You are on page 1of 310

w4 e9 wP4 s( sTE.

GQ G

XKRG ZK:XB( XT;XEP9 X@0


A J G P C

wD= X@9 Z. b9 rBK: uH4


Q G h G

ZT6dKQ9G XS)GhOCh JXT;XEP9G

ZT(dK9G ZLP9G vP4 ZT?=dB)h Z=dJ; JXNT?I)


ZT6dKQ9G XS)GhOCh JXT;XEP9G

ZT(dK9G ZLP9G vP4 ZT?=dB)h Z=dJ; JXNT?I)



e2016 )y }
h G ?g=ayG
SQ % q yG

13                                                         ?|Ot}yG

21             + + }
? F9 I G J9 +! * +(
9TzyGh ? O y AyG J9 +! 9TzyG :dh } G {ZqyG

23       + % !
? pQg}yG 9 s9T Ch Z9|OyG , !
p ?jzyG L9A E RvGQ| :dh } G ~TtyG

23                                                   {LO| v v v 1

24                   ?jzyG H9TAvG R9%Fh ?*(jzyG ?wz}yG v v v 1 v v v 1

26                                Z9|OyG ,p ?jzyG RvGQ| v v v 2 v v v 1

28                             jQW=yG #$Pzy ?+=y9tyG b9T!}G v v v 2

35                   jO +( ( " ,
y AyG J yG p Z9|OyGh ?jzyG : ,! 9DyG ~TtyG

35                                 ?*Qap ?=$(|h IR*Qi ?jzyG v v v 1

37                           ?*Qd!h jO+y(AyG (J"yG v v v 1 v v v 1

40                              UG ,zwyG (J"yG ?*Qd! v v v 2 v v v 1


41                        ,zwyG (J"yG ?*Qd!h )!O}G H|9!Q=yG v v v 2

43                    bL v v S ?*Qd!h {+D}AyGh LP(}"yG v v v 1 v v v 2

44                        X-bar theory bL v v v S ?*Qd! v v v 2 v v v 2


46                                       ?+s9q@:G Q*R(yG hsh )6(

5
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

51                                %+
9 z zJ@h ?jzyG L9A E : ! ,! 9DyG {ZqyG

53                             A9]f } G rF9ch ~zf :dh } G ~TtyG

53                                                   {LO| v v v 1

54                             ?+i9|OyG ?*(jzyG rF9c(yG v v v 1 v v v 1

54                   Z9|OyG ,p ?*RvQ}yG ?*(jzyG rF9c(yG v v v 2 v v v 1

56                                 ?+=ZgyG ?*Q+=gAyG rF9c(yG v v v 2

58                 ,g}TyGh ,ta"yG j(jzyG AGO}G A9]fC v v v 1 v v v 2

60                               ,g}TyG uT"yG [F9ZL 2 v v v 2

H9aMyG +
{ zJ@ J9 @ Yh ? F9 R qyG J9 @ ZyG : +( + *+ +( ,! 9DyG ~TtyG

65                                                 j (qWyG

65                            ?+@(ZyG J9SGQOyG e(zf {LGO@ v v v 1

66                                    jO9}yG J9+@(ZyG ~zf v v v 2

67               9FP(}! yJGQ<z ?+@(ZyG IQ9V G {+zJ@ H|GQ< v v v 3

76                             ,q+c(yG JG(Y}G ~zf JGhOC v v v 4

81       +
? <QgyG ?jzy ? Q TqAyG ? 9qwyGh ? qY yG ? 9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG *+ * + ( *
85                     ?qYG yG ?jzyGh ?p Y }yG ?jzyG :dh ( ( ( } G ~TtyG

85                  ?qYG(yG ?jzyG ?*9qvh ?p(Y(}yG ?jzyG ?*9qv v v v 1

86                                       IQw=| J9*9qv v v v 1 v v 1

87                        J9*9qwyG u+tJAy ?Jz| JGhOC v v v 2 v v 1

88                                            ?*(J! J9*9qv v v v 2

89                ?p(Y(}yG ?jzyGh ?qYG(yG ?*(J"yG ?jzyG v v v 1 v v v 2

93                   IO * OF ? Q Tq@h ? qYh J9t =a@ : *+ + + ,! 9DyG ~TtyG

6
SQ%qyG

93               Q+TqAyGh r+Y(AyG ,p ?*O+y(AyG LP9}"yG u+=a@ v v v 1

93                    ?*O+ztAyG ?*(J"yG J:(t}yG ?*Qd! {v9W| v v v 2

95                              jO+y(AyG J:(t}yG e9d! v v v 1 v v v 2

97                            J:(t}zy ,f9<QyG Q(ZAyG v v v 2 v v v 2

97                           ?=vQ|h ?a+T< ?*(J"yG J:(t}yG v v v 3

97                                   ?a+T=yG J:(t}yG v v v 1 v v v 3

99                ,y(t}yG LGhOR:G hC ?=vQ}yG J:(t}yG v v v 2 v v v 3

105                ?D OI ? <Qf JGhO < ? Qd * + z * ! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

107                     ,+ j Z yG , pQZyG A9 =yG ? Qd " * ! :dh } G ~TtyG

107                                        jQd"yG S9S}G v v v 1

110                        ?+}Gg}yG QhPGyG ?JF:h aQZyG v v v 2

114                                         YPGyGh QPGyG v v v 3

116                          ?+pQZyG J9+z}gyG b9=a!G fGO+| v v v 4

117                                  ?}zwyG J9!(w| ?+}zS v v v 5

119                    *
?D OI ? <Qf JGhO < QO9Z}yG : + z ,! 9DyG ~TtyG

120                                    ?JAqyG Q9aW!G ?*Qd! v v v 1

120                              ?*Qd"y9< e9gyG r*QgAyG v v v 1 v v 1

120                                     jQd"yG Q9_ G v v v 2 v v v 1

121                   ?*Qd"zy ?zjW}yG ?+S9S}G O9=}yG v v v 3 v v v 1

121                           ?*Qd"zy jQGWyG LP(}"yG v v v 4 v v v 1

124                                    ?*Qd"yG )zf J9t+=a@ v v v 2

126             ?JAqyG Q9aW!G ,p ?+C;DyG d9gp}G QO9Z| v v v 1 v v v 2

7
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

132                           QO9Z}zy ?+y(t}yG ?g+=ayG v v v 2 v v v 2

132                                            KOJyG ~SG v v v 3

135                  *
?D OI ? <Qf JGhO < J9tAW}yG :Ey9DyG ~TtyG + z
135                           ?tAW}yG IO9}yGh ?+zY}G IO9}yG v v v 1

137                              ,"|RyG O+tgAyGh {f9qyG ~SG v v v 2

140                     ?qZyGh {f9qyG ~SG #+< R++}AyG RFGhQ v v v 3

144                       ?qZyGh {f9qyG ~SG ,p JGOGQaASG v v v 4

147                          {f9qyG ~SG ,p J9%GyG {LGO@ v v v 5

149                            {f9qyG ~S: ?+y(t}yG ?g+=ayG v v v 6

151                             # |RyG 9t a + +"+ +$ |Q :U|9MyG {ZqyG

, " v|9v v@h ?v=vvQv}vyG ?v v v|RvyG +" {vS;vTvyG *z


{v h v@ :dh } G ~vTvtvyG

153                                 Bs zy j jzyG cGQO ( ( G

153                                                     O+%}@

156                      9%vGQOEh ?=vQ}yG ?+"|RyG ?zTzTyG A9"< v v v 1

158            ?,g*QP eC ,y:O :?+"|RyG ?zTzTyG {*hz@ v v v 1 v v v 1

162 yf9vz b<GQyG ?*Q(d"|h ?=vQ}yG ?+"|RyG ?zTzTyG {*hz@ v v v 2 v v v 1

?v+v_QvWvyG )v"v=vyG ,vp ?v=vvQv}vyG ?v+v"v|RvyG {vS;vTvyG {v*hzv@ v v v 2

165                                        ?+_QWyG Q+ih

167                   ,_QWyG >+vQAyG ,p Bs(yG {*hz@ v v v 1 v v v 2

174  9$Q+ih ?+_QWyG #+< ?T=Az| >+vGQ@ ,p Bs(yG {*hz@ v v v 2 v v v 2

180  ?tpOA}yG ?+%GyG ,!9g}yG )yE Qd"y9< ?+"|RyG {S;TyG {*hz@ v v v 3

185                        9$R9+ICh Bs(yG QY9"f ?=@Q v v v 1 v v v 3

8
SQ%qyG

188                        ,%GyG ,"|RyG {*hzAyG {LGO@ v v v 2 v v 3

?vvGvv|Ovv}vvyG J9vv}vvTvvyG ?vvavvSG vv< ( Bvvs vvyG ( {vv h vv@ *z ,! : vv 9vvDvvyG ~vvTvvtvvyG

191                          ?}FQAyG {v9W|h Qd yG ? Fhh " %


191                ?G|O}yG {S;TyG )yE Qd"y9< Bs(yG {*hz@ v v v 1

193                Bs(yG {*hz@ ,p ,yhGOAyG b9+TyG QhO v v v 1 v v v 1

195                       ?}FQAyG {v9W|h Qd"yG ?%Fh v v v 2 v v v 1

198                                  ,%GyG ,"|RyG Bs|}yG v v v 2

205                            +
? <QgyG ?jzyG ?=S I :SO9TyG {ZqyG (
213                         ?y:OyGh ~Gg}yG ?=S I :dh ( } G ~TtyG

213                                                 {LO| v v v 1

216                      ?+<QgyG ?jzy ,q*QZAyG ~Jg}yG v v v 1 v v v 1

217                           ?+q*QZAyG J9+z}gyG LQL v v v 2 v v v 1

218                                          ?y:OyG ?=S(I v v v 2

aQvZvyG # v| Y (" v v}v}vyG aQvZvyGh ( " vJv vyG ?v=vS vI ( : ,! v 9vDvyG ~vTvtvyG

221                                              9FP }
k
(!
221             aQZyG #| Y("}}zy ?+pQZyG J9}TyG ?=S(I v v v 1

225                      ?+pQZyG ?}TyG #*(w@ J9+z}f v v v 1 v v v 1

232            aQZyG #| h"}zy Q+TqAyGh >+vQAyG L(yh v v v 2 v v v 1

235                                  ~+tyG ~vGQ@ CO=| Q9=ALG v v v 2

239       ? +! 9Ty JGhO < z , <QgyG j jzyG KGQAyG U QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG ( *
247                  H %" }yG ? y9wVEh j jzyG KGQAyG :dh + ( } G ~TtyG

247                             KGQAyG #| J9+!9TzyG rs(| v v v 1

9
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

249                                KGQAyG ,p H%"}yG OhOI v v v 2

251                         j(J"yG >+vQAyG U*QO@ ?+y9wVE v v v 3

260                                HGQf G U*QO@ ?+y9wVE v v v 4

263                                  A;| G U*QO@ ?+y9wVE v v v 5

267               KGQAyG U QO@h ?D OJyG J9 * * +! ,!


9TzyG : 9DyG ~TtyG

269                    ,z+wWAyGh ,F9*R+qyG :,@(ZyG f(w}yG v v v 1

271                                        ,pQZyG f(w}yG v v v 2

273                                       ,}Gg}yG f(w}yG v v v 3

278                                        ,=+vQAyG f(w}yG v v v 4

285                                                 H9AwyG ?}@9L

289                                           J9JzaZ}y9< uJz|

295                                                +
? <QgyG hFGQ}yG

307                                               +" }
? = F G hFGQ}yG

10
?|Ot}yG

,YQ9TA}yG d(JAy9< rZA@ ?zIQ| ahQc ,p H9AwyG GP$ ,@z*


IQF9i [F9ZL ?zIQ}yG gP$ J9F9A! >TAw@ fC QdA"}yG #|h
rtD}yG I9+I #| ?qzAM| >!G(F ,p BCOI ,AyG J:(JAy9< ?zZA|
k
9| J:(JAyG gP$ #| ,e(}gyG )zf ,<QgyG Q+ih 9Y(ZL ,<QgyG
k
.9]*C ,F(y(*O*}Gh jO9ZAs:Gh ,S9+TyG 9%"|h ,pQg| ($

?+F(y(}AT< G J9|Ot}yG fC ,y hO=* ,?Y9L Qd! ?%Fh #|h


l
?v+vqvTvzvp b9vTv!C )vyE ?vgvFGQ ?v"v*9v=vAv}vyG J:(vJvAvyG gPv%vy Jzv+v$ ,vAvyG
v v v u}gyG ,p v v v b9T!}G gP$h ,?+F(y(*O*Ch ?+}zfh ?+p9tCh ?*Qwph
[vF9vZvMvyG #v|h .KvavTvyG ,vp BvfQvqv@ fEh IOvIGh QhPvF 9v%vy
o
?vgv+v=v_ hv| 9v%v@;vf9vqv@h 9v%v@:(vJv@ ?vfQvS b9vTv!}G gPv%vy ?vvQvAvWv}vyG

v v v b9T!}G gP%y f{p Z9|Ozy ,=y9tyG e(%q}y9<h .?y(JA}yG ?zIQ}yG


?+zwyG 9%FO9=|h ,?+I9! #| ?ztAT}yG 9%FO9=| v v v ,pQg}yG h<9ayG JGP
gP$ h+}Gp( ?+!9C ?+I9! #| 9%"+< 9}+p {f9qAyG #| 9%"w}@ ,AyG
v v v b9vTv!}G gPv$ {vvh .)Z9v|OvyG #v|h Z9v|OvyG ,vp zvWv"v@ b9vTv!}G
k k k
9!(w| IQ+L}G gP$ rY(< 9%y 9f(\(| ?jzyG #| PMA@ v v v ?g}AG|

13
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

q
,p O(F(}yG( ?jzyG f(w| #+< ?s;gyG {D}@ .Z9|OyG J9!(w| #|
jPyG ,pQg}yG d(JAyG Qn $(F IQ(vP}yG iQL}G b9T!}Gh )Z9|OyG
.#*QWgyG fQtyG J9+"+T}L P"| CO<
k
b9vTv!}G J:(vJv@ #v| 9vs;vav!G( ?vzvIQv}vyG gPv$ JRQvpC Ovsh
,vp Bvzv}vgvAvSG )v"vjvyGh ?vsOvy9v< rvZvAv@ JGhOC )IQ(vvPv}vyG ?v+vpQvgv}vyG
k k
J9+"+T}MyG {=s GOF9S f9v 9}y 9p;L( ?jzyG ?+F9+IC )zf ?"$Q=yG
l
JGhO}G gP$ #|h )gOIh b+J}yG h| {f9qAzy L9A! ?jzyG fC #|
>vS9vJvyG e(vzvf JGhOCh ,Z9v|OvyG Kv*QvWv@h A9v+vI}G e(vzvf JGhOC

A9v+vI}G e(vzvf fC :E .&vTvqv! ,v!9vTvzvyG EvJv=vyG JGhOCh ,?v+v"vtvAvyGh


k
#|h .?jzyG e(zgy f9s9qL f9I9"F ,GO*OJ@ ,9}$ >S9JyG e(zfh
>S9JyGh A9+I}G( ?C;DyG e(zgyG fE ,Pm 8y9I ,d(tyG #w}* ?}C
9%}fR@ ,AyG J9+!9Tzy ?+pQg}yG IQ(Dy9< ,}S 9| B!(v )J9+!9TzyGh
.,wT|(W@ eG(!

J9+!9TzyG Bf9aASG ?+pQg}yG IQ(DyG e9+s P"| fQs rZ! d;L


9v}vv ,9v%v!(v}v]v|h ?vzvIQv}vyG gPv$ {vwvV ?vi9v+vY ,vp ~v%vTv@ fC
JGhOC eOt@ fC 9%@9$9G@Gh 9%FP9}!h 9%G$9"| {w< Bf9aASG
j(jzyG SQOyG ~*Ot@ ,p 9%"f A9"jAS:G #w}* : ?+f(! ?+pQg|
k k k
#| ,!9TzyG EJ=yG #w}@ 9]*C JGhO}G gP%<h .)9T*QO@ hC 9DJ<(
hC Q\9JyGh ,\9}yG #+< ?+F(y(}AT< G ?g+atyG ?g+=_ [+MW@
,AyG ?g+atyG #f &A+f(\(}< rWvh .IQY9g}yGh KGQAyG #+<
uJyC 9| GP$h ,#+}Ts ?+<QgyG ?pQg}zy ,}+AT< G bMyG B}Ts
k
r+"ZA< uzgA* 9| 9%"| ?qzAM| J9*(AT| Bz}V ?jy9< GQGQ\C
q
&Ag+=_ #| ,pQg}yG ?+aL fC h| yQ\9Izh yKGQ@z )yE ?pQg}yG

14
?|Ot}yG

EI9=yG ?+ZMW< uzgA* 9| 9%"|h ,~vGQAyGh OGOA|:Gh d9Z@:G

9| 9%"|h ,e9Tt!:G GP$ #| A,W< B+dI ,AyG ?+p9tDyG ,<QgyG


?+I9! #| jQ9]JyG Ks;AyGh ,?+I9! #| jQ9]JyG O}y9< uzgA*
,fh ,p X*(W@h {+z]Ay B\Qg@ ~+$9q}yG gP$ fE PE ,?+!9C
.,<QgyG rtD}yG
k
d9gpC OhOQ {wV ,p Q%c X*(WAyG GP$ Q$9d| #| 9]g< fE
k k
,p IO+q| Q+i ,!9TzyG EJ=yG JGhOC fC ,p [Mz@ 9|9f 9*CQ B!(v
d9JyG xyPvh ,#++CGQAyG ^g< Qd! ?%Fh #| &ASGQOh KGQAyG IAGQs
k
#| Bzzs IQ+Dv GQ(Y KGQAyG GhQ(Y #*PyG #++!9TzyG ^g< h|
.&A+}$C

v o
I(%yG fC :(y ?A=yG 9%+yE ?F9J< #w! ~y ,AyG ,$ ?*O]yG gP$
BgT@G Os )?+pQg}yG( ?+G+y(}AT< G hF9atyG hC ?g+atyG 9%At}f ,A y G
o o
,<QgyG O%W}yG J:(J@ h| GAk(S Q|}G OGORGh ,9%|OQ >gY )AI
?}W%}yG Q(TGyG OfG(s ~+fOAy A,+%* ,=T! QGQtASG 9| Q+i ,p
IQY9g}yGh KGQAyG #+< U+y ,pQg}yG bMyG {YG(p b<Q@ ,AyG
#v+v< {v< ,bvtvp IOv*OvF IQ9v]vIh ?v}v*Ovs IQ9v]vI #v+v< hC >vTvJvp
KGQAyG fC GP$ )zf A9"< KZ*h .iQLC ?|C IQ9]Ih ?|C IQ9]I
k
xz}* 9}< ,}y9f ,!9T!E KGQ@ ($ {< 9!OIh 9"y 9wz| Og* ~y ,<QgyG
k
GP%<h ,jO"%yG hC ,!9!(+yG KGQAy9v 9|9}@ ?+}y9gyG J9|(t| #|
k
?pQg}y ?}+s :h ,JGQ9]JyG ,\9| #f GO<C A9"jASG : &!{p )"g}yG

.,\9}yG ~IQ #| LQM* ~y Q\9Jy :h ,?pQg| #f Q(aA@ ~y

9%zv #w@ ~y ?+CGQAyG EJ=yG JGhOC fC d(tg}yG #| f9v GPEh

15
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
,!9TzyG EJ=yG JGhOC fC 9]*C d(tg}yG #}p ,?<(za}yG IA9qwy9<
k
:h .?<(za}yG IA9qwy9< 9}FGO u=a@ f} ?Jy9Y 9%zv BT+y e(+yG
k w o
?+!9TzyG JGhO}G #| 9<Q\ Og* eQ9ZyG ?+f(\(}yG H%"| fC xV
?pQg| #+< I(%yG u++]@ ,p 9%y9}gASG #w}* ,AyG ?z}gAT}yG ?=s9DyG
.IO*OFh ?}*Os

#+< 9| E*OJyGh ~*OtyG ,!9TzyG EJ=yG JGhOC Bf("@ Oty


JGhO}G gP$ #|h ,IOQG| ?*Qd! JGhOCh ?*Q=AM| ?+z}g| JGhOC
v
,p {}gzy ?+p9v LP9}!h IA9"< ?*Qd! #| uza"@ ?+G%"| JGhOC
EJ=yG ?<Q9t| ,p {}gAT@ JGhO}G gP$ {v .j(jzyG SQOyG
.9%y9}gASG >zaA@ ,AyG ahQdyG )zf A9"< ?qzAM| uFGQa< ,!9TzyG

,p ?z}gAT}yG &G|GQ<h H(S9JyG JGhOC JGhO}G gP$ #|h


J:9}gASGh ,U(ZMyG &Fh )zf ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I #*O9+|
J9+!9TzyG B}%SC Otp .J9+|(zg}yG IQ(C #f ?]M}A}yG >S9JyG
9%A*9qv ,ph ?*(jzyG ?pQg}yG ~+d"@ ,p ?|OtA}yG 9%@GhOz< ?+<(S9JyG
k
?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG JGhOC &Tq! Bs(yG ,p IQ}DAT| GQk +Tq@h 9qYh
.?f("A}yG ?t+sOyG 9%FP9}"<

EvI9v=vzvy BvIhC ,vAvyG J9vi(vTv}vyG ?v<9vDv}v< gOvfC gQvvP eOvtv@ 9v|


,vAvyG #v+v|9v]v}vyG {vzvJv*h Xvs9v"v*h VQvgvAvTv* {v}vf R9vGv!E IQhQv]v<
GP$ UQIh ,y?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyGz :fG("f BJ@ JA9F
,p ?+<QgyG ?jzyG )zf ,=*QGAyGh jQd"yG u+=aAyG ?yzT| )zf EJ=yG
.?qzAM| J9*(AT|

16
?|Ot}yG

)zf #+}Ts )yE 9%"| {v QaW"* d(Zp )yE {}gyG GP$ YQqA*
:,@6G (J"yG

,?v+vF9v+vI}G J9v+v!9vTvzvyGh ?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG :dh}G {vZvqvyG


, p ?jzyG L9A E RvGQ| :dh ! } G ~TtyG :#+}Ts #| {ZqyG GP$ ryzA*h
( " , J yG p Z9|OyGh ?jzyG : ,! 9DyG ~TtyGh ,? pQg}yG 9 s9T Ch Z9|OyG + % !
JGhOC #| ?f(}G| &+}Tsh {ZqyG GP$ ,p eOszSh .jO+y(AyG
k
JGhO}G gP$ ?+}$C 9"+=| ,?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyGh ?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyG
f(w| ?jzyG H9TAvG R9%F fC ?t+tI )zf ?+p9wyG HGJyG ~*Ot@ ,p
.?jzyG Oy(@ ,AyG ,zwyG (J"yG O9=| #}]A* &!Ch ,i9|O

:9v}v$ #v+v}vTvs ~v]v* ,9v%vzv+vzvJv@h ?vjvzvyG L9vAv!E :,v!9vDvyG {vZvqvyGh


Z9|OyGh ?jzyG : ,! 9DyG ~TtyGh ,A9]f } G rF9ch ~zf :dh } G ~TtyG

)zf ?jzyG L9A!{< ?zZA}yG 9*9]tyG Xs9"*h ,jO +( ( " , y AyG J yG p

k
JGhOC ~$C &y;L #| 9|Ot| ,jO9}yGh ,F(y(+TqyG #+*(AT}yG
.9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E ?SGQO

?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG 9|C

?jzyG ? 9qvh ?p Y }yG ?jzyG ? 9qv :dh * ( ( * } G ~TtyG :&+}Tt< ?+<QgyG


,IOv*OvF ?v Qv vTvqv@h *+ ?v vqvYh + J9vtv v=vav@ + : ,! v 9vDvyG ~vTvtvyGh ,?vqvYG ( vyG

,p ?+!9TzyG JGhO}G Q9}DASG IQhQ\ ?Ws9"|h VQgy &ZZLzTp


.?*Q+TqAyGh ?+qY(yG #+A*9qwyG u+tJ@

?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG ,p UQIzSh


,+ j ZyG , pQZyG A9 =yG ? Qd " * ! :dh } G ~TtyG :?C;DyG &|9Tsz< ,?D*OI

17
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

:Evy9vDvyG ~vTvtvyGh ?vDv OvI * ?v v<Qvf + JGhO v< z QO9vZv}vyG :,! v 9vDvyG ~vTvtvyG h
~v$C VQvgvy &vZv+vZvMv@ )vzvf ,?vDv * OvI ?v v<Qvf + JGhO v< z J9vtvAvWv}vyG

JGhOz< ,pQZyG SQOyG ~*Ot@ ,p 9%A}$9T|h ?+<QgyG J9*Qd"yG


k
.J9tAW}yGh QO9Z}yGh ?}zwyG A9"< )zf GRvQ| ,?D*OI ?+<Qf ?+!9Ty

~TtyG :&+}Tt< #|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG A,G*h


j ( vjvzvyG cGQO G , " v|9v v@h ?v=vvQv}vyG ?v v v|RvyG +" {vS;vTvyG *z
{v h v@ :dh } G

?vGv|Ov}vyG J9v}vTvyG ?vavSG v< ( Bvs vyG ( {v h v@ *z : ,! v 9vDvyG ~vTvtvyG h (


Bvs vzvy

k
,"|RyG {*hzAyG ?+]ty 9ZZM| ,?}FQAyG {v9W|h Qd yG " %
? Fhh

J9ty9gAyG ,p {Zqzy ?+@9}iGQ9=yGh ?*O+y(AyG ?y:OyG JGhOC u+=a@h


.?+%GyG ?+"|RyG

:dh } G ~TtyG :&+}Tt< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyGh


:aQZyGh ( " J y G ?= S I : ( ,! 9DyG ~TtyG h ?y:OyGh ~Gg}yG ?=S I (
JGhOC ~$C #| ?f(}G| VQgAT+p ,9FP
k
(! } aQZyG # | Y (" }}yG

A9v vPv yG #v *O9v +v |h ?v +v <(v S9v Jv yG J9v +v !9v Tv zv yG 9v %v @RQv pC ,v Av yG Ev Jv =v yG


k
JGhOzv< ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ~v*Ovtv@ IQhQv\ )vzvf GOvv|v| .,vf9v"vavY:G
.?qzAM}yG 9%G|GQ< #| IO9p Gh ?=S(JyG

JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG ,@z+Sh


?v+vF(viGOv+v< >v!G(vF #v| ,v!9vTvzvyG EvJv=vyG JGhOC dh9v"vAv+vy ,?v+v!9vTvy
u+tJ@ ,p 9%Af9G! iO|h JGhO}G gP$ ~$C Q%dAT+y ?+w+AvGO*Oh
GP$ Q%ch ,j(jzyG SQOyG #| ?<(za}yG ?+T*QOAyGh ?+DJ=yG ?*9qwyG
+
? y9wVEh j jzyG KGQAyG :dh ( } G ~TtyG :9}$ #+}Ts ,p {ZqyG
,KGQvAvyG Uv QOv@h * ?vDv OvJvyG * J9v v +! 9vTvzvyG : ,! v 9vDvyG ~vTvtvyGh %"
,Hv v v}vyG

18
?|Ot}yG

,"jyG 9"CGQ@ ,p >+t"AyG ,p JGhO}G gP$ Q9}DASG ?+}$C f9Ws9"*


k
.9]*C ?qzAM| Qd! 9*GhR #|h ?qzAM| uFGQa< &}*Ot@ IO9fEh

[t"y9< rZA* 9}+p rZA* ,QLB {}f jzv ,{}gyG GP$ fE

jPyG O%GyG fC ,FGRf fC :E ,&+p {aMyG #|9w| J9dI;| IQDvh


k
#|R #| ?qzAM| {IGQ| ,p QDg@ Osh ,9s9V f9v gOGOfE ,p dP<
fC (FQ} ,"!{p ?tW}yGh B"gyG #| &+p B+ty 9| QOt<h ,gOGOfE
&+p Q+T@ jPyG >S9"}yG g9G@:G ,p gP$ ,A}$9T| B|Os Os f(vC
?vzv|9vwvAv| ?v+v<Qvf ?v*Qvdv! ?vi9v+vY )vyE d(vY(vzvy ?v+v<QvgvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG
?+<Qf ?+pQg| JGhOC L9A!E )yEh ?p9v j(jzyG SQOyG J9!(w}y
u+tJ@ ?yzT| ,p 9%+yE ~wAJ! ,AyG ?+f(\(}yG WhQWyG #| uza"@
.?+<QgyG ?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG

19
Y
dh G {ZqyG

* +(
? O y AyG J9 +! 9TzyG

++ Y
? F9 I G J9 +!9TzyGh
dh YG ~TtyG

Z9|OyG , p ?jzyG L9A E RvGQ|!


