(00ST Regeral ofc Vi | touo Provincia. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER | Mapuayey Vilage, La Paz, ke City | STRICTLY FOR OFFICE USE ONLY For more information, wit to: | cunlBholocorng lowed, plese lave your 0) ISSN 1656-6831 Dr HUNA E. ALMANZOR Livelinood Technology Serles 12 INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE Telefax: 837-6150 / 837-3167 ‘emai: nea@ost gov ph corcontact RURAL TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION DIVISION Industrial Technology Development Insitute (ITD-DOST) Tel: 837-2071 to 82 loc. 2265/2270 Telefax: 837-207 loc. 2265 / 837-6158 ‘emai: tid@dost gov.ph < MUSHROOM '; Technology Deemer ot Sone ant aly INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OST Compound, General Sanios Avenue. Blcutan, Taguig Cy, Mato Mana, PHILIPPINES ‘aes estooon ‘une 2007" “Our business is industry.1 revied edition by: ELNILAC, ZALAMEDA ‘Compiied by: Eéited by: Dr, CLARO SANTIAGO wcorra. Cover layout by: LUZMIN R. ESTEBAN ‘Advisers: Ma. DIVINA D. ALCABABAS. ROSARIO T. GENATO SJOVENCIA T. GARCIA atime MUSHROOM TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION Mushrooms are fleshy, spore bearing fungl. These spores germinate under favorable corkitions to microscopic filaments which branch to form a mycelium, Fusion of compatible mycelia gives rise to {ruting bodies. Nutronally, mushrooms are called saprophyte and ‘obtain their food from nonviving matter. Carbon and nitrogen sources including other elements available in the substrates support vegetative {grouth and fruting development of the fungi ‘The fast-growing mushrooms are good source of delicious food with high nutritional attibutes like proteins, essential amino acids, fats, vitamins, carbohydrates and fers, and some have medicinal values aswel ‘The art of mushroom propagation has advanced dramaticaly in the past decades due to the techniques of spawn preparation, wide selection of low cost materials and availability of agro-industrial wastes, Used as growing substrates, “Technical information on mushroom growing and brochures. demonstrating the cultivation of commercial species lke Volvarolla volvacea (straw mushroom), Agaricus sp. (white button mushroom), Pleurotus species (oyster and abalone mushrooms), Auriculala species (tainga ng daga) including the medicinal Ganoderma fucidum ‘are now availabe atthe Intute.GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSHROOM FARMS/GROWING HOUSES: 1. Ciera forthe selection of a site ‘Tablet, Mushroom Species Cultivated in the Philippines There should be a sufcient space for expansion + Fresh water shouldbe available ‘+ Temperature range of the area should be suitable for the CLASSIFICATION | SCIENTIFIC | COMMON | INCUBATION ‘Pecific mushroom to be produced senor | aia | hie | Sree | err « Kaibity of aroporatnprocmiyo mat - * Not too windy area for the Volvariella species orcs | wgamn | ow | are | moe oan 2. ter forte ston ora matrle + Availability/continuity of supply at reasonable cost eer | es ae) oa oae 5 Goad aualy fra mae oes 3. ase roaurerens oe * er sure oat, + Rental space for expansion + (boraauea ee eae: + netstat geo uy saw atta + Capa inasiner Es 4 Operates lon me | om |e | oat 5 catatentecioy fees | eames.) = | © | | prooucriow oF rrorca. musitooM stew Mushcon) ieee ce fimo) | PrapananoN oF PorAo-DECTROBE AGAR (POA) some | Sees aw aoa LL paeeeee Fresh good quality potatoes 200 g Daxtome ponte 2 8 perbar gunn) Bo Osta wate +tProcedure 6. Wash, peel and dice the potatoes. Place 200 g in @ casserole where water has started to boil and alow to boll until potatoes are soft enough forthe palate. ‘Strain the broth (decoction) through cheesecloth Restore the volume of decacton to 1 L and put back into the casserole ‘Add the agar (chipped) and