FADZRUL AFIQ ALAM 005115 NADEN SURYA ALAM 005114 HANS INDRAN ALAM 005108 HISTORY ON THYRISTOR??? • In 1950, the silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) or thyristor was proposed by William Shockley. • Developed in 1956 by power engineers at General Electric (G.E.) • An earlier gas filled tube device called a thyratron provided a similar electronic switching capability, where a small control voltage could switch a large current. • The term "thyristor" is derived from a combination of thyratron and transistor IMAGES ON THYRATRON
*A thyratron is a type of gas-filled
tube used as a high-power electrical switch and controlled rectifier What is a Thyristor??? • The Thyristor is a four-layered, three terminal semiconductor device, with each layer consisting of alternately N-type or P-type material, for example P-N-P-N. • The main terminals, labelled anode and cathode, are across all four layers. The control terminal, called the gate, is attached to p-type material near the cathode. • (A variant called an SCS—Silicon Controlled Switch—brings all four layers out to terminals.) • The operation of a thyristor can be understood in terms of a pair of tightly coupled bipolar junction transistors, arranged to cause a self- latching action General Idea on a Thyristor • Thyristor can produce half wave and full wave rectification just like rectifier. • Using a thyristor is better than diode for rectification. • Particularly useful for controlling power circuits • Simple to use, easy to build and cheap. • The 3 terminals of a thyristor is known as Anode, Cathode and Gate. • It is a bistable device. Types of Thyristors • There are four major types of thyristors:
Silicon Controlled Gate Turn-off Thyristor MOS Controlled Static Induction
Rectifier (GTO) &Integrated Gate Thyristor (MCT) type Thyristor Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) Why use Silicon? • Thyristors are usually manufactured from silicon although,in theory other types of semiconductor could be used.
• Reasons for using silicon for thyristors:
Able to handle the voltage and currents required for high power application. Has good thermal properties. Well established and is widely used for variety of semiconductor electronics, cheap and easy to use. SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER Lets talk about Silicon Controlled Rectifier • Developed by Moll, Tanenbuam, Goldey and Holonyak of Bell Laboratories in 1956 • The name "silicon controlled rectifier" is General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor. • The silicon control rectifier (SCR) consists of four layers of semiconductors, which form NPNP or PNPN structures have three P-N junctions • The anode terminal of an SCR is connected to the p-type material of a PNPN structure, and the cathode terminal is connected to the n-type layer, while the gate of the SCR is connected to the p-type material nearest to the cathode. • An SCR consists of four layers of alternating p- and n-type semiconductor materials. • Silicon is used as the intrinsic semiconductor, to which the proper dopants are added. • The junctions are either diffused or alloyed (alloy is a mixed semiconductor or a mixed metal). SCR-Construction and Symbol
Physical diagram Equivalent schematic (c)Schematic symbol
Construction types for SCR SCR looks like this OPERATING PRINCIPLE Operation mode of a SCR Thyristors have three modes of operation: • Reverse blocking mode — Voltage is applied in the direction that would be blocked by a diode • Forward blocking mode — Voltage is applied in the direction that would cause a diode to conduct, but the thyristor has not been triggered into conduction • Forward conducting mode — The thyristor has been triggered into conduction and will remain conducting until the forward current drops below a threshold value known as the "holding current" • Reverse Blocking Mode: In this mode, the SCR is reverse biased by connecting its Anode terminal to negative end of the battery and by providing its Cathode terminal with a positive voltage as in Figure (a). This leads to the reverse biasing of the junctions J1 and J3, which in turn prohibits the flow of current through the device, in spite of the fact that the junction J2 will be forward biased. Further, in this state, the SCR behavior will be identical to that of a typical diode as it exhibits both the flow of reverse saturation current as well as the reverse break-down phenomenon • Forward Blocking Mode: Here a positive bias is applied to the SCR by connecting its Anode to the positive of the battery and by shorting the SCR cathode to the battery's negative terminal, as shown by Figure 3b. Under this condition, the junctions J1 and J3 gets forward biased while J2 will be reverse biased which allows only a minute amount of current flow through the device • Forward Conduction Mode: SCR can be made to conduct either (i) By Increasing the positive voltage applied between the Anode and Cathode terminals beyond the Break-Over Voltage, VB or (ii) By applying positive voltage at its gate terminal. In the first case, the increase in the applied bias causes the initially reverse biased junction J2 to break-down at the point corresponding to Forward Break-Over Voltage, VB. This results in the sudden increase in the current flowing through the SCR , although the gate terminal of the SCR remains unbiased. How a Thyristor latches on? 1) With no current flowing into the gate, the thyristor is switched off and no current flows between the anode and the cathode. 2) When a current flows into the gate, it effectively flows into the base (input) of the lower (n-p-n) transistor, turning it on. 3) Once the lower transistor is switched on, current can flow through it and into the base (input) of the upper (p-n-p) transistor, turning that on as well. 4) Once both transistors are turned on completely ("saturated"), current can flow all the way through both of them—through the entire thyristor from the anode to the cathode. 5) Since the two transistors keep one another switched on, the thyristor stays on—"latches"—even if the gate current is removed. APPLICATION ON BOARD SHIPS Several applications of Thyristor onboard ships • Motor starter (soft starter) • Varying motor speed a.k.a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) • Converter circuit • Inverter circuit