+
? pQg}yG 9 % s9T Ch !

{LO| vvvvv 1

:9v%v!zv<
   ?v +v F9v +v I}G J9v +v!9vTvzv yG rv*Qv gv@ #v wv}v*
K*QW@ HF9A! )yE 9%@9+\Qp ~+fO@ ,p O"AT@ ,AyG ?*(jzyG J9SGQOyG
 ?*(jzyG IQOty9< ?zZA}yG ?+zLGOyG &@9!(w| {+zJ@h Z9|OyG
?vav=v@Qv}vyG      ?v+vpQvgv}vyG b9vTv!}9v<h  

.9}$Q+ih cGQO Gh Q+wqAy9v IOtg}yG ?+"$PyG J9+z}gy9<


n
A9v+vI}G #v| PvMvAv@ fC ?vjvzvy Z9vS rv*QvgvAvyG GPv$ )vyE Qvdv"vy9v<h
q k
{LGOAyG GP$ HA! Otyh .UwgyG KZ*h ,9%y 9f(\(| )?+i9|OyG(
v
#| Q+Dw< ?}fO}yG( J9+\QqyG #| Z9|OyG e(zfh J9+!9TzyG #+<
 ?v jv zv yG H9v Tv Av vG R9v %v F fC ?v tv +v tv Jv < ?v tv zv gv Av }v yG )Hv Gv Jv yG
   ?v v jv v zv v yG ?v v wv v zv v }v v < ,v v }v v S 9v v | hC(      
l q
J9SGQOyG HF9A! >TJ< Z9|OyG J9!(w| #| f(w| ) 
2 1
#<G(h ),!9FQGyG Q$9tyG O=f(h )9"+S #<G( ?}*OtyG ?+<QgyG

.Uq " (
y G dG IC 1

.R9Gf G {F:O 2

23
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

2 1
?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG J9IhQ_ >TJ<h )OVQ #<G(h )fhOzL
.)gOg< 9|h 1957 ,wT|(W@( IQY9g}yG
k
fC ?+\Qq< 9wT}@ J9$9G@:G QDvC ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG Og@h
k k o n
)zf &"f 9FQ9L 98+V BT+yh Z9|OyG ,ph Z9|OyG 9%f(\(| ?jzyG
xT}AyG GP%yh ,    ?*(jzyG IQOtyG i(AT|

?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG Bvav=v@QG HvGvJvyG #v| Qv+vDvwv< ~vfOv}vyG Y9vpOvyGh


k
f9T! G O"f( Z9|OyG K*QW@h Z9|OyG e(zf 9Y(ZL ,A9+I}G e(zg<
.)fG(+JyGh

?jzyG H9TAvG R9 Fh ? % *( jzyG ?wz}yG vvvvv 1 vvvvv 1

?jzyG H9TAvG R9%F hC     ?*(jzyG ?wz}yG

{}gAT@ ,OIGh e(%q}y f9JzaZ|       

J9v +v <OC {v }v gv Av Tv @ 9v }v "v +v < ,dh}G Kv zv av Zv }v yG ?v +v CGQv Av yG J9v SGQOv yG


k
?p9v ?*O+y(AyG J9SGQOyG uza"@h .9g| #+"C:G ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG
o k
fC gO9vqv| jRvvQv| VGQvAvpG #v| ,9v!9v+vIC,9v%v@9v"v*9v=v@h 9v%v@9v!(vwv| {vwv<
l
  ?v*Qvavp ?v=v$(v}v< OhRv| )IO:(vyG Pv"v|( f9vTv! G )Z9v|O(
k
9"+F 9%qY(< gO"f ?wz}yG hC ?=$(}yG gP$ Q%d@h ,?jzy 
l o k
IOIGh ,(J"yG GP$ )zf ,)?jzyG (]f hC( ?*(jzyG ?wz}yGh .9+CGQh

.?|Ot}yG 1
Ov v+v vTv vyG ?v v+v vy(v v}v vVh ?v vsO Qv vDv vvC {v v+v vY9v vqv vAv vy Qv vdv v!Gh , ( " vvvJvvv vvvyG "
?vvvf9vvv vvvY ,
vvvp jQhQvvv]vvvyG 2
,vvp ?vv*(vvjvvzvvyG ?vvwvvzv v}vvyG Y(vv\(vv| dh9vv"vv@ PE ,?vv*(vvjvvzvvyG ?v vwvvzvv}v vyG :)2002(jh9vvsQv vWvvyG
.?z|9Vh ?t+}f IQ(Z< ?D*OJyGh ?}*OtyG J9SGQOyG

24
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

,v@zv* ,vAvyG )bhPvAvyGh QvZv=vyGh hv}vTvy9vv( ?v+vF(vy(v+v=vyG JGOvgv}vyG #v|


q
.9%< OhR| ($h 9+!OyG )yE f9T! G

x o
   ?ztAT| ?GJ< VGQAp:G GP$ ~fO Otyh
o v
A9+I}G ~zf dOASG PE ,Z9|OyG K*QW@ {|9g|h A9+I}G e(zf #|
IQ+=v ?=T! O"f Z9|OyG #| QT*}G [qyG ,p j(jy RvQ| O(Fh )zf
9v}vv .~v%v]vgv< Ov"vf #v}v*}G [vqvyG ,vp Qv%vdv* Ovsh ,QvWv=vyG #v|
k
9|O"f QT*}G [qyG u_9"| ,p ,q ]*C W9W! O(Fh ,9+z}g|,eI(y
o n o
h\(*( ,T+_9"j| R9%F ?=sGQ| BJ@ KOJAyG U9MVC #| >z_
m
.e;wyG ?+z}f #| H@9"yG ,]*}G W9W"zy )Z9|OyG )zf

#| ,@z@ ?+\QqyG gP$ )zf HGJyG f{p ,wT|(V )yE ?=T"y9<h


?F9JyG #| (zM@ : ),}zgyG d:OAS:G >!9F )yE( J9dI;| IOf
k q
fC 9g+}F 9"y #w}* PE ,?+ta"}yG HGJyG 9%"|h ,Q+wq@h Q<O@ )yE
: GP9}y :{+=s #| ,$ ,AyG )2000( ,wT|(V ?z8SC MQ_ O+g!
9$Q+ih jR!9=}WyGh ?aaty9v 9"g| X+g@ ,AyG ?q+y}G J9"F9wyG ~zwA@
,?f9T! G 9%y VQgA* ,AyG 9%Tq! b+J}yG JGQ+CzAy VQgA@ 9%!C h|
,,wT|(W@ Qd! ?%Fh #| ,?_9T=<,dD9TAyG GP$ #f ?<9F G fE
IOhR| Qo +i 9%!Ch ,?jzyG H9TAvG R9%F xzA}@ : J9!G(+JyG f} ,$
k o
#| ?+\QqyG gP$ ?|;S )zf GO+vz@( 9"$ r+\Ch .IO:(yG P"| 9%<
k
fE :?dI;}yG )zf ,"=}yG 9]*C ,ta"}yG Q9_ G ,p )jQd! ?%Fh
fC #w}* : v v v fG(+JyGh f9T! G ,p v v ?+F(y(+=yG JGOg}yG h+}F
^g< B!9v GP{p ;b+J}yG h| 9"zf9q@ OQG| #| ?=TAw| f(w@
k
GPEh ,h}Tzy GR9%F xz}@ : ,?_9T=< ,9%!~p h}T@ : JGQWJyG

25
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
GR9%F xz}@ : 9%!~p ,W}* : QL6Gh QZ=* : 9%]g< f9v
k k
GR9%F xz}@ : 9%!} ~zwA@ : xyPv ,$h ,;FQC :h Q9Z<5y
k
9*Qap OhR| &!} fGQ+ayG h+aAT* : &"wy ~zwA* f9T! Gh ,~zwAzy

?8+=yG fC &zv GP$


#| HA"AT! fC #w}*h .?+!9DyG )yE QtAq|h )yh}9<
k x o
,9*Qap &< OhR* ~y 9| c;A|G #| f9T! G #w}@ : b+J}yG hC
q n
IQ9%}y9p .~zwAyG IQ9%| #| b+J}yG &"w}* #y y~w<Cz O(y(}y9p
GPE 9|C ,IR$9F ?+F(y(+=yG JGOg}yG B!9v GPE b+J}yG #| ?=TAw|
k k
?qy9@ hC ?=F9i )?jzyG 9%}$C #|h( ?+F(y(+=yG 9"@GOg| ^g< B!9v

fC 9"gS(< f9wy :Eh ,?|R;yG JGQ9%}yG ~*Ot@ #f RGg* b+J}y9p


.IO:(yG Og< fGQ+ayG ~zgA!

Z9|OyG , p ?jzyG RvGQ| vvvvv 2 vvvvv 1

Bsh P"| )?+z}g}yGh ?+J*QWAyG( ?+F9+I}G J9SGQOyG B|Os


k
d(J@ W9t!h ?*(jy RvGQ| O(Fh )zf 9GGIh J::OASG Qw=|
 ! 9vhQ< ?ta"| 9%"|h Z9|OyG #| ?qzAM| u_9"| ,p j(jy
1
[qyG ,p Z9|OyG #| QT*}G [qyG ?|Ot| ,p IO(F(}yG  

{v }v Gv yGh J9v }v zv wv yG >v +v vQv @ ,v p OOv Jv | 9v %v Y9v Zv Av LGh ,,v %v =v Gv yG


ua! ?+z}f ,p ?ZZMA}yG A9]f}G )yE Q|Gh}G d9SQEh 9%q*QZ@h
k 2
,ta"yG R9%GyG J;]f ,p 9+FRF ~wJA@ 9%!{p xyPyh ,e;wyG

U9v vMv vV}G Ov vIC Nv v| Kv v*Qv vWv vAv v< 1861 e9v vf ,v vp e9v vs ,v vTv v!Qv vp >v v+v v=v v_ 9v vvhQv v< dQ9v vv 1
k
9vvhQv< evI:h ,QvLB 9v8v+vV ,v!9vgv* #vwv* ~vyh ,uvav"vyG fGOvtvp ,v!9vgv* f9vvh ,#v+vp(vAv}vyG
HvAv"vAvS9vp ,SCQvyG ?v|Ovtv| #v| QvTv*}G [vqvyG ,vp ?v<9vYE Q(v%vc Kv*QvWvAvyG d;vL #v|
.e;wyG ,p ?ZZMA}yG ?ta"}yG ,$ ?ta"}yG gP$ fC
k
.   ,|;wyG AGO}G ?+z}g< 9]*C )fO@h 2

26
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

)1( {wV

)1( ~sQ Z9|OyG IQ(Y d;L #| Q%d* 9}v .&F(yG J;]fh


1
.g;fC
o v
"  ! xv!Qv+vp ?vtvav"v| (vjvzvyG ,vp ?vZvZvMvAv}vyG uv_9v"v}vyG #v|h
2
ARGyG ,p OOJ}yG ,T+FQyG h}TyG R9%F #| HQty9< ?gsG(yG  

,g;fC ,i9|OyG Q*(ZAyG ,p #+=| ($ 9}v ,iOZyG [qzy ,qzMyG


#f ?yh|T}yG ?ta"}yG ,$h ,?+g}TyG J;LO}yG d9=tASG 9%A}%|h
#| 9$Q9+ALGh JGOQq}yG Q+Tq@h ,!9g}yG OGOfEh e;wyG Q+Tq@h ~%p
f{p x!Q+p ?ta"| ?q+ch >+@Q@ ?+I9! #|h .{}GyG L9A!E {FC
{+zJ@ HF9A! {=tAT@ IQ+L}G gP%p ,9vhQ< ?ta"| {}f u=T* 9%z}f

&y9SQE )zf ~C #|h e;wyG >+vQ@ IO9fE )zf {}g@h x+!Q+p ?ta"|
.ua"yG ,p ?ZZMA}yG A9]f}G )yE

#$$ %& $ $ :Z9v v |Ov v yG rv v F9v v chh ?v v +v v "v v < ,Bv v SOQv v S rv v *Qv v _ 1
.&$& $& '''( '#
.x!Q+p dQ9v ?IGQGyG ~y9f 9%qWAw| )yE ?=T! 2

27
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
9%A+}T@ #w}* 9| ,9]*C,?jzyG ,p ?ZZMA}yG u_9"}yG #|h
  jQv vZv v=v vyG cGQO G ?v vtv vav v"v v| hC ?v v*Qv vZv v=v vyG IAGQv vtv vyG ?v vtv vav v"v v}v v<
rzL jQGOGyG [qyG {qSC ,p ?ta"}yG gP$ ht@h ,  

{*(J@ ,p {D}A@ 9%Aq+chh ,Q9Z< G ?ta"| e9|Ch x!Q+p ?ta"|


j(jzyG cGQO G #| #$PyG #+w}Ay ?*(jy R(|Q )yE ?*QZ=yG IQ(ZyG
.jQZ=yG

uv_9v"v}vyG ~v$C #v| ?v+vgv}vTvyG ?v*(vjvzvyG J9v+vzv}vgvyG ?vtvav"v| Ovgv@h


[qzy ,qzMyG ARGyG ,p ht@h ,?+|;wyG J9+z}gyG ,p ?ZZMA}yG
OQq"Sh ,?*QZ=yG J9+z}gyG ?ta"|h x+!Qp ?ta"| #+< 9| ,iOZyG
{}g@h .?jzy ,g}TyG cGQO 9< uzgA}yG ~TtyG ,p {+Y9q@ 9%y
?*(jzyG u_9"}yG #+< b<QyG )zf ?+=ZgyG J;Y(}yG #| ?f(}G|
A9vPyG J9wz| ?|(d"| #f ?yh|T}yG ?*RvQ}yG b9T!}Gh IQ(vP}yG
JGQtqyG ,p 9$OQhC ,AyG JGOtAg}yG B+=D@h cGQO Gh {+zJAyGh
.?+y9AyG

jQW=yG #$ Pzy ? =y9tyG b9T + !} G vvvvv 2

fQtyG rZA"| )yE ?+!9!(+yG ?qTzqyG A9}zf P"|( OF9TyG f9v


#$P ,p 9%}+d"@h ?+"$PyG ?pQg}yG Q(Z@ Y(\(| ,p )#*QWgyG
k k
)"g}< ,9*O9IC 9}+d"@ J9wz}yGh aQ9g}yG ~d"* #$PyG fC f9T! G
,f("p ,e(zf( 9%a}! >TJ< #$PyG {LGO ?}Tt| aQ9g}yG fC
o
Qv+vwvqvAvyG #vf ?vyh|vTv| 9v%v!C VQvAvqv* ,vAvyG J9vwvzv}vy9vp ,)...HGOB

#| QLB b}! #f ?yh|T| iQLC J9wz| h| h_9tA@ : j(J"yG


o
)yE J9wz}yG ~+Tt@ jO9I}G Q(ZAyG GP$ #f ^M}@h ,?pQg}yG

28
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

#|h f("qyG ~]@( ?+tpC J9wz|h )e(zgyG ~]@( ?*O(}f J9wz|


.)HO}Gh ?jzyG 9%"}\

,=y9tyG Q(ZAyG ,@z* ,)jO+ztAyG( jO9I}G Q(ZAyG {<9t| ,ph


#+< R*9}@ Q%d* : E+I )?*O+y(AyG A9J!}G ,p( ?pQg}zy   

Q(ZAyG R+}A*h .)1981 ,wT|(V( #$PyG {LGO e(zgyGh aQ9g}yG


,?+pQg| >yG(s {wV ,p #$PyG {LGO ?pQg}yG ~d"* &!(w< ,=y9tyG
fB ,p iQL}G >yG(tyG h| ?zf9qA}yGh ?ztAT}yG &FO9=| >y9s {wy
k
#f ?ztAT| ,;D| ,,zwyG (J"yG O9=}p ,)387:U 1999 ~+y9i(
O9=| {f9qA@ &Tq! Bs(yG ,ph ,)"g}yG L9A!Eh ?y:OyG O9=|
1
.QL6G #| 9}$OIC b9tAV: ?y:OyG O9=| h| (J"yG

,wT|(W@ P+|;@ #| #+"CG Ey9C v v v )1983( QhO(p e9s Osh


R@9v 9}$ (J"yG )zf ?y:OyG ~*Ot@ ?yzT| ,p &"f #+tW"}yG #*Q+%WyG
9%ZF9ZLh     ?+=y9tyG b9T!}G ?SGQO< v v v {AS(<h
x
)2004(h )1999( ~+y9i O}J| d;L #| &aT<C jPyG (J"yG )zf
.O*OV Q9ZAL9<

?v vy:Ov vyG Q9v vZv v!Ch jOv v+v vy(v vAv vyG (v vJv v"v vyG Q9v vZv v!C #v v+v v< uv v+v v}v vf a;v vAv vLGh a;v vL c9v v"v v$ 1
,Uv wv gv yG hC ?v +v y:O O9v =v | #v | (v Jv "v yG O9v =v | b9v tv Av VG ?v yzv Tv | d(v I ?v *Q(v Zv Av yG
9v v|h 1995(h )H h C1986(h )1981(h )1980(h )1968(h )1957(,v vwv vTv v|(v vWv vAv vp

)v zv f 9v %v Av +v tv =v SCh ?v *(v Jv "v yG O9v =v }v yG ?v +v yhC ?v +v \Qv p #v f f(v gv pGOv * &v f9v =v @Ch )gOv gv <
o
hC O9v v=v v}v vyG #v v| uv vAv vWv v@ ?v v+v vy:Ov vyG Ov vfG(v vtv vyG hC O9v v=v v}v vyG fCh ,?v v+v vy:Ov vyG O9v v=v v}v vyG
)% )1972(Rv v@9v vv ?v v*Q(v vZv vAv vyG ?v vy:Ov vyG Q9v vZv v!C hv vpGOv v* 9v v}v v"v v+v v< ,?v v*(v vJv v"v vyG Ov vfG(v vtv vyG
YQv vp ,v v$h( +& , )1983(h )1977( ahOv v"v vv9v vFh *  )1983( QhO(v vph
)vzvf ?v+vy:OvyG O9v=v}vyG ?v+vtv=vSCh ?v*(vyhC ?v+v\Qvp #vf )?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG YhQvp #v|
.)yh}G O9=| #| ?tAW| IQ+L}G gP$ O9=| fCh ?*(J"yG O9=}yG

29
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

o
)fO* dh}G :#+f(! #| #$PyG ,p ?+=y9tyG b9T!}G f(wA@
Q+i J9+z}gyG 9%zD}@h    )QwqyG( ?*RvQ}yG b9T!}G

,9%@9|GRzASG H9TJ< e(t@h ,J;+D}AyG #+< fQ9t@ ,AyG ?+=y9tyG


p
1999( ~v +v y9v i Ov }v Jv | Qv +v =v gv Av < ?v +v }v zv gv yG JGOv tv Av gv }v yG Bv +v =v Dv Av <h
.)394:U

hv+v}vF b9vTv!C )vfOv* ,v!9vDvyGh ,v$h :   {vLOvyG


x o
J9|(zg}y9< 9%*Pj@h ?*RvQ}yG b9T!}G rzj@ ,AyG U}MyG SG(JyG
Qwqzy b9T!}G gP$ eOt@h ,Z9|OyG LQ9L #| 9%+zf {ZJA@ ,AyG
x
9%a+J| h| JGPyG {f9q@ #| ?G@9"yG J9S9TI G d(J@h ,&@O9|

~v+vy9vi Qv+v=vgvAv< ?v*RvvQv}vyG b9vTv!}G 9v%vGvy9vgv@ f} ?vzv<9vs J;v+vDv}v@ )vyE


.)1999(

K+\(@ LP(}! )2( ~sQ ,y9AyG ,z+D}AyG {wWyG Og! fC #w}*h


{v LOv yG b9v Tv !C #v| ?vtvpOvAv}vyG J9v|(vzvgv}vyG gPvLzv@ jPvyG Q9vTv}vzvy
gP$ {Z@ : E+I ,Z9|OyG )?*RvQ}yG b9T!}G( g9G@9< )SG(JyG(
J9*(AT| IOf ,p 9$R+|Q@ Og< :E Z9|OyG )yE IQV9=| J9|(zg}yG
  IQqW}yG R(|QyG d(Yh Og<h .IOtg|h ?qzAM| uFGQa<h
h| )9%+q! hC 9%A+=D@h( 9%At<9a|h 9%wp )zf Z9|OyG {}g* Z9|OyG )yE
.?}*OtyG ?!RM}yG HQ9GAyGh J9|(zg}yG

)395 :U 1999( ~+y9i >TI {LOyG b9T!C ?+=y9s )zGA@h


?+pQg}yG J9+z}gyG 9%wz}@ : [F9ZMyG #| ?f(}G| 9%v;A|G ,p
#| {LOyG b9T!C #+w}@ )zf {}g@ [F9ZL ,$h .?*RvQ}yG

30
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

)2( {wV

#|GRAy9< ?*(jzyG Q+ih ?*(jzyG J9|(zg}yG ?Gy9g| ,p ?tF9qyG ?fQTyG


1
.?+vGQO G J9|(zg}zy ?*RvQ}yG b9T!}G ?Gy9g| h|

)1983( QhO(p >TJ< [F9ZL hT@ {LOyG b9T!C xzA}@h


,?vfQvTvyGh ,?v*OhOvJv}vyGh ,?v+v|GRvy Gh ,d9vGv}vyG ?v+vY(vZvL ,v$
?v+v=vZvgvyG ?vSOv"v%vyGh ,?v+vJvavTvyGh ,J9v|(vzvgv}vyG Ev+vI #v| hv"v}vyGh
2
b9T!}G xzA}@ 9}"+< .U9MyG (}"yGh ,,f("yG {zMyGh ,IQ9tyG

.[F9ZMyG gP$ #f ?t+sO {+Y9qAy )9$Og< 9|h 395:U 1999( ~+y9i Qd!G 1
k
?v+v\Qv| ?v+vf(v! J9v<9vY VQvgvAv* fC 9v|(v}vf ?vjvzvyG R9v%vGvy hC b9vTv!}G gPv%vy #vwv}v* 2
9v%v]vgv<h VQv| 9v%v]vgv< ;J:;vAvL:G #v| ?vzv}vF )vyE jO|v@ ?vqvzvAvMv| KOG(vI hC
#v | Ov *Ov gv yG e;v wv yG VGQv |C e(v zv f Bv Zv Mv V Ov sh ,~v zv wv Av yG uv +v gv @ : J9v <GQv av \G
hC ?vTv=vJvyG :9v%v"v| &vs9vTv!C OvIC hC ?vjvzvyG (v]vf >v+vZv@ Ovs ,vAvyG ?v+v\Qv}vyG J:9vJvyG
= e(v zv f SQOv @h ?v jv Dv zv yGh ,v |;v wv yG Qv Lzv Av yGh Izv @9v Av yGh ~v wv =v yGh #  9v *R9v p}G

31
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)3( {wV

?v+v"v+v*G(vwvyGh     ?v+v<hQv@hRv*}G :#v+vAv+vY9vL )QvwvqvyG( ?v*RvvQv}vyG

hF9s(yG fC )1999( ~+y9i >TJ< )yh}9< O(Zt}yGh . 