the dextrose powder. Heat ‘while siring oceasionaly uti the agar dissolves, Dispense 30 mL in each fat chum bottle and plug the ‘mouth wit the bottle cotton, Steriize the medium in a pressure cooker at 121-C or 154b. pressure for 18 minutes. Immediately after sleriization, slant the test tubes at an angle of 20 to 25 degrees, making sure that the agar does not touch the cotton plug, Lay the bottles fat on the table untl the agar congeals. ISOLATION oF THE PURE CULTURE (by Tissue Culture Method) Tissue Culture Method (Voivariellavolvaceae) 1 Select 2 good, young, healthy and fresh mushroom (ution stage for straw mushroom). Disinfect with 70% rubbing alcohol using a cotton swab. Cut verticaly and horizontally hatf portion of the button stage mushroom. With a sterilized scalpel, cut approximately 1- cm cube to the tissue between the cap and stem and place on the middle ofthe plated agar. Incubate for 5 to 7 days at ordinary temperature. This is termed as pure tissue culture. “Transfer the pure culture into agar slats. Incubate for § to 7 days at ordinary temperature, This is row termed as sub-culture, PREPARATION OF SPAWN SUBSTRATES 1 Place chopped cited substrate; le, rce straw, banana, leguminous leaves in a suitable container and add water Until completely submerged. Pace something heavy on top to avoid floatation. 2. Ferment substrate anaerobicaly in water with urea (3 ‘grams per gallon of water) a8 follows: ‘chopped, dried tobacco midribs. - 3 days ‘chopped, died kekawat/leaves - 5 days chopped, dred ipipilleaves—- 5S days chopped, dried rce straw 2 3days chopped, dried water lily + 2days ‘chopped, died banana leaves - 3 days 3, Wash the substrate with tap water three times or uni ‘objectionable odor is removed. 4. Mix with sawdust at a proportion of two parts substrate toone (2:1) part sawdust 5, Add rie bran (Class A) at 20% of the major substrate. 6. Readjust the moisture at 65% to 70% (damp moisture) 7. Place substrates in polypropylene bags (PP) and 500 (glbag. Use 6x10 PP cags and pul-end ofthe bag, pass thn a PVC pipe fing (1" long x 1" da.) Plug with used cotton, cover with scratch paper and tie with @ rubber band. 8, Sterlize at 1546. pressure for 1 to 1% hours or steam for 4 hours in a drum. 8. Cool, inoculate with pure cuture, INocULATION OF THE SPAWN 4. Steriize the inoculating needle inthe flame of an alcoho! lamp. 2. Lift from the inoculum about 1.5 em* and transfer into the bagged substrate.‘3. Flame the lip ofthe bag as well asthe ip of the chum bottle 4 ‘containing the inocutum before ling a portion for transfer ‘The inoculum substrate is now termed spawn and is ‘ready for planting into beds after two weeks. [BACKYARD PLANTING OF STRAW MUSHROOM. Materials ‘Mushroom spawn of good quality Bedding materials (ice strawrbanana leaves) Urea (feriizer) Plastic sheet (5/3 m bed) Soaking vessels Benlate fungicide) Procedure 1 2 Gather good quality substrates (dred rice straw and dried banana leaves) ‘Arrange the subetrates, bundle with plastic straw in the middle to about 4° diameter. Have the substrate cut to 416" lenath ‘Soak the bundled substrates in clean, tap water for a Considerable period of time. Rice straw requires 3.4 hours soaking while banana leaves require 10-12 hours ‘Soaking. This procedure renders the substrate pliable. t allows sufficient water supply required forthe growth of ‘mold during its incubation period. Do not aversoak the material While the material is being soaked, prepare the bed foundation. This could ether be made of sol, wood or conerete, Most economical and practical is soll foundation. This is done by making a foundation similar to a garden plot which should be eastwest onented Under a partially shaded area Prepare the fertlized paper (old newspaper) soaked in ‘3g Urea/gal of water for 10-20 minutos. 