting the maximum
circuit pressure. 3. Directional control valve (DCV). The directional control valve
directs the flow of fluid based on its position. The valve in Fig. 1.3 is a three-
position valve. In the center position, flow passes through the valve back to the
reservoir. In the bottom position, flow is delivered to the cap end of the cylinder,
causing it to extend. Simultaneously, fluid from the rod end flows to the reservoir.
To retract the cylinder, the DCV is shifted to the top position, which reverses flow
to the cylinder. 4. Cylinder. Another name for a cylinder is a linear actuator. The
cylinder converts hydraulic energy into a force act