Groppo-Los Dos Príncipes

LOS DOS PRêNCIPES:
JUAN D. PERîN Y GETULIO VARGAS
UN ESTUDIO COMPARADO DEL

POPULISMO LATINOAMERICANO
Alejandro J. Groppo

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hasta sus ltimas consecuencias y no es limitada por ningn exteriorl67 JK< <C<
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discursivo que la deforma y le impide suturarse plenamente. Pierden su carcter K<FIY8 JF9I< C8 =FID8:@[E ;@J:LIJ@M8 C8 k;@JCF:8:@[El <E <JK< GI@D<I J<EK@;F <J
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Los verdaderos lmites son siempre antagnicos[29]
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cualquier sistema de significacin est estructurado alrededor de un espacio vaco
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kla nica manera de representar y llenar esa falta es a partir de un significante que
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ideba tener en cuenta no slo las necesidades de los trabajadores, sino tambin las
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condiciones econmicas de la empresa y los requerimientos para el bienestar gen-

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el significado se desarrolla dentro de un contexto de accin. La
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actividad y la experiencia poltica son definidas por su relacin
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67 0E <A<DGCF ;< <JKF J< M< :C8I8D<EK< <E I><EK@E8 <E C8 I<C8:@[E <EKI< C8 Revista de Economa
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La Concordancia y el Partido Socialista

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cordancia.[1] ;@=<I<EK<J FIY><E<J P F9A<K@MFJ GI<C8;FJ D@C@K8I<J ><EK< ;<C
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trabajadores deben estar seguros de que la compaa no
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La decisin final de Justo a favor de la Compaa no invalida el argu-

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mento de que el rgimen Conservador fue transformista. Ahora bien, lo
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que hay que preguntar es porqu un lder de un sindicato Socialista se

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atrevi a confiar en la decisin del gobierno. Esta confianza puede ser
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comprendida dentro del contexto de la auto-imagen creada por el
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Partido Socialista a partir de la colaboracin con el gobierno. Adems, el

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texto del arbitraje inclua una estipulacin permitiendo a la Compaa a
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introducir cambios Òpara una mejor utilizacin del personalÓ. Desde el
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punto de vista de los trabajadores esta clusula podra significar un

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aumento de las obligaciones en el lugar de trabajo[10]. El discurso del
8=@ID[<EHL<
Partido Socialista sobre el trabajo estaba articulado por el discurso pos-
Nosotros no somos parte de un sector o partido de la oposicin. itivista de la productividad del trabajo. Volveremos sobre esto ms adelante
Nosotros no entendemos a la oposicin como estar con- pero hay una base comn subyacente tanto en el enfoque del PS como en
stante y permanentemente oponindose al trabajo de los los Conservadores sobre el factor laboral, en trminos de su valor en
hombres en el gobierno. Nosotros hemos demostrado relacin a la productividad. Este concepto va a ser desplazado por el Per-
durante los cuarenta aos de existencia como partido
onismo en su emergencia por un concepto diferente: el trabajo como la
[É] que el Partido Socialista est por encima del gastado
atribucin de un derecho.
trmino oposicin [É][8]
Nicols Repetto, el principal lder del partido y candidato a la vice-
Jos Domenech, el lder socialista del sindicato ms grande de presidencia en 1932, reafirma una visin no antagnica con el rgimen y
Argentina antes del surgimiento de Pern, la Unin Ferroviaria, le solicita la visin del Partido Socialista como un factor de orden en la formacin
al Presidente Justo que arbitre en el conflicto desatado por la reduccin poltica,
de salarios con la Compaa de Ferrocarriles. Domenech justific esta
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decisin afirmando,
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[É] el hecho que el mismsimo presidente sea quin
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estar a cargo de la decisin es una garanta que los inter-
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eses del sindicato sern tratados justamente y los
adquiriendo la normalizacin institucional y pacificacin polt-
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principios y bajado la intensidad de nuestras propias deman- GFCYK@:F <JK898 @EK<IE8D<EK< =I8>D<EK8;F ;<9@;F 8 C8 <JKI8K<>@8 GFCYK@:8 KI8EJ
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ms cerca a ese partido que del Partido Conservador [É] 6CFJ =IFEK<I8 GFCYK@:8 ;<EKIF ;< C8 0- ;LI8EK< C8 <I8 FEJ<IM8;FI8 '8 I<FI>8E@Q8:@[E
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nos vean actuando en 1935, en el declive del sentido popular y radical y el liderazgo del Radicalismo
acuerdo con los Conservadores, sus adversarios [É][13]. pareca en muchos aspectos otra rama del rgimenj67. +<IF GFI FKI8 G8IK<
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caridad no hubiese sido mejor? ÁNo! ÀCmo se puede demandar
JL:<J@[E K<DGFI8C ;< <JK8J :FDF LE KF;F E C8 G<IJG<:K@M8 ;< C8 k<I8 JF:@8Cl :FDF caridad en un mundo sin justicia?[110]
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introducir en la arena pblica una profunda re-descripcin del proceso revolucion-
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fijacin que nombraba 8CGIF:<JF<E:LIJF ana[111].
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men representativo, republicano y federal, por el mejoramiento
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cdigos no son el resultado de los movimientos de los traba-
Muchas veces he dicho lo mismo: ni caridad sin justicia jadores sino el imperativo categrico de la evolucin social[117].
ni justicia sin caridad. '8 %LJK@:@8 <J E<:<J8I@8 <J @E<M@K89C<
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tan invisible como nuestra realidad geogrfica[118]. EFJ67
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ismos y los nombres existentes en las provincias que dependan de ellos, sern con-
vertidos ahora en delegaciones regionales de Trabajo y PrevisinÓ[125]. /F;F <JKF +<IF J@ C8 ./+ ;<9Y8 <JK8I GI<J<EK< 8 E@M<C GFCYK@:F CF:8C e:LUC <I8 C8 I<C8:@[E
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decisiones. Matsushita muestra que los trabajadores con orientacin sindicalista

