roe 2 2.1 Understanding the Chemical Properties of Acids and Bases 22 What do All Acids and All Bases have in Common? ree Ure LO Acids, Bases and Salts 23. How Strong are Acid or Base Solutions? 24 More About Salts CER Eee een ory x VSA fs sat i Bsa 3 ou Z +“ 3 3. ge : ° 2 22 23 2 opie > »» Maximum weightage is of More About Salts »» Maximum VSA type questions were asked from How Strong are Acid or Base Solutions? © Indicator : The chemical substance whichis added to the solutions in very small amount to detect thei acidic o basie nature is known as indicator. Depending upon the property of the indicators, they are classified into two types > Acid base indicators: The indicators which show different colours or odoursin acidic and basic medium are called acid-base indicators eg, litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, ete »» Maximum SA Itype questions were asked from More About Sats QUICK RECAP > Olfactory indicators : The substances which, give one type of odour in acidic medium and a different odour in basic medium are called olfactory indicators. eg, vanilla essence, onion, clove ol, ete Acid-base indicators showing different colours are of two types = Natural indicators : Litmus is a natural indicator which is a purple coloured dye. ‘Turmeric and red cabbage juice are other examples of natural indicators.10 ‘Natural indicators with their characteristic colours [indicator [Colourin] Colour | Colour neutral jin acidie| in basic medium | medium |medium| Litmus Purple | Red | Blue fiurmeric | Yellow | Yellow [Reddish brown, IRed cabbage | Red | Red | Green leaves extract = Synthetic indicators : Phenolphithalein andmethylorangeare syntheticindicators. ‘Synthetic indicators with their characteristic colours [indicator [Colour in] Colour | Colour neutral | in acidic | in basic medium | medium |medium| lphenol- [Colourless|Colourless| Pink Iphthalein Methyl | Orange [ Red | Yellow lorange [Acids "The substances which are sourin taste fand change the colour of blue litmus to red are acide ‘According to Archenius concept, acids are substances which dissociate in aqueous solution to furnish hydrogen oF hydzoniem Classification of acids Based on the strength of the acids = Strong acids : Acids which undergo complete dissociation in aqueous solution producing « igh concentration ‘of HT ions, are called strong aids, eg. (HCD, (H,S0,), (HNO,), ee = Weak acide + Acids which undergo pattial distciaton in aqueous solution producing a low concentration of HI” fons are called weak aids gu Carbonic acid H,CO,, phosphoric aid HyPO, formic aid HCOOH, ete Based on the basicity of acids :On the basis of basicity (number of replaceable ions present in an acid), acids canbe classified as (HEX) CBSE Champion Science Class 10 = Monobasic acids: HCI CHJCOOK, ete = Dibasic acids ete ~Tribasic acids: 1,P0, HNO,, H,S0,, H1,CO,, 1,805, © Dilute acids + A dilute acid is obtained by mixing the concentrated acid with water, The process of mixing the concentrated acid with water is highly exothermic (or heat producing). So, when a concentrated acid and water are mixed together, a large amount of heat is evolved. The dilution of a concentrated acid should always be done by adding concentrated acid to water gradually with continuous stirring and not by adding water to concentrated acid, © General properties of acids : Physical properties: = Almost all acidic substances have sour taste = Acids turn blue litmus solution to red = Most ofthe acids are corrosive in nature ~The solutions of acids in water conduct clectrcity Chemical properties : = Reaction with metals : Acids react with active metals such as zinc, magnesium, tc. and hydrogen gas is evolved. eg. Zap 4 dil $0 guy) —> Z080 yun, + Hayy ~ Reaction with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen carbonates Acids react ‘metal carbonates and bicarbonates to give carbon dioxide with brisk ellervescence ef Na,CO, + H,S0, —>Na,S0, Sodium Suphune Soda some SY same + 1,0 4.0, Wate" Carbon Foard NaHCO, +, HL —> gc. dione 8 sot ad ‘hlonde + H,0 4 co,t War Caibon one‘Acids, Bases and Salts = Reaction with bases : When an