QOZ| jC #| 9%Y;MASG #w}* ?+}zf ?+\Qp J9=CE ,p IOQG(yG
fC )"g}< ;9%+yE {Y(AyG u=S ,AyG ?+=*QGAyG uF9tJyG {tI ,p
{v}vgvAvTv* Ovs #v+vgv| ,vpQvgv| d9vGv| ,vp OQG(vyG ,v}vzvgvyG f9v$Qv=vyG
?v+v!9vDvyG ?v+vY9vMvyG 9v|Ch .QvLB ,vpQvgv| d9vGv| ,vp &v< d:OvAvS;vy
?"+g| ?+\Qp )yE O"T@ ,AyG J9=C G ?FQO fC ,"gAp )?+"+*G(wyG(
#w}A*h .&A|Q< ?+}zgyG JGOtAg}yG uT! [F9ZMy ?g<9@ f(w@
L9A"AS:G J9+z}g< e9+tyG #| #+A+Y9MyG #+@9%< ,!9T! G {tgyG

#v v| Qv v+v vDv vwv vy L;v vgv vyG ~v v*Ov vtv v@ f9v vwv v|E #  ,v vF(v vy(v vC9v v=v vyG hC e;v vwv vyG VGQv v|C =
,vp #v+vZvAvMv| hv| cGQvAvV:9v< ,vf(v"vyG {vzvMvyG )vyE VQvgvAv@ ,vAvyG ?v*(vjvzvyG uv_9v"v}vyG
.?jzyG

32
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

J9i(T}< {ZA* 9}| 9$Q+ih d:OAS:Gh S9+tyGh &+=WAyGh ,ztgyG


.JGOtAg}yG B+=D@
o
)yE {Y(@ Os ~*OtyG ,<QgyG EJ=yG fz< d(tyG a9Z! G #|h
k
9Y(ZLh ?*RvQ}yG b9T!}Gh {LOyG b9T!C #+|9]| {}J@ Q9wpC
k k
9t+sO ;+zJ@ eOs Otzp ,Uq"yG dG(IC &<9Av ,p 9"+S #<G O"f

J9+z}f CO=@h .,!9g}yG cGQOE #| {tgyG 9%< #w}A* ,AyG ?t*Qazy


,p )}T* 9| h| u<9aA@ ?+TI i(s #| 9"+S #<G O"f )"g}yG cGQOE
cGQO G i(vs uv<9vavAv@h ,{vLOvyG b9vTv!zv< e(v+vyG ?v*Q(vZvAvyG ?vy:OvyG
)3( {wWyG ,p baM}yGh .?*RvQ}yG b9T!}9< )}T* 9|h ,ztgyG
1
.?*(jzyG 9"+S #<G J;+zJ@ ~$C [Mz* g;fC

.9"+S #<G Qd!G 1

1999( ~v +v y9v i Qv dv !G 9v "v +v S #v <G ?v SGQOv y uv +v sO {v +v zv Jv Av yh ,60 :U Uvvqvv vvyG dG vvIC " (
.)37:U

33
,! 9DyG ~TtyG

jO y +( ( " ,
AyG J yG p Z9|OyGh ?jzyG

*
? Qap ?= $( *
|h IR Qi ?jzyG vvvvv 1

,I9"| ,p Z9|OyG ?SGQO< v v v BqzSC 9}v v v v ?jzyG ?SGQO Ba=@QG


H9vAvv dhC Q(v%vc ?v*GOv< Pv"v| ?vp9vv 9v%v@9v!(vwv|h ?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG
     ?+=+vQAyG ,!9=}yG &!G("f )1957( ,p ,wT|(Wy
k o r
gP$ #| dh}G ~TtyG ,p 9%"| 9pQ_ JOQhC ,AyG HGJyG )zf A9"<
k
&v+vp ^vIO :9vtv| ,vwvTv|(vV QvWv! )1968( e9vf ,vph .?vSGQOvyG
1
.?jzyG H9TAvG ?yzT| d(I Bs(yG xyP ,p IOF9TyG J9IhQayG
Z9v|OvyGh ?vjvzvyG (v$ dh}G f9v<9vAvv ,vwvTv|(vWvy QOvY )1986( ,vph
9| ($h )C 1986( ,wT|(W< &+zf d9J*h  
 
q 2
,IOF QDv}G &@9F9A!h &y9}fC )yE ?p9\ 9< .b9+TyG GP$ ,p 9"+"g*
#$PyGh ?jzyG ?SGQO ,p IO*OF b9pBh )1995( )!O}G H|9!Q=yG 9%"|

Qv <(v < dQ9v v ~v %v "v |h #v +v +v v(v zv Tv yG J9v IhQv _ ,v wv Tv |(v V ^v pQ d9v Dv }v yG {v +v =v S )v zv f 1
?vav+vTv<h ?v+vyhC ?v}vdv!C #v| zvWv"v@ ?v+v!9vTv! G ?vjvzvyG fC 9v%v+vp VQvAvpG jPvyG ) - 

:U 1968 ,v vwv vTv v|(v vV(Ov vtv vfC e9v vdv v! )v vyE Q(v vav vAv v@ ~v vC       

.)2
&v+vzvf d9vJv*h #
   RvFG(vJvyG (v$ e9vgvyG xvyP ,vp QOvY jPvyG ,v!9vDvyG H9vAvwvyG 2
.)H 1986( ,wT|(V v <

35
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

J9v F9v Av ! OGOv Av |G )v zv fh .)2002( ?v jv zv yGh ?v gv +v =v av yG #v fh )2000(


k k
?zD}| ?jzyG fC ?+\Qp #| 9tD="| 9}FGO {}gyG H|9!Q< f9v ,wT|(V

,p O(F(}yG ),wT|(V 9%+}T* 9}v( ?jzyG ?wz}< hC ?jzyG (]g<


.Z9|OyG

)1968(h )1957( IQv wv =v }v yG &v y9v }v fC Pv "v | ,v wv Tv |(v V hv pGOv *


)2002(h )2001(h )2000(h )1998(h )1995(h )1986(h )1977(h
Og@h ,   ?jzyG (]f O(Fh ?+\Qp #f )2006(h
{D|}G ~+}ZAyG ?+\Qp h| ?|A;| J9<Q9t}yG QDvC ?+\QqyG gP$
1
OIC ?jzyG (]f f(w* e(%q}yG GP%<h .Z9|Ozy    

?vjvzvyG H9vTvAvvG fC Q(vZvAvyG GPv$ #vf eRvzv*h ,Z9v|OvyG J9v!(vwv|


?jzyG ,p [ZMA| (]f &zD}* ,    jR*Qi Q|C ?+!9T! G
HGJyGh J::OAS:G )yE Qd"y9<h .)48 :U 2002( ,wT|(V(
fC >gZyG #| &!C ,wT|(V iQ* A9+I}G e(zf ?%F #| ?|Ot}yG
,p [ZMA}yG (]gyG( ?*(jzyG ?wz}yG fC ?t+tI L9A"ASG >"GA!
#  f9vTv!5vy ?v*QvavqvyG ?v=v$(v}vyG #v| ARvF ,v$ )?vjvzvyG
.
   

,wT|(V &+}T* 9| hC ,F(y(+< (]g< ?zD}}yG ?=$(}yG gP$

)1998(h )1995( ,vwvTv|(vWv@ Qvdv!G {vDv|}G ~v+v}vZvAvyG Z9v|OvyG ,vp ?vjvzvyG ~v+v}vZv@ #vf 1
,v y9v IQv yG Ov }v Jv | Qv dv !G )2001( ,v wv Tv |(v V ?v +v <Qv f ?v }v FQv Av yh )2005(h )2001(h
~v +v y9v i Ov }v Jv | Qv dv !Gh y?v jv zv yG ~v +v }v Zv @ ,v p {v |G(v f ?v C;v Cz #v *Qv LB #v +v < #v | )2007(
k k
?vy:O #v}v\ ,y9v+v"v$P 9vfhQvWv| ?vy:OvyGz )2007(ahOv"vv9vGvy ?v+v<Qvf ?v}vFQvAvy )2007(
.9%}+}Z@h ?jzyG

36
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

fPE ,$h     ?+yh}G #$PyG ?y9I ,$ ?*(jzyG ?wz}y9<


r n
e9d"zy ?+yh}G ?y9JyG J9"+F &=W@ ?*(jy ?+CGQh J9"+Gy Ql %d}@
Q9Z< G e9d"y ?vQAW}yG [F9ZMyG {}J@ J9"+F ,$h ,jQZ=yG
?wz| O(Fh ?yzT| f(w@ ?!Q9t}yG gP$ BJY GPEh .QW=yG ,"< #+<
k k k k
.9Y9ZALG u}fCh )"i QDvC 9S(}z| 9*O9| GQk |C ?jzy

)IQ(vP}yG ?*O+y(AyG J9IhQayG >TJ<( ?jzyG H9TAvG (]f fE


k k k
9*QGQw@ 9+<(S9I 9tT! &!(v 9%}$C #| [F9ZMyG #| ?z}G< hA}A*
k
./ 9A<9C &!(w< R+}A* 9}v ,       
k k k k
A9"CC GOtg| 9+F(y(+< GQ9T| ?jzyG PLz@h .   GOhOJ|h
    )vyh}G ?vy9vJvyG #v| d(vJvAvyGh ?v*(vjvzvyG ?vGvy9vgv}vyG
.?F9*R+qyG O(+tyG #| >=T< ?ZZMA}yG hC ?+!9DyG ?y9JyG )yE )?+zwyG(

 ? Qd h jO y AyG * ! +( ( " J yG vvvvv 1 vvvvv 1

[F9ZMyG ?t+sO IQ(Z< Uwg*    yjO+y(@z KzaZ|

,%p :y(J!z ,$ ?jzyG gP$h y?jyz ,$ ,AyG #$PyG ?y9Jy ?+F9+I}G


k
?jzyG (]f IQOs #| 9s;a!G Oy(A@ ?*(jzyG {S;TyG f} y?jyz
y(J!z ,$ ?jzyG gP$h ,e;wyG J9+yGhE L9A!E )zf )?jzyG ?wz|(
k
(J"yG OfG(s f} ,iQL}G ?jzyG J9!(w| #| QLB 98+V BT+yh
JGQ9=gyG O+y(@ #| #w}A! OfG(tyG gP$ >F(}<h .  IOhOJ|
($ 9}| uza"@ ?*(jzyG J9+z}gy9p , .  IOhOJ|;yG ?*(jzyG
,jO+y(@ KzaZ| f{p fPEh .UwgyG : OhOJ|;yG )yE OhOJ|
GP9}y :{+=s #| ?*O+zt@ ?z8SC #f J9<9FE #f KZq* ,iQLC IQ|
k
?*QaqyG J9wz}yG fE .??=TAw| BT+yh ?*Qap ?=$(| ?jzyG fC OtAg!

37
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

BT+yh y?*QGQw@z h y?*O+y(@z 9%!(w< R+}A@ v v v ?+g+=ayG ?jzyG 9%"|h v v v

.  y?+8+<z hC y?FQ9_z

,IOf >!G(F #| y?*O+y(@z ?yzT| )zf #+$GQ< ,wT|(V eOs


uvzvgvAv}vyG f(v_;vpC {vwvWv}v< ,vfO 9v| hC f(v_;vpC ?vdvI;v| 9v%v"v|
k
,p GOF IQ+Zs 9"<Q9G@ fC h| &pQg! 9| {v aQg! GP9}y :&yD9TA<
1
hv+vavAvTv* GP9v}vy :QvLB dD9vTv@ dD9vTvAvyG GPv%v< bv=v@Qv*h ,?I9v+vJvyG
k k
~y &!C h| ?*(jzyG JGQ9=gyG #| 9+F9%! : GOOf HA"* fC ~zwA}yG
~*Ot@ )yE ,wT|(V BgpO 9$Q+ih J:D9TAyG gP$h ?9%}zgA*
&v*Ovy )e}G( ?v*QvavqvyG ?vjvzvyG ~vzvwvAv| fC )vzvf #v$Qv=v@ iQvLC HvGvI
eRzAT*h ,9$QGQw@h ?*(J"yG JGQ9=gyG O+y(@h L9A!E )zf IQOt}yG
?*QaqyG ?jzyG [F9ZL ~$C #| fC v v v eRzAT* 9}+p v v v VGQAp:G GP$
2
.  
 ~zgAzy ?z<9s Q+i 9%!C ?jzyG ~zwA}y

~SQ* jPyG (J"yG ($ jO+y(AyG (J"yG f{p ?+FGQFE ?+I9! #|h


Pv"v|h .))1990(jQv%vqvyG ,vS9vqvyG( ?vjvzvyG J::Oh Q(vY M(v\(v<

)1995( h )C1986( ,vwvTv|(vV Qvdv!G {v*hQhC {vwvWv|h f(v_;vpC {vwvWv| U(vZvMv< 1
.)1987( jQ%qyG ,S9qyG Qd!G ?+<Qf ?j+Zyh

~v y {v qv av yG 9v %v < ev qv zv Av * ,v Av yG >v +v vGQv Av yGh X9v qv y}G #v | GQk v +v Dv v fzv < ,v wv Tv |(v V Ov v|v * 2
?v ]v |9v i ahQv c ,v p 9v %v =v Tv Av vG Ov s {v qv av yG fCh ,9v %v }v zv gv Av * ~v yh ,{v =v s #v | 9v %v gv }v Tv *
k
hv}vTv* ~vy &v!C hv| ,;vDv| ,yQvqvJv!Gz ?vdvqvzv< evqvzvAv* fC #vwv}v* {vqvavyG fC &vAvdvJvy 9v}v|h
k k
(v$h {v}vgvAvTv| >vy9vs ,vp GOv*OvF 9vdvqvy HvAv!zvp yQvTvwv!Gzh yHQv]v!Gz :E &v*(v<C #v|
k k
9v*QGQvwv@ GOv+vy(v@ Ovy(v* fC {vqvavyG hv+vavAvTv* J:9vJvyG gPv$ {vDv| ,vph ,y{vgvqv!Gz >vy9vs
?vgv\9vL ,v$ 9v| QOvtv< ~vzvgvAvzvy hv]vMv@ : uvFGQvav< >v+vvGQvAvyGh X9vqvy}G #v| ?vf(v}vGv|
v v v 9v"v$ &v@QvvP jPvyG d9vDv}vy9v< uvzvgvAv* 9v}v+vph v v v ,vZvMvWvyG ,v*CQ ,vph ,?v*(vjvzvyG IQOvtv}vzvy
Qv *Ov Gv yG fCh ,I9v v9v Jv | #v |h ,?v ]v |9v i ahQv c ,v p ~v @ ~v zv gv @ #v | bv +v zv L Qv |}9v p
.?*QGQwAyG ?+Y9L )zf d9q_}G IQOs ,p 9}!Eh GP$ ,p #}w* : g9=A!:9<

38
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

PLC Otp )1957 ,wT|(V( ?+=+vQAyG ,!9=}yG ,p gQ(%c J9*GO<


kn
hC IQp9"A| BT+y 9%"wy ,IOOgA| 9j+Y ,z*(JAyG jO+y(AyG (J"yG
o 1
?*Qd! LP9}! ?f(}G| ?+=+vQAyG ,!9=}yG LP(}! ;@ Otp ,?]s9"A|
/   ?gS(}yG Q9+g}yGh   #  Q9+g}yG
,A y G    /   ?gFGQ}yG ?gS(}yG Q9+g}yGh
#+TJ@h j(J"yG LP(}"yG I(s )zf BTwg!G ?|OtA| HF9A! JRQpC
?<9F5y ?+JaTyG ?+"=yGh ?t+}gyG ?+"=yG ,!(w| AGQCE d;L #| &A*9qv
?+"+g=TyG J9}vGQAyG {v AGQh f9v jPyG dD9TAyG #f u+}f {wW<
#+< ?s;gyG 9| :(J! )zf dD9TAyG GP$ Z(Y #w}*h ,9$Og< 9|h
o
(J"yG ?*Qd! )zf f9vh ?QL6G #| uAW* 9}%*Ch ??y:OyGh >+vQAyG
gPv$ #vf >v+vGv@ fC ?vavS(vAv}vyGh IQvwv=v}vyG 9v%vjv+vY ,vp jOv+vy(vAvyG
?t+}gyG ?+"=yG i(AT| 9}$ #+*(J! #+*(AT| d;L #| J:D9TAyG
9}%"| jC ,ph ,      ?+JaTyG ?+"=yGh    

?=vQ}yG &Ag+=a< dD9TAyG GP$h .?)"g}yGh >+vQAyG #+< upG(AyG ht*


k k
Q9Z!Ch jO+y(AyG (J"yG Q9Z!C #+< 9J\Gh 9|9Tt!G KOIC 9| ($
o 2
BJAApG Otp ,\9}yG fQtyG #| J9+"+!9}DyG 9|Ch .?*O+y(AyG ?y:OyG

,v p rv gv \ &v !C )v zv f #v +v *Ov +v y(v Av yG LP9v }v ! ,v p Y(v "v Av yGh OOv gv Av yG GPv $ ~v %v p 9v | GQk v +v Dv v 1
#v+vgv<9vAv}vyG {v=vs #v| xvyPh ,rvs(vAvy9v< Bv!PB Ovs ?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG ?v*Qvdv"vyG fCh ,?v*Qvdv"vyG
e(v+vyG ~vzvgv! ;vp ?vAv=vyG Kv+vJvY Qv+vi GPv$h ,?v+v<QvgvyG ?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvy9v< #v+v}vAv%v}vyGh
k k
#v+v!G(vs Qv+vTvqv@ )vzvf IQOvtvy9v<h ?v+vI9v! #v| ?v+vy(v}vWvyGh ?v*9vqvwvy9v< rvZvAv* 9v+v!9vTvy 9v$9vGv@G
.g9G@:G GP$ #| )qvC ?+!9C ?+I9! #| ?jzyG
Q9v Zv !C >v !9v F #v | )9v $Ov gv < 9v |h 1981 1968( ,v wv Tv |(v V d9v }v fC GPv $ ,v p hv FGQ 2
#v v | )1983( ahOv v "v v v9v v Fh )1983( QhO(v v ph )1972( Rv v @9v v v d9v v }v v fCh ,>v v +v v vQv v Av v yG
Ov}vJv|h )1987( jQv%vqvyG ,vS9vqvyG Qvdv!G ?v+v<Qvgvy9v<h ,?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG ?vy:OvyG Q9vZv!C >v!9vF
.)2007(h )1999( ,y9IQyG O}J|h )2007(h )1999( ~+y9i

39
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,wT|(V ,p    


  {}gyGh b<QyG ?*Qd"<

     bv vF9v vS(v vyGh O9v v=v v}v vyG LP(v v}v v"vv<h )1981(h )1980(
K\hC IQ(Z< jO+y(AyG (J"yG ?*Qd! JQ(z=@ 9}%+ph ,  

CO< jPyG( #        )!O}G H|9!Q=yG Q(%dy Jz+$


qo
)!O}G H|9!Q=yG H9Av Q(%d< BF(@h ))1992( ,p JGQ\9J| ,p
J9*Qd! Z(Y O9fC jPyG H|9!Q=yG ($h ,)1995( ,wT|(V hC
rZA* {}f H|9!Q< Q9_E ,p bF9S(yGh O9=}yGh {}gyGh b<QyG
1
.   O9ZAs:Gh   ?s9!}Gh     ?_9T=y9<

UG , z wy G ( " * ! J y G ? Qd vvvvv 2 vvvvv 1

?*(jzyG ?y9Jzy ?*Qd! ($ ;     ,zwyG (J"yG


?vy9vIh ?v+vyhC ?vy9vI :f9vAvy9vI #v$Pvzvyh ,#v$PvyG 9v%v+vzvf f(vwv* ,vAvyG
#+< ?vQAW}yG ?+CGQ(yG [F9ZMyG #f Q+=g@ ?+yh}G ?y9Jy9p ,IQtAT|
~%+zf 9%\QqAS ,AyG ?Y9MyG ~%Ajy #f Qd"yG ^j< QW=yG h+}F
#f IQ9=f #$Pzy ?+yh}G ?y9Jy9p fPE .IO:(yG Og< ?+8+=yG ahQdyG
k
u=a"AS ,AyG J9+z}gzy ;LO Og@ ?vQAW|h ?|9f ?*(J! OfG(s
?f(}G| {}g@h ,IQtAT| ?Y9L ?y9I )yE ?+yhC ?y9I #| d(JAzy
?jy )yE ?vQAW}yG ?jzyG {*(J@ )zf    LQMyG OfG(s #|
.?Y9L

k k k
~v*OvtvAvy Bvzv}vgvAvSG GQv+v=vv 9v+v<OC 9v}vvGQv@ JRQvpC ?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG fE d(vtvyG hv+vavAvTv! 1
fC OvtvAvfCh ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG 9v%v"v+v< #v| J9vjvzvyG #v| Qv+vDvwvy ?v+vp9vv Qv+vS9vqv@h ?v+vp9vv a9vYhC
k k
?vy:Oh 9vpQvYh G(vJv!( 9v%vTv*QOv@h ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ?vSGQO ,vp ?v*9vqvv JGhO}G {v]vpC
k k
.?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG {LGO #| Q}DAT@ fC #w}* )9$Q+ih 9@G(YCh 9}Gg|h

40
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

?jzy ?|9gyG O9=}yG OYQ< ~A%* Q(vP}yG )"g}y9< ,zwyG (J"y9p


b<QyGh   {t"yGh   ~]yGh    A9tA!:G O9=| 9%"|h
   #  ?*Q(J}yG QGhO}G O9"SEh
 

 ?=@QyGh  HGQf Gh    ?+=+vQAyG QGhO}Gh

?<(za}yG ?*QhQ]yG    +  ?+q+c(yG J9_9tS Gh

uv <9v av Av yGh  #v |Rv yG J9v _9v tv SE {v +v =v s #v | J9v jv zv yG hv +v }v F ,v p


   %jQOv v Zv v }v v yGh   ,v v qv v "v v yGh  
k k
[F9ZL OYQ< 9jy9< 9|9}A$G ,zwyG (J"yG ?*Qd! ,y(@h .9$Q+ih

(J! ($ 9|h J9jzyG ,p ,zv ($ 9| #+< {Y9qyG b+S(yG i(AT}yG


GP$ ,p EJ=yG gRQpC 9| ~$C #| f9wp ,)9%"+g< ?jy (J!( U9L
        bF9S(yGh O9=}yG ?*Qd! i(AT}yG
1
fE .?Y9MyG A9J!}Gh ,zwyG (J"yG #+< ht@ ,AyG I(%yG eOQy
hShCh bOC ,zwyG (J"yG ?*Qd! #f eOt@ fC #w}* ,AyG {+Y9qAyG
)zf d:OAS;y &AZZL jPyG {}gyG GP$ ,p ?z|9v eOt@ fC #|
k k
,9D*OIh 9}*Os ?*(jzyG ?pQg}yG ,p ?+!9TzyG JGhO}G Q9}DASG ?+}$C
)!O}G H|9!Q=yG ~+$9q}< 9%@Q(z< )yE f9w| G QOs )gSzS ,""wyh
.{}gyG GP$ IQwp )zf ep9J* 9}< )2001 v v v 1995(

, zwyG ( " * ! )! } J yG ? Qd h O G H|9 Q=yG vvvvv 2 !


d9}fC ?g<QC )2001-1995 ,wT|(V( )!O}G H|9!Q=yG ~]*
     bvF9vS(vyGh O9v=v}vyG :,v$ ,vzvwvyG (vJv"vzvy IQv+v=vv

?v *9v qv wv yGh ?v +v qv Y(v yG ?v *9v qv wv y9v < uv zv gv Av }v yG H9v Av wv yG GPv $ #v | Ev y9v Dv yG {v Zv qv yG Qv dv !G 1
.?*Q+TqAyG

41
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

1
  {+D}AyGh b9tAV:G O9ZAsG #f J9dI;|h ,  

,             

        ?v +v !9v Tv zv yG ?v *Qv dv "v zv y )v !O}G Hv |9v !Qv =v yGh


   J;v v*(v vJv vAv vyGh J:(v vtv v}v vyGh ,    # 

.   

x
O*R*h ?*Qd"yG AGOC #| #TJ* {}f H|9!Q< ($ )!O}G H|9!Q=yGh
k
,"=@ ,AyG 9*9]tyG #| GOOf {}gyG H|9!Q< #}]A*h .9%@A9qv #|
?*Qd!h ?+JaTyG ?+"=yGh ?t+}gyG ?+"=yG :9%"| ,zwyG (J"yG ?*Qd!
 +      W9v v vtv v vS G COv v v=v v v|h    {v v v}v v vgv v vyG

 ?iQ9qyG ?y(t}yG CO=|h #    jQ(J}yG S9+t}yGh


QaV ?+z}fh /
 #  bL v v v S ?*Qd!h      
l w
O(+tyG #| ?f(}G| J9+z}gyG gP$ ~d"@ h ,  0  ?pQZyG
.?+JaTyG ?+"=yGh ?t+}gyG ?+"=yG ,*(AT| ,p u=a"@ ,AyG
k k
9+<(S9I 9tT! #}]A@ ?jzyG ?wz| fC )1995( ,wT|(V VQAq*
J(Zy9< f9tzgA* #++"$P #+!(w| jPj*    

,ta"yG uT"yG :9}$ f9!(w}yG fGP$h   )"g}yGh  

,v |(v %v qv }v yG uv Tv "v yGh         ,v vGQO G


,<(S9JyG uT"yGh .      jQ(ZAyG
h| {f9qA* ?jzyG (]gy ,zLGO ,"$P f(w| #f IQ9=f f9T! G O"f
IQ(ZyG :9}$ #+ztAT| #++%+Fh #+*(AT| Q=f #++FQ9L #+!(w|
.     ?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyGh #     ?+@(ZyG

.1 2 & )1977( x"S: OQG($ h| cQAW| {}f 1

42
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

)4( {wV

bL vvvv S ? Qd h { D}AyGh LP } yG vvvvv 1 vvvvv 2 * ! + ("


LP(}"yG ?SO"$ g;fC )4( {wV ,p OQG(yG b+aMAyG {D}*
($h ,)!O}G H|9!Q=yG ,p ?yOg}yG &@Q(Z< jO+y(AyG (J"zy ~*OtyG
k
#| 9s;a!G ?*(J"yG IQ9=gyG b9tAVG JG(aL K\(* ,z+D}@ LP(}!
.)!O}G H|9!Q=yG

o o
9%]g< ~]@ ~C ,)OGOgAyG( ~Gg}yG #| )tA"@ ?*(jzyG QY9"gy9p
k k
,?+q+c(yGh ?+}Gg}yG JGOI(yG h+}F {}W* ,9+F9"C 9}\ ^g< )yE
)yE ?+}Gg}yG JGOI(yG h]M@ ,~]yG ?+z}f #| A9%A!:G Og<h
[v Zv Mv }v yGh # ,v }v Gv gv }v yG SCQv yG aOv %v Av Tv @ {v tv ! J9v +v zv }v f
{t"yG J9+z}f d9}AvG Og<h .&}wI ,p 9| hC ){f9qyG(  .

IQ9=gzy ~+zS {*hz@ O9"S #+*(AT| )yE j(J"yG b9tAV:G QaW"*

43
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

&+p ~A*h ?+@(ZyG IQ(ZyG i(AT| ($ dh}G i(AT}yG :?tAW}yG


,?vtvAvWv}vyG ?v*(vJv"vyG IQ9v=vgvyG JGOvIh hv+v}vGvy ,v@(vY {v*hzv@ O9v"vSE
{*hz@ O9"SE &+p ~A*h ?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyG i(AT| ($ ,!9DyG i(AT}yGh
1
?zD|C eOsC ?+y9AyG IQtqyG ,ph .?tAW}yG IQ9=gyG JGOI(y ,y:O
.9%y ?zjW}yG O9=}yGh bL v v v S ?*Qd! d;L #| ?+t+=a@

X-bar theory bL vvvvv S * !