67 Este trmino podra ser literalmente traducido como el ÔAcuerdoÕ. El nombre Ôdcada aprobaron el arbitraje, mientras que entre aquellos que lo rechazaron estaban los anti-
infameÕ se debe a Jos Luis Torres en su libro La Dcada Infame, Buenos Aires: Editorial sindicalistas (socialistas). Este es un ejemplo que muestra que el discurso de los lderes
Formacin Patria, 1945. socialistas dentro del sindicato encontraba resistencias por parte de sus bases.
67 Entre otros ver: Rouquie, A., Poder Militar y Sociedad Politica en la Argentina, vol. I, Buenos 67 Repetto, N., Mi Paso por la Politica (de Uriburu a Pern), Buenos Aires, Editorial La Van-
Aires, Emece, 1981; Halperin Donghi, T La Argentina en el callejon, Montevideo, Arca, 1964. guardia, 1944, pp. 25, 39. nfasis agregado.
Ver asimismo el ensayo bibliogrfico realizado por Rock, D., Argentina, 1930-1946Õ <E <K?<CC
' The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. XI, Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 67 En 1930, en un discurso en la Cmara de Diputados, Repetto recuerda haber Òres-
747-52. pirado con tranquilidad cuando estuvimos seguros que la Revolucin de 1890 haba
fracasado y que las riendas del gobierno permanecan en las mismas manos [É] desde que
67 Citado en Torres, J.L., (1945), p.124. el gobierno fue el nico que tena apoyo masivo, amplio y era lo suficientemente fuerte
como para asegurarnos estabilidad,Ó citado en Ciria, A., (1974), 113.
67 Ciria, A. Parties and Power in Modern Argentina, 1930-1946 Nueva York, State University of
Nueva York, 1974, p 12, 119. No hay muchas referencias a La Federacin Nacional Demo- 67 Coca, J., El Contubernio, Buenos Aires, Editorial Coyoacan, 1961, pp. 77-9, nfasis
crtica. Una explicacin sobre su estrategia poltica est en Pinedo, F., En Tiempos de la agregado.
Repblica, vol. I, Buenos Aires, Mundo Forense, 1946, p 80-104.
67 Walter, R., The Socialist Party of Argentina, 1890-1930, ILAS, Texas, 1977, 230-1
67 Citado en Ciria, A., (1974), p.36
67 Del Mazo, G., El Radicalismo. Vol. II, Buenos Aires, Gure, 1959, p. 168, nfasis agregado.
67 Debido a la abstencin de la UCR, el Partido Socialista pas de haber sacado el 4,5% de
los votos en las elecciones presidenciales de 1928 a obtener el 32% en las elecciones de 67 Las ideas de la UCR fueron expresadas en el Manifiesto de las Elecciones Cerradas. Ver Del
1932. La abstencin electoral de la UCR ser analizada e interpretada posteriormente. Mazo, G., 1959, ÔApndiceÕ, p. 287; ver tambin p. 242.
67 Datos electorales de las elecciones de ese perodo se pueden ver en Cantn, D., Elec- 67 De acuerdo a lo establecido por Gabriel del Mazo hubo tres razones que llevaron a
ciones y Partidos Polticos en la Argentina, 1910-1966, Buenos Aires, Siglo XXI, 1973, ÔApndiceÕ. levantar la abstencin poltica: 1) para probar las promesas del gobierno de elecciones
Datos electorales para la Provincia de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires estn en Walter, R., The honestas; 2) para organizar la oposicin en el Congreso y para controlar las administra-
Province of Buenos Aires and Argentine Politics, 1912-1943, CUP, 1985, ÔAppendixÕ. ciones federales y provinciales; y 3) para comenzar construyendo una oposicin institu-
cional y eventualmente una mayora para las elecciones nacionales de 1938.
67 Citado en Ciria, A., (1947), p.38, nfasis agregado.
67 Del Mazo, G., (1959), p. 263
67 Matsushita, H., Movimiento Obrero Argentino, 1930-1945, Buenos Aires, Hyspamerica,
1983), p. 138, nfasis agregado. 67 Las listas completas de los convencionales y las delegaciones a la Convencin Nacional
de 1935 estn en Del Mazo, G., p. 259-60.
6 7 Matsushita, H., (1983), p. 139 ss. El autor ofrece un breve anlisis sobre cmo los tra-
bajadores se posicionaron en contra de la lite del sindicato encargada de tomar las

6 7 En ese momento, el pas estaba dividido en 14 provincias y 10 Ôterritorios nacionalesÕ. 67 Declaracin de Principios, Partido Demcrata Nacional, Diciembre 1932, mimeo en la
Estos ltimos comprendan desde La Pampa hacia el sur, ms Chaco, Formosa y Misiones. Biblioteca Nacional de Crdoba, p.2.
Durante el Peronismo esos territorios nacionales gradualmente se convirtieron en
provincias. 67 Declaracin Poltica de la Convencin Nacional, Septiembre de 1932. Ver Del Mazo, G.,
(1959), p. 281
67 Doctrina Radical, Ao 1, n 2, 1932, p 1. Para un argumento similar ver del Mazo, G. p.
232, 240. 6 7 Noel, C., Mi Vida Poltica, Buenos Aires, ED. Progreso, 1957, p. 86, nfasis agregado.
67 El Ministro de Finanzas, Pedro Groppo, fue miembro del Partido Conservador de 67 Puigross, R., Historia Crtica de los Partidos Polticos, Buenos Aires, Editorial Argumentos,
Buenos Aires; Digenes Taboada, de la UCR anti-personalista de San Luis, fue ubicado en 1956, p 123-150.
el Ministerio del Interior; y el General C. Marquez, Òidentificado con las tradiciones lib-
67 Ramos, J. A., Partido Comunista en la Argentina. Su Historia y su Crtica, Buenos Aires,
erales de ArgentinaÓ, estuvo, en cambio, a cargo del Ministerio de Guerra. Ver Walter, R.
Coyoacn, 1962.
The Province of Buenos Aires and Argentine Politics, 1912-1943 CUP, 1985, p. 168 y Pieiro, E., La
Tradicin Nacionalista ante el Peronismo, Buenos Aires, Editora A-Z, 1997, p. 206.
67 ÔBoletn InternoÕ, Agosto 1932, Ao II, n. 14, p. 2. Ver tambin Puigross, R., Historia
Critica de los Partidos Politicos Argentinos, Buenos Aires, Ed. Argumentos, 1956, p. 339 y
67 Torre, J. C., La Vieja Guardia Sindical y Pern Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1990, p.
Ramos, J.A., (1962), p. 86.
30-2; Potash, R., El Ejecito y la Poltica en la Argentina, 1928-1945, Buenos Aires, Sudameric-
ana, 1971, pp. 130 ss. En su apertura del Congreso Nacional, Ortiz se refiere a su programa
67 Entre 1933-1943 en la revista del partido ÔSovietÕ era comn encontrar expresiones que
como Òun paso ms hacia el restablecimiento de la democraciaÓ lo cual inclua Òelecciones
indicaban el discurso bsicamente anti-imperialista del PC. Ver Puigross, R., (1956), p.
limpiasÓ y Òla finalizacin de esa degradante prctica de cultura cvicaÓ refirindose, por
419-425.
supuesto, al fraude. Ver La Prensa, 21/2/1938.
67Citado en Ramos, J. A., El Partido Comunista en la Poltica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Ed.
67 Ortiz, R., Ideario Democrtico (A Travs de la Repblica) Buenos Aires, Gleizer, 1937, pp.
Coyoacan, 1962, p. 106. Las cursivas son del original y el destacado es agragado
132-33, nfasis agregado.
67 Comit Central del Partido Comunista, Esbozo de Historia del Partido Comunista de la
67 Esta idea est desarrollada de manera exelente en Tcach, C., Sabattinismo y Peronismo.
Argentina. Origen y Desarrollo del Partido Comunista y del movimiento obrero y popular argentino,
Partidos Polticos en Crdoba, 1943-1955, Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana, Coleccin
Buenos Aires, Ed. Ateneo, 1947, p. 29.
Historia y Cultura, 1990.
67Orientacin, 22/5/1941.
67 Citado en del Mazo, G., (1959), p. 251. nfasis agregado. Para las ideas de Yrigoyen
sobre esta cuestin ver tambin Luna, F., Yrigoyen, Buenos Aires, Hyspamerica, 1963. 67Orientacin, ibd.
67Citado en Walter, R., (1985), p. 179-80. 67 El evento fue tan shockeante para el PC que el partido se atrevi a afirmar que Ôel
mundo imperialista usa a Hitler para atacar la Unin Sovitica.Õ La Hora, 22/06/1943

