40

penetration resistance of 100 kg.

Further development of sounding rods of the above mentioned type has been
made by the Soil Mechanics Laboratory in Delft under direction of T. K. Huizinga
(132, 218). The medium-size apparatus shown in Fig. 16A has a manually- operated
rack feed, whereby it becomes possible to exert greater pressure and to obtain a
more uniform rate of penetration than with the Barentsen sounding rod. The base
area of the cone is 10 cm2 and the maximum thrust 300 kg. A heavier sounding rig,
Fig. 16B, is used for deep soundings and in dense or stiff soils. The cone has a base
area of 20 cm^ and the jack a maximum capacity of 10 tons. The lower end of the

sleeve pipe is reinforced with a short collar, but the outside diameter of this collar
is still slightly smaller than the base diameter of the cone. A bushing inside the
sleeve pipe and a collar on the sounding rod proper limit the advance of the latter
with respect to the pipe. A special coupling permits transfer of the force from the
jack to either the rod or the sleeve pipe. A heavy steel frame with the jack and op
erating platform is attached to a base platform, which is placed in a 1-m deep hole
and covered with soil to obtain necessary anchorage. When used on water-covered
areas, the sounding apparatus is operated from the adjustable mast shown in Fig. 18.

Point resistance and total skin friction.- Determination of skin friction in ad

dition to but separate from point resistance has the advantage that two complementary