? Qd vvvvv 2 vvvvv 2

k k
b9tAVG 9%< ~A* ,AyG ?+q+wzy 9+z+D}@ 9FP(}! bL v v v S Og@
l
#v| OOvf bvL v v v S LP(v}v! A9v"v< ,vp {v}vgv*h .?v*(vJv"vyG IQ9v=vgvyG
# ?v *Q(v Jv }v yG ?v *Qv dv "v yGh   {v tv "v yG ?v *Qv dv "v v J9v*Qvdv"vyG
?=sGQ}yGh ~wJAyGh  #  ,<GQf G {}gyG ?*Qd!h   
q n
)zf LP(}"yG eOsC fC {]pCh .9$Q+ih     

h| CO<zp , Q9tyG &+yE L9AJ* 9}| GQk +Dv bT<C )AI ?*(jzyG J9+ag}yG
:)5( {wWyG ,p g9!OC #+=}yG jQGWyG {wWyG

)v!OC #v+v_9vtvSE #v| rvyzvAv@ 9v%v!{vp )C 5( IQvGvWvyG )vyE Qvdv"vy9v<


)!O}G W9tS 9p ,  #+@QGf #| ryzA* W9tSE {vh ,)ZsCh
n
f(vwvAv*h ,)S( 9v}v%v!G(v"vfh )?vzv]vqvyGh 'S( #v+v@QvGvf #v| f(vwv|
k n
.S 9}%!G("fh )S h [ZM}yG( #+@QGf #| )Zs}G W9tS G
>TJ< v v v f(w@ Os ,AyG SCQyG ?y(t| #f Q=g* d(%G| ,$ )'S(h
k k
hC 9}SG hC ;gp v v v e;wyG AGRFC hC   J:(t}yG ?*Qd!

?v +v I9v "v yG #v | QQv v =v | ?v +v tv av "v | IQ(v Yh ?v +v @(v Y IQ(v Y )v yE b9v tv Av V:G ,v p Q9v av Wv !:G 1

.))1995( ,wT|(V( )"g}yGh J(ZyG #+< ?s;gyG ?+_9=Af9< ?+=*QGAyG

44
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

)5( {wV

1 k
.?+zwyG J:(t}yG e9d! ,p 9$Q+ih ?qZyG )yE OA}@ Osh ,9pQI
?z]p :J:(t}yG xz@ iOIE ?z]p &AJ@ htAp ?z]qyG hs(| 9|C
?vzv]vp hC )&v+vyE a9v]v}vyG( ~vS:G ?vzv]vp hC )&v< d(vgvqv}vyG( {vgvqvyG

,p [ZM}yG hs(| [ZM*h .GPw$h )QhQG}yG ~S:G( aQJyG


a9]}yG hC {f9qyG >F9!( &}wI ,p 9| hC {f9qzy )Zs}G W9tS G
n
.[ZM}zy ?z]p &"}]A@ 9|h S Og@h ,){f9p {YC #| &+yE
k k
JG(vavL Kv+v\(vAvy 9vav+vTv< :9vDv| )6( IQ9v=vgvyG {v}vgvAvSC ,vzv* 9v}v+vph
.g;fC eOt}yG bL v v v S LP(}! uph 9%s9tAVG

Qv dv !G 9v %v @:9v wv VEh ?v Dv *Ov Jv yGh ?v }v *Ov tv yG ?v *(v Jv "v yG J:(v tv }v yG d(v I ?v tv +v sO {v +vY9v qv Av y 1
9v |h 1980( ,v wv Tv |(v V h ,v wv Tv |(v Vh 3
 )1987( ,v "v <C  )1981( d(v Av S
)1993( jQv %v qv yG ,v S9v qv yG Qv dv !G ?v +v <Qv gv yG ,v ph ,)1987( jQv %v qv yG ,v S9v qv yGh )gOv gv <
.EJ=yG GP$ #| Ey9DyG {ZqyGh )2004( ,fGQRyG #+TIh

45
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

+
? s9q@:G Q R yG hsh )6( *(
o q
?vzv]vqvyG ~v]v@h )0S( SCQvyG hvs(v| ,vp yhvshz {vgvqvyG hvtv*
v n
{f9qyG Oy(*h ,)S( )!O}G W9tS G BJ@ SCQyG )yE y?+s9q@:Gz
n k
f(w@h ,&y ?z]p )S( hOj@ E+J< [ZM}yG hs(| ,p yQ*R(yGz
k k
QvY9v"vgv yG hv +v }vF )v zv f aQv Wv @h )v Zv s}G W9v tvS5v y 9v !G(v "v f )S(

QY9"gyG O+y(@ #| A9%A!:G Og<h .9%+p ~wJA@h 9%AJ@ ?*(]"}yG


#| 9"+%A!G Os f(w! y~\z ?+z}g< )6( IQ9=gyG ,p IOQG(yG ?+}Gg}yG
?vzv}vGvyG )vyE ,vyh}G hC ,vFOv=v}vyG {v*hzvAvyG O9v"vSEh ?vtv+v}vgvyG ?v+v"v=vyG
#| {gqyG #w}A* SCQyG )yE ?z]qyG ~\ ?+z}f A9"CCh .IQ(vP}yG
QhOyG O9"SEh eR;}yG HGQf 9< )}T* 9| hC >Z"yG HGQfE O9"SE
)yE {f9qyG [ZM}yG ~\ A9"CCh ,&Az]p )yE ,y:OyG hC jQ(J}yG
n
jQ(vJv}vyG QhOvyGh hvpQvyG HGQvfE O9v"vSE #v| {vgvqvyG #vwv}vAv* )S(
1 q
?*Qd"yG {LOA@ i(AT}yG GP$ ,ph .{f9qyG )yE ) Pq"}yG(
?|;S )zf X9qJyG {FC #| ?*Q(J}yG ?+y:OyG ?*Qd"yGh ?+<GQf G
.?+JaTyG ?+"=yG )yE d9tA!;y 9%A8+%@h ?+"=yG

k
9|9}@ #+zC9}| )ZsCh )!OC #+_9tSE OG! )H 5( )yE Qd"y9<
,#*O*OGyG #+_9tS G #*h9"f ,p bQp h| #+t<9TyG #+_9tS5y
,f9+q+ch 9}%p )H 5( 9|C ,f9+}Gg| f9_9tSE )C 5( f9_9tS 9p

>v S9v "v }v yG f9v wv }v yG (v $ ,v }v Gv gv }v yG {v f9v qv yG [v Zv Mv | f9v v IQv wv =v }v yG J9v +v <O}G ,v p 1
n
)v!O}G Hv|9v!Qv=vyG ,vph ,),v}vGvgv}vyG {vgvqvyG( SCQvyG #v| hvpQvyG HGQvfE {vf9vqvyG ,vtvzvAvy
#v |Rv yG [v Zv Mv | ,v p :E ~v Av * : &v Zv Jv p hC {v f9v qv yG )v yE hv pQv yG HGQv fE O9v "v SE f{v p
.?+<QgyG 9%}$C J9jzyG #| IQ|R #| ?+=*QG@h ?*Qd! HGI )zf A9"<

46
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

)6( {wV

v
gP$h ,9}$O+y(@h ?+q+c(yG J:(t}yG ~]y f9ZZM| 9}%!E jC
uv v <9v v av v Av v yG >v v vQv v |h  #  #v v |Rv v yG >v v vQv v | ,v v $ Qv v Y9v v "v v gv v yG
   % #  jQOZ}yG >vQ|h 3  # 
k
e9v %v qv Av S:G >v vQv |h ,v qv "v yG >v vQv | 9v }v %v +v yE a9v ]v * Ov sh ,9v S9v SC
1
.iQLC J9=vQ|h

IQ(Y f(w@ ?<(za}yG ?+q+c(yG QY9"gyG h+}F ~\ d9}AvG Og<h


n
v v v ~%S}G Q=g@h ,)7( bL S IQGV ,p &y {D}}yG (J"yG )zf S
{vf9vqvyGh {vgvqvyG #v| {vv 9v%vwvzvTv* ,vAvyG JGQ9vTv}vyG #vf ?v+v"vJv"v}vyG
:9}%"| {v 9%+p bJ* ,AyG hsG(}yGh

hv+v}vF ,vp eQ9vY >v+v@QvAvy hv]vMv@ 9v%v!Ch ?v+vqv+vc(vyG J:(vtv}vyG ?v+vzvv VQvAvpG #v| c9v"v$ 1
,v vfGQRv vyG GPv v$ ,v vp Qv vdv v!G 9v v%v v+v vp bv v+v vS(v vAv vyG f9v vwv v|E #v vf hv vpGO #v v| ~v v%v v"v v|h ,J9v vjv vzv vyG
.)2000(h )1999( ,y9IQyGh )2004(

47
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

:J9s;gyG #| W9}!C ?C;C ,p QY9"gyG gP$ #+< ?s;gyG Q%d@h

?*QqZyG ShDQyG #+< ?s;f ,$h ?z]p v v v SCQ ?s;f vvv C


jQ(J}yG QhOyGh HGQf G O9"SE 9%=F(}< ~A*h ,9%@;]ph
.J;]qyG )yE

{f9qyG J9ZZM| #+< ?s;f ,$h SCQ v v v [ZM| ?s;f vvv H


[Jph {f9qyG hpQ HGQfE [Jp 9%+p ~A*h ShDQyGh

.[MWyGh OOgyGh U"GyG ,p {f9qyGh {gqyG #+< u<9aAyG

btp ?*QqZyG ShDQyG #+< ?s;f ,$h SCQ v v v SCQ ?s;f vvv J
OOvJv@ 9v%v=vF(v}v<h )SCQvyG 9v%v+vp bvJv* hvsG(v| ?v<9vDv}v< ,v$h(
?Jy9Y ?zTzS #*(wAy 9$Q9CBh ?ztA"}yG ShDQyG #+< ?s;gyG
.     ?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyG ,p {*hzAzy

{t! JG(aL CO=@ ?+q+c(yGh ?+}Gg}yG QY9"gyG h+}F O+y(@ Og<


k
)?+zgqyG ?z}GyG e9d! ,p 9S9SC {f9qyGh {gqyG( ?+}Gg}yG QY9"gyG
l n
,AyG O9=}yG #| ?f(}G| {t"yG ?*Qd! ~d"@h ,yaz 9qyC {t!G u+=aA<
(J"yG )zf ?s9!}Gh {t"yG J9+z}f ,p O9ZAs:Gh ?_9T=yG ,fGQ@
:)8( BJ@ #+=}yG ,@6G

)8(

.btp 0 SCQ )yE 0 SCQyG {t"* vvv C

.btp J9ZZM}yG )yE {f9qyG {t"* vvv H

hC u<9aAyG hC HGQf G [Jqy( Z(T}< :E {t"yG f(w* : vvv J


.)#|RyG

48
?+F9+I}G J9+!9TzyGh ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG :dh}G {ZqyG

SCQyG {t"A* &!C )"g}< ,?|Q9ZyG ?+wzTyG CO=| {t"yG ,fGQ* vvv K
.IQ}< IQ| {f9qyGh

:E SCQyG {t! R(G* ;p ,I(aL I(aL CO=| {t"yG ,fGQ* vvv L


)yE &+z* jPyG SCQyG b(p RqtyG KZ* :h &+z* jPyG )yE
.&+z* : jPyG

i(ZtyG IQhQ]yG(    P;| QLB CO=| {t"yG ,fGQ* vvv M


.){t"zy

49
,!9DyG {ZqyG

%+
9 z zJ@h ?jzyG L9A E!
dh Y G ~TtyG

A9]f Y G rF9ch ~zf

{LO| vvvvv 1

?v+vzv}vf A9v"vCC &vyPv=v* jPvyG Ov%vGvy9v< ?vjvzvyG {v}vgvAvTv| QvgvWv* : Ovs


?=T"y9< rzAM| Q|}G fC :E ,,|;wyG AGO}G ?+z}f A9"CCh Q+wqAyG

~%p ,ua"yG A9]fC OIC ,p {v9W| f(!9g* #*PyG )\Q}yG )yE


1
h| O%GyG OGOR*h
,~%y b9$QEh ~%+zf A>f e;wyG fz< fhQgW*
k
&F(yG J;]f 9%"| IQ+Dv J;]f >+Z* ;zV f(!9g* #*PyG
2
GP%y J9<Q9t}yG ^g< ~*Ot@ )zf {}fzS .ua"yG J;]fh
,IQ}yG gP$ ,#wyh ?+F9+I}G J9<Q9t}yG #f O+g< Q+i Y(\(}yG
.,g}TyG JG(Y}G ~zf #| >=T<
m

#    e;v wv yG Ov +v y(v @ )v zv f Ov f9v Tv @ IRv %v FC )v \Qv }v yG A:|v%v y ~v }v Y 1


x
Ov"vf &v"vf ?vzv*Ov< hC e;vwvzvy IRRvgv| {vYG(v@ ?v}vdv!C ?v<9vDv}v< ,v$h    SGDs
k
~v $Ov f9v Tv @ JGhO}G gPv $h ,,v |;v wv yG AGO}G ,v p 9v qv gv \ f(v !9v gv * jPv yG OGQv p}G
?v<9vAvv #v*QvL6G hv| {vf9vqvAvyGh ~v%v@9vF9v+vAvIG #vf Qv+v=vgvAvyG ,vp ,vtvav"vyG Qv+v=vgvAvyG )vzvf
k
.9ta!h

?vFQO M(v\(v< Uvwvgv* GPv$h ,)v\Qv}vyG hv| KOvJvAvyG eOvgv< A9v=v_}G KvZv"v* xvyPvy 2
A9v"vCC ~vTvGvyG #v| IQv+vDvv A9v]vfC {v}vf ?vGv+vAv! ~vzvwvAv}vyG &vyPv=v* jPvyG Qv+v=vwvyG Ov%vGvyG
.~zwAyG ?+z}f

53
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

? i9|OyG ? + *( jzyG rF9c yG vvvvv 1 vvvvv 1 (


k
G(v]vf Uv+vy   ?vjvzvyG (v]vf fC Kv\G(vyG #v|
k k
ByG(@ Osh ,Z9|OyG #| IOIGh ?ta"| ,p GOOJ| U+yh ,GOIGh
?ta"|h ,9vhQ< ?ta"| a9WAvG Og< IO*OF ?*(jy RvGQ| J9p9WAvG
k 1
GOOf fC ?FQO )yE ,,g}TyGh jQZ=yG {+zJAyG u_9"|h ,x!Q+p
o
(]f Z9|OyG fCh Z9|OyG ($ ?jzyG (]f fC OtAg* #+DI9=yG #|
Z9|OyG ,p 9%f("@h ?*(jzyG RvGQ}yG OOg@ )zf A9"< KZ*h ,?jzyG
o
Al9fh ?jzyG fCh ,,F9+I}G e(%q}y9< ?jzy Al9fh Z9|OyG fz< d(tyG
.,qTzqyG e(%q}y9< Qwqzy

Z9|OyG , * p ? RvQ}yG ? *( jzyG rF9c yG vvvvv 2 vvvvv 1 (


l
#v| ?vf(v}vGv| g9v!OC )1( {vwvWvyG d;vL #v| Qv%vdv@
RvvGQv}vyG
o x
jPj@ ?+=Zf J;Y(}< 9%"+< 9}+p uy9gA@ Z9|OyG ,p ?+G+@GQAS:G
k
IOhOJ}yG jQd! ?%Fh #|( OtAfC :h .?+vGQOEh ?+pQg| 9s9T!C
l k
,p ?ZZMA| 9%"| GOIGh hC RvGQ}yG gP$ fC )d9G}yG GP$ ,p
k o o
?z}F #| IOIGh ?*(jzyG ?q+c(yG Og@ {< ,btp j(jzyG cGQO G
k
9| )zf 9S9+s xyPh 9%"| RvQ| {v 9%< e(t* ,AyG rF9c(yG #|
k
)yE f9TzyGh #+AqWyG #| AGOA<G( ua"yG An9]fC ,GR9G| ,)}T*
>!9F )yE A9]f}G gP%y ?*(!9C ?q+ch ua"yG fC h| )#+AFQyG
Uq"AyG hC ~]%yG {D| ?+F(y(+=yG ?q+c(yG ,$h ?+T+FQyG 9%Aq+ch
.9}$Q+ih

.dh}G {ZqyG #| dh}G ~TtyG hFGQ 1

54
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

)1( {wV

n o 1
9%+yE >T"@ ,g;fC Z9|OyG IQ(Y ,p ,AyG RvGQ}yG )zGA@
l o
RvGQ}yG gP$ Q=f upOA@h ,?!(z| ht< d9wVC ,p ?*(jy rF9ch
o l
9| 9%g+}F jPj@ ?qzAM| ?+pQg| b9T!C #| ?|O9s ?qzAM| J9|(zg|
2
,pQg}yG uT"y9p .Z9|Ozy ?*RvQ}yG b9T!}G hC yQwqyGzv v < )}T*
,Ata"| ,p 9%=+vQ@h 9%z+zJ@ ~A* ?+@(Y J9|(zg| {t"* ,g}TyG
fG(y}9v( ?*QZ< J9|(zg| jQZ=yG uT"yG {t"*h ,9vhQ<h x+!Q+p
?ta"| ,p 9%=+vQ@h 9%w+wq@ ~A* )9$Q+ih O9g<}G ?+C;C d9wV}Gh

k
#$$ :,v v@6G bv v<GQv vyG )v vzv vf ?v v+v v!hQv vAv vwv vy G jO9v v%v vyG Ov v=v vf d;v v< ?v v!hOv v| #v vf ;v vtv v! 1
.
 
 #
  $4'56$'6$
   7'89#

.dh}G {ZqyG #| dh}G ~TtyG b9T!}G gP$ #f hFGQ 2

55
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,p ?<9AwyGh IAGQtyG J9|(zg| {+zJ@ ~A* 9}"+< ,?*QZ=yG IQWtyG h=A@


?|O9tyG J9|(zg}yG 9|C ,     jhGRyG r+qzAyG ?ta"|

jRvQ}yG rzL r+qzAyG ?ta"| ,p 9%z+zJ@ ~A+p ,TJyG uT"yG Q=f


uT"yG Q=f KFGhQyG #f J9|(zg| upOA@h ,     
q
fC :E .,}WyG R9%GyG h=A@ ?ta"| #| ?=*Qs ?ta"| )yE ,}WyG
q
jC ,p :{D}A* #+ZAM}yG #| Q+Dwy GQk +J| )t=* jPyG dD9TAyG
b9T!C #| ?tpOA}yG J9|(zg}yG gP$ {v ,tAz@ Z9|OyG #| ?ta"|
?ta"| OOJ! fC M(\(< ,"g@ dD9TAyG GP$ #f ?<9F 9p ?{LOyG
k k
J9<9FE K]A@ fC #w}* &!C 9}v ,9t+sO GO*OJ@ Q+wqAyGh cGQO G
#*Ch ?Q+wqAyG ?|(d"| ,p ?jzyG QhO 9| :{+=s #| ?qzAM| ?z8S}
IO9| ,$ 9$OIh ?jzyG {$h ?Z9|OyG ,p ?jzyG H9TAvG R9%F h=t*
k
Qv+vi J9v|(vzvgv}vy9v< 9vS9v+vs ?v*(vjvzvyG J9v|(vzvgv}vyG ~vGvI ~vvh ?QvwvqvyG

E+I #| ?"*9=A}yG J9|(zg}yG gP$ h| QwqyG {|9gA* r+vh ??*(jzyG


?9$QOZ|h 9%f(!

+
? =ZgyG ? Q =gAyG rF9c yG vvvvv 2 *+ (
#+=F9JyG J9vQIh &F(yG )zf Q%d@ ,AyG ?*(jzyG Q+<9gAyG Og@
#f dh|T}yG jRvQ}yG e9|C r+qzAyG uT! ?+yh|T| #| 9$Q+ih
{wW<h ,)1({wWyG IQ(Y ,p Q%d* 9}v ?+vQJyG J9<9GAS:G
)tzA* Z9|OyG ,p ?ta"| jC #| ($h u+sO dG|S )zGA* QV9=|
f{p ?+y9JyG J9+\QqyG >TJ< ,??*(jzyG gQ|GhC ,vQJyG r+qzAyG
9%y b9T!C Q=f J9|(zg| {SQ* Z9|OyG ,p ?*(jzyG J9|(zg}yG RvQ|
#w}* ,   {LOyG b9T!C rF9ch #f ?qzAM| rF9ch

56
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

)zf {}g@ b9T!C ,$h   LQMyG b9T!z< 9"$ 9%A+}T@
b9T!C Q=f &+yE BzYh ,AyG JGQ+D}yG g9G@ Z9|OyG J9<9GASG {t!
.{LOyG
k
b9T!}G ?f(}G| fC ($ ,9| OI )yE ,9J\Gh hO=* jPyG
jPyG O+I(yG LQMyG uT! {D}@      ?+vQJyG ?+TJyG

J9<9GAS:G Q*Q}@ JG("s f(w@h ,Z9|OyG J9<9GASG gQ=f Q}@


1
,&vF(vyGh ,uvav"vyG J;v]vf {v}vWv@ ?v+vzv]vf JG(v"vs #vf IQ9v=vf
o
J;]f fC VGQApG uza"}yG GP$ #| KZ*h .aGQ_}G J9vQIh
n n
?+%F(yG J9}TtyGh J9J+}zAyG Q+<9g@ J;]f hC ?*(jzyG Q+<9gAyG
k l
?ta"| #| ?|O9tyG J9=+ZgyGh H9Zf}G ?f(}G}< 9+==S ?zZA|

LQ9MyG )yE JG("tyG gP$ #| J9|(zg}yG {Z@h ,,vQJyG r+qzAyG


ua"yG u_9"| YQs hC xJ]yGh ?|9TA<:G hC &F(yG >+at@ {wV ,p
Qd"y9< 9$Q+ih #*O+yG x*QJ@ Q=f hC ,|;wyG AGO}G ?+j< f9Tzy9<
2
.)2( {wWyG )yE

?v+vzv}vf uvav"vyG ?v+vzv}vf rvY(v< ?v+vzv]vgvyG A9v]vf}G OGOvf ,vp uvav"vyG A9v]vfC {vLOv@ 1
.aGQ_}G J9vQI #f rzAM@ : ?]J| ?+z]f
k
:&a<GQ ,!hQAwyE hs(| #f ;t! 2
#$$   $ #:;<=9<33<=9<><=9<5<=(<93<
=9<3=?<=(<99<=9<3@<=(<97?<=9<37<=(<9><
=9<37<=(<98<=9<6<=9<37<=(<98A
;5688A
#;854A
;
#A  ;B3#3C#6D<4E63<4E6*1 (4)9-CD<4E6#
 < 4 E 4 E 6 3 < 4 E 4 E 4 * < 4 E 4 E 4 *   
 %   #
<4E4E4*
<4E4E4*4E'(>5# A  ; A;A ;B3#3C#6
D < 4E 6 3 < 4 E 4 @ * 1  ( 4 )9 -    C D < 4 E4 @ F A    ; F G + 6 /  ( @    H 
&-5-EIF4<6=A ;5A;'@@C+*C J@
#DG@*JK+3 1
3
3A ;(CL>LM
F7'3% =N  ;B3#3C#6D<4E63<6*
1 (4)9-CD<6#<4E63<4E4*<4E4*    <4E4* 
<4E4* J<4E4*<4E4*  +<6#<4E63<4E4*<4E4*

%#<4E4*
<4E4*4E'(>5# <6E'8<669>

57
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)2( {wV

, g}TyGh , " ta yG j jzyG AGO ( } G A9]fC vvvvv 1 vvvvv 2

,p ,ta"yG R9%GyG A9]fC AGRFC e9|C ?zGT}yG J9!9+=yG Of9T@


u
e;wyG AnGOC Q=Ag* ,Q+=v OI )yE ,Q(Z@ )zf g9!OC )3( IQ(ZyG
k k
?J9sh}G #| Q+Dv ,p b9$Q G OI )yE {Z* 9+z]f GO%F
1
f9TzyG J;]f #| AGOA<G ,)3( ,p 9"y Q%d@ ,AyG A9]f}9p
k
,RF9JyG H9GJy9p #+AFQyG )yE IQG"JyGh uzJy9< GQhQ| #+AqWyGh

:,@6G b<GQyG )zf Uq"AyG ?+z}f ,p IQC|}yG {|G(gyG ,jO9%yG O=f O}IC 1
#     $ $    6
    $ < = 9 < 3 7 < = ( < 9 > <
=9<(<=(<99<=9<37<=(<9E<=(<9> <=9<37<=(<9><
=(<9E<=9<3><=9<3<=9<5<=9<3( <=(<95<=(<93
<=9<(<=(<9E<=(<9><=(<93<=9<3( <=9<37<=(<9><
=9<33<=(<98<=(<95<=9<6# 

58
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

)3( {wV

^*Q}yG )yE ?=T"y9<h ,?*(jy JGQ9=f h]=< ua"yG A9"CC cQJA@ 9%zv
,p QGQ}AS:G )zf &qgT* : Os jPyG O%GyG ~GI eI;* &!{p
?<9GASG #f Q=g@ e;wyG A9"CC 9%AvQI ,p A9]f}G gP$h .KOJAyG
QZ=yGh h}TyG b9T!C #| 9%z=tAT* ,AyG JGQ+D}zy jRvQ}yG Z9|OyG
.9}$Q+ih
k
J9v jv zv < 9v S9v +v s ?v gv SGh uv av ! ?v I9v Tv }v < ?v +v <Qv gv yG ?v jv zv yG hv Av }v Av @h

59
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

1
~qyG bShh uzJyG #+< YR(A@ ?+<QgyG JG(Y}G LQ9M}p ,iQLC
)yE {Z* : ,|;wyG AGO}G ?+z}gy ,z]gyG O%GyG fC :E ,&A|Ot|h
{wWyG ,p IOQG(yG A9]f}G #| (]f {v {< ,>TJp ua"yG u_9"|
.J:9JyG #| Q+Dv ,p b9$Q5yh bj]zy VQgA* )3(

, g}TyG uT yG [F9ZL 2 vvvvv 2 "


#| JG(Y}G {t! ,p U9ZAL:G ,y9f {LO uT! fP}G Og@
)zf {}g* QLB (]f OF(* :h ,Z9|OyG {LGO )yE ,FQ9MyG ~y9gyG
#| ?f(}G| ,g}TyG uT"yG xzA}*h .fP}G Q+i ?q+c(yG gP$
~vWvyGh QvZv=vyG( iQvL}G {vLOvyG b9vTv!C hv| ?vvQvAvWv}vyG [vF9vZvMvyG

.9%@QAzph J9f(}T}yG {t! ?+Y9M< R+}A*h ,)bhPAyGh UJyGh


?+Y(ZLz {LOyG b9T!C #| gQ+i h| ?vQAW}yG &ZF9ZL #}p
>vTvJv< [vZvMvAvyG ?v+vy9vf ?v+v<9vTvI J9v+vyB ~v]v* &v!(vwvzvp ,yd9vGv}vyG
J9v%v=v"v}vyG )vzvf :E uv=vav"v@ : J9v+vzv}vgvyG gPv$ f{vp )1999( ~v+vy9vi
.J9%="}yG #| 9$Q+i fhO btp ?+g}TyG