6 7Orientacin, 12/6/1941. ellos, parte del gobierno. Esto demuestra, de nuevo, lo poco convencido que estaba el
Partido Radical sobre la coalicin poltica en contra del rgimen. Ver Potash, R., El Ejrcito
67 Para este tipo de anlisis ver el excelente libro de Carlos Escude, Gran Bretaa, Estados y la Poltica en la Argentina, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1981, p. 274.
Unidos y la declinacin Argentina, 1942-1949, Buenos Aires, Editorial Universidad de Bel-
grano, 1983. 67 Documento 3.2 en Potash, R., Pern y el GOU. Los Documentos de una Logia Secreta Buenos
Aires, Sudamericana, 1984, p. 198, nfasis agregado. Potash afirma que la gran mayora de
67 Citado en Arevalo, O., El Partido Comunista, Buenos Aires, CEAL, 1983, p. 45. los documentos en materia econmica, econmica y social sobre la situacin pre-revolu-
cionaria y aquellos del perodo inmediatamente posterior al levantamiento militar fueron
67 Declaracin del Comit Central del Partido Comunista, 20/2/1943, citado en Arevalo
escritos por Pern. Ms adelante en este captulo se provee un anlisis sobre estos
(1983), p.56.
documentos.
67La Hora, 26/1/1943.

67 Se puede hacer referencia, entre otros, a la siguiente literatura: en el caso de las
organizaciones de trabajadores, Torre, J.C., La Vieja Guradia Sindical y Los Orgenes del Peron-
67La Hora, 26/1/1943.
ismo, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1990; #FIFN@KQ % Argentine Unions, The State and the Rise
67La Hora 28/2/1943. of Pern, IIS, Berkeley, 1990; Matsushita, H., Movimiento Obrero Argentino, 1930-1945, Buenos
Aires, Hyspamerica, 1983; en el caso de los partidos polticos regionales, Tcach, C., Sabat-
67La Nacin, 23/4/1943. tinismo y Peronismo: Partidos Polticos en Crdoba Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1991; Macor,
D., El Peronismo despus del Peronismo: sobre los Orgenes del Peronismo en Santa Fe Rosario,
67 C.G.T. Actas del Segundo Congreso de la CGT, Diciembre 1942, citado en Matsushita 1994; y en el caso de la Iglesia argentina ver Zanatta, L., Del Estado Liberal a la Nacin
(1983), p. 240. Catlica. Iglesia Y Ejrcito en los Orgenes del Peronismo: 1930-1943, Editora Universidad
Nacional de Quilmes, 1996 y Pern y el Mito de la Nacin Catlica. Iglesia y Ejrcito en los Orgenes
67 Torre, J.C., (1990), p. 51.
del Peronismo. 1943-1946, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 1999.
6 7 En 1943 existan dos CGT, la N¡ 1 y la N¡2. La primera, liderada por los Socialistas, crit-
67 Torre (1990), captulo 2. Sin embargo, el principal partido poltico, la UCR, apoy las
icaba a los comunistas como Òuna rama estril y perturbadora de la vida social argentina,Ó
polticas anticomunistas del rgimen: Òla [UCR] repudia al comunismo, fascismo y
estaba en contra del nazismo pero no apoyaba al frente democrtico. La segunda, contro-
nazismo, tres formas diferentes de despotismo y esclavitud moral [É] la UCR controla el
lada por los comunistas, apoyaron explcitamente el llamado a una coalicin de la Ôoposi-
comportamiento poltico de sus miembros y se puede afirmar que en el seno del partido
cin democrtica.Õ La divisin del movimiento obrero previo a la emergencia de Pern es
no hay lugar para ningn comunista.Ó Carta de Mauricio Yadarola, presidente de la UCR
analizado en profundidad en Matsushita, H., (1983), p. 237 ss.
Crdoba al Interventor Federal. Diario Crdoba, 21/12/1943.
67La Vanguardia, 18/4/1943.

67 Torre (1990), p. 58 ss.
67 Para mayor informacin sobre el apoyo Radical al General Pedro Ramrez, Ciria, A.,
67 Torre (1990), p. 66.
(1974), p. 68; Piero, E., (1997), p. 233. Potash afirma que los Diputados Ravagnani y San-
martino estaban planeando una transicin liderada por militares y civiles, algunos de 67 Torre (1990), p. 81.

67 Torre (1990), ibd. 67La Nacin, 17-18/11/1943.
6 7 Torre (1990), p. 75. Si la estrategia analtica de Torre es analizar Òla fluidez de los 67 Diario Crdoba, 30/11/1943. Rawson era militar que tuvo gran apoyo entre los
eventos entre 1943 y 1945Ó, siendo este un objetivo interesante, sus explicaciones simpli- partidos para asumir la presidencia el 4 de junio.
fican la complejidad del giro ideolgico desarrollado en 1943.
67 Noticias Grficas, 11/6/1943
67 Este rol sobredeterminante del Ôresto indivisibleÕ de uno de los trminos como defin-
itorio de la cadena entera es particularmente enfatizado por Ernesto Laclau en ÔOn the 67La Vanguardia, 5/6/1943, nfasis agregado.
Names of GodÕ, mimeo, Essex University, p 10 ss. Publicado en ingls en Golding, S., (ed.)
67 La publicidad de Harrods en La Nacin, 9/6/1943
The Eight Technologies of Otherness, Londres, Routledge, 1997, y en espaol en Laclau, E.,
Retrica, Misticismo y Poltica (FCE, 2002).
67La Nacin, 9/6,28/6, 28/8/1943
67La Nacin, 5/6/1943

67Revista Argentina Fabril, n¡ 7, Julio 1943. Esta revista era la publicacin orgnica de la
Unin Industrial Argentina en aquel momento.
67 Proclamacin a la Repblica, 7/6/1943. Algunos das ms tarde afirm ÔMi cuartel es la
Casa RosadaÕ, La Prensa 16/6/1943.
6 7La Nacin, 9/6/1943
67La Prensa, 16/6/1943.