acid reacts with a base, it forms salt and water. Hel + Naor —Netaliaton liyérdiorie "Sodium ton nod apron de> Bet acl + H,0 Sodium eborde * eye iy ~ Reaction with metallic oxides : Metal ‘oxide reacts with acid forming salt and water CaO jp, + IHC) —4CaCljgp) #10 Caleta “pte Gala! Weer ude ‘Hone = Reaction with water + Acids when dissolve in water give H,O" or H' ions HCl +,0— 3,0" + cr Uses of acids Sulphuric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, paints, explosives, synthetic bres, Ayes, drags, etc, and is also used in petroleum refining Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizers like ammonium nitrate, explosives like TNT, artifical sik, dyes and plastics. Hydrochloric acid is used in textile, food, leather and dye industries Bases : Ihe substances which have bitter taste, soapy touch and turn re litmus to blue are bases. ‘According to Arrhenius concept, bases are substances which when dissolved in water furnish hydroxyl (OH) ions Classification of bases : Based on the strength of bases = Strong bases : Bases which completely fonise in aqueous solution to furnish hhigh concentration of OH™ ions, are called strong bases. eg, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), ee = Weak bases : Bases which partially jonise in aqueous solution wo furnish low concentration of OH ions, are called weak bases, eg, Ammonium hydroxide (NH,OH), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH),], ete. " Based on the acidity of bases : On the basis of acidity (number of replaceable OH sons present ina base), bases can be clasiied as = Monoacidic bases: NOH, NaOH, ete = Diacidic bases :Ca(O1),, Mg(O1), et. General properties ofbases, Physical properties = They are biter in taste = they are soapy to touch = Bases turn the colour of red litmus to blue, methyl orange from orange to yellow and phenolphthalein from colourless to pink = Like acids, the solutions of bases in water also conduct eletecty. Chemical properties: = Reaction with acids : Bases react with acs to form salts and water, 2NAOH ep) + H2$0 454g) —> Sodina byétondeSulphune ad ‘es he Nay$0 qu) #240 Sodiam sulphate Water ‘Ga = Reaction with metals : Some bases such as NaOH, KOH react with active metals to liberate hydrogen gas along with the formation of salts. IMO yy) * ZHyy—> N20) Sodus Sodium sincte Sfitomie ay ‘salt sso) + Hag) Hydtogen ae = Reaction with non-metal oxides Bases react with non-metallic oxides to produce salts and water, INaOM gs) + COyyy —F NACOsp 4 109 = Reaction with heavy metal salts : Metal salts react with aqueous solution of bases to produce precipitates of insoluble metallic hydroxides, ZSO ig) + NOK) —> Na SO ug +Zn(OH) ab White pet% = Reaction with water : Bases when Alssolvedin water produce OF ions BO yr NaOtyy BEG Najey + OH) Note A base which dissolves in water is called an alkali. Thus, all alkalies are pases but all bases are not alkalies © Uses of bases > Folassium hydroxide (caustic potash) is used in alkaline batteries and soft soaps. > Calcium hydroxide is used in manufacture of bleaching powder, softening of hard water, te » Ammonium hydroxide is used for removing grease stains from clothes © Salts: salts are the ionic compounds which contain a positive ion (or cation) other than HY ion and negative ion (or anion) other than (OH ion. eg, K,S0y. NaCl, NaNO, et © Classification of salts > Normal salts: ‘These salts ae formed when all replaceable hydrogens of an acid ate replaced bby metal ions thus, they do not generally contain any replaceable hydrogen atom, eg NaCl, Na,SO, et > Acidic salts : These salts are formed when 4 polybasic acd is partially neutralised by a base and salts stil have some acidic H’ ions eg, NAHICO,, NaHSO,, ete > Basic salts: These salts are formed by partial neutralisation of polyacidic bases with acids and alts still have some basic OH" ions. eg. Mg(OH)CI, ete. > Families of salts: The salts ate classified into Afferent families either on the basis of the acid or on the basis of the base from which they have been obtained. = Sulphate family + Na,S0, KSOy MgSO, CaSO, et - Nitrate family: NaNO, KNO, Gu(NO,), et = Chloride family : KC, NaCl, CaCl, AICI, ete © Concept of PH: The concentration of H' ion ie, [H'] in aqueous solution is very small, 0 tis very difficult to express the acidity or | CBSE Champion Science Class 10 alkalinity of an aqueous solution. So, pH scale is used to measure the strength of acids and bases. InpH scale = All substances having pH values between O and 7 ate acidic in nature, = Allsubstances having pH values between 7 and Lf are basic in nature. ~All substances having pH value equal to 7 axe neutral, pH ofsalt = Sall of a strong acid and a strong base s neutral with pll value equal t 7 ~ Salt ofa strong acid and a weak base is acidic with pH value less than 7, = Salt ofa strong base and a weak acid is basic with pH value more than 7 Importance of pH in everyday life: pH plays an important role in everyday life as = In humans and plants : Most of the reactions taking place in our body axe in the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. If pH falls below 7.0 oF rises above 7.8, the survival ofliving organisms becomes dificult For healthy growth of plants, the soil should havea specific PH which s neither highly alkaline nor highly acidic = In digestive system: Hydrochloric acid is produced in our stomach which helps in the digestion of food. But if the amount of acid produced is beyond the required limit, it causes pain and irritation in the stomach, This pain can be cured by antacids containing weak bases (ike magnesium hydroxide). This base neuralises the excess acid produced. = Tooth decay caused by acids : If the pI in our mouth falls below 5.5, the dissolution of caleium phosphate (tooth enamel) stats ie, tooth decay begins = Self defence of animals and plants through chemical warfare + Sting of hhoney-bee or yellow ant injects methanoic acid (or formic acid) due to which we fee! pain. To get relief a solution of mild base, such as baking soda is used. Stinging hair‘Acids, Bases and Salts of nettle Ieaves inject methanoie acid, ‘ceusing burning pain, © Common salt (Sodium chloride, NaCI : Sea Water i# one of the main source of common salt To extract the salt ffom sea water, itis alloveed to evaporate in shallow tanks un the influence of sun and wind > Properties of common salt = It is a coloutless crystalline substance ‘with melting point 820°C = Ablow temperature (0 to ~20°C), it exists asa dihydrate, NaCl2 = Its slightly hygroscopic in nature. = tis soluble in water. > Uses of common salt: = This essential constituent of our dit. = It is used to make freezing mixture (when mixed with ice) eg, in making = This used as raw material for caustic soua, bleaching power baking soda and ‘washing soda © Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda): Sodium hydroxide is prepared by electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine). “his method is called ‘chlor-alkal? process. ‘The complete reaction canbe represented a, INaC hy) + 20 y SEE 2NaOH (oq) *Claig) + Hag) ‘The sodium hydroxide solution is formed neat the cathode > Uses: tis used = fr making soaps and detergents. = for degreasing metal. = inmaking of atficil fibres. = inptroleum refining = asalaboratory reagent © Bleaching powder (CaOCI,) : It is prepared by the action of chlorine ges on dry slaked lime Ca(OH). Ca(OH), + Cl, —> Ca0C1, +10 Stoked ime Rescine ower ‘The chlorine used in the above reaction isthe by-product produced during the electrolysis 13 ofbrine, Manufacturing of bleaching powder, 4s generally carved out in ‘Hasenclever plant Uses Its used ~ in textile industry for bleaching cotton and linen = in paper industry for bleaching wood pol. = in laundey for bleaching washed clothes. = for disinfecting drinking water. Baking soda (NaHICO,) : When an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine) saturated with ammonia is allowed to seact with carbon dioxide, baking soda is produced along with ammonium chloride, NaCl + H,0+CO, + NH, —>NH,Cl + NaHCO, Rekngsods “This process is knoven as ‘Solvay process Uses: Itis used = asan antacid. = asan additive in food and drinks = in fie - extinguishers Washing soda (NaCO,-10H,0) : The preparation