&!C )"g}< y?+|GRy Gz v v < )}T* 9| ,g}TyG uT"yG [F9ZL #|h


o
U+y 9%!Ch JG(YC #| 9%+yE {Z* 9| fP}G Hyp 9g@ fC #| U9"| :
#|h .JG(YC #| 9%+yE {Z* 9| ?Gy9g| #f h"A}@ fC ,p IQI
o
: ?*RvQ}yG J9+z}gyG fC ,"g@h y?*OhOJ}yGz ?+Y9L &ZF9ZL
{wW< :E ?+@(Y OG(| #| {LOyG uT! &|Ot* 9| {v )yE {Z@

r o
,vAvtvav"v| {v}p v%v@h ~vqvyG bvSh ?vtvav"v| )vzvf ahQvJvyG uvav! 9v%v+vp RvvQvAv* J9vjvzvyG ^vgv< 1
?v v+v vTv v!Qv vqv vyG 9v v%v v"v v| >v v*Qv vsh ,?v v+v vtv v*Qv vp}G J9v vjv vzv vyG ^v vgv v< {v vDv v| #v v+v v"v vqv vWv vyGh uv vzv vJv vyG
.uzJyG JG(YC )zf Qp(A@ : ,AyG ?*R+zG! Gh

60
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

k
?v+v<9vTvJvyG 9v%vAv*OhOQv| ,vp y?vfQvTvyGz v v v< 9v]v*C rvZvAv@h ,OhOvJv|
9%ZF9ZL ~$C #|h ,?*RvQ}yG J9+z}gzy ,=T"yG Ab=y9< ?!Q9t}y9<
HQTAyG eOg< ?a=@Q| ?+Y9L ,$h yJ9|(zg}yG E+I #| h"}yGz
?+vGQO G b9T!}G LQL fC )"g}< ,?+vGQO G J9+z}gyG )yE ,pQg}yG
1 k
.cQO}yG gO*Q* 9}f Q+=v OI )yE ;tAT| f(w*

J9v|(vzvgv}vyG ?v<G(v< fP}G Ovgv@ IQ(vvPv}vyG [vF9vZvMvyG >vF(v}v<h


,p ?*RvQ}yG J9+z}gyG b9T!C )yE LQ9MyG #| ?tpOA}yG ?+@(ZyG
JG(Y}G d9tA!G ?t*Q_ [M* 9}+p QQwA@ ,AyG ?z8S}G #|h .Z9|OyG
o
JG(vY}G {vzvJv@ rv+vvh ?d9vtvAv!:G GPv$ ~vAv* rv+vv :fP}G Qv=vf
JGQqWyG Hy9g@ Z9|OyG #| ?ta"| jC ,ph ?fP}G )zf ?tpOA}yG
#| dh}G uWyG )yE ?=T"y9=p ,??+y:O J9|(zg}< ?z}J}yG ?+@(ZyG
IQ(Y )4( {wWyG {|zA"zp ?d9tA!:G GP$ ~A* r+v ($h dG|TyG
2
:,g}TyG R9%GyG

Q=f ,FQ9L QOZ| #| ?|O9tyG ?+@(ZyG J9F(}yG d(LO CO=*


A9Wi )yE {Z@h ,,g}TyG Q}}yG ?*GO< {D}@ ,AyG ?+FQ9MyG I9"tyG
Q}}yG )zf ?F(}yG bj\ ?+z}f h|h ,yfP}G ?z=_z )}T* u+sQ
RGRA$G {tA"+p ,bj]yG I(s QGOt}< RA%@ fP}G ?z=_ f{p ,g}TyG
fP}G ,p ?+!hRzJyG ?pQjyG )yE ?zGT}yG RGRA$:G ?FQO< A9WjyG

[v vF9v vZv vMv vyG gPv v$ #v vf ?v vtv v+v vsO {v v+v vY9v vqv vAv vy )422 395 :U 1999( ~v v+v vy9v vi Qv vdv v!G 1
k
.?+=y9s 9s9T!C 9%qY(< {LOyG b9T!C 9%< hA}A@ iQLC [F9ZLh
k
#$$ ## $$ :bv v<GQv vyG )v vzv vf ,v vCGQ(v vyG ~v v}v vZv vyG #v vf ;v vtv v! 2
. #

61
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)4( {wV

h| #|GRAy9< RA%+S jPyG {F9Ty9< rzA}@ E+I )?gs(tyG( ?+zLGOyG


o
?ta"}yG gP$ )yE {Z* 9| fC GP$ #| ~%q*h ,u+sQyG A9WjyG RGRA$G
#| ?ztA"}yG ?+FG(%yG J9F(}yG upO@ #| H@9! yHGQa\Gz :E ($ 9|
,p ?+FG(%yG ?F(}yG ,%A"@h ,fP}G {LGO )yE ,FQ9MyG QOZ}yG
?+zLGOyG fP}G CO=Ay {F9TyG HGQa\G ?+z}f h| ?+zLGOyG ?pQjyG

,p ,g}TyG S9TI G ?ta"| )yE J9<GQa\:G gP$ d9SQE ?+z}g<


{=s hC Og< )g;fC )1( {wWyG ,p jRvQ}yG rzL r+qzAyG( N}yG
)yE {tA"@ 9| f9fQS ?+<Q%v JGQ9VE )yE J9<GQa\:G gP$ {*(J@
n o q n o 1
J9|(zg| JGQ9V G gP$ )yE O"T@ fC hs(A* E+I ,x!Q+p ?ta"|
gP$ 9%< [AM@ ,AyG ?+=+vQAyGh ?+z+zJAyG IQOtyG >F(}< ?+y:O
?+vGQO G J9+z}gyG RvQ| )yE {+zJAyG GP$ HF9A! {SQ@ ~C ,?ta"}yG

.x!Q+p ?ta"| f9w}y dh}G {ZqyG )1( {wWyG Qd!G 1

62
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

K9J<C ~+$9q}< ?*RvQ}yG b9T!}Gz v v < )}T* 9| ($h Z9|OyG ,p


b<Q )zf cGQO Gh Q+wqAyG RvQ| {}g* E+I y?*Q(ZAyG ?y:OyG
?+t< #| ?|O9tyG J9|(zg}y9< ,g}TyG uT"yG #| ?|O9tyG J9|(zg}yG
e9v vwv vI}G QGOv vYEh Ov vtv vAv vgv v}v vyG Bv v+v v=v vDv v@h ?v vtv v<9v vav v}v vyG ?v v+v vjv v< b9v vTv v!}G
.J9<9GAS:Gh

63
,! 9DyG ~TtyG

+ *+
? F9 R qyG J9 @ +( ZyG

j (
qWyG H9aMyG { zJ@ J9 @ + +( Yh

+(
? @ ZyG J9SGQOyG e zf {LGO@ vvvvv 1 (
H9vavMvyG {v+vzvJv@ J9v+v@(vYh ?v+vF9v*Rv+vqvyG J9v+v@(vZvyG f(vwv@ O9vwv@
o
9%+zf KzaYG OIGh ~zf YhQqy hC OIGh ~zgy J m 9+}T| j(qWyG
q
.,v<QvjvyG #   KvzvavZv}vy {v<9vtv}vyG jO9v}vyG J9v+v@(vZvyG ~vzvgv<
E+I #| J(ZyG SQO@ ,AyG J9SGQOyG {v ~zgyG GP$ #]AJ*h
hC j(jzyG hC ,q+c(yG gG(AJ| #f Qd"yG ^j< ?+F9*R+p IQ$9c ($
JG(Y}G ~zf J9!(w| #| IQ+L}G ~+$9q}yG gP$ Og@ PE ,,y:OyG
1
.#   KzaZ}y {<9t}yG j(jzyG hC ,q+c(yG

jO9}yG J9+@(ZyG ~zf #+< OhOI OF(@ : &!C u=S 9| ,"g* :h


h| ,qAM@ O9w@ 9}%"+< ?zY9qyG OhOJy9p ,,q+c(yG JG(Y}G ~zfh
e(zf J9!(w| #+< hC #+!(w}yG #*P$ #+< U+y ,{LGO@ #| gGQ! 9|
e(zf 9%+p h_9tA@ ,AyG ?+"+=yG J9*(AT}yG ,ph {< ,>TJp ?jzyG
k
,AyG ?s;gy9v ?vQAW| J9s;f 9%"+< OFh ~C ,9| 9|(* ?"*9=A| B!9v

v v v 65 :U ,hv<GQvyG {vZvqvyG ,j (
vvjvvzvvyG J ( vvZvvyG ?vvSGQO :Qv}vf Q9vAvMv| Ov}vIC Qvdv!G 1
.9%y(I QGO jPyG a;MyGh J9JzaZ}yG gP$ U(ZM< 72

65
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

o
e(zfh >S9JyG e(zf #+< hC ?jzyG e(zfh A9+I}G e(zf #+< BGT!
.?jzyG

jO9}yG J9 +(@ ZyG ~zf vvvvv 2

[vF9vZvMvyG ?vSGQOv< #   jO9v}vyG J9v+v@(vZvyG ~vzvf ~vAv%v*

&y9tA!Gh gQOZ|h &A+w+AS(vC E+I #| J(Zzy ?+F9*R+qyGh ?*O9}yG


QLBh J(Y #+< bQqyG J9FQOh &A<P<P ?gS {+GT@h gOOQ@ S9+sh
n o
bQ_h ?+@(ZyG eRJyGh ?+q+ayG &@Q(Y IAGQsh &AF(| I(s OYQh
o
JGhOC xyP {v ?pQg}y eOMAT* f9v Otyh .9$Q+ih J(ZyG K+VQ@
,p eOMAT@ ,AyG #+!QyG JGQGIh ?!9!QyG ?v(WyG :{+=s #| ?*O+zt@
J9v<Pv<PvyG ~vSGQh ,~vqvyG rv*(vGv@ {vwvWvy ?v=vS9v"v}vyG ?v}vjv"vyG ?vSGQO
x o
R9%Fh ,r+ayG S9+s IR%FCh J(ZyG J9JVQ|h J9!(phQw+}yGh
,J(Zzy ?a<9%yGh ?+y9gyG JGOOQAyG OYQ< e(t* jPyG aGQF(}+wyG
S9TI G )zf Of9T* jPyG jQG"JyG ~SQyG R9%F )yE ?p9\ 9<
Q9+AyG g9G@G OYQ )zf &@QOt< #++@(ZyG #*Q@(yG uzih KAp ?y9J<
xv"vJvyG ?v*Ov+vzvtvAvyG JGhO}G gPv$ #v|h .IQvGv"vJvyG ,v=v!9vF OvIC #v|
k
# {zgp yG rYh ,p eOMAT@ B!9v GOF ?}*Os IGOC ($h ,f9"ZyG
.U(ZMyG &Fh )zf   

?<(gY ,ph #}DyG ,p ?d$9=yG ?qzwAyG JGP JGhO}G gP$ {vh


o
?+@(ZyG IQ9V G {+zJ@ H|GQ=< e(+yG 9%"f )"jAT* 9%+zf d(ZJyG
,?+!9DyG #| ry}G #| ARGy9< ?t+sO ?+}sQ J9|(zg| eOt* jPyG
q
IAGQs {%T@ ?+q+_ IQ(Y )yE J(ZyG d(J@ ?*QZ< J9|(zg|h
.?+@(ZyG J9"+gyG

66
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

?+@(Y J9!9+< OfG(s {+GT@ H|GQ=yG gP$ u*Q_ #f #w|Ch


IO9p G ~@ 9}v .?+@(ZyG U(Z"yG #| OOgyh ~*QwyG fBQtzy ?+}sQ
JO9pC IQ+=v ?FQO )yE J9+@(ZyG ~zf eOt@ ,p H|GQ=yG gP$ #|
?v}vZv=vyG ~v+v}vZv@ ,vp #v+v+v@G(vY}G IQv=vL #v| IQv+v=vv J9vvQvV 9v%vgv|
?S9TI H|GQ< d;L #| &@(Y R++}@h {+}gyG )yE aQgAyGh ?+@(ZyG
gP$ #|h .&@9v9J|h J(ZyG GP$ O+zt@ ?FQO B!9v 9}%| J(Zzy
{v+vzvJvAvy -O33J JGQv< Hv|9v!Qv< ,d9vDv}vyG {v+v=vS )vzvf ,Hv|GQv=vyG
?pQg}yG JGhOC ?+y9gp {+GTAy gO"f rs(A"S jPyG ?+@(ZyG IQ9V G
1
.J9+@(ZyG d9G| ,p ?+!9TzyG

9FP }
k
(! yJGQ<z ? @ ZyG IQ9V +( G { zJ@ H|GQ< vvvvv 3 +
?%FG(y9p :Q9T+yG )yEh #+}+yG )yE #+A%FG(< JGQ< H|9!Q< CO=*
)yE ,tpCh #+}+yG )yE jO(}f :f9a*QV 9%y IPp9! #f IQ9=f )H 5(
?"+f {+GT@ #w}* yz yO*OFz {LO}yG Q9+ALG Q=fh ;)zf}G
.fmG(C QWf #f ?"+gyG IO| O*R@ :C )zf 9%z+zJ@ H(za}yG J(ZyG
,@(Y rz| Q9+ALG #w}* y z yCQsGz {LO}yG Q9+ALG Q=fh
IAGQty {}gAT!h .Q9T+yG )yE ^+<}G h<Q}yG )yE &z+}J@h X(qJ|
jO(}gyG b*QWyG J9!(t*C h<Q}yG ,p X(qJ}yG ,@(ZyG rz}yG

- 9v}vSQv*(v< d(v< &v=vAvv ,&v=v+vvQv@h H9vavMvyG {v+vzvJvAvy Hv|9v!Qv< (v$ -O33J JGQv< 1
?v vgv v|9v vF #v v| J9v v+v v@(v vZv vyG ~v vTv vs #v v| =  " & xv v"v v+v v"v v*h Ov v+v vqv v*O h   
Y(v=vSC {vv Ov*OvF A9v"v< QvWv! ~vAv*h ,QGQv}vAvS9v< Hv|9v!Qv=vyG #v+vTvJv@ jQvGv*h eGOQvAvTv|C
k
#vvwvv}vv*h ,?v v"vv+vvgvv| OhOv vI #v v}v v\ #v vwvvyh ,?vv*O9v vIC JGQ9vvVE JGQvv< {v vzv vJv v*h 9v v=vv*Qv vtv v@
,v@(vY Qv=vAvMv| ?v<9vDv}v< Ovgv*h iQvLC IQv| 9v%vzv+vjvWv@h ,9v%vJvAvph ,9v%vdvqvIh 9v%vzv+vGvTv@
k
.?*O+ztAyG JGQ=AM}yG #f 9\(f QT*h ?y(%S {w< &|GOMASG #w}* {|9wA|

67
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

v
&J+VQAy hC J(ZyG IQ(Y ~SQy hC {GT}yG J(ZyG Y9}S IO9f
J(Zzy ?gSGh J:9}gASG #| H|9!Q=yG &J+A* 9}| xyP Q+i )yE
q
IQ(vY Q(vZv@h ,IQ(vZvyG ,vp Qv%vdv* jPvyG (vJv"vyG )vzvf X(vqvJv}vyG
)vzvf}G ,vtvp}G &vav*QvV d;vL #v|h ,)C 5( hv<Qv}vyG ,vp J(vZvyG
n o
?v+v@(vZvyG eRvJvyGh I(vtvyGh ?vFQOvyG J9v|(vzvgv| )vyE aQvgvAvyG hv+vavAvTv!
Hv|9v!Qv=vyG 9v$Qvp(v* ,vAvyG ?v*QvZv=vyG J9v|(vzvgv}vyG #v| 9v$Qv+vih ?vfQvTvyGh
q
:{GT}yG J(Zzy

)5( {wV

5( ?%FG(yG ,p jO(}gyG b*QWyG #| y  Q*QJ@z Q9+ALG O"f


n o
{gqzy ,@p (Z< 9%z+GTA< B}s ,AyG ?"+gyG IQ(Y IQV9=| Q%d@ )H

?%FG(yG #| Q9T+yG )yE ^+<}G h<Q}yG ,p 9%AdqIh y)33 f9vz


)6( ,p ?J\(| ,$ 9}v yf9vz J(ZyG IQ(Y Q%d@h ,)H 5( ~sQ
:g9!OC

68
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

)6( {wV

o
?}zwyG h_9t|(,gat}yG {wWyG ?atzyG gP$ ,p M(\(< Q%d*
k nv
J9|(zg}yG #| ?f(}G| 9]*C Q%d@h ),Tp q"yG hat}yG hC ?z}GyG hC
,?+!9DyG #| ry}G #| ARGy9< J(ZyG {+GT@ IO}< uzgA@ ?+}sQyG
d;L #| aQgAyG h+aAT!h .J(Zzy ?+q+ayG IQ(ZyG Q%d@ 9}v
)?I(zyG SCQ ,p j(zgyG b*QWyG )zf IQ$9dyG( IQ(ZyG J9!(t*C
gPv$ #v| 9v$Q9v+vAvLG #vwv}v* ,vAvyG J9v|(vzvgv}vyG #v| Qv+v=vv OOvf )vyE
?+@(ZyG ?}j"yG hC ?FQOyG J9|(zg| )zf d(ZJzzp .J9!(t*}G
,ph )7( IQ(ZyG 9"y Q%dAp ?}F9tyG #|  # ?FQOyG Q9AM! 9"!{p
k k k k
?FQO {D}* 9gatA| f(w* 9!9+ICh ~+tAT| Q+i 9+tpC 9aL iQ! 9%zqSC

J9FQO #f ?+}sQ J9|(zg| &z<9t| ,ph ,&A}j! {wVh J(ZyG


.?+}j"yG hC ~+j"AyG

d;L #| &@OVh J(ZyG Q@(@ J9|(zg| )yE aQgAyG #w}*h


k
?zTzS {wV )zf 9_(aL 9"+ag@ ,AyG   Q@(AyG ?!(t*C

69
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)7( {wV

o
.hat| {wy Q@(AyGh IOWyG J
p 9*(AT| ?"*9=A}yG 9%}}s {D}@ d9=F
?atzy9< 9%y {D}! ,J9*(AT}yG gP$ #f ?+}sQ J9|(zg| &z<9t| ,ph
:)8( ~sQ

)8( {wV

70
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

)9( {wV

n o k
9v%vgp vsG(v|h ?v+v@(vZvyG eRvJvyG J9v|(vzvgv| )vyE 9v]v*C aQvgvAv!h
  ?+@(ZyG eRJyG ?!(t*C d;L #| 9%zwVh 9$OpOfh
{wV )zf eRJyG gP$ Q%d@h ){+zs Og< 9%+p {Zq"S ,AyG(
no
)zf ?qDw| AGQ}I W(aL hC ht< {wV )zf hC ,AGO(S ht<
k
9v]v*C 9v%vyh ,?vavtvzvyG #v| {vqvS}G ARvGvyG ,vp ?v+vqv+vavyG IQ(vZvyG
,p 9}v ,9%+zf QV|}yG h\h OQG}< Q%d@ ?+}sQ J9|(zg|
:?+@6G )9( ?atzyG
r n
^="yG hC uqMyG #f J9|(zg| )yE aQgAzy ?+!9w|E c9"$h
{wV )zf Q%d@h   ^="y9< ?Y9L ?!(t*C d;L #| ,@(ZyG
9}v ,?+gat}yG J(ZyG IQ(Y rzL ?*O(}gyG W(aMyG #| ?+qzL
:)10( ~sQ ?atzyG ,p
k
hv +v }v F )v zv f d(v Zv Jv yG ?v +v !9v wv |E )v zv f 9v ]v *C Hv |9v !Qv =v yG Qv p(v Av *

71
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)10( {wV

k
,vAvyG C  ?v!(vtv*}G d;vL #v| ?v+v$9v"vAv| ?vsOv< 9v+v}vsQ J9v|(vzvgv}vyG
h<Q}yG ,p 9%]g< Q%d* ?*9jzy ?t+sO ?+}sQ HF9A! )zf 9%"| {ZJ!
?Y9MyG ?+}sQyG J
p 9|(zg}yG ?+y9f ?sO< OYQ jPyG ,y9AyG )11( ~sQ
:)f9v( J(ZyG {+GTA<

)11( {wV

72
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

)12( {wV

#| hSGh b9a! ,p K\Gh {wW< ?+@(ZyG eRJyG Q%d@h


l k
eRJzy {+D}@ GOG(S QDv}G hC AGO(TyG J9s9a"y9p ,?+q+ayG IQ(ZyG
?+@(ZyG ?s9ayG R+vQ@ h\(| )yE Q+W* OG(TyG R+vQ@h ,?+@(ZyG
o n
QvDvvC J(vZvyG fC ,v"vgv* 9v}vv ,hvavtv| hC J(vY )vzvf ?vyhPv=v}vyG
k k
~sQ ?+q+ayG IQ(ZyG ,p 9$GQ! ,AyG ?t*Qay9< 9f9}SEh 9I(\h

.)12(

?*O(}f J9p(qZ| hC J9s9a! )12( ?+q+ayG IQ(ZyG ,p Q%d*


?s9ayG R+vQ@ h\(| ,$ AGO(TyG J9s9a"y9p ,AGO(S iQLCh A9]+<
QvDvvC J(vZvyG f(vwv* Ev+vJv< )Bv|G(vZvyG hC {vzvgvyG )vzvf( ?v+v@(vZvyG
k
IO}f}G OIC {+zd@ hC O*OJA< GP$ #| utJAyG #w}*h ,9f9}SE
k k
#| 9I(\h QDvC 9@(Y h}T"y J(ZyG {+jW@ IO9fE ~C AGO(TyG
GQk +Dv O*OJAyG GP$ O+q*h .A9]+=yG J9s9a"yG ,p ht@ ,AyG JG(Y}G
,p O+q* 9}v J9jzy ,gat}yG e9d"yG ?pQg|h Q="yG h\G(| ?SGQO ,p

73
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,AyG hsG(}yG OYQ #| ?*O9gyG fP}G 9%+p #w}A@ : ,AyG J:9JyG


1
.iQLC hsG(| ,p &yP=* 9}| Q=vC ?s9_ ~zwA}yG 9%+p dP=*

,,v@(vZvyG hvavtv}vyG OvGv! ,?v|Ovtv}vyG J9v!9vwv| G )vyE ?vp9v\ 9v<


kq
#v| 9v!(vwv|     ?v+vqv!}G Bv|G(vZvyG )vyE ?v=vTv"vy9v<
q
 ?v+v}vqvyG ?vf(v}vGv}vyGh  ?v+vqv!}G ?vf(v}vGv}vyG :#v+vAvf(v}vGv|
k
#f ;]p .   ?+"+!Q Q+i J9f(}T| 9}%"+< {LO*h
#v| {vwvy ?v+vp9v\E ?v+vqv+v_ eRvI ?vdvI;v| #v| #vwv}vAv! 9v"v!{vp ,xvyP
uD="@ ?+q!}G B|G(ZyG fC #+=A*h ;?+q!}G {zgyGh ?+q!}G B|G(ZyG
n
fC xyP #| HA"*h .?+q!}G ?f(}G}yG #}\ HA"}yG #+!QyG #|
o
AGQF QDvC hC ?+q+_ ?|RI 9"y Q%d@ Os     ?+q!}G {zgyG
p
o q
hC rg]@ Os ?+}qyG ?+@(ZyG eRJyG fC #+I ,p ,,q!}G #+!QyG
q
.9%A+"+!Q eOgy h+]@

H|9!Q< {+yO ,p {}gAT}yG )12( LP(}"yG Q]JASC K+\(Azyh


k k q
?|RJy9< GAO< 9f9=@ ?}sQ| AGO(TyG ?+}qyG eRJyG Q%d@ E+I ,JGQ<
nn o k k
CRAG}yG Q9T+yG )yE LP(}"yGh .GOOQ@ )zf}G ?|RJyG )yE GOOQ@ {s}G

)vyE d(vY(vzvy j(vqvWvyG H9vavMvyG J9v*Qvdv"vy ?v|OvtvAv}vyG Hv|GQv=vyG gPv$ #v| IOvF9vqvyG hvTvAv@ 1
~vzvwvAv}vyG iOvy 9v$Qv+vih e9v}vAv$:Gh Ov+vvzvAvyGh Qv@(vAvyG #v_G(v| ?vSGQO Ov"vf ?vtv+vsO HvF9vAv!
Qv%vGvyG #v_G(v|h ?vav<9v%vyGh ?v+vy9vgvyG JGOOQvAvyG ?vpQvgv| #v| #vwv}vAv! J(vZvyG IQvAvzvp Ov"vfh
k
9v| GQv+vDvv jPvyG U9vMvyG UvJvzvy hC SOvJvzvy ?v\Qvf f(vwv* : 9v}v| 9v$Qv+vih Uv}v%vyGh

{vzvgvyG Rv+v+v}v@ #v|h ?v*(v}vqvyG #v| ?v+vqv!}G JG(vY}G Rv+v+v}v@ #v| #vwv}vAv! 9v}vv rvavMv*
?v v+v vY9v vL c9v v"v v%v vp ,Bv v|G(v vZv vyG )v vyE ?v v=v vTv v"v vy9v v< ,d9v vDv v}v vyG {v v+v v=v vS )v vzv vf :Bv v|G(v vZv vyGh
?v Gv +v Av ! OOQv @ #v | Qv Dv vC hC OOQv @ Ov "v f Qv %v dv @ ,v Av yG ,v @(v Zv yG hv av tv }v yG ,v p ?v +v "v +v !Q;v yG
.?=I9Z}yG ?*(qWyG    J9!(wAzy

74
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

o
Qv v%v vdv v* ?v vgv vSGh ?v v+v vqv v+v v_ IQ(v vY #v v|
p
eRvJvyG .?v*GOv=vyG #v| ] [ ?v+vyG(vAv}vyG
K\Gh {wW< IQ(d"| )yh}G U}MyG
.*E )yE *5 #| ?!("g|h ,] [ h|
h<QC #}]A@ 9%!{p ][ )yE ?=T"y9<h
?|RJyGh )*5 *>( IQ(d"| btp eRI

ht@h .Bp9L {wW< Q%d@ ?T|9MyG


k
?=T"y9< 9I(\h QDv}G h<Q}G eRJyG

Rv@Qv+v$ 5000 #v+v< 9v| ][h ] [ )vyE


)13( {wV
fC #| rg\C 9%"wy ,R@Q+$ 8000h
o
,v ph ,,v qv +v av yG ~v SGQv yG )v zv f iQv @
n r o
h| Q%d* 9| xyP #| UwgyG )zfh .h}T@ fC #| rg\C >y9jyG
n o
)4( fhO 9|h ,e9@ M(\(< )9 v v 4( eRJyG Q%d@ E+I ][ J(ZyG
k
.9I(\h {sC hO=@
k n o
b}! eGOMAS9< 9I(\h QDvC {wW< ?+q+ayG eRJyG ?*DQ #w}*
IQ9vV G {v+vzvJv@ Hv|9v!Qv< 9v$Qvp(v* ,vAvyG ?v+v|(vSQvyG LP9v}v"vyG #v| QvLB
LP9}"yGh .Bs(yG #| ?t+sO ,p J(ZyG r+_ 9%g| Q%d* ,)JGQ<(
][ ,q!}G h ] [ ?zgyG #+@(Zzy P(Lz}yG ,q+ayG ~SQyG Q%d@ ?+y9AyG
.)13( ,p #+t<9TyG