67 La Nacin; La Prensa, 16/6/1943
67 Genta, J.B. ÔLectura en el Crculo Militar en Septiembre de 1941Õ, en Garca, A.-Rodrig-
67 Ibdem
uez Molas, R., Textos y Documentos: El Autoritarismo y los Argentinos. La Hora de la Espada
1924-1946, 1FC$$ Buenos Aires, CEAL, p. 155. 67 Ver Zanatta, L., Del Estado Liberal a la Nacin Catlica. Iglesia y Ejrcito en los Orgenes del
Peronismo: 1930-1943, Editora Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 1996, pp. 326 ss.
67La Nacin
67 Moseor Fassolino, ÒCarta PastoralÕ, Febrero de 1939; citado en Zanatta, L., (1996), p.
67La Prensa
344. En las siguientes lneas sigo el relato de Zanatta sobre el tradicionalismo medieval en
la Iglesia.
67La Nacin, 12/6/1943
67 Padre Di Pasquo, ÔAccin Catlica y Accin SocialÕ, diciembre 1941. El padre Di Pasquo
67La Nacin, 18/6/1943
seal que: Òno hablen de caridad y denle limosna a ellos, a los hambrientos porque ellos
6 7 Citado en Ibarguren, C., La Historia que he vivido, Buenos Aires, Ed. Peuser, 1955, p. 498 realmente creen que la injustica social est hecha en contra de ellosÓ, citado en Zanatta,
L., p. 332-3. En la prxima seccin se mostrar en qu medida, luego de la intervencin de
67Noticias Grficas, 4/6/1943. Pern, la Iglesia comenz a usar nuevamente la idea de ÔcaridadÕ como opuesta a la Ôjusti-
cia socialÕ. Esto enfatiza el carcter dislocador e innovador de la intervencin poltica de Pern,
67 Rouquie, A., (1982), p. 27 ss carcter que Zanatta pierde de vista en su anlisis.

67 Citado en Zanatta, L., (1996), p. 333 revolucin y la segunda ser la normalidad institucionalÓ. Por supuesto, para aqul
tiempo ya haba ganado las elecciones para la presidencia, La Nacin 1/6/ 1946.
67 Zanatta, L., (1996), p. 347.
67 Potash, R., (1984), p 302
67 Franceschi, G. ÔConsideraciones sobre la RevolucinÕ, Criterio 17/6/1943, Ao XVI, n.
798, p. 149-153. Criterio era una de las principales publicaciones que representaba al 6 7 Rouique, A., (1982), p. 51.
punto de vista catlico de aqul tiempo. nfasis agregado
6 7 Torre, J.C. (1990), p. 81.
67 Franceschi, G., (1943) ibd.
6 7 Del Campo, H., Sindicalismo y Peronismo, Buenos Aires, Clacso, 1984. Ver Parte II,
6 7 Franceschi, G., (1943) ibd., p. 152 Captulo 3.
67 Franceschi, G., ÔNuevas Consideraciones sobre la Revolucin,Õ Criterio, 1/7/1943, n. 6 7 Pern, J. ÔAcerca de la Labor de la Secretara de Trabajo y PrevisinÕ, 1/12/1943 en
800, p. 199. Obras Completas, Tomo VI, p. 113, nfasis agregado..
67 ÔCarta al EditorÕ aparecida en Criterio, 1/7/1943, n 800, p. 197. Parte de la misma carta 6 7 Es un error terico y emprico afirmar algo sobre las intenciones de este proceso de
tambin est citada en Ciria, A., (1947), p. 181-2. nfasis agregado. re-articulacin o sobre la supuesta racionalidad o la plena conciencia de la intervencin de
Pern. Mi visin es, en cambio, que mientras estos actores aceptaban en el pasado con las
67 El texto del decreto est en Galindez, B., Apuntes de Tres Revoluciones (1930-1943-1955), principales coordenadas del rgimen gobernante, comenzarn a percibir la re-articula-
Buenos Aires: s/d, 1956, p. 35. cin de Pern como una ÔamenazaÕ.
67 Conniff, M., ÔThe tenentes in Power. New Perspective of the Brazilian RevolutionÕ, 6 7 Pern, J., ÔDocumentos del GOUÕ en Obras Completas, Tomo VI, p. 59-60.
Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1. (May, 1978), pp. 61-82.
6 7 Pern J., ÔSe Inicia la Era de la Poltica Social en la ArgentinaÕ, 2/12/1943, ibd. p. 118
67 Documento en Potash, R., Pern y el Gou. Los Documentos de una Logia Secreta Buenos
Aires, Sudamericana, 1984, p. 217-8. La mayora de los documentos de Pern e informes 6 7 En este sentido, la lnea de investigacin que enfatiza las continuidades institu-
del GOU se pueden encontrar tambin en Pern, J.D., Obras Completas, Tomo VI, Buenos cionales entre la economa poltica de Pern y la del rgimen conservador, considerando
Aires, Docencia Editorial, 1997, pp. 27-111. Se har la debida especificacin cuando se est el plan econmico de Federico Pinedo como la rplica nacional de las polticas interven-
utilizando, ya sea Potash (1984) o la coleccin de trabajos de Pern (1997) como fuente. cionistas dominantes a nivel global luego de la crisis de 1930, es aqu desplazada de su
foco. Para este enfoque sobre la continuidad ver Llach, J., ÔEl Plan Pinedo de 1940, su sig-
67 Potash, R., (1984), p. 302 nificado histrico y los orgenes de la economa poltica del PeronismoÕ, Desarrollo Econ-
mico, vol. 23, n. 92, (1984).
67 Documento fechado el 7/6/1943, en Potash, R., (1984), p. 213. Itlicas del autor
6 7 Pern, J., 1/5/1944, ibd., p. 154

67 Esta operacin tambin implica una redefinicin de la propia lgica de las Ôetapas de
la revolucinÕ. En 1946 Pern afirm: Òla justicia social fue la primera frase de la

6 7 Se estn utilizando aqu como conceptos correlativos ÔelementosÕ/ÔmomentosÕ; 67Los Principios, 29/10/1944
ÔcentroÕ/ÔadyacenciaÕ. La primera distincin fue introducida por Laclau-Mouffe para expli-
car que un cierto significante comienza a formar parte significativa de un discurso 67 Pern, J., ÔDiscurso en RosarioÕ, 23/7/1944, p. 246.
poltico. El segundo par (centro/adyacencia) es utilizado por Michael Freeden para estruc-
67Los Principios, 24/9/1944
turar su anlisis ÔmorfolgicoÕ de las ideologas polticas de manera tal de dar sentido al
grado de implicacin que cierto significante tiene con un marco ideolgico dado. Desde mi
67 Horowitz, J., (1990), p. 183.
perspectiva, el segundo par evita la distincin implcita entre lo discursivo/no discursivo
presente en el primero. Laclau, E.-Mouffe, Ch., (1985), p. 110-111 y Freeden, M., Ideology 67 El decreto-ley que cre la STP, en su artculo 2, estableca la absorcin por parte de la
and Political Theory Oxford University Press, 1996, Parte I. STP de diferentes oficinas nacionales entre las cuales se encontraba el viejo Departamento
Nacional del Trabajo mientras que en el artculo 6 del decreto se estableca la absorcin de
6 7 De Andrea, M., ÔHacia la Justicia SocialÕ, Mayo 1941, Pensamiento Cristiano y Democrtico
las Cajas Nacionales de Jubilaciones y Pensiones de los siguientes sindicatos: trabajadores fer-
de Monseor de Andrea, Buenos Aires, Imprenta del Congreso de la Nacin, 1965, p. 97.
roviarios, empleados bancarios, trabajadores de correo, de la Marina Mercante y traba-
nfasis agregado.
jadores privados.
67 Discurso pronunciado en Berisso, el distrito de los trabajadores de la carne. La Nacin,