10. 1" 2 2 ‘After the completion ofthe required soaking period, hau! the materials from the soaking vessel and allow excess, water to drain freely. Lay the substrates on the bed foundation and make up 3 to 4 layers during the dry season and 5 to 7 layers during the rainy season. Make the first layer by closely laying enough soaked substrates side by side until the whole length of the plot is covered Distribute pieces of hal-squeezed fertilized paper only ‘along the edges ofthe laid substrates. Distribute spawn (900 g) to the layers of a 3-m bed. Place a thumb-sized spawn on the top of each piece of istrbuted ferttzed paper. Keep a 2.3" distance between spawns. Repeat the preceding procedure as you make the ‘Second, third and succeeding layers. Cover the entre bed wih plastic sheet to assure temperature bulc-up and to retain the moisture required for the mushroom mo to rami. This shoul be left intact for '5 days (dry season) or 7 days or more, depending on the ‘esting cimatc condtions (cook, rainy months) ‘erate the bed on the Sth or 7th day after the incubation Period by removing the plastic cover. This wil alow the ‘release of toxic gases which may affect the growth of ‘mushroom, In cases of storm, heavy rain of too windy 2 lace, raising the plastic sheet for less than an hour in the moring is sufficient. Return the plastic sheet cover, but never allow this to touch the pinheads fo avoid spoilage of mushroom. Care and Management High yielding mushroom beds depend on three interrelated factors: good quality spawns, preparation of bed and care and management. More tps folow: 1 Keep the surrounding clean,PREPARATION OF SuBSTRATES (Fruiting bags) 1 ‘Mix the folowing materials thoroughiy: Sawdust, dried sieve == 78% 2. Keep the bed moist if necessary. Do this by spraying ‘with clean water making sure that it does not exert Rice bran, class A = 20% pressure to avoid breaking the thread-ike structures Calcium carbonate = % ‘Spreading on the substrates. Refined sugar ool 3, DO NOT WATER THE BEDS WHEN PINHEADS ‘APPEAR, This will give way to early decomposition of 700% 2 Aid lp aes sanyo mite, aces 4 Pring up mushrooms would be reaized onthe 14th Spproxmately 857% mowure. When a hancful ofthe ce. er acpanding on te prevaling enirnrertal ture is pressed inthe pai ofthe hand and no water day dering vag ener tus inbetween ne gas and wl ay tn ater ‘arp tools to remove the fruit from the substrate. Hold ise of pressure, the 05-70% moisture is reached. ae ee ee remain’ 3. Pe and pack the subetate in pyri frm, ed ee 4 Cover wih plese sheet and incubate for 5 days, Re-le 5. In case the bed is infected with other kinds of molds or ‘on the 3 day. infested with insects, take the harvestable mushroom ‘5. On the fh day, aerate the piled material by spreading the Safore eplvng tne proscribed fungisdelinseccie and trateral nly a shaded area to remove the lore gases pan tine te oe produced dung the fermertaon porcd 6. Maintain the temperature of the bed at 32° to 35°C Note : De not spread the material under the eun ‘during the fruiting. No mushroom will fruit if sea ee fompurature crops to 20°C. "Mushrooms. gw at higher temperature wil be smaller and ighter in weight Son ene rer me eee ccna 7 Aire fe moth, Stee ied iar troture is readjust to 65-70% lvl 7. Collect the upper pat ofthe laste bag and pass it thu PVC pipe ring (1" dia. x 1" length), then pull the plastic thru PRODUCTION OF SEMITROPICAL MUSHROOM (Oyster a ee toe oo ane ted ae oreo Mushroom room) 8. Plug the bag wih cotton and provide wth paper to essen cea Imowtire uptake curing te etrizaton process. sPHnATON OR FOTATODESTIONE AGRO oe 8. ‘Steritze the packed miure at 151 prossute for 1 ~ 1% production of tropieal mushroom. 