of washing soda is carried out tbrough following steps Step-1 : Manufacture of sodium hydrogen carbonate NaCl+H,0+NH, +CO, —+ NaHICo, Sodium betsbonate “-NH,Cl Step-1L: Thermal decomposition of sian hydrogen carbonate * When dry crystal of sodium hydrogen carbonate afe heated strongly they deeampose to form anhydrous sodium carbonate Soda a) INAHCOy) 2G NagCOyy #COx +0) Step-HIE + Recrystalliation of sodium carbonate : Sodium eatbonate thus cbtaned fr reeytlised to form erytals of washing soda Na,COy(,) +1010) —>Na,CO.10H,0,,) cstbonae“ Uses This used = for softening of hard water. = for washing purposes in laundry and as, cleaning agent for domestic purposes = intextile industries and also in petzoleum refining = in the manufacturing of borax. Plaster of Paris : It is prepared by heating gypsum (CaSO,2H,0) at 373 Kin a kiln, Hest 1 280, 21,0 FEE» C250, 511,0 rpm Plater of Pari 1 414H,0 ziht “The temperature during the heating should not be allowed to rise above 373 K, Otherwise, whole of its water is lost and anhydrous calcium sulphate (CaS0,) is obtained, | CBSE Champion Science Class 10 > Uses: Ttisused = for making moulds for toys, pottery, ceramics, ete = for making statues, models and other decorative materials = as fire proofing materials, = in medical science as plasters for setting broken and fractured bones © Water of crystallisation : It is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a silt eg, Gypsum (€280,211,0) has two molecules of water of crystallisation In hydrated copper sulphate (CuSO, 5H,0), of there are crystallisation, five molecules of water‘Acids, Bases and Salts GUO eS DO eS Ls) 2.3, How Strong are Acid or Base Solutions? WAM mark) A. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. When it changes {nto curd (yogurt), will ts pH value increase ‘or decrease? Why? (Delhi 2008) 2. What effect does an increase in concentration of Hqq) in a solution have on the pH of solution? (AT 2009) 2.4 More About Salts HEM 61 mark) 3. Name the gas evolved when dilute HCI reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate. How is it recognised? (Delhi 2008) HEN 2 marks) 4. What happens when chlorine is passed over slaked lime at 313 K? Write chemical equation of the reaction involved and state two uses of the product obtained (Foreign 2010) 5. A.compound which is prepared from gypsum. hnas the property of hardening when mixed 10, with a proper quantity of water. Mentify the compound. Write the chemical equation for its preparation, For what purpose is it used in hospitals? (Delhi 2003) (Name the products formed winen sodiam hydrogen carbonate is heated (ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction involved in the above. (AI 2009) ‘What is meant by ‘water of crystallisation’ of a substance? Describe an activity to show that blue copper sulphate crystals contain water of crystallisation, (Foreign 2009, Dethi 2008) Write the chemical formula for washing soda, How may it be obtained from baking soda? Name an industrial use of washing soda other ‘than washing clothes (a12008) Write the chemical formula for bleaching powdler. How is Bleaching powder prepared? For what purposes it used in paper factories? (412008) ‘What is the chemical formula for Plaster of aris? How is it prepared? State the common and chemical names ofthe compound formed when Plaster of Paris is mixed with water. (412008)6 | CBSE Champion Science Class 10 1, Fresh milk has pH value equal to 6 but when it changes into curd (yogurt) then theke is a sight decrease in pH value as curd contains lactic acid which is more acidic than milk. More acidic is @ substance, lesser will be its pH. 2. As the concentration of Hj ions increases, the pH of the solution decreases 3. When sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with dilute HCl then carbon dioxide (CO,) gas is released. NaHCOy + HChay) — NaChay) + HO + COx ‘his gas is recognised by passing it through lime water which turns milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate, Ca(OMa(44) + COz{gg) — CACO + HOG) Lime ue Calcium cubonate (takines) 4, When chlorine is passed over slaked lime