67Los Principios, 26/10/1944. Discurso en Villa Quilino, dirigido a 2000 habitantes del
20/12/1943, itlicas en el original.
pueblo.
67 Pern, J., 24/7/1944, p. 247-8

67 Para ver la dependencia de la UCR en las redes clientelares y los caudillos locales ver
Rock, D., Politics in Argentina, 1890-1930: The Rise and Fall of Radicalism, Cambridge, CUP, 1975,
67 Panegrico dado el 21/10/1944, en De Andrea, M., (1965), p. 105.
pp. 152 ss. Para un excelente estudio regional de este fenmeno ver Vidal, G. Radicalismo en
67 Panegrico dado el 3/10/1947 en De Andrea, M., (1965), p. 109, itlicas en original, Cordoba, 1912-1930, Crdoba, Universidad Nacional de Crdoba, 1995.
destacado agregado.
67 El caso del Coronel Jos M. de Olano, el jefe poltico de Villa Mara y organizador de
67 Diputado Cisneros (UCR) en La Nacin, 15/4/1943 la visita de Pern en la ciudad, Los Principios, 28/10/1944. Lo mismo ocurri con R. Eusebio
en Ro Tercero, Diario Crdoba, 30/10/1944.
67La Nacin, 11/1/1946, nfasis agregado.
67 Entrevista a M. Ferreira en Macor, D. - Iglesias, E., El Peronismo antes del Peronismo,
67Diario de Sesiones, Cmara de Diputados Santa Fe, Tomo 1, Ao 1934, p. 538, nfasis Santa Fe, UNL, 1997, p. 180.
agregado.
67 Pern, J., ibd., p. 157, nfasis agregado.
67 Pern, J. 23/7/1944, ibid., p. 240-1.
6 7El Laborista, 3/5/1946.

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esparciendo por todos lados haciendo flaquear los cimientos de nuestra ;< materialismo antihumanista HL< :FEK8D@E8 C8J I<C8:@FE<J JF:@FGFCYK@:8J EFI
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De la Revolucin a la organizacin: Rastreando la retirada

discursiva.
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67 +@E<;F ! La Argentina en la Vorgine L<EFJ@I<J ;@KFI@8C(LE;F!FI<EJ< G

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67Revista G XE=8J@J8>I<>8;F
67 Los Principios RE=8J@J8>I<>8;F

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(8:FI k'FJ *IY><E<J ;<C +<IFE@JDF .8EK8=<J@EFl (8:FI $>C<J@8J El Peronismo Antes del Per- Studies in Latin American Popular Culture, MFC G

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67La Nacin y Los Principios
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6 7 +8IK@;F.F:@8C@JK8 Anuario Socialista 1930 L<EFJ@I<J $DGI<EK8'818E>L8I;@8 G
67 "8CC@E;<Q Apuntes de Tres Revoluciones

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67 "?@FC;@ k'8 <DF:I8:@8 I><EK@E8 <E l <E Anuario Socialista L<EFJ @I<J '8 18E
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67Orientacin RE=8J@J8>I<>8;F 6 7 <:C8I8:@[E;<C Ncleo Demcrata Nacional ibidem
67La Hora 6 7Los Principios XE=8J@J8>I<>8;F
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67 -8GFGFIK ( Y8Q C<A8E;IF Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine
67La Nacin Republic 48C<0E@M+I<JJ
67 Orientacin, ibidem, XE=8J@J8>I<>8;F 67 '8 /89C8 ;<DL<JKI8 HL< @E:CLJF :L8E;F <C +$ <JK898 I<KIF:<;@<E;F ;<J;< <C J8C8I@F I<8C
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67La Prensa GFIC8:I@J@J8=@E8C<J;<
67Orientacin 67 -<LE@[E<E<CYI:LCF(@C@K8I La Prensa La Nacin
6 7Orientacin 67 +8I8LE9L<EI<:L<EKF;<<JKFJGIF9C<D8JM<I'LE8 !
6 7La Hora XE=8J@J8>I<>8;F 67La Prensa ibidG
6 7 ;@KFI@8C<E Orientacin, 67El Laborista JK<G<I@[;@:F<I8C8GL9C@:8:@[E;<C+'kC<8Cl kF=@:@8ClRE=8J@J8>I<>8;F
6 7Orientacin mE><C FIC<E>?@ .<:I<K8I@F ;< .@E;@:8KFJ ;< DGC<8;FJ ;< FD<I:@FJ 67 <:C8I8:@[E;<LEFE>I<JF'89FI@JK8<E/L:LDUE El Laborista ibdem XE=8J@J8>I<>8;F
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6 7El Laborista
6 7Orientacin

67 -F9<IKFLIJ8:B <E El laborista XE=8J@J8>I<>8;F
67 +@I@Q ' k C+8IK@;F;<C8-<MFCL:@[El<E Hechos e Ideas 8ZF1$$ E )FM

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67El Laborista ;@:@[E$EK<IE8:@FE8C
67El Laborista '8"/8KI898A8;FI<J;<C8M<E;@D@8RE=8J@J8>I<>8;F
67 1<I GFI<A<DGCF El Laborista
CAPêTULO V
67El Laborista
67El Laborista /YKLCF ;<C 8IKY:LCF k'8 C<P ;@J:@GC@E8I@8 <J LE8 E<:<J@;8; ;< C8 I<8C@;8;
JF:@8Cl LA FORMACIîN DE IDENTIDADES
67Diario de Sesiones UD8I8;<.<E8;FI<J;<C8)8:@[E POLêTICAS EN BRASIL, 1930-1934
67Diario de SesioneJ UD8I8;<@GLK8;FJ;<C8)8:@[E XE=8J@J8>I<>8;F
ÒUn disenso momentneo en la eleccin de

6 7Anales de Legislacin Argentina ZF ;8 ;@:@[E G nuestros representantes, un disenso que es seal
de vitalidad cvicaÉno puede ser causa para tratar a
67Anales de Legislacin Argentina ZF G los elementos disonantes como enemigosÓ
Getulio Vargas.[1]
67Anales ibidG
C F9A<K@MF ;< <JK< :8GYKLCF <J 8E8C@Q8I <C GIF:<JF ;< =FID8:@[E ;< @;<EK@;8;<J
67Reglamentacin Estatuto del Pen <:I<KF
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Getulio Vargas y la Revolucin de 1930
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interventores J<Z8C898E HL< C8 <JKI8K<>@8 ;< 18I>8J <I8 ;< ?<:?F LE8 :FEK@EL8:@[E
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<JKIL:KLI8 GFCYK@:8 <O@JK<EK< <E <C <JK8;F P ;@I@>@;8 GFI CFJ interventores +<IF C8 +8IK@;F )8:@FE8C <C <JG8:@F @EJK@KL:@FE8C GIFG@F ;< C8J FC@>8IHLY8J <JK8;L8C<J <I8 C8
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K<E@<EK<J P :FDF K8C<J eran parte de la lucha D8HL@E8I@8 8;D@E@JKI8K@M8 9LIF:IUK@:8 K8EKF 8 E@M<C CF:8C F DLE@:@G8C :FDF <JK8;L8C
antagonista contra las oligarquas preexistentes JY C8 GIFGL<JK8 ;< LE8 DUHL@E8 +8I8 @EJK@KL:@FE8C@Q8I <C 8EK8>FE@JDF <E :FEKI8 ;< C8J XC@K<J GI<<O@JK<EK<J <C G8IK@;F