,9%y ~}tv ?+q+ayG eRJyG Q%d@h ,d9=GyG &=W* ,q+ayG ~SQy9p


.9%tpG(@ eOf #f hC ,@(ZyG upG(AyG J9*(AT| #f GQk +=g@

75
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

Q(%G}yG J(ZyG h|h .J(ZyG QOZ| #| ?|RJyG ?s9_ ,@z@


{S;Sh ,~dA"|    
  jQhO HGQa\G Q%d* ] [

.d9=GyG ~}s {wV )zf #      ?tpG(A| ?+f9t*E

,+ ( q c yG JG Y ( } G ~zf JGhOC vvvvv 4

?+@(ZyG ?SGQOy9< #   ,q+c(yG JG(Y}G ~zf ~A%*


?+"=y9<h ,?*R++}AyG 9%ZF9ZLh 9%@9}+!(p E+I #| J9jzyG JG(Y}
b(ph ?+=+vQAyG J9}+!(qyG 9*9]t<h ,?}zwzy ?+gat}yG hC ?+\hQgyG
hC ?+q+c(yG Q$9d}y9<h ,~+j"AyGh O}yGh {Zq}yGh Q="y9v ?+=+vQAyG
~vzvf J9v*Qvdv! #v| ?v*Qvdv! Q9v_E ,vp ~v+v$9vqv}vyG gPv$ {vwvy ?v+vy:OvyG
.?D*OJyG hC ?}*OtyG JG(Y}G

?+@(ZyG K|;}yG ?SGQO )zf ,q+c(yG JG(Y}G ~zf RvQ*h


J9v*Qvdv"vyG eGOvMvAvS9v< 9v$Qv+vi #v| ?vjvy {vv Rv+v}v@ ,vAvyG ?v+vgvavtv}vyGh
,q+c(yG JG(Y}G ~zf eOt@ {]q< ?|OtA}yG JGhO}Gh LP9}"yGh
n
,}zfh #   jO9}yG J9+@(ZyG ~zf JGhOz< ?!9gAS:9<h

76
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

,AyG J9*Qd"yG ~$C #|h .,vGQO Gh ,ta"yGh ,g}TyG JG(Y}G


J9+!9TzyG J9*Qd! ?D*OJyG ?+@(ZyG J9SGQOyG L9]!E ,p B}%SC
?v+vzv Dv |}G ?v*Qvdv "v yG {v +v =vs #v| 9v%v"v| ?vtvDv=v"v}vyG J9v*Qvdv"vyGh ?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG
fQtyG J9+"+gT@ ?*GO< ,p 9$QhO Q%c ,AyG    # 
1
.,\9}yG

HF9A! Q(%c ,p ,q+c(yG JG(Y}G ~zf J9SGQO JO9pC Osh


)zf 9}!Eh >TJp IOIG(yG ?jzyG rYh i(AT| )zf U+y IO*Of
IQSC hC J9jy ?f(}G| 9%+p cQAW@ ,AyG [F9ZMyG O*OJ@ i(AT|
?+<QgyG e9d! cQAW* d9D}yG {+=S )zgp ;?T!9GA}yG J9jzyG #|
gP$ f(v ,p ?+"+ZyG hO"%yGh ?+sQWyG J9jzyG ?f(}G| h| ?+@(ZyG
][ ]Y S[ ?zf #v9S (J! )zf ?}zwyG h+at@ e9d! eQAJ@ J9jzyG
nn
{wy ]9s[ {D| ][ ]Y Y S[ ?z*(_ ?zf #v9S hC ]>Av[ {D|
k
>s9g@ )zf ,"=}yG ,gat}yG ?+<QjyG J9jzyG e9d"y 9p;L ,hat|

hC
 ,p 9}v ][ ]S S Y S S[ {+=s #| B|G(ZyG
2
.9$Q+ih   ,p 9}v ][ ]S Y S S S[

,v v CQ9v v wv v | f(v v F ?v v +v v zv v Dv v |}G ?v v *Qv v dv v "v v yG GhQ(v v _ #v v *Pv v yG JG(v v Y}G A9v v }v v zv v f RQv v <C #v v | 1
-  &4''> ,vwvTvzv!(v}vS d(v<h 3  -  Uv!Qv< f:Bh D& #
Q9v _ G IQv }v Dv Av Tv | e(v +v yG )v yE ,v \9v }v yG fQv tv yG ,v p J9v +v "v +v gv Tv Av yG ?v *GOv < Pv "v | xv yPh
.?*O+y(AyG J9+!9Tzy e9gyG jQd"yG
k
)vzvf ?vavtv"vyG gPv$ ,vp ?v|OvtvAv| HvF9vAv! J9v+vy6G gPv%vy 9vtv=v_ ?v+v@(vZvyG J9vSGQOvyG BvtvtvI 2
QvSC ~v+vdv"v@h ?v+v@(vZvyG J9v*(v%vyG Ov*OvJv@h J9vjvzvyG rv+v"vZvAv< uvzvgvAv@ U(vZvMvyG &vFh
~v zv gv v ?v qv zv Av Mv }v yG J9v +v !9v Tv zv yG e(v zv f 9v %v "v | JO9v pC Hv F9v Av ! ,v $h ,9v $Qv +v ih J9v jv zv yG
?v ]v Jv }v yG J9v +v !9v Tv zv yGh ?v +v F(v y(v +v < hQv Dv !}G J9v +v !9v Tv zv yGh ?v +v f9v }v Av F:G J9v +v !9v Tv zv yG
.9$Q+ih

77
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

~dg| f} ,=+vQ@ b(p ,@(Y QZ"f ~$C ,@(ZyG hat}yG Og*h


~v+vjv"vAvyGh {vZvqv}vyGh {vZvqvyGh Qv=v"vy9vv &v+vzvf hvtv@ ?v+v@(vZvyG J9v+vzv}vgvyG
IOIGh    #  ?+zD|}G ?*Qd"yG Og@h .9$Q+ih ?}j"yGh
q
,@(ZyG e9d"yG ,p EJ=yG JGhOC B"TI ,AyG J9*Qd"yG ~$C #|
k
9t=_ ?+z+zJ@ JGR+| )zf JGQ< H|9!Q< Qp(A*h ,J9jzy ,gat}yGh
.y?+zD|}Gz ?*Qd"yG O9=}y

{LOyG fC 9%"| O9=}yG #| ?f(}G| )yE ?+zD|}G ?*Qd"yG O"AT@


H(za}yG ?}zwyG hat@ fC &y9D|h ,  LQMyG jh9T* 
o
LQMyG J9!9w|E ~*Ot@ )zf H|9!Q=yG e(t+p h_9t| )yE 9%g+at@
:)14( ,p 9}v ,?p9v
o
~w|Rz! )14(
p

:)15( ,$ )14( ?}zwzy ?+gat}yG J9!9w| G

)15(

~v/e/R/{! vvv C

e/c/e/R/d/f vvv H

~w|/Rz! vvv J
k
O(+sh A9p(yG O(+s 9%"|(        ?+zv O(+ty 9t=_h
~+zTyG h+atAyG Q9+ALG #| H|9!Q=yG #w}A* )9$Q+ih ?zgyG O+sh ?}tyG
o
,p 9%A+}$C >TJ< IQ(vP}yG O(+tyG >@Q@ fC Og< y~w|Rz!z ?}zwzy
:)16( {+D}AyG ,p #+=}yG (J"yG )zf IOIG(yG ?jzyG

78
9%z+zJ@h ?jzyG L9A!E :,!9DyG {ZqyG

)16(

Q9T+yG )yE )15( ,p K;DyG ?+gat}yG {LOyG J9!9w|E h\(@


~C ,jO(}f {wW< )J v v v C( #| >@Q@h ) ( {LOyG BJ@
?+}$C >TJ< ~+zTyG hat}yG Q9+ALG ?+z}f ~d"AS ,AyG O(+tyG >@Q@
Q9+ALG H|9!Q=yG #| >za* ~C ,)f v v v 1( #| ,tp}G {wWyG ,p O+tyG
h=Y G ?|;f :LP(}"yG ,p ?*R|QyG J9|;gyG Q%dAp ~+zTyG hat}yG
#f Q=g+y H|9!Q=yG gQ9ALG jPyG )C 15( dh}G hat}yG )yE Q+W@
,O(+tyG ,p bQL O(Fh ,"g* J9}G"yG OOfh ,K+JZyG f9w| G
f9A}G"yGh ,O(+tyG #| OIG(y bQL O(Fh ,"g@ IOIG(yG ?}G"y9p
hat}yG Q9+ALG ~A* ?*9%"yG ,ph ,GPw$h #*O+ty bQL O(Fh f9+"g@
.J9}G"yG #| OOf {sC )zf {ZI jPyG

?p9v JGQhQ+TyG ~%p #| #w}@ #y ?+\GQgAS:G IQ(ZyG gP$ fE


~$C OYQy am 9v ,>TIC 9}+p ,&"wyh ,LP(}"yG 9%+yE L9AJ* ,A y G
?+F(y(!(qyG {+y9JAyG ,p    #  ?+zD|}G ?*Qd"yG JGhOC
.9$Q+ih ?+gat}yG

79
Ey9DyG {ZqyG

+ ( *
? qY yG ? 9qwyG

+
? <QgyG ?jzy*+ *
? Q TqAyG ? 9qwyGh
O +% }@

,v$ 9v|h ?    ?v+vqvY(vyG ?v*9vqvwvyG ,v$ 9v|


9}%t+tJ@ #w}* r+vh ?/    ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyG

QOv tv < ,)v gv SC {v Zv qv yG GPv $ ,v p ??v +v <Qv gv yG ?v jv zv yG J9v !(v wv | ,v p


)zf >@QA* 9|h ?z8S}G gP$ #| >!G(F K+\(@ )yE ,Y9aAT}yG
.9%@9=zaA}< A9p(yG

83
dh Y G ~TtyG

?qYG ( yG ?jzyGh ?p ( ( Y } yG ?jz yG

( *
?qYG yG ?jzyG ? 9qvh ?p Y }yG ?jzyG ? 9qv vvvvv 1 ( ( *
?+S9SC Og@ ,AyG J9JzaZ}yG gP%y ?+qTzqyG EfG(=yG Rh9G@zS
1
#w}* 9}| jQhQ]y9< ~A$zSh ,jO+y(AyG (J"yG ?*Qd! Z(Y ,p
?jzyG &+yE L9AJ@ jPyG {}gyG ~GI cGQO ,qw* 9}< 9"$ &@Q9CE
COv<Ch .?v*Qv+vTvqvAvyGh ?v+vqvY(vyG #v+vAv*9vqvwvyG J9v=vzvavAv| R9vGv! ?v+v<QvgvyG

.g;fC ?z8S}G #f ?<9F5y ,IQZAM| u*Q_ #| ,d(LOyG

?jzyG hsGh #| uza"@ ?+<QgyG ?jzy ?t+sO a9YhC ~*Ot@ IQwp fE


,IO*OF BT+y ?+<QgyG ?jzy jQaqyG ~zwA}yG SOI #|h ?z}gAT}yG
J9!(w| ,p IQ9=F B!9v ?*(jzyG IO9}yG h}F ,p IQw=}yG O(%Gy9p
9v%vAvi;v<h 9v%v!GRhCh 9v%v=v+vvGQv@h 9v%v}vGvgv| Bvyh9v"v@ ?vp9vv ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG
k
{< ,IOIGh ?zIQ| ,p :h GOIGh rY(yG #w* ~yh ,9%@9+<OC QF9Sh

9v*9v]vs )1964(h      ?v+v=v+vvQvAvyG ,v!9v=v}vyG )1957( ,vwvTv|(vV Qvdv!G 1
,v wv Tv |(v Vh        #  ?v +v !9v Tv zv yG ?v *Qv dv "v yG ,v p IQv Y9v gv |
gPv$ {vDv}v@h   # #   / >v+vvQvAvyG ?v*Qvdv! #v| Qv$9vdv| )1965(
?v v+vvqvvY(vvyG #vv+vvAvv*9v vqvvwvvyG R9v vGv v!E Ovvgv v*h ,?v v+vv!9vvTvvzvvyG IQ(v vDvvy9vv< aQvvf 9vv| ?vv*GOvv< d9vv}v vf}G
9v$OGOvAv|G )vzvf ?v+vpQvgv}vyG IQ(vDvyG JRv+v| ,vAvyG JG(vfOvyG ~v$C #v| J9vjvzvy ?v*Qv+vTvqvAvyGh
.GP$ 9"|(* )yE J9+"+T}MyG P"|

85
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

.?qzAM|h IOA}| {IGQ| ,p ?qzAM}yG a9Yh}G #| OOf B=s9g@


k o
?*9qv QDvC ?tI;yG a9Yh}G f(w@ fC v v v Q(|}G ?g+=a< v v VQAq*h

.?t<9TyG #|

IQw=| J9 *9qv vvvvv 1 vvvv 1

k
IO9}yG rYh f9v ,;D|,,<QgyG ~Gg}yG rYh i(AT| )zf
~C ,>*QjyG >Avh ?*(jzyG {F9SQyG Q(%c h| a9v Q+i ?*(jzyG

?*Qd! uph ?+}Gg}yG IO9}yG ~+d"@ O+g@ fC JCQ J9}Gg| JA9F

,?vI9vAv}vyG ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG IO9v}vyG A9vqv+vAvSG {vFC #v| ?v+v\9v*QvyG J9v=v+vzvtvAvyG


i(AT| )zf [t"yG >!G(F ^g< BvQOASG iQLC O(%F JA9Fh
i(AT| )zfh .GPw$h ..9%AGy9g| ?t*Q_ i(AT| )zfh IO9}yG
l
~vGQAyG #f {t* : ~vGQ@ KOI ?+pQZyG ?+"<}Gh ?*(J"yG >+vGQAyG

)yE ?+<QgyG ?jzyG J9!(w| QF9S ,p xyPvh ,~Gg}yG &ttI jPyG


.GP$ 9"|(*

S9vtv@ ?v<(vzvav}vyG ?v*9vqvwvzvy 9v%vtv+vtvJv@ iOv|h a9vYh}G ~vwvzv@ fE


JGhO}G S9+t}<h ,rY(yG ~wyP 9%+p ~@ ,AyG ahQdyG S9+t}<
>@QA+S jPyG Q+TqAyG S9+t}<h &"|R ,p ?jzyG ~y9f 9%wzA}* ,AyG
?]%"yG QZf ?*GO< P"|h 9""|R ,ph .&A+y(}Vh rY(yG ?s9!C )zf
?jzyG J9!(w|h JGOQq| J9q+Y(@ O(%F rs(A@ ~y e(+yG )y E
1
,,TS|}yG i(AT}yG )zf :h jOQqyG i(AT}yG )zf : ?+<QgyG
?H(za}yG ,p9wyG rY(yG 9"ttI 9"!E d(tyG #w}* {$ #wy

H;v_h #v+vZvAvMv}vyG J9vF9vAv! jOQvqvyG i(vAvTv}vyG )vzvf 9v%v"v| IQv+vDvv GPv$ )vzvf ?vzvDv|}G 1
= )vZvJv@ : OGOvfC dh9v"v@ ~v@ Ovtvp )gGQ(vAvvO v v v QvAvS9v| v v v e(vzv<O( 9v+vzvgvyG J9vSGQOvyG

86
?+<QgyG ?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG

J9 * 9qwyG u tJAy ?Jz| JGhOC vvvvv 2 vvvv 1 +


fC >G* ,AyG ?*Qd"yG ~+}Z@ WQAW* ,p9wyG rY(yG f9v GPE
v
?*Qd"yG B!9v GPEh ,?dI;}yG )zf US|}yG rY(yG ?+z}f u=T@
f(w@ 9%=F(}< ,AyG ?+F(y(}AT< G     JGOOJ}yG WQAW@
#| #w}A! 9%=F(}<h ,?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG OfG(ty ?+fGQ| a9Yh}G
q
#| hF9Vh OQa| ($ 9}f Q=g@ ,AyG ?+S9S}G J9}+}gAyG OYQ
9%@GP ,p OfG(tyG gP$ B!9v GPEh ,jQaqyG ~zwA}yG ?jy ,p OfG(tyG
k k k
GQO9sh ?y(=t}yG ?}+zTyG JGQ9=gyG L9A!E )zf GQO9s 9}+}Z@ ?}}Z|
k
?v=vS(vJvyG WhQvWvy xvyP 9vgv\9vLh ,?v"vI;vyG JGQ9v=vgvyG dRvf )vzvf

f{p ,Q+TqAyG ?*9qvh ?sOyGh A9ZtAS:Gh ?+y(}WyG utJ* 9}< ?*(jzyG


o n
#w}* ,AyG a9Yh}G xz@ #| {+ztyG LQMAT* ,&zv WQWyG HG(F
?zIQ}yG gP%y ?+<QgyG ?jzyG OGOfE ,p 9%+zf A9"=yGh 9%g| {|9gAyG
.?|O9tyG {IGQ}zyh

9}!Eh ,{}gyG #| dhP=}yG O%GyG ,p ?zwW}yG f(w@ : O9w@


,ph ?<(za}yG LP9}"yG ~+}Z@ ,ph Q+d"AyG ,p ,#cC 9}+p ,#}w@
k k
>sGQ@h ~wJ@ ,AyG )9*OQp : 9+TS||( 9%+zf uqA}yG O9=}yG Z(Y
?zIQ| ,p rs(A* : rY(yG fC 9}<h .{}gyG JGQhQ+S ~d"@h
LP(}! d9}gASG #| Q+\ ;p ,Q9%"yGh {+zyG >s9gAv >s9gA* &!Ch

rv v+v vY(v v@ )v vyE d(v vY(v vyG ?v v+v vjv v< ?v vp9v vv ?v v+v v<Qv vgv vyG J9v v!(v vwv v| ,v vp J9v vf(v v\(v v}v vyG #v v| =
i(v Av Tv }v yG )v zv fh gQv *(v av @h &v "v +v Tv Jv Av < J9v +v Y(v @ ~v *Ov tv @h ShQOv }v yG Y(v \(v }v zv y
Qv*(vav@ Ov$9vgv|h ,v}vzvgvyG EvJv=vyG RvvGQv|h ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG hv|9vGv| O(v%vF ,vTvS|v}vyG
.9$Q+ih ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

87
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

o
&"+TJ@ ~A* hC QLB LP(}"< dO=AT* ~C &@9+y9gp ?=sGQ|h ?zIQ| ,p
1
.?qzAM| ahQc ,p

)zf #*QO9s Q+i 9"Tq!C OG! ?=S(JyGh H(S9JyG QZf ,ph


~y ,AyG JGhO}9< 9$Q+j< #+t_9"yG )yE :h 9%F9"<C )yE ?+<QgyG ~*Ot@
r
,d9D}yG {+=S )zf,yQ+TwAyG Y(}F H9<z fE .E*OJAyG 9%+yE {Z*
#| ?+<QgyG ~zgA| &y;L #| #w}A* ,v a9v rYh )yE L9AJ*
gP$ k+Y #| ?j+Y hC fRh )zf A9F ,AyG ?p9v X9qy}G QZI
k
h}F ?j+Y yd9gpCz fC ~zgA}yG aQg* fC 9+p9v Og* ~zp .Y(}GyG
k
9+}sQ QZJ@ fC rY(yG ?yB )zf {< )...O9qICh HG(<C( :&"|h
k
k+Y #| ?j+Y {v ,p GP$ {D|h ,X9qy}G gP$ OOf 9+<(S9Ih
k
~vF;v* 9v}v< :9v}vgvAvSG {vs}Gh {v}vgvAvTv}vyG 9v%v"v| OOvJv* ~vC ,Y(v}vGvyG

.,p9wyG ~zgAyG WhQV

? *( !
J J9 *
9qv vvvvv 2

SQOyG fC ,&< O9%WAS;y b9+TyG GP$ ,p jQhQ\ &!C OFC 9}|


?|;S )yE jO|@ ?t*Qa< IOf9tyG Z(Y IO9fE )yE ?F9J< j(J"yG
{+=S )zf ,?gFGQ| )yE L9AJ@ ,AyG J9}+}gAyG #}p .J9}+}gAyG
GPE :E IQvwv"vy9v< AGOvAv<:G R(vGv* :z I9vJv"vyG ^vgv< d(vs ,d9vDv}vyG
q 2
IQvDvwvp ,IQvwv"vy9v< AGOvAv<:G Z(vTv@ JGA9v"vDvAvS9v< ,v@zv* ~vC yJO9vpC

o k
eA;vAv* 9v}v< &vzv*Ovgv@ )vzvf {v}vf GPE iQvLC J9vjvy LP9v}v! d9v}vgvAvSG 9v]v*C Qv]v* :h 1
.?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?+Y(ZLh

:U >v+v=vzvyG ,v"vjv| :IQvwv"vy9v< AGOvAv<:G J9vi(vTv| ,vp J9vgvS(vAvyG Y(v\(v| ,vp hvFGQ 2
=,v v !(v v }v v V}G MQv v V Qv v dv v !Gh ,IQv v Wv v f 9v v $Ov v fh J9v v i(v v Tv v }v v yG ,v v p OGR jPv v yG 608

88
?+<QgyG ?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG

gP$ {D|h ,   ~+}gAyG ?|;S eOf ,"g* JGA9"DAS:G


jPyG LP(}"yG Z(Y #TIh ?*Qd"yG #| uza"@ fC L9AJ@ JGAGQF G
#| ?*9qv QDv}G jCQyG Q9+ALGh I9J"yG AGQB )yE IO(gyGh ,&+yE JQVC
k k
9t<9aA|h 9+p9v f9v &*(=+S &< A9F jPyG rY(yG fC h| .~%FGQB #+<
,p &*CQ #f &*(=+S Q=f Osh ,?*9qwyG gP$ #| (J"yG ?F9I h|
Q+i #| IO9p G {Y}G fC ,p [MzA* jPyG IQw"y9< AGOA<:G ?yzT|
1 wnv
.J9i(T}yG QvP< O*RAyG

#| ?z}F {+zJAyGh ?Ws9"}yG h| VQgASC ?+y9AyG JGQtqyG ,p


k
d(ZJyG ?+j< 9}FGO VQg@ fC )yE ?F9J< 9%!C B*CQ ,AyG 9*9]tyG
.?<(za}yG ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG )zf

?p Y }yG ?jzyGh ?qYG yG ? ( ( ( *( " J yG ?jzyG vvvvv 1 vvvvv 2

fC ?+<QgyG ?jzyG rYh ,p 9%p9WAvG {%T* ,AyG J9dI;}yG #|

k
136 v v v 134/1 &vIQvV ,vp {v+vtvf #v<Gh 9vi(vTv| QvWvf ?vTv}vL 9v%v"v| Ovf Ovsh 302/1 =
k
#v| fC 29/2 hv}v%vyG ,vp ,v_(v+vTvyG QvvPh ,9vi(vTv| #v*QvWvfh #v+v"vCG )vyE 9v%vzvYhC
k k
/1/1b :?v+vp9vwvyG MQvV 9v]v*C Qvdv!Gh ,9vi(vTv| #v+vC;vDvyG )vyE 9v%vzvYhC #v| I9vJv"vyG
k
135 :,v zv +v |Qv zv y ?v +v |hQv F}G MQv Vh 137/1 jQv ]v Mv yG ?v +v V9v I 9v ]v *C Qv dv !Gh 258
,v p d(v Y}G )2009( Q(v !C ,v !GRv gv zv y gGQ(v Av vOv yG ?v IhQv _C f9v dv }v yG gPv $ ,v p Qv dv !Gh
.fOf ?g|9F ,,<QgyG (J"yG
AGOvAv<:G kv*(vTvAvy ,vqvwv* gOvIh IO9vp G WQvVh 329/1L :H9vAvwvyG :&v*(v=v+vS Qvdv!G 1
,p ~c9"yG #<G &J\h jPyG (J"yG )zf ?*9qwyG #| K\Gh QOs u+tJAyh IQw"y9<
yIOv vF9v vqvvyG {vvZv vJvv@ ~v vy 9vv| IQv vwv v"v vy9vv< AGOvvAv v<:G R(vvGv v* : &vv!C {vvY}Gz :d9v vtv vp &vvIQvvV
&vzvv GPv$ [vMvyh J9vi(vTv}vyG ,vp OGQvavAvS:G #vf ,v"vjv* ~vc9v"vyG #v<G Qv+v=vgv@h 80:U
k k
~v+vtvyG #v<G 9v+vp9vv 9vqvYh H9v=vyG GPv$ rvYh IO9vfE Ov"vf 9v%v< PvL|v* fC #vTvJv* ?vtv*Qvav<
QvvPh IQvwv"vy9v< AGOvAv<:G ,vp Q9v+vgv}vyG (v$ IOvF9vqvyG d(vZvI fC QvvP PE OvFG(vqvyG hvFGOv< ,vp
.369/1L y&<9Av ,p &*(=+S (J"yG e9|E ?t*Q_z :9%!z<

89
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

G(FQLCh ,9%"| U+y 9| ?p(Y(}yG ?jzyG ,p G(zLOC ?jzyG ,qYGh


PE y?ztyGz Y(}G< )}T* 9| dh}G d9D}p ;9%g=_ #| ($ 9| ?jzyG #|
fBQtyG ,p IQDwyG )"g}< ?ztyG Y(}F OhQ(y Q+Tq@ )zf QDg! :
: ,s9+S Y(\(| IQDwyGh ?ztyG Y(\(| fC 9"\QApG GPE :E ~*QwyG
n o n ovno
?ztyG {*hz@ b9+TyG VQq* 9}!Eh ,Y(}GyG k+Y #| ?j+Z< &"f Q=g*
p n
,p 9}v ?ztyG ?j+Y #| IQDwyG {*hz@ h ,IQDwzy ?j+ZyG B!9v fEh
,Aj+Y )zf JA9F 9%!C h| )1( ,p ?"+=}yG ?+@6G ?+!BQtyG O$G(WyG
1 o r n
:?ztzy #+AZZM}yG y{gpCzh yd9gpCz

)1(

#"!(
h i j k l mdn eof g
2
. } { :)y9g@ &y(s vvv C

{ :)y9g@ &y(s vvv H


3
. }

,d(=t| Q+i Q|C IQWgyG )yE ?C;DyG #+< 9| OOf )zf ?ztyG ?y:Op
k
g;fC ?|Ot}yG ?+!BQtyG O$G(WyG ,p ;YC IOQGh Q+i ?ztyG fE {<
o r n
#+AZZM}yG y{gpCz h yd9gpCz ,Aj+Y )zf JA9F 9%!C h| )1(,p
.jO+ztAyG rY(yG ,p ?ztzy
k k
hC ?vzvtvy9v< 9vY9vL 9v}v+vpQ(v| xvzvAv}v@ : ?v+v<QvgvyG fC Kv\G(vyG #v|