at 313 K then bleaching powder is formed. CAOHD a) + Claig) —> C2OClgn) + HO. Skkedlime Chlorine ‘Bleaching «Water powder Bleaching powder is used (@) for bleaching cotton fibres/fabrics in textile industries and wood pulp in paper industries. (@) as disinfectant and germicide 5. Plaster of Paris (CaSO,1/211,0) has the property of hardening when mixed with a proper ‘quantity of water Plaster of Paris is obtained by heating gypsum at 373K mK 1 3 ©2804 211,04) ZF C2804.511,0 + 11,0 ype Plaster of Pare In hospitals, t is used as plaster for setting the fractured bones in the right position 6. (i) On heating sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaIICO,), it decomposes to give carbonate and carbon dioxide, ANalICOy,y ES Na;COyy Sodium hydrogen ‘borate, sodium Sodium carbonate +H0 0p + CO) 7. Crystals of some salts contain certain amount of associated water. The water associated with the crystal (or molecule) of any salt is called water of crystallisation. eg, Cu8O,511,0, FeSO, etc ‘Aim: To text the presence of water of crystallisation, in copper sulphate crystals following activity is performed Materials required : Copper sulphate crystals, test tube holder, boiling tube, water, burner. Tottbereiser// ting ibe Procedure: 1. Takea few eeytals of capper sulphate ina dry boiling tab, These have ble colour 2. Meat the boiling tabe by holding with atest tube holder on the fame ofthe burner Observations: You will observe that the colour of copper sulphate ater heating Becomes white. You tay algo notice water droplet in the boiling tube which are obtained from water of crystallisation, ‘MMler adding 2-3 drops of water on the while sample of copper sulphate (obiained afer heating) you will observe that the blue colour of cop Sulphate restored 6us0, 514,02 cus0, + 511,0 a) white CuS0, + 54,0 —> Cu80,5H1,0 (wie aie 8. The chemical formula of washing soda is 'NayCO,.1011,0 (sodium carbonate decabydsat) ean be obtained by heating baking soda followed by reerystalisation from its aqueots solution‘Acids, Bases and Salts 2NaHCO, Bt, Na,CO, + CO, +10 'Na,CO, + 10H,0 —>Na,CO,10H,0 ‘he most important use of washing soda is in the manufacturing of glass. 9. Chemical formula for bleaching powder is Ca0C1, (calcium oxychloride). It is prepared by reaction ofslaked lime Ca(OH), with dry chlorine * calor, + ch Ca0C%, + 140 Bleaching powder is used for bleaching the wood pulp in paper factories ” 16. The hei oa fr sera Pas €280,.1 H,0 (calcium sulphate hemihydrate) 3 spp y eng gypsum a3 c180,2140- 2% cx0,2140 +2340 Crpeam ‘Plaster of Pars (POP) Wen eof Pe mid ith ae te Sonu ones pysum Common sue ‘The chemical name of gypsum is calcium sulphate dihydrate <4@>>roe 5 3.1 Physical Properties 3.2 Chemical Properties of Metals 3.3 How do Metals and Non-Metals React? cr Poy ULL Metals and Non-metals 3.4 Occurrence of Metals 35° Corrosion CER Eee een ory ms « sal bs Bsan 3 * Du 24 a 22 2, oH 2 ” a a Tope —> >» Maximum weightage is of Chemical Properties of ‘Metals and Occurrence of Metals >» Maximum VSA type questions were asked from Chemical Properties of Metals (© Elements : An clement isa substance that is made entirely fom one type of atoms Examples = Hydrogen (H), Helium (He) Oxygen (0), ete Based on their properties they ure clssifed ino two categories called metals and non- metals, > Metals Those elements which possess lustre when freshly cut, are malleable, ductile and good conductors of heat and electricity are Known as metals. They may also be defined as >» Maximum SA | and SA II type questions were asked from Chemical Properties of Metals and Corrosion respectively. >» Maximum LA type questions were asked from Occurence of Metals $$ arecseen those elements which lose electrons and form positive ions. Thus, metals are lectropositive clements Examples : Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), ee > Non-metals : Those elements which do not possesslustre and areneither good conductors of heat and electricity nor malleable and ductilebut are britle, are known as non-metal They may also be defined as elements which gain electrons and form negative ions. ‘Thus,