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><E<I8I G8IK@;FJ E8:@FE8C<J <E <C )FIK8E@Q8ICFJ P G8I8 k<OK<E;<I C8 I<MFCL:@[El 8 KI8MXJ ;<
C8 <OG8EJ@[E ;< C8J =IFEK<I8J GFCYK@:8J
se presenta junta y combinada con la promo-
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cin de nuevos partidos locales en estados donde las oligarquas eran fuertes, esto
DLE@:@G8CEF=FID<G8IK<;<C;@I<:KFI@FGFCYK@:F67
es, en el Sur E@K8 +I<JK<J 8=@ID8 HL< 18I>8J K<EY8 JL kGIFG@F GIFP<:KF GFCYK@:Fl HL<
'8 K<E;<E:@8 E8:@FE8C ;< =FID8I G8IK@;FJ <E <C G<IYF;F @ED<;@8KF ;<JGLXJ ;< C8 EF <I8 J<>]E <CC8 imeramente un equilibrio entre fuerzas conflictivas, haciendo
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I8;@:8C<J P <O
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:F9<IKLI8 <OK<EJ8 <E C8 GI<EJ8 paulista <I8E iIFDG8IHLY8J I<>@FE8C<J JLI<Z8J67 +<IF CL<>F
I8J@C ;< =I8>D<EK8I <E 9CFHL<J G<HL<ZFJ P I<>@FE8C<Jj C8J <JKI8K<>@8J GFCYK@:8J P <CC88=@ID8
iI<><E<I8I C8 I<MFCL:@[E 9I8J@C<I8j <C FE>I<JF <D@[ <C Partido Socialista
8 KI8MXJ ;< CFJ G8IK@;FJ <JK8;L8C<J 18I>8J forzado por las
Brasilero .L JCF>8E <I8 iCFJ @EK<I<J<J ;< C8 :FDLE@;8; JF9I< CFJ @EK<I<J<J ;< CFJ
circunstancias
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@E;@M@;LFJ C8 Unin sobre los estadosj P JL I<JFCL:@[E <JK89C<:Y8 <EKI< FKI8J @;<8J FI>8E@Q8:@[E E8:@FE8C
debe desarrollar articulaciones G8I8 GIF
ique este Congreso debe adoptar la ideologa socialista JL9FI;@E8E;F C8J I<8C@;8;<J K<><IJL<C<::@[E:FDFGI<J@;<EK<:FEJK@KL:@FE8C;<I8J@C67
8 C8J K<E;<E:@8J E8:@FE8C<J como su fuerza conductoraj6 7 E <JK8 CYE<8 LE8 ;<
C8J;<:C8I8:@FE<J;<CCL9;<*:KL9I<8=@ID898HL< #8P LE8 K<EJ@[E <M@;<EK< <EKI< LE 18I>8J k=L<IK<l P LEF k=FIQ8;F GFI C8J :@I:LE
JK8E:@8Jl G8IK< ;< <JKF CF HL< <C <JKL;@F ;< E@K8 +I<JK<J EF G<I:@9< <J <C IFC HL< CFJ
JL><I@DFJ HL< CFJ >ILGFJ <JK8;L8C<J ALEKF :FE CFJ @EK<IM<EKFI<J EL<MFJ G8IK@;FJ <JK8;L8C<J AL>8IFE <E <C GIF:<JF GFCYK@:F ;<C GIF:<JF GFJK I<MFCL
;<9<E GIF=LE;@Q8I C8 FI>8E@Q8:@[E ;< G8IK@;FJ GFCYK@:FJ HL< 8;FG

:@FE8I@F +I<J<EKF 8 :FEK@EL8:@[E LE 8EUC@J@J ;< KI<J :8JFJ 8C I<JG<:KF <C Partido
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Progresista Mineiro ++( <C Partido Republicano Liberal de Ro Grande do Sul
8I@F67
+-' P <C Partido Social Democrtico de Baha[125] JKFJ :8JFJ DL<JKI8E :FDF
+8I8 I<:8G@KLC8I E <JK8 J<::@[E @EK<EKX DFJKI8I ?8JK8 HLX GLEKF C8 C[>@:8 18I>8J @EJK@KLP< EL<MFJ G8IK@;FJ :FDF D<:8E@JDFJ ;< :FEJ<EJF :FE C8J FC@>8IHLY8J
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<JKIL:LI8J ;< G8IK@;F JFJ G8IK@;FJ E8:@FE8C<J F JLGI8

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8C>]E J<EK@;F C8 @EJK@KL:@FE8C@Q8:@[E ;<C 8EK8>FE@JDF GFCYK@:F C<M8EK8E;F C8J :@[E ;< ;@=<I<E:@8J C ;@J:LIJF GFCYK@:F ;< <JFJ G8IK@;FJ K<E;Y8 <OGCY:@K8D<EK< 8
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:FJP8<O@JK<EK<J<E<C<JK8;F
Vargas y los nuevos partidos estaduales E JLI><E <E CFJ >I8E;<J <JK8;FJ ;<C :<EKIF
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:F8C@:@FE<J GFCYK@:8J :FEKI8 <C >F9@<IEF GIFM@J@FE8C CFJ CC8D8;FJ Frentes ònicas