?v vgvv<QC 9vv%vv"v v|z :A9vv"v v<


#vv*QvvWvvfh ?vvgv v=vvS Qvv+v vTvvwvvAvvyG Y(vv}vvGvvy fC e9vvWvv$ #vv<G Ovv"vvf OQh 1
o o
d9vgvpCh >vzvvzvv {vgvpC ,v$h IQvWvgvyG )vyE ?vC;vDvyG #v| (v$h {v+vzvtvyG OOvgvzvy ?vf(v\(v|
n
9v| (v$h Qv+vDvwvyG OOvgvzvy fhQvWvfh ?vC;vCh ,?v+v=vZvv ?vzvgvpp h IQv}p vIzvv &vzvgvpCh d9v}vIzvv
k
)vyE Y(v}vGvyG rv+v"vZv@ ,vp &v"vf A9vF 9v|h &v*(v=v+vS H9vAvv 9v]v*C Qvdv!Gh yIQvWvgvyG Rh9vGv@
n
.588/3L H9AwyG ,p ,IQDvh ?zs
.#}IQyG IQ(S 2
.71 :aQLRyG IQ(S 3

90
?+<QgyG ?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG

,A}zv 9!PLC GP{p ;b9+TyG #| ,@z@ IQDwyG hC ?ztyG fCh ,IQDwyG


o
IQDwyG )f;gp(h ?ztyG )d9gpC( ,Aj+Y )zf #+AzyG( )fGOz<(h )Q9%!C(
k
)zf d(ZJyG #w}* &!{p ?qzAM}yG J9s9+TyG ,p 9}%g]!h 9f9=@
v k
?"+=}yG ?+y9AyG {}GyG &+zf dh|@ 9| >TJ< 9g| 9}%"| IQDwyG hC ?ztyG

:)2( ,p

)2(

.Q9%!C )zf {a@ ,AyG fGOz=yG JQR vvv C

.~y9gyG Q9%!z< ?a*QL B}SQh ~y9gyG fGOz< JQR vvv H

#| BT+y 9%!C h| ?ztyG )zf dh|@ )C 2( ,p )fGOz<( ?}zwp


)Q9%!C( ?}zv fC 9}v .IQDwyG )zf dh|@ )H 2( ,ph .?ztyG k+Y
B!9v fEh ,)?ztyG( k+Y #| 9%!C h| IQDwyG )zf dh|@ )H 2( ,p
Q+ih ?+s9+S ?yzT| IQDwyGh ?zty9p .?ztyG )zf )C 2( ,p ?yh||
.k+ZyG #| OOJ| Y("< ?zZA| 9%!C K+JY

?jyz )zf ,@z* 9| 9%"| ($h ?jzyG #| f(qYG(yG &FQLC 9}|h


>+vGQAyG gP$ ?|;S )zf IOQGh O$G(WyG fC h| yE+iGQ=yG ,!(zvC
q 1
fhQLB R(F Osh ,QgWyG #|h E*OJyG #|h ~*QwyG fBQtyG #|
eOf )zf G(FQO Os e(+yG ?+<QgyG ,z}gAT| #| GQk +Dv fC :E 9%A|;S
.9%A+y(=t| ?FQO #| {+ztAyG )zf hC >+vGQAyG gP$ {D| d(=s

#v v |h ])3( A9v v +v v =v v !}G[ :}


AGQvAvVG ,vp ,v"v!(v|(vzv*z :QvgvWvyG #v|h y?vwvF;v| ~vwv+vp f(v=vs9vgvAv*z rv*QvWvyG Ev*OvJvyG
xwvu { :)v v y9v v gv v @ &v v y(v v s fBQv v tv v yG #v v | 1

.y,z$C {+M"yG

91
,! 9DyG ~TtyG

* *+ +
IO OF ? Q Tq@h ? qYh J9t =a@ +

+
Q TqAyGh r Y AyG + ( , * +( " +
p ? O y AyG LP9} yG u =a@ vvvvv 1

?yzT| O"f rs(AyG )yE 9%"| YQqA* 9|h ?+y9AyG JGQtqyG ,p )gSC
?+j< ?*(J"yG 9*9]tyG ~$C #| IOIG(< ?zZA}yG ?*(J"yG J:(t}yG
?*Q+Tq@ ?*DQ ~*Ot@h ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG JGhOz< 9%q+Y(@ IO9fE

LP9}"yG #| O+q@ ?+<Qf ?*DQ #|h ?+=*QGAyG J9+ag}yG #| uza"@


k
)yE U(zMyG :h9J| 9%+yE #%@Q@ : 9%"wy 9%+zf rwA@h ?+}y9gyG
: 9}<h ?+<QgyG ?jzy K+ZqyG d9}gAS:G ?g+=_ h| upG(A* r+Y(@

.9"Ajy ?+Y(ZL h| VQ9gA*

*+
? O ztAyG ? *( " (
J yG J: t}yG ? Qd * ! {v9W| vvvvv 2

AGRFCz hC ?*(J"yG J:(t}yG #f ahQg}yG ~$Q(Z@ I9J"yG eOs


k
?g+=_ d(I ~%@9dI;| #| 9s;a!G )aQIh {gph ~SG( ye;wyG

rv+v"vZvAvyG ~v*Ovtv@ #v| ?vdvI;v}vyG Ovgv< ~v%v"vwv|Ch ?v+v<QvgvyG X9vqvy}G


a9Yh}G #| ,C;DyG r+"ZAyG GP$ f9vh .,C;DyG ,F(y(A!}G
o 1
?*(J"yG IQ$9dyG Q+Tq@ &+zf ,"< Osh ,?*(jzyG IQ$9dzy IQw=}yG

.12/1L H9AwyG 1

93
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

dA9TA! fC f6G #w}*h .&zv (J"yG {}W@ O9w@ YhQph HG(<C ,p


VGQgASG f9w|E #fh ,J:(t}zy ,C;DyG r+"ZAyG ?*9qv iO| #f
.iQLC J9q+"Z@

?v yzv Tv | T9v tv ! ,v p Bv }v %v SC ?v *Ov +v y(v Av yG J9v SGQOv yG fC hv sG(v yG


{v VQAg@ ,AyG J:9wV G #| ?z}F T9t"yG RQpCh ,J:(t}yG
k 1
J9q+"Z@ #| GOOf VQgASC ,@z* 9}+ph .J9q+"ZAyG #| r+"Z@
IQ(z<h 9%AzLGO|h 9%AWs9"}< 9}!Eh 9%\GQgAS9< r m Aw| Q+i #++!9TzyG
rn n
.?+p9vh ?z|9V ?t*Qa< ?+<QgyG X9qy}G y?y(t|z hC A9"< IO9f ?*DQ
v
OtfC J:(t}yG {wW| )265 :U:1990( jQ%qyG ,S9qyG Of
,$ ,AyGh )1970( ,wT|(V 9%IQAsG ,AyG xzAv ?*Qd! &zD}@ fC #|
q n
#w}* :h ?*QP ?+}Gg}yG J:(t}yG f} ,J9}TyG )zf ?TS||
2
.J9}T< 9%q+"Z@

J:(t}yG Byh9"@ ,AyG )g9G@:G GP$ ,p( IOFGQyG d9}f}G #|h


fEh( {*(AS e9d!h . )1981( {*(AS {}f hS(A< ?+=+vQAyG
~+tyG e9d! )zf O}Ag* &!(v ,p ,wT|(V e9d! #f rzAM* : f9v
QDvC hO=* )?"w}}yG ?+y(t}yG J9t=ayG O*OJ@ ,p ?=F(}yGh ?=y9TyG

Ov }v Av gv @h ,aQv Jv yGh ?v qv Zv yGh ~v S:G ,v $ J:(v tv | K;v C )v zv f ?v +v <Qv gv yG Ov }v Av gv @ 1


IO9v*Rv< J:(vtv| hv=vS )vzvf ?v+vTv!QvqvyG Ov}vAvgv@h ,?vqvZvyG IO9v*Rv< hv<QC )vzvf ?v*Rv+vzvGv! G
.IQ9V G ~SGh Q+}]yGh aQdyG
k k
: &v !} 9v *Q(v Zv @ Qv Y9v sh 9v +v qv Yh Qv Y9v s e9v dv "v yG GPv $ fC )1990( ,v S9v qv yG dOv Av SG 2
#v| #v+vf(v"vyG ;vv >vzvavAv@ ,vAvyG ?vy(vtv}vzvy ?v+vFQ9vMvyGh ?v+vzvLGOvyG [vF9vZvMvyG ,vfGQv*
k
,vp ){vgvp( &v"vwvy LQ9vMvyG ,vp )~vSG( (v$ jPvyG KOvJvyG ~vSG ,;vDv| ;[vF9vZvMvyG
.#+=A+S 9}v ?+zLGOyG &A+"<

94
?+<QgyG ?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG

h+}F {gqy9< ,aj* ]S v v v [h ]S +[ r+"ZAyG f} 9}<Q ?*9qv


e9d! f9v fEh ,?+<GQfE Qd! ?%Fh #| ?a+T=yG ?+y(t}yG d9wV}G
1 k
.?FhOR}yG J:(t}y9< z="A* : 9]*C {*(AS
k
:(zI eOt* : &!C E+I #| ,wT|(V h| {*(AS e9d! h_9tA*

#v+vAvqvzvAvMv| #v+vAvy(vtv| [vF9vZvL ~v]v@ ,vAvyG J:(vtv}vyG xvzvAvy ?v+vp9vv


KOvJvyG ~vSG )vyE ?v=vTv"vy9v< fzvWvyG (v$ 9v}vv ),vy(vtv}vyG LGhOR:G(
k
f(wy QTq* :h ahQdyG ?y(t| #f 98+V d(t* :h ,J9tAW}yGh
J9+y9wV G #| 9$Q+ih A9}S}G )zf d(LOy9< [AM* HGQf G
GP$ ,p ,|9}A$G OhOI ,p d(zJyG ^g< 9%y eOsC fC K}_C ,AyG
h| eA;A* 9}< 9%i(Y IO9fEh {*(AS ?*Qd! h+S(A< xyPh .EJ=yG

.?D*OJyG ~+$9q}yG

jO +( y AyG J: t}yG e9d ( ! vvvvv 1 vvvvv 2

fC #v+v=v! ,)1970( ,vwvTv|(vV Ov"vf ,vy(vtv}vyG e9vdv"vy9v< Qv+vvPvAvzvy


J:(t}y9< aQJyGh ?qZyGh ~S:Gh {gqyG #f Q=g* ,wT|(V
:)3( ,p ?"}]}yG

k
{vgvqvyG(9v}v$ #v+vAvy(vtv}v< ?v+v=v+vvQvAvyG J:(vtv}vyG #vf Qv=vgv* jPvyG ),vwvTv|(vV(v y 9vp;vL 1
IOv IGh ?v y(v tv }v < ?v +v =v +v vQv Av yG J:(v tv }v yG #v f Qv =v gv * )1981( {v *(v Av S Ov Gv ! )~v S:Gh
.:,z* 9}v #+AqzAM| #+A}+t< OQ@ ?y(t}yG gP$h,btp
,?vqvZvyGh ~vS:G 9v%vAvJv@ LQOv*h ]S+[ h aQvJvyGh {vgvqvyG 9v%vAvJv@ LQOv*h ]S v v v [
HGQv v f G Ov v "v v Tv v @ ]S v v v [ J:(v v tv v }v v yG f(v v v )v v zv v f rv v +v v "v v Zv v Av v yG GPv v $ Ov v }v v Av v gv v *h
k
#vf Qv+v=vgvAvzvy 9v+vp9vv hOv=v* : Ovsh ,gOv"vTv@ :h HGQvf G )vtvzvAv@ ]S+[J:(vtv}vyGh
#v+v=vAv+vS 9v}vv a9vv Qv+vi GPv$ f} IOvIGh ?vy(vtv}v< hC #v+vAvy(vtv}v< ?v+vy(vtv}vyG d9vwvV}G {vv
9v }v < 9v %v i(v Y IO9v f{v < ~v tv ! ~v y 9v | 9v %v v(v zv Tv y Qv +v Tv qv Av yG hC J:(v tv }v yG ?v gv +v =v _ Ov *Ov Jv Av y
.?FhOR}yG J:(t}yG ?g+=_ h| eA;A*

95
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)3(

]S v v v a+[ = {gqyG vvv C

]S + a v v [ = ~S:G vvv H

]S+ a+[ = ?qZyG vvv L

]S v v v a v v v[ = a QJyG vvv O
q
~SG fC ,9%"+< #| ,IOf >!G(F #| RQ=* e9d"yG GP$ {zLh
IOOJ| ?qZyG fC 9}v ,?}S jz< OOJ| Q+i e9d"yG GP$ ,p KOJyG
?qZyG#+< bzM! 9"zgG* Q+L}G [+ZMAyG GP$h ,]S+ a+[ v v <
k v
,vp ]S+a+[ v v v< 9v]v*C [vZvMv* jPvyG KOvJvyG ~vSGh ?vtvAvWv}vyG
1
a+[9%zv BT+y J9qZyG fC xyP )yE r\C .?}F9tyG {+y9JAyG
J9tAW}y9< )}T* 9| ($ [+ZMAyG GP$ BJ@ j(]"* 9}p ,]S+
k
#wy ,;D| {f9qyG ~S9v &+zLGO {gp ?+"< 9%y ,AyG J9qZyG ,$h
BJ@ {LO@ 9%!C hO=* : ,Q + =v ,Q Zs ,{ + *( _ :{+=s #| J9qZyG
~vS9vv d9vgvp}G [vF9vZvL xvzv}v@ 9v%v!C hOv=v* : PE ,]S+ a+[

a9v Q+i ]S v v va v v v [ v v < aQJyG [+ZM@ fC 9}v .{f9qyG


k
~+ty9< &Z+ZMAy ?G+A! 9]|9i {c jPyG aQJyG ?g+=_ O*OJAy
2
.btp ?=y9TyG

.)1993(h )1987(jQ%qyG ,S9qyG 1

?v Jv zv | MQv V Qv dv !Gh ,12:U 1:L ,&v *(v =v +v S :d9v Dv }v yG {v +v =v S )v zv f v v v A9v |Ov tv y9v p 2
:E e(vS(v| Qv+vi aQvJvyG GhOvf v v v 69:U,jQvZv=vyG jQv*QvJvyG Ov}vJv| (v<C HGQvf G
k v w k k
KvZvqv* : GPv$h &vy 9v}vSh Ovf ~vS(vyG #v| g(vzvMvp ;y9v}vSG Uv+vyh ;vgvp Uv+vyz &v!(vwv<
.jO9tAfG ,p ?+y(t}yG aQJyG ?g+=_ #f

96
?+<QgyG ?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG

J: ( t}zy , f9<QyG Q ZAyG vvvvv 2 vvvvv 2 (


#vf ~vTvtvyG GPv$ ,vp 9v%v}v*Ovtv@ OhC ,vAvyG( ?v<Q9vtv}vyG gPv$ ,vph
k
J:(t}yG {+zJ@ ,p {*(AS ?+G%"| v v v 9+FO=| v v v O}AfC )J:(t}yG
k
GO9}AfG J:(t}yG r+"Z@ )zf O}Ag@ ?]J| ?+<GQfE Qd! ?%Fh #|
h| ~GT"@ ?+q+w< ,g9tzA@ hC HGQf G O"T@ B!9v GPE 9| )z f
J9v v+v vY(v vAv vyG A(v v\ ,v vp ?v v+v v=v v+v vvQv vAv vyG ?vv*Qv vdv v"v vzvvy ?v vDv v*Ov vJv vyG JGQ(v vav vAv vyG
.J:(t}yG #f )1993 v v v 1990( ,S9qyG ,p ?"+=}yG J9dI;}yGh
k
?v +v y9v Jv yG 9v %v Av jv +v Y ,v p ?v +v }v Gv gv }v yG J:(v tv }v yG OOv Jv @ ,9v +v FOv =v |

:)4( ,p ?"}]}yG J:(t}y9<

)4(
k
)9f9=@ aQI ,?qY ,~SG ,{gp( =]M ,U ,S ,a[

rv +v "v Zv Av yG ?v *9v qv v f9v wv |E d(v I QhOv * 9v "v $ eOv tv }v yG T9v tv "v yGh
k k
9q+"Z@ ?+}Gg}yG J:(t}yG r+"Z@ fC :hC VQApC .)4( ,f9<QyG
o k
?=vQ| Q(Y b9tAVG #w}* &!Ch,CO=}yG E+I #| #w}| )4( 9+f9<Q
,{v f9v qv yG ~v SGh ,KOv Jv yG ~v S9v v ?v av +v Tv =v yG J:(v tv }v yG gPv $ #v |
.?+y9AyG IQtqyG ,p 9%J\hC ,AyG ?+q+wy9< ,aQdyGh

?=vQ|h ?a T< ? + *( " J yG J: t}yG vvvvv 3 (


?a T=yG J: t}yG vvvvv 1 vvvvv 3 + (
,?a+T< ?y(t| ,$ iQLC ?y(t}y J9}S ~]@ : ?y(t| {v
)4( ,vp J:(vtv}vyG fC MQvAvsCh ,)4( ,vp IOOvJv}vyG xvzv@ ,v$h
:)5( ,p 9$O+fC ,AyG ?=F(}yG ~+ty9< ?ZZM|

97
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

]M+[ ,]U+[ ,]S+[ ,]a+[ )5(


n
{D| ~S:G ,$ ]S +[h ,HQ\ {D| {gqyG ]a +[ ,"g@
,$ ]M+[h ,{+}F {D| ?tAW}yG Q+i ?qZyG ,$ ]U +[h ,QGO
.#| QGyG aQJv aQJyG
o
O"T@ 9%!(v )zf A9"< #+}Ts )yE J:(t}yG gP$ Y9FQE #w}*h
k
:)6( ,p gQsC jPyG ~+}gAyG #| K]A* 9}v g9tzA@ hC 9<GQfE

)6(

]a +[ v v < ?ZZM}yG J:(t}zy ?+Y9L HGQf G O9"SE vvv C


.)5( #| ]M +[h
x n
]S +[ v v< ?vZvZvMv}vyG J:(vtv}vzvy ?v+vY9vL HGQvf G ,vtvzv@ vvv H
.)5( #| ]U+[h

>TI #+Ay(t| )yE )6( ,p h<Q}G J:(t}yG dGRALG #w}*h


k
,)1981( ?v+v<GQvf G {v*(vAvS ~v+v$9vqv| )vzvf GO9v}vAvfG ,)6( ~v+v}vgvAvyG
($ )7( ,y(t}yG r+"ZAy9p ,)7( ,p OQ@ ,AyG ?+q+wy9< IOOJ}yG
.^J| ,<GQfE r+"Z@
)7(

]S v v v [ = ]M +[h ]a +[ vvv C

]S +[ = ]U +[h ]S +[ vvv H

?}+t< HGQf G O9"S{< f9AZAM}yG f9Ay(t}yG 9}$ aQJyGh {gqy9p

CO=| xyP #| 9}%g"}*h ,&+tz@ 9}%y #w}* :h ]S v v v [ ?}TyG #|


:)8( ,p gO+fC jPyG )1981( {*(AS ,p VQAq}yG HGQf G ?|h9t|

HGQf G ?|h9t| CO=| )8(

98
?+<QgyG ?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG

n n
O9v"vSE ?v}vS {v}vJv@ ?vy(vtv| )vyE HGQvf G Ov"vTv* fC #vwv}v* :
.]S v v v [ HGQf G

,vtvzvAvy f9vAvZvZvMv}vyG f9vAvy(vtv}vyG 9v}v$ ?vqvZvyGh ~vS:G fC 9v}vv


.]S +[ ?}TyG >F(}< HGQf G

,( y t}yG LGhOR:G hC ?=vQ}yG J: t}yG vvvvv 2 vvvvv 3 (


gOfC jPyG )KOJyG ~SG( ,p {D}A@ ?=vQ}yG J:(t}zy IQ(Y bT<C
:)9( [+ZMAyG d;L #| K]A* 9}v ]a+,S+[ #| ?=vQ| ?y(t|

.]S +a +[($ KOJyG ~S: ,y(t}yG [+ZMAyG v v v )9(

,vtvzv@ ?v+vY9vL 9v%vy IOvIGh :#v+vAvy(vtv| #v| rvy|v| KOvJvyG ~vS9vp


O+s r+yzAyG GP$ #| uAW*h ,O9"S G ?+Y9L 9%y iQL}Gh HGQf G
f(w@ fC #+AG|O| #+Ay(t}y WQAW* jPyG ,y(t}yG LGhOR:G )zf
g9tzA@ iQL}Gh ,]S v v v [#| ?=vQ| ?}S 9%yh HGQf G O"T@ 9}$GOIE
HGQf G ?|h9t| CO=| h| VQ9g@ Q%d* : E+J< ;]S +[ ,$h
:)10( ,p IOQG(yG ?i9+Zy9< O+tyG GP$ [MyCh .&+yE O(fzS jPyG

)10(
k
]S v v v [ 9<GQfE O"T@ 9}$GOIE )5(#| #+Ay(t| #+< r+yzAyG ~A*
.]S +[ gO"T@ : iQL}Gh

=]S +[ HGQf G ,tz@ ?+Y9L 9%y ?y(t| {v ,(J"yG GP$ )zf


O"T@ iQLC ?y(t| [F9ZL {}J@ fC 9%y #w}* )?qZyG hC ~S:G(
?y(t| #}\ B!9v GPE )aQJyG hC {gqyG( ]S v v v [ :HGQf G
J9q+yzAyG 9%y;L #| Q%d@ ,AyG )11(d;L #| K]A* 9}v ?FhOR|
#vwv}v* 9v| ?vavSG(v< 9v%v+vzvf d(vZvJvyG #vwv}v* ,vAvyG ?v"vwv}v}vyG ?v+vy(vtv}vyG

99
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)5(,p IOOJ}yG h<Q}G)J:(t}yG #+< ?"w}}yG J9q+yzAyG( v v < &A+}T@


)zf d(ZJyG #w}* ,y(t}yG r+yzAyG ?+z}f d;L #|h .g;fC
:)11( ,p eOt}yG (J"yG )zf IQ(Y IQWf ,A"CG
)11(

M U S a

a+M+ a+U+ a+S+ a+a+


S+M+ S+U+ S+S+ S+a+
U+M+ U+U+ U+S+ U+a+
M+M+ M +U + M+S+ M+a+

J9=+vQ@ BS )zf {ZJ! bL &zqSC jPyG QQw}yG aPI Og<


:)12(,p ?"+=| J9jzyG ,p ?"w}| ?+y(t|
)12(

M+ a+ v v L U+ a+ v v H S+ a+ v v C
M+ U+ v v h M+ S+ v v $ U+ S+ v v O
g;fC &+yE Q9W}yG O+ty9< f9AFQM| )O 12( h )L 12( fC eI:
:)13( ,p gO+fC jPyGh )10(,p
)13(

iQL}G h HGQf G O"T@ 9}$GOIE #+Ay(t| #+< btp ~A* r+yzAyG


.g9tzA@
Q=g* HGQf5y f9@O"T| f9Ay(t| )L 12(,p )M h a( E+I

f9+tzA@ f9Ay(t| )O 12( ,p )U h S( h.]S v v v [ v v < 9}%"f


r+yzAy9p ,?G+A"yG gP$ )zf A9"<h ,]S +[ v v < 9}%"f Q=g* HGQf G

100
?+<QgyG ?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG

f(w! Osh ,?*Q(ZAyG ?+I9"yG #| ?"w}| Q+i IQ(Y LQM* 9}%"+<


p
1
.?at"yG gP$ ,p ,=*QG@ ~+fO@ )yE ?F9J<
?=vQ| Q(Y 9%!C VQApC ,AyG )12( ,p ?+t=A}yG Q(ZyG f6G {|zA"y
aQdyG ?y(t|h ,?tAW}yG ?qZyG ?y(t|h ,KOJyG ~SG ?y(t| #| {wy
:)15( ,p ?+<QgyG J9+ag}yG h| 9%At<9a|h )14( ,p ?"+=}yG ?+q+wy9<

)14(

yKOJyG ~SGz 9}%"| ryzA* ]S + a +[ vvv C

,{f9qyG ~SG( y?tAW}yG ?qZyGz 9}%"| ryzA* ]U + a +[ vvv H


)..d(gq}yG ~SG

.y?+<QgyG ahQdyG ^g<z 9}%"| ryzA* ]M + S +[ vvv L

f(w@ 9}<Qh ?+<QgyG ,p ?"w}| Q+i IQ(Y gP$ ]M +U +[ vvv O


.iQLC J9jy ,p ?I9A|

d9vgvpC ,v$ ,vAvyG )9vV9vIh GOvf h ;vL( {v+v=vs #v| JGOQvqv| ?v+v<QvgvyG J9v+vavgv}vyG Qv%vdv@ 1
LQOv "v @ 9v %v !{v p 9v %v y HQv gvyG I9vJv "v yG rv Yh Kv Y fE )9v V9v I(v p ;)A9v "v Dv Av SG( ahQv Ih
HGQvfE hC >vZv"vyG HGQvfE Ov"vTv@ fC 9v%vy #vwv}v* Ev+vI ]M+ a+[ IQ(vZvyG BvJv@
k
.9f9=@ ,z* 9}+p 2 h 1 #| Q%d* 9}v QGyG
k
.Om *R 9V9I H;ayG Q]I v v v 2 GO*R 9V9I H;ayG Q]I v v v 1
k
9vsQvL c9v"v$ fC hOv=v* : xvyP hv|h aQvI ?v+v!9vDvyG ,vph {vgvp )vyh}G ,vp 9vV9vI Ev+vI
k
,;v Dv | ,9v V9v I xv zv Av }v @ fC ]M+ a+[ #v +v < rv +v yzv Av y9v < O(v Zv tv }v yG PE,)10( Ov +v tv zv y
QvGvzvy iQvL}Gh >vZv"vzvy IOvIGh &vTvqv! Bvs(vyG ,vp #v+vAv]vs9v"vAv| #v+vAv+v<GQvfE #v+vAv}vS
9v vV9v vI jQhO fC Kv v\G(v vyG #v vwv vy .,v v<GQv vfE eO9v vZv v@ ?v vy9v vI ,v vp Ov v*R Qv v%v vdv v* Ev v+v vJv v<
9v|Eh ]a+[ IQ(vY ,vp 9v|E Qv%vdv@ Ev+vJv< ;,vzv|9vwv@ hv*R(v@ ,vp fGQv%vdv* #v+v+v<GQvf G
]M+ a+[ #v v+v v< ,v vy(v vtv v| LGhORG c9v v"v v$ Uv v+v vy &v v!{v vp 9v v"v v$ #v v|h ]M+[ IQ(v vY ,v vp
?v}vTv< ?vZvZvMv| ?vav+vTv< J:(vtv| ?v_9vTv=v< 9v$Qv+vih 9vV9vJvp ;g;vfC OOvJv}vyG )v"vgv}vy9v<
.9%Az]p )yE gO"T@ jPyG HGQf G >TI ]M +[ hC ]a+[v< 9|E IOIGh

