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Hardware/Software Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/ Givargis 1
Outline
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Embedded systems overview
3
Embedded systems overview
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A “short list” of embedded systems
Anti-lock brakes Modems
Auto-focus cameras MPEG decoders
Automatic teller machines Network cards
Automatic toll systems Network switches/routers
Automatic transmission On-board navigation
Avionic systems Pagers
Battery chargers Photocopiers
Camcorders Point-of-sale systems
Cell phones Portable video games
Cell-phone base stations Printers
Cordless phones Satellite phones
Cruise control Scanners
Curbside check-in systems Smart ovens/dishwashers
Digital cameras Speech recognizers
Disk drives Stereo systems
Electronic card readers Teleconferencing systems
Electronic instruments Televisions
Electronic toys/games Temperature controllers
Factory control Theft tracking systems
Fax machines TV set-top boxes
Fingerprint identifiers VCR’s, DVD players
Home security systems Video game consoles
Life -support systems Video phones
Medical testing systems Washers and dryers
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An embedded system example -- a digital
camera
Digital camera chip
CCD
lens
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Design challenge – optimizing design metrics
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Design challenge – optimizing design metrics
• Common metrics
– Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system,
excluding NRE cost
– NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): The one-time
monetary cost of designing the system
– Size: the physical space required by the system
– Performance: the execution time or throughput of the system
– Power: the amount of power consumed by the system
– Flexibility: the ability to change the functionality of the system without
incurring heavy NRE cost
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Design challenge – optimizing design metrics
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Design metric competition -- improving one
may worsen others
Power • Expertise with both software
and hardware is needed to
Performance Size
optimize design metrics
– Not just a hardware or
software expert, as is common
NRE cost – A designer must be
comfortable with various
CCD
Digital camera chip technologies in order to choose
A2D
CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor D2A the best for a given application
lens
and constraints
JPEG codec Microcontroller Multiplier/Accum
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Time-to-market: a demanding design metric
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Losses due to delayed market entry
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Losses due to delayed market entry (cont.)
delayed entry
On-time • Percentage revenue loss =
Market rise Market fall (D(3W-D)/2W2)*100%
Delayed • Try some examples
– Lifetime 2W=52 wks, delay D=4 wks
D W 2W – (4*(3*26 –4)/2*26^2) = 22%
On-time Delayed Time – Lifetime 2W=52 wks, delay D=10 wks
entry entry – (10*(3*26 –10)/2*26^2) = 50%
– Delays are costly!
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NRE and unit cost metrics
• Costs:
– Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system,
excluding NRE cost
– NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): The one-time monetary cost of
designing the system
– total cost = NRE cost + unit cost * # of units
– per-product cost = total cost / # of units
= (NRE cost / # of units) + unit cost
• Example
– NRE=$2000, unit=$100
– For 10 units
– total cost = $2000 + 10*$100 = $3000
– per-product cost = $2000/10 + $100 = $300
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NRE and unit cost metrics
$80,000 $80
$40,000 $40
$0 $0
0 800 1600 2400 0 800 1600 2400
Number of units (volume) Number of units (volume)
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Three key embedded system technologies
• Technology
– A manner of accomplishing a task, especially using technical
processes, methods, or knowledge
• Three key technologies for embedded systems
– Processor technology
– IC technology
– Design technology
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Processor technology
Control index
Control Register Control logic Registers
logic
logic and file and State total
State register register State
Custom +
ALU register
General
IR PC ALU IR PC
Data Data
memory memory
Program Data Program memory
memory memory
Assembly code Assembly code
for: for:
total = 0 total = 0
for i =1 to … for i =1 to …
General-purpose (“software”) Application-specific Single-purpose (“hardware”)
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Processor technology
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General-purpose processors
• Programmable device used in a variety of
Controller Datapath
applications
Control Register
– Also known as “microprocessor” logic and file
• Features State
register
– Program memory General
– General datapath with large register file and IR PC ALU
general ALU
• User benefits Program Data
memory memory
– Low time-to-market and NRE costs
Assembly code
– High flexibility for:
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Single-purpose processors
• Benefits
– Fast
– Low power
– Small size
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Application-specific processors
• Features Data
Program memory
– Program memory memory
– Optimized datapath Assembly code
– Special functional units for:
total = 0
• Benefits for i =1 to …
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IC technology
gate
IC package IC oxide
source channel drain
Silicon substrate
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IC technology
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Full-custom/VLSI
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Semi-custom
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PLD (Programmable Logic Device)
1995
1997
1999
2001
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
2003
2005
2007
2009
29
Moore’s law
• Wow
– This growth rate is hard to imagine, most people
underestimate
– How many ancestors do you have from 20 generations ago
• i.e., roughly how many people alive in the 1500’s did it take to make
you?
• 220 = more than 1 million people
– (This underestimation is the key to pyramid schemes!)
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Graphical illustration of Moore’s law
10,000 150,000,000
transistors transistors
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Design Technology
To final implementation
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Design productivity exponential increase
100,000
10,000
Productivity
100
10
0.1
0.01
1991
2001
2005
1983
1987
1993
2003
1985
1989
1997
1999
2007
1981
1995
2009
• Exponential increase over the past few decades
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The co-design ladder
Behavioral synthesis
– Hardware and software Compilers (1990's)
(1960's,1970's)
design technologies were
Register transfers
very different Assembly instructions RT synthesis
– Recent maturation of Assemblers, linkers
(1980's, 1990's)
• Hardware/software
Implementation
“codesign” Microprocessor plus
program bits: “software”
VLSI, ASIC, or PLD
implementation: “hardware”
The choice of hardware versus software for a particular function is simply a tradeoff among various
design metrics, like performance, power, size, NRE cost, and especially flexibility; there is no
fundamental difference between what hardware or software can implement.
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Independence of processor and IC
technologies
• Basic tradeoff
– General vs. custom
– With respect to processor technology or IC technology
– The two technologies are independent
General- Single-
purpose ASIP purpose
General, Customized,
processor processor
providing improved: providing improved:
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Design productivity gap
1987
1989
1991
1993
2007
2009
1981
1983
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005 36
Design productivity gap
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
2003
2005
2007
2009
1995
1997
1999
2001
37
The mythical man-month
38
Summary
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