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-<GL9C@:8EF67 '8 =FID8:@[E ;< CFJ !I<EK<J 0E@;FJ DL<JKI8 HL< <C J@JK<D8 @EK<I<J8 <J:ILK8I 8?FI8 :FDF <C ;@J:LIJF ;<C k<HL@C@9I@F 8:FDF;8K@:@Fl =L< CC<M8;F 8
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ònico Paulista 18I>8J J< <E=I<EK8 8 C8 E<:<J@;8; ;< ;<J@>E8I LE @EK<IM<EKFI <E <C
CFJ G8IK@;FJ JLI<ZFJ I<@=@:8;FJ <E <C K<II@KFI@F ;< CFJ <JK8;FJ
GF;<IFJF <JK8;F C@>< 8 ID8E;F < .8CC<J *C@M<@I8 LE D@<D9IF ;<C + ;<EKIF ;<C
I<C8:@FE8;FJ :FE C8J :C8J<J <C<:KFI8C<J P C8J =8D@C@8J ;< CFJ
!I<EK< 0E@;F :FE C8 D<K8 <OGCY:@K8 ;< :FEHL@JK8I <C 8GFPF ;< C8 :F8C@:@[E FGFJ@KFI8
"I8E;<J JK8;FJ podran poseer una textura ms rgida y una
mayor capacidad de reaccin[É] en el norte del pas las cosas 18I>8J D@JDF <OGC@:@K8 JL <JKI8K<>@8 ;< @E:FIGFI8:@[E GFCYK@:8 8 KI8MXJ ;< <JK8
eran bastante diferentes[127] ;<J@>E8:@[E
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E8I 8 .8CC<J :FDF >F9<IE8;FI G8I8 J898J8=@ID8
!I<EK<oE@:F:FFG<I8I8:FED@>FPD<8GFP867
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JK8 <JKI8K<>@8 GFCYK@:8 <I8 LE @EK<EKF ;< @EJK@KL:@FE8C@Q8I <C 8GFPF ;< C8 FC@>8I
<EKF ><E<I8C ;< FG@E@[E EF K<EY8 GI@E:@G@FJ FI@<EK8;FI<J E@ GFJ
KLC8;FJ @;<FC[>@:FJ :C8I8D<EK< ;<=@E@;FJ E C8 I<MFCL:@[E HLY8 8 18I>8J <E CFJ GI@D<IFJ 8ZFJ ;< C8 -<MFCL:@[E 'FJ EL<MFJ G8IK@;FJ EF I<GI<J
muchas corrientes de difcil adaptacin emergieron y operaron <EK898E LE :8D9@F J@EF HL< :FEK@EL898E ;UE;FC< GI@D8:Y8 8 C8 GFCYK@:8 <JK8K8C +I<
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ciones y partidos 6g7 C8 8LKFI@;8; :FEJK@KL@;8 EF ;<9< J8IHLY8J I<>@FE8C<J <JKFJ G8IK@;FJ @E:FIGFI8IFE DL:?FJ <C<D<EKFJ
J@DGC< <A<:LKFI8 ;<C GIF>I8D8 ;< LE G8IK@;F J@EF HL< ;<9< J@FE8C<J<O@JK<EK<J
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las aspiraciones generales para reestablecer el equilibrio de
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todas las corrientes '8 =LE:@[E ;<C "F9@<IEF +IFM@J@FE8C <J GIF
;L:@I LE reacomodamiento constante ;< C8 ;<I<:?8 P C8 @QHL@<I;8 <EKI< <C "F9@<IEF +IFM@J@FE8C P C8 FC@>8IHLY8 ;< (@E8J EF G<IK<E<:@<EK< 8C M@<AF
I<MFCL:@FE8I@867 Partido Republicano Mineiro '8J :FE<O@FE<J ;<C G8IK@;F :FE C8 :C8J< GFCYK@:8
<JK8;L8C J< ML<CM<E <M@;<EK<J <E C8J I8Y:<J HL< K<EY8E ;<EKIF ;< C8J <JKIL:KLI8 ;<C
HLY 18I>8J 8KI@9LP< C8 ;@J<D@E8:@[E ;< GFJ@:@FE<J GFCYK@:8J ?<K<IF>XE<8J P C8 GF;<ICF:8CEKFE@F8ICFJ <OGI<J@;<EK<;<(@E8"<I8@JJ<Z8C8988CI<JG<:KF
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C8 condicin ideolgica ambigua de la revolucin ;<C ;< *:KL9I< C @DGC@:8I <JKF +8I8 FI>8E@Q8I <C EL<MF G8IK@;F 6<C ++(7 ;<9<I<DFJ CC8D8I 8 CFJ
K8D9@XE ;<M<C8 C8 C[>@:8 ;< C8 I<MFCL:@[E GFCYK@:8 HL< <C "F9@<IEF +IFM@J@FE8C ;@I<:KFI@FJ GFCYK@:FJ DLE@:@G8C<J 8 LE8 >I8E :FEM<E:@[E E <JK8
8J8D9C<8J<IU8:FI;8;FJLGIF>I8D867
JFJK@<E< <C >F9@<IEF EF ;<9< ;<=<E;8I
'FJ extremos 8 CFJ HL< J< I<=@<I< C8 :8IK8 JFE 8HL<CCFJ ;< C8 :<EKI8C@Q8:@[E P =<;
HLY8 <JK8;L8C 8 KI8MXJ ;< JL 8GFPF 8 C8 8LKFEFDY8 ;< CFJ J<:KFI<J GFCYK@:FJ ;<C <JK8;F <I8C@Q8:@[E <E:8IE8;8 GFI <C GIFP<:KF GFCYK@:F ;< CFJ K<E@<EK<J P C8J FC@>8IHLY8J
.LGC8K8=FID8GFCYK@:8<JK89C<:Y8 <JK8;L8C<J C8I8D<EK< 18I>8J EF J< @;<EK@=@:898 E@ J< 8K898 8 E@E>LEF ;< <CCFJ '8
<OG<I@<E:@8 ;<C ++( K<EY8 :FDF GI<:<;<EK< <C =I8:8JF ;< C8 Legiao de Octubro o
(8EK<EF9@<IEF P <C IX>@D<E GI<J
Legiao Revolucionaria =FID8;8 DLP GF:F ;<JGLXJ ;< C8 I<MFCL:@[E ;< G8I8
@;<E:@8C :FE C8J limitaciones necesarias para obstruir las abusos
<OG8E;@I JLJ @;<8C<J 8 KF;F <C G8YJ P =FID8I LE G8IK@;F GFCYK@:F 8EK@
I<>@FE8C@JK8 <E
de poder 6g7 *I>8E@Q8I8I8J@C:FDFLE8 Federacin
JK89C<:8J CF ?89Y8 8GFP8;F @E@:@8CD<EK<67 +<IF <C GIFP<:KF KF9@<IEFJ D@E[ <E LE 8:L<I;F GFCYK@:F :FE C8 ;@I@><E:@8 ;<C +8IK@;F -<GL9C@:8EF <C :L8C =L<
<JK8;L8C<J P JLJ J<:I<K8I@FJ P C8 8;D@E@JKI8:@[E DLE@:@G8C 6g7 I<:@9@;F <E CFJ J@>L@<EK<J KXID@EFJ iun nuevo partido emerge 6g7 la familia poltica
G8I8 FI>8E@Q8I C8 8;D@E@JKI8:@[E DLE@:@G8C ;< =FID8 HL< J< de Minas Gerais debe entrar en el ao 1932 I<:FE:@C@8;8 P LE@;8j '8 GIFGL<JK8
reconcilien las autonomas municipales con el inters comn del GFCYK@:8 ;<C G8IK@;F K<ID@E[ G8I8;@>DUK@:8D<EK< :FDF LE ?Y9I@;F @;<FC[>@:F iel
estado[132]
nuevo partido observar las tradiciones democrticas D@E<@I8J en el programa
JK< GIF>I8D8 ;<C@E<[ <C D8I:F @;<FC[>@:F P CFJ M8CFI<J HL< 8GFP898E 8C ;@J
poltico del PRM y adoptar la ideologa de la '<>@8FÓ[136]
:LIJF GFCYK@:F ;< CFJ EL<MFJ G8IK@;FJ <JK8;L8C<J C ++( ;<D8E;898 C8 =FID8C@Q8:@[E C Partido Republicano Liberal de Ro Grande do Sul +-' <J FKIF <A<DGCF ;<
;< C8J 8LKFEFDY8J DLE@:@G8C<J P <C =<;<I8C@JDF ALEKF :FE I<JKI@::@FE<J C<>8C<J G8I8 C8 @EJK@KL:@FE8C@Q8:@[E ;< C8 <JKI8K<>@8 ;< :FDGIFD@JF <EKI< <C GF;@FE8C<J 0EF ;< CFJ FI>8E@Q8;FI<J ;<C +-'
E <JK< J<EK@;F <C G8IK@;F <OGI<J[ <C :FDGIFD@JF <EKI< LE8 GIFGL<JK8 :<EKI8C@Q
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8;FI8 <E C8 :L8C <C <JK8;F