410. Cool the substrate. This is now ready for inoculation with Pl spmold grown on PDA or sorghum grains,PROPAGATION OF THE MUSHROOM MOLD 1. Inoculate the POA with young and pure cuture of the Pleurotus mold 2. Incubate the pure culture at 25°C for two weeks or until the full ramifcation of mycelium is observed. (This is now termed as subcuture,) This is now ready for the Inoculation of mether spawn, PREPARATION OF THE MOTHER SPAWN 41. Wash the sorghum grains thoroughly under running tap water. 2. Place in @ casserole, cover with water at about 2° above grain level 3. Bring to a bol wth occasional string to test the grins 4. Stop boling when grains are just about to burst (imalabo/malgat stage). 5. Immediately strain water to prevent grains from becoming ‘overcooked, Use fine screen or cheesecot forthe purpose. 8. Cook briskiy. When grains are merely damp, dstbute in ‘empty flat hum bottles. One kilo wil make 10 bottes. 7. Plug bottles with absorbent cotton, support with a piece of paper and rubber band, Steriize at 15 psi for 15 minutes. ‘Then coo! 8. Inoculate with 15-day old pure culture ofthe mold. (parent- tieeue culture). 8. Incubate at 26-30°C untl the whole medium ie. fully impregnated with the mushroom mold (normally 10-15 days) ‘These are now the mother spavms, one of which will be good for 25 to 30 spawn bags. INOCULATION OF SUBSTRATE WITH GRAIN SPAWNS. 4. Sterize the inoculating needle in the flame of the alcohol lamp. 2. Scrape the fully ramified grain spavn with the use of the inoculating needle, 3. Flame the tip of the fruiing bag as well asthe rhum bottle containing the grain spawn before transfer. 4. Inoculate the steriizedicooled substrate with fully ramified ‘grain spawn, 5. Incubate the above at 25 -28°C for 30-45 days, 8. amity the mold in the substrate. 7. Open the ramified substrate for fang Frome WHERE TO PLACE THE FRUITING BAGS =" Pace the bags In alan and coo! area ofthe house (temperature aprocmstey 25°16 28°), ~ Leave the bogs thre for tcaimateton Store opening he age," SO Brace unr the scan ako serve ab growing aes bit ‘make sure that i is clean and safe fom i : insects. and Abench stop a pan of water can also be used to hol the = Watch out for the fruits. Development usualy starts 3 to 4 days afte opening. HARVESTING ~" Dots wth bare hands. Gey hold he stm and the mushrooms. deshen ‘CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF BAGS ~" Spray water gently onthe srace ofthe bogs Hey UB. Never o hs when pineade appear. Ths wl cana reavy decay ofthe musvoor fut bodes, ~ Gut the opposite end ofthe bags to allow for more futing Scrape the exposed areas from where mushrooms have been harvested using a sharp knife. Do this afer each harvest. NOTE: Fruiting bags last for three months with approximately 8 harvestsfushes. provided proper care and management have been applied to bags/growing houses/chambers. 1 esr Teowae Deon berePRODUCTION EQUIPMENT TOTAL ary| unt} proouction equipment | cost | cost P) {P) ani cooing eaeeeroe i capy 400] — 400 [unit cooking casserole cap) 600 | 600. [Cut shopping boars 160 | 150 + uit working table, 85 made a" —| 000 | 5000 +n balance (100 gram cap) ——|~,800,|— 1,800 +n ga stove, 3 burners (wih tani "3,000 | 3,000 2 nts" wood fle 300] — 200 anit [pressure cooker (ras) ———| 30.000 30,000 + unit|Iolaion chamber (abriated) | 3500]|~ 3.500 + unt sabe! lade ‘30 [20 271 pes [inociing nasa 120 240 + [int shove 300| 300 + | pe | taper 350 350 [arc tm—T hose wna 40| 200 2 nt garden ssor 300] 100 4 tnt iver 75.000] 75,000 + unit weigh es (6g cap) 4 | “units | weighing scale (0-gram cap) ont erm 00-100 bags) 4 yes. ehessectth 4 [int alcoho mp [pe | seaber leer + Estimated Coat ‘ACKNOWLEDGEMENT “This brochure was made possibie through the research efforts of the Microbiology and Genetics Division (MGD), ITDL-DosT.