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)<:<J@K8DFJ :FII<>@I <E JL <J<E:@8 P =FID8 EL<JKIF G<EJ8D@<EKF
CFJ <JK8;FJ
:FDF C8 ;<J@>E8:@[E ;< >F9<IE8;FI<J
P C8 @E:FIGFI8:@[E ;< <C<D<EKFJ GFCYK@:F 6g7 <9<DFJ lanzar un manifiesto llamando a todos los
:8I8:K<IYJK@:FJ ;<C M@<AF FI;<E FC@>UIHL@:F67 "<KLC@F 18I>8J :898C>8E;F JF9I< C8 defensores del orden JF <J KF;F !FID8I<DFJ FKIF FI;<E ;<
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67Estado de So Paulo

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Las Leyes Laborales de 1943
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67@K8;F<E/I@E;8;< # Op. Cit+U> 67 'FJ D<AFI<J I<C8KFJ ;< kI<MFCLWVF M<ID<C?8l P C8 <D<E:@8 ;< )' JFE #@CKFE . A Rebeliao Ver-
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67 '<M@E< - The Vargas Regime, 1934-1938: The Critical Years )L<M8 4FIB )L<M8 4FIB 0E@M<IJ@KP ;<9@;F 8C Ôextremismo revolucionarioÕ ;< +I<JK<J E .:?E<@;<I - ÔOrder and ProgressÕ A Political His-
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67 EKLE<J - Classe Operaria, Sindicatos e Partido no Brasil. Da Revoluo de 30 at a Aliana
67 .F;I< 1@8EE8 P E@K8 +I<JK<J JFJKLM@<IFE HL< C8 )' EF =L< LE8 :FEK@EL8:@[E Nacional Libertadora<I8 ;@W8F .+ FIK<Q ;@KFI8 G

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67 (8E@=@<JKF ;<C <E 8IFE< A Segunda Republica, 1930-1937 .+ @=<C GG
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67 +8I8 LE8 9I<M< I<M@J@[E ;< <JK8J @EK<IGI<K8:@FE<J M8J <E D8I:[ LE8 ruptura :FE C8
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;@J:LIJF;<+I<JK<J:FDFJ<CF8E8C@Q88HLY @E@Q G JJ * $8EE@ JFJK@<E< HL< <C Estado Novo =L< LE G8J8A< 8 LE8 JF:@<;8; @E;LJKI@8C@Q8;8
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67 +I<JK<J 'L@J Documentos L<EFJ @I<J ;@:@FE<J /@<DGFJ )L<MFJ G RE=8J@J
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6 7 -F9<IKF .@DFEJ<E <E Ordem Economica, Padro de Vida e algunas realidades Brasileiras <E
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6718I>8J " A Nova Politica do Brasil MFC1 G 67Jornal do Comercio RE=8J@J8>I<>8;F
67Estado de So Paulo 67Jornal do Comercio
67 (< I<=@<IF 8HLY 8 CFJ <EJ8PFJ ;< O Populismo na Politica Brasileira 8 ;@W8F .+ +8Q < /<II8 67Jornal do Comercio
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67 k<:C8I8:@[E ;<C .@E;@:8KF ;< /I898A8;FI<J ;< C8 $E;LJKI@8 #FK<C<I8l Estado de So Paulo
RE=8J@J8>I<>8;F 6 7 'FG<J + k MFCLWVF .F:@8C EF I8J@Cl <E Boletim do Ministerio Ed !<MI<@IF G
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6 7Boletim do Ministerio Ed G RE=8J@J8>I<>8;F

67 2<C:? The Seed was Planted. The So Paulo roots of BrazilÕs Rural Labour Movement,
1924-1964 '@M<IGFFC 0E@M +I<JJ G
'8 <O:CLJ@[E ;<C KI898AF ILI8C ;<C @D8>@E8I@F GFCYK@:F ;<C 6 7<:I<KF'<@ Boletim do Ministerio Ed G
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6 7 @K8;F <E 8JKIF "FD<J <K 8C :FDG Velhos Militantes -YF ;< %8E<@IF 58?8I G
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CONCLUSIONES
6 7%F8FlE;K*C@M<@I8<E Jornal do Comercio RE=8J@J8>I<>8;F
6 7Jornal do Comercio @9@;

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67"FD<J Campanha da Libertaao .VF+8LCF ;@KFI8(8IK@EJ G

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67 '8 /89C8 GXE;@:< DL<JKI8 HL< ;< <E 8;<C8EK< <C J8C8I@FI8C 98A8 <E I8J@C /8D9@XE :@[E ;< @;<EK@;8;<J GFCYK@:8J <E JLJ I<JG<:K@MFJ G8YJ<J CFJ =@E<J ;< ?8:<I M@J@9C<J
DL<JKI8 HL< C8 @EKIF;L::[E ;< C8 '/ EF DF;@=@:[ <JK8 K<E;<E:@8 <E <C :FIKF GC8QF '8 /89C8 DL<JKI8 K8C<J ;@=<I<E:@8J <J HL< ?<DFJ I<:LII@;F 8C 8IJ<E8C :FE:<GKL8C ;< C8 K<FIY8 ;<C ;@J
HL< 98AF C8 '/ ?L9F LE8 >I8E M8I@8:@[E ;<C J8C8I@F DYE@DF GFI I<>@FE<J '8 M8I@8:@[E =L< ;<C <E :LIJFGFCYK@:F
%LE@F P J< @E:I<D<EK8 <E KXID@EFJ I<C8K@MFJ ?8:@8 @:@<D9I< ;< <J< 8ZF C XE=8J@J <E E>I@K8J <E C8J E LE E@M<C ><E<I8C ;< 8EUC@J@J <JK< KI898AF I8JKI<8 CFJ ;<JGC8Q8D@<EKFJ ;< ;FJ
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Diarios y Revistas
Boletim do Ministerio do Trabalho, Industria e Comercio GL9C@J?<; 9P
<G8IK8D<EKF;<
Estadistica e Publicidade -YF;<%8E<@IF

Consolidao das Leis do Trabalho

Estado do So Paulo

Leis Brasileiras EF
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Jornal do Comercio

Correio Paulistano J<G8I8K<@JJL<J

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el Signo de las Masas

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La Teora del Discurso Poltico y la sociedad

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a mitos y smbolos que las anteceden y que son ampliamente

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La decisin final de Justo a favor de la Compaa no invalida el argu-

que hay que preguntar es porqu un lder de un sindicato Socialista se

Partido Socialista a partir de la colaboracin con el gobierno. Adems, el

punto de vista de los trabajadores esta clusula podra significar un

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El Partido Comunista y la imposibilidad de un frente poltico

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estamos enfrentando un fenmeno ms profundo y sustan-

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