101
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)zf A9"< )15( ,p ?yRAM| )14( J9Z+ZMAyG O+fC a(Sh


)6( ,<GQf G ~+}gAyG )zfh ,)7( ,p ?|Ot}yG {*(AS J9Z+ZM@
.g;fC

)15(

~SG :?FhOR}yG ?y(t}yG E+I ,?FhOR| ?y(t| =]S + S v v v [

HGQf G O"p T@ )15(?FhOR}yG ?y(t}yGh .aQc hC uAW| hC KOI


.]S +[ iQL}G 9%A}S #| ?}+t< g9tzA@h ,]S v v v [ 9%A}S #| ?}+t<
k
: )14( v v y ;+D}@ Og@h )16(,p J9+ag}yG f6G {|zA"zp

)16(
n x o
.SOtyG hOgyG rZs ,"}yB vvv C
q w l
p 9}+M}yG hOgyG rY9sC
.J vvv H

.bp F9JyG ...rzL ,e9|C B"v v v v v vF

?y(t| Og@ )16( ,p bL 9%zqSC ,AyG J:(t}yG #| ?y(t| {v


?+!9DyGh HGQf G O"T@ IOIGh ,#+Ay(t| #| ryzA@ 9%!(v ?=vQ|
>Z"yG HGQfE O"T* )C 16( ,p KOJyG ~S9p .)10 O+tyG( g9tzA@
#| ?}+t< hpQyG HGQfE )tzA*h ,]a +[&A}S #| ?}+t< &y(gq| )yE
o
KOJyG ~SG fz< d(tyG J9+ag}yG gP$ #f eRyh .]S+[&A}S
l
)H 16( ,p {f9qyG ~SG fC #+I ,p .]S +a +[#| ?=vQ| ?y(t|
k
>Z"yGh &zf9qy hpQyG HGQfE O"T* )H 14(v v y ;+D}@ Og@ ,AyG

)tzA*h ,]a +[v v < 9%"f Q=g}yG ?+zgqyG &ZF9ZL #| ?}+t< &y(gq}y
,AyG ]S +[v v < 9%"f Q=g}yG ?+}S:G &ZF9ZL #| ?}+t< hpQyG HGQfE

102
?+<QgyG ?jzy ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG :Ey9DyG {ZqyG

&y {D}}yG )L 16( ,p aQdyG fC 9}v .HGQf G ,tz@ ?g+=_ 9%y


9%"f Q=g}yG ?+pQJyG &ZF9ZL #| ?}+t< QGyG HGQfE O"T* )L 14(v v <
J9v=vvQv}vyG ,vp AG(vS(QvGvyG HGQvfE O9v"vSE #vf ?vyh|vTv}vyG ]M+[v v v<
HGQf G )tzA*h ,)aQJyG QOt@ ,AyG ?p9\ G )"< ,p hC ?+pQJyG
aQdy9p ,]S +[v < 9%"f Q=g}yG ?+}S:G &Ag+=_ #| ?}+t< ,FQ9MyG
9|E &!} ,?ztAT| ?a+T< ?y(t| {wW* : &!C hO=* ,S9S}G GP$ )zf
{+=s #| gO"T@ :h HGQf G )tzA@ ,AyG A9}S}G IQ(Y ,p f(w* fC
9|Eh ,btp ]S +[BJ@ {LO* &!{p ,y9Ay9<h ,)...?f9TyG ,e(+yG(
k
,p 9$9"*CQ ,AyG xzAv ?+pQI [F9ZL ~]* 9}SG aQdyG f(w* fC
,]S +M +[v v < ?ZZM| ?FhOR| ?y(t| ($ ,y9Ay9<h ,)L 16(
k
A9"< ahQJyG IQ(Y ,p 9!9+ICh A9}S}G IQ(Y ,p )zGA* aQdy9p
Os 9}v ,HGQf G O9"SE hC ,tz@ #| &"w}@ ,AyG )10( #| &dI )zf
16(,p 9}v    % ~S|| aQI {wV ,p aQdyG )zGA*
?vqvZvyG IQ(vY ,vp iQvLC J9vjvy ,vp aQvJvyG )vzvGvAv* 9v}v<Qh ,)L
1
.)3+ (

IQ(Y fC {+zJAyG GP$ h| ~GT"@ ,AyG J9dI;}yG #+< #|


?%Fh #| ]S + a +[ #| ?=vQ| ?y(t| f(w@ Os Q\9JyG {gqyG

Bv yh9v I ,v Av yG J9v *Qv dv "v yGh aQv dv yG ?v y(v tv | d(v I )1999( jOv +v Ih Ov }v Jv | hv FGQ 1
n n
d(vI ,vIGQvAvsG #v| ,vS9vS}G aOv%vyG fC b9v+vTvyG GPv$ ,vp Kv\hCh ahQvdvyG ?vy(vtv|
k k
?v gv +v =v av yG [v +v Mv Wv @ (v $ 9v Y(v Zv L aQv dv yG ?v y(v tv |h 9v |(v }v f ?v FhORv }v yG J:(v tv }v yG

eOv vMv v* 9v v}v v< ?v v+v v<GQv vfE Qv vdv v! ?v v%v vFh #v v| J:(v vtv v}v vyG gPv v$ c(v vzv vS Ov vYQh ?v v+v vy(v vtv v}v vyG
.,p9wyG rY(yG J9+\Qp

103
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

HGQf G O"T* ahQg| ($ 9}v Q\9JyG {gqyG f} ,)?+<GQfE Qd!


k
,~zTAT! #y {+=s #| ?+"< ,p ,)#y( jQOZ}yG #| 9]*C g9tzA*h
n

y?v+v}vSGz J9v}vS ~v]v* Qv\9vJvyG {vgvqvyG fC O9vtvAvf;vy (vfOv* GPv$h


?t+tI )zf A9|OtyG dOASG Osh ,HGQf G )tzA* fC &y M9A* 9%=F(}<
k
.?+<GQf G IQd"yG #| 9s;a!G A9}S}G )&<9W*( YQ9]* YQ9]}yG fC

J9+<O}G ,p ?IhQa}yG J9+y9wV G #| OOgy QTq@ HF9A"yG gP$


{vgvqvyG )vtvzvAv* GP9v}vyh ?HGQvf 9v< A9v}vS}G [vAvMv@ ~vy :{v+v=vs #v|
HGQf G ahQdyG ^g< O"T@ GP9}yh ?HGQf G ?+<QgyG ,p Q\9JyG
?jy ,p >Z"yG O"T* 9%]g< ~yh ?gO"T* : h g9tzA* QL6G ^g=yGh
?iQLC ?jy ,p QGyGh

&"w}@ ?+}SG [F9ZL &y HF9A"yG gP$ A(\ ,p ,<QgyG aQdy9p


aQdyGh ,QGyG O9"SE #| &"w}@ ?+pQI iQLCh ,HGQf G ,tz@ #|
k
xz}* : &!z< 9"8="* GP$h ,HGQf G )tzA* : );D| ,vQAyG( ,!9|hQyG

,"g* 9}| ,>Z"yG HGQfE O"T* &!C #+I ,p ,]S +[ ?+}SG ?}S
9| >TI OtAfCh ;]M+[ ?+pQI hC ]a +[ ?+zgp ?}S ~]* &!C
O"T* 9|O"f ]M+[ h ,>Z"yG O"T* 9|O"f ]a +[ f(w* &!C eOt@
.{+zJAyG GP$ Qd! ?%Fh #| QGyG

104
h<GQyG {ZqyG

* !
? Qd J9SGQO

* +
?D OI ? <Qf JGhO < S
dh YG ~TtyG

,+ j Z yG , "
pQZyG A9 =yG ? Qd * !

jQd " yG S9S }


G vvvvv 1

x
IQ_|}yG J9IGQAs:G #| ?f(}G| #f ~TtyG GP$ ,p hpGOC
,AyG J9!(w}zy Q(Z@ ~*OtAy )gSCh ,?*O+y(AyG d9}f}G ^g=<
k
{}G| [MzA*h ,9%z+zJ@h ?}zwyG A9"=y :9G| f(w@ fC VQAq*

:,@6G (J"yG )zf VGQAp:G GP$


k
.?+pGQZyG J9+z}gzy {tAT| ,pQY f(w| OF(* : v v v :hC
k
,?+@G(ZyG J9+z}gyG >!9F )yE ,~A@ ?+pGQZyG J9+z}gyG v v v 9+!9C
,?+}Gg| aQZyG ?%+F(yG :     #++%+Fh #+*(AT| ,p
~vGvgv}vyG Ovgv* S9vS}G GPv$ )vzvfh .?v+v=v+vvQv@ aQvZvyG ?v%v+vF(vyGh
.(J"yG ,p #++S9S}G #++zLGOyG #+!(w}yG 9}$ >+vQAyGh
k
,?vjv+vYh ,YPvFh ,QPvF( #v| ?v+v<QvgvyG ?v}vzvwvyG rvyzvAv@ v v v 9vDvy9vC
~A*h ?a+T=yG ?}zwyG A9"< ?zIQ| :#+AzIQ| ,p )"=@h ,)uYG(yh
aQZyG ?%+Fh ,p ?j+ZyG ,p QPGyG #f Q(aA}yG YPGyG L9|OE 9%+p
b9vZvyE 9v%v+vp ~vAv@h ?v=vvQv}vyG ?v}vzvwvyG A9v"v< ?vzvIQv|h ,~vGvgv}vyG hv|
hv| aQvZvyG ?v%v+vFh ,vp ?vav+vTv=vyG ?v}vzvwvyG aGQv_zv< J9v}v+vpQ(v}vyG
.>+vQAyG

107
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
,v vs9v vtv vAv vV:G aQv vZv vyG #v v+v v< Q(v vZv vAv vyG GPv v$ ,v vp Rv v+v v|C v v v 9v vgv v<GQ
w
0  ,v v v vpQv v v vZv v v vyG aQv v v vZv v v vyGh     # 

~Gg}yG h| aQZyG ?%+Fh ,p ~A@ ,AyG J9+z}gy9p : # 

,$ )?j+ZyG ,p YPGyG L9|OE u*Q_ #f( ?a+T=yG ?}zwyG r+yzAy


l
aQZyG ?%+Fh ,p ~A@ ,AyG J9+z}gyG )}T@ 9}"+< .,s9tAVG aQY
k o k
?}zwyG ,pQ_ ,p uYG(zyG L9|O{< xyPh( 9+pQY 9pQY >+vQAyG h|

?=S(J< uzgA}yG #|9DyG {ZqyG hFGQ ,z}gyG u+=aAzy .)?a+T=yG


.dh}G ~TtyG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

k
fC :E ?tY;yG {D| )~+pQ(|( ?<9D}< ,$ ?j+ZyG v v v 9T|9L
.,pQY ~+pQ(| ?+!9DyGh ,s9tAVG ~+pQ(| )yh}G

k k
:9ShDQ Og@ )uYG(y hC k+Y( 9%g+}F J9}+pQ(}yG v v v 9SO9S
9%Az]p ?a+T=yG ?}zwzy SCQ ,$ )?gS(| hC IOQG|( ?j+Zy9p
x
?a+T=yG ?}zwyG 9%Az]ph 9%zv ?}zwzy ShDQ uYG(zyGh ,YPGyG

.g9!OC )2( h )1( QGW}yG ,p #+=}yG (J"yG )zf

k
ShDQyG ,p J;]qyG L9|OE u*Q_ #f ?}zwyG A9"< ~A* v v v 9g<9S
?v}vzvwvyG rv+vyzvAvy ?vjv+vZvyG ,vp YPvGvyG L9v|OE )vyh}G :#v+vAvzvIQv| ,vp
)btp ?j+Yh YPF #| ?qy|}yG( ?a+T=yG ?}zwyG K=Z@h ,?a+T=yG
L9|OE ~A+p ,9%< uZAz@ fC #w}* ,AyG ?+pQZyG ?tY;y ?z]p
.?+!9DyG ,p )yh}G

)O( )!O}G W9tS G 9}$ #+_9tSE #| )2( QGW}yG ryzA*


:)O,L( v v y #}]A}yG )c( )Zs}G W9tS Gh )H,C( v v y #}]A}yG

108
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

)1(

W9tSE )c( W9tS Gh ,,}Gg| aQY W9tSE ($ )O( W9tS G


)C( SCQvyG ,vp )H( ?vzv]vqvzvy L9v|OE uv*Qv_ #vf .,v=v+vvQv@ aQvY
m
>vQ}zy L9|OE u*Q_ #fh ,)O( )}T@ ?a+T< ?}zv )zf {ZJ!

.)c( ?=vQ}yG ?}zwyG )zf {ZJ! )L(SCQyG ,p )O(

[v Zv Mv }vyG )C( SCQv yG (v$ M9v]v*Eh uv+vsOv@ )vyE L9vAvJv* 9v|


d9vwvV G fC :E ,~v+vpQ(v| Q(vZvAvyG GPv$ ,vp ?vjv+vZvyGh ,?vjv+vZvzvy
{LO@ eC IO9*RyG #| IOQG| ?j+ZyG gP$ {LO@ {$ ($ ,S9S}G
{LO@ ?j+ZyG fC VGQAp:G GP$ h| eA;A* 9| .??gS(| hC IO*R|

.IQw=| ?+@G(Y J9+z}gy LQL 9%!C S9SC )zf ?gS(|hC IOQG|


,p )OQG}yG YPGyG( )H(?z]qyG L9|OE ~A* S9S}G GP$ )zf
P"| 9%+p ?G|O}yG JGO9*RyG ?p9v 9%"| KQ*h )C( ?gS(}yG ?j+ZyG

IQ(ZyG f{p ){+gp( ?j+ZyG ,p )eQv( YPGyG H|OC GP{p .?*GO=yG


)d9gq|( ?j+ZyG ,p )QW!( YPGyG H|OC GPEh ,)~*Qv( ,$ ?G@9"yG
.GPw$h )Q9W"|( IQ(ZyG )zf {ZJ!

109
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)2(

){f9p( ?j+ZyG ,p )>Av( YPGyG H|O* )2( IQ+GWAyG ,ph


)"g}< )>@9v( ,$ ?j+Yh YPF #| ?=vQ| ?}zv )zf {ZJ"y
IQ(Z< YPGyG ,p H|O@ ?j+ZyG ,p ?zY9JyG JGO9*RyG fC
vn n
#| {gG* 9| ($ U=zAyG GP$h YPGyG 9%< U=zA* hC ,?+g+=_
iQLCh YPGyG #| ?|O9s J:9IE( ?+"i J:9IE JGP ?}zwyG
.)?j+ZyG #|
k
)"g| aQG* ?tY;yGh ?j+ZyGh YPGyGh QPGyG #| {v v v v 9"|9C
.?=vQ}yG ?}zwyG {*hz@ ,p ~%T*

+
? }Gg}yG QhPGyG ?JF:h aQZyG vvvvv 2

G(SQOp IO9*Rh Q++j@ #| ?}zwyG )zf CQa* 9| I9J"yG eI:


GP$ .?}zwzy OQG}yG {Y}G ,p QC|* jPyG Q++jAyG GP$ uFGQ_
&v+vzvf KvzvavYG 9v| (v$ ?v}vzvwvyG {vYC ,vp &vChOvI uvFGQv_h Qv+v+vjvAvyG
n n n n
jC ,A,WyG aQq Yh aQn Y #| ,@z@ aQZyG &}zwp .aQZy9<

110
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

,v"vgv* 9v| ?v}vzvwvy rv*QvZvAvyGh .xvyP )vyE 9v|h Qv+v+vjvAvy9v< &v+vp aQvZv@
:fC {+tf #<G #+=* Q+=gAyG GP%<h .9%yG(IC Q++jA< 9%+p aQZAyG
?+<QgyG ?}zwyG ?+"< e9wIC #f &+p EJ=* ~zf #f IQ9=f r*QZAyGz
1
.yxyP &=Vh d;fEh ?JYh IO9*Rh ?y9YC #| 9%phQJy 9|h
k
?}zwyG e(%q| aQZ!G Otp {+tf #<G &|Os jPyG O*OJAyG GP%y 9t=_h

.~Gg}yG hC (J"yG U+yh aQZyG ($ OOJ| d9G| )yE I9J"yG O"f


k
~zf ,$ ?}zwyG ?SGQOh ;aQZyG ~zg< 9}FGO ?}zwyG e(%q| b=@QGh

.aQZzy ?*Qd! bOC Q+=gA< ,$h aQZyG

?ztAT}yG IOQq}yG ?dqzyG ,$ I9J"yGh #++pQZyG O"f ?}zwyGh


A9"<h ,?ztAT| Q+ih ?=vQ| f(w@ ?z}F K=Z@ 9}"+I 9%!} ,9%@GP<
:,v$ ?v}vzvwvyG fzv< jQvWvMv|RvyG #v+v=v* ?v}vzvwvzvy d;vtvAvS:G GPv$ )vzvf
2
.yh\(y9< OQq| )"g| )zf ?yGOyG ?dqzyGz

M;aY:G ,p y yaQZyGz ?}zv {<9t@h # z ?}zv


o
)zf CQa@ Os ,AyG JGO9*RyGh u+tWAyGh r*QZAy9< )"g*h ,,<QjyG
(J"yG ,p ?+S9SC J9!(w| ?T}L #| ARF ($ aQZyGh .?}zwyG
3
: )3( BJ@ 9$QvPC

.103 :1L ,{ + # tf <G MQV 1


.23 :1L ,HGQf G ?g Y " , p {Zq}yG 2

;#v+v"vCG #v+v!(vwv| )vyE ?v*(vJv"vyG J9v!(vwv}vyG [vzvtv@ fC g;vfC OQh 9v| )vzvf A9v"v< MQvAvsC 3
)O(h)H( #v+v!(vwv}vyG hv| ?v+v%v+vFh J9vs;vf ,vp )L(h )C( f9v!(vwv}vyG {vLOv* Ev+vI
k k
#vwv}v*h ,9v+vgvsGh 9v!(vwv| Uv+vyh jQ(vZv@ ,vtvav"v| f(vwv| (v%vp Uv|9vMvyG f(vwv}vyG 9v|C
k k
9v+vtvav"v| 9v!(vwv| fC ,v"vgv* GPv$h ,J9v*(vAvTv}vyG #v| i(vAvTv| jC ,vp ?v}vzvwvyG dh|v@ fC
k k
.QvP 9}| 98+V #}]A* MQAt}y )2001( ,wT|(V Qd!G &y O(Fh : ;tAT|

111
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)3(

?v v!(v vwv v}v vyG J9v v}v vTv vyG rv v+v vyzv v@ i(v vAv vTv v|( ,vv@(vvZvvyG f(vvwvv}v vyG vvv C
.)J9}+!(qzy

.)YhPGyG A9"<h QhPGyG r+yz@ i(AT|( ,}Gg}yG f(w}yG vvv H

.)uYG(zyG L9|OEh ?}zwyG A9"< i(AT|( ,pQZyG f(w}yG vvv L

.){}GyG L9A!Eh >+vQAyG i(AT|( ,=+vQAyG f(w}yG vvv O

.))"g}yG L9A!Eh ?y9I G i(AT|( ,y:OyG f(w}yG v v v v v $


o
,p ?}zwyG ry|@ ,AyG JG(Y}G ?SGQO< ,@(ZyG f(w}yG ~A%*
o
.?*OG<}G ahQJyG ,$ ?+<QgyG f(w@ ,AyG JG(Y}9p .?"+g| ?jy
J9}TyG #| ?f(}G| #| f(wA* ahQJyG gP$ #| aQI {vh
]uv +v sQv Av yGh ~v +v Mv qv Av yG[h ]Uv }v %v yGh Qv %v Gv yG[ {v +v =v s #v | J9v qv Zv yGh
q o
J9}TyG gP$ #f Q=g*h .xyP )yE 9|h ]jQ9Gq!:Gh ,v9wAI:G[h
-/+[h ]~+Mq@ v v v /+[h ]Q%F v v v /+[ v v < ?+y9JyG J9+<O}G ,p
hC J9v}v+v!(vqvzvy ?v*QPvyG J9v!(vwv}vyG ,v$ J9v}vTvyG gPv%vp .],vv9vwvAvIG
,AyG ?ztAT}yG ?+@(ZyG 9%A+"< 9%y ?jy {vh .?+F9< v v v ry}G ahQJzy
JG(Y}G hC ?+!9|hQyG JG(Y}9p :J9jzyG #| 9$Q+i #f rzAM@
J9jzyG ,p d9JyG ($ 9}v ,9%< ?Y9L ?+@(Y J9!(w| 9%y ?+"+@;yG
9$Q+i #f rzAM@ ?jy {v ,p JG(Y}9p .9$Q+ih ?+"+Y v v v hO"%yG
.J9*OG<}G #*(wAy ?qz@|}yG J9}TyG )yE Qd"y9<
J9!(w}yG ?+t=y ,"|RyG >+@QAyG E+I #| ,@(ZyG f(w}yG Og*
f(w}yG ~C ,}Gg}yG f(w}yG &+z*h ,J9!(w}yG gP$ dhC ?T}MyG
.b9+TyG GP$ ,p ?zZq| Q+i IQ(Z< ,y:Oy9p j(J"y9p ,pQZyG

112
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

o l
h]M@ JG(Y~y ?+@9}TyG J9q+yzAyG fz< d(tyG ,?zp9! ($ 9}|h
?jzy9p ;?jy {v ,p ?Y9MyGh ?+zwyG O9=}yGh O(+tyG #| ?f(}G}y
]dGPyGh jGRyG[ ,@(Y #+< r+yzAyG {=t@ : d9D}yG {+=S )zf ?+<QgyG
k
.;D| ]A9=yGh dGOyG[ #+< 9| r+yzAy9< K}T@ 9%!C #+I ,p ,?}zv ,p
?+@(ZyG J9q+yzAyG {F fC OG! {|zA< ~Gg}yG ,p Qd"! 9}"+Ih
J:9JyG ^g< ,ph .?+<QgyG ?jzy ,pQZyG uT"yG eQAJ@ QhPGzy
OG! 9| (J! )zf ,?+@(ZyG J9q+yzAyG uT! bQM@ QhPF )zf QDg!
k k
{}G}y 9+\9*Q A9ZIE {D}@ ,AyG ?+}Gg}yG QhPGyG ?I(y ,p
&y BzD| #*QWfh f9}C ,p ?z}%}yGh ?z}gAT}yG ?+<QgyG QhPGyG
.EJ=yG GP$ #| SO9TyG {ZqyG ?|Ot| ,p A9=yG aQI ?I(z<
~TtyG ,p ?A=D}yG ]A9=yG[ aQI ?I(y d9D}yG {+=S )zf eOsC
:#+*OG<C #+a*QV ?I(zyG gP$ ~]@h .SO9TyG {ZqyG #| dh}G
k
~A*h .A9+yG )yE ry}G #| 9*OG<C >@Q| b*QV {v .,tpCh jO(}f

jO(v}vgvyG bv*QvWvyG )vzvf ,d9vDv}vyG {v+v=vS ,)vzvf A9v=vyG aQvI Qv*Qv}v@


:)4( ,p &"+=! jPyG ,y9AyG (J"yG )zf ,tp}G b*QWyGh
)4(

]jz<....,Kz< ,Jz< ,Hz< ,Cz<[ vvv C

H H....,K H H ,J H H ,H H H,C H H[ vvv H


.]j
o k
O9=| eQAJ@ ,AyG( ?"w}}yG QhPGyG #| 9tT! ?I(zyG Q%d@
p
r+yzAyG O9=| eQAJ@ : ,AyG( ?"w}}yG Q+ih ),@G(ZyG r+yzAyG
r+yzAyG O9=| eQAJ* &!} #w}| QPF H9< QPGy9p .),@G(ZyG
aQI J9}Sh ]ry}G h| A9=yG[ aQI #| {v J9}S #+< ,@G(ZyG

113
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

Q+i fGQPF ZP H QPGyG hC ,C C H QPGyG 9}"+< .]A9=yG h| ry}G[


: ,AyG ,@G(ZyG r+yzAyG O9=| eQAJ* : 9}%%q+yz@ f} #+"w}|
J9}Sh ]~+}yG h| A9=yG[ aQI #| {v J9}S #+< h}yG O"f upG(A@
k
.;D| yk}<z QPGyG ,p ]#+jyG h| ~+}yG[ aQI
k
#| {jAT| ($ 9|h ,9%@9!9w|E {v {jAT@ : 9|(}f ?jzy9p
~y QhPF )zf QDg! Osh .EzDyG #| {sC {D}* ?+<QgyG ?jzyG QhPF
QhPF )zf QDg! Os 9}v ,?+@G(Y O9=| bQM@ : 9%!C h| {jAT@
fC :9%"+< #| ?qzAM| H9=S} ?+@G(Y O9=| bQM@ 9%!C h| ?zjAT|
hC ,?jzyG h}F #| ?*GhQ :?*GhQyG #| btS Os QhPGyG ^g<
.?+y:O H9=S} 9}<Qh ,?+@G(Y H9=S}

,p Q%d@ Os ,AyG JGQjDyG A{}y ?I(zyG IQwp BIQAsG Osh


n o
#+"=| (J! )zf RQq a|h ~+d"AyG {}Aw| uT! ?jzyG f} .uT"yG
fC hC 9"}zg@ ,p f(}d"| 9"!} U+y ~+d"AyG ,p >=TyGh .>S(J|h
xzA}* f9T! G f} {< ,>TJp #+}d"| G(!9v ?jzyG G(g}F #|
k
9+CGQh {tA"@ ,AyG ?+zwyG O9=}yG #| ?f(}G| ~]@ ?*Qap ?=$(|
1
.y?jzyG ?wz|z ?=$(}yG gP$ )fO@ ,b+J}yG h| {f9qA@h

YPGyGh QPGyG vvvvv 3

k k
?+F9"C ?Ws9"}y 9}F;| :9D| 9%< B$(! ,AyG QhPGyG ?I(y Og@
?A=D}yG A9=yG aQI ?I(zp .9}%"+< K\Gh R++}@ ~*Ot@h ]YPF/QPF[

)C1986(h )1957( ,v wv Tv |(v Wv @ ?v jv zv yG ?v wv zv }v y ?v +v F(v y(v +v =v yG [v F9v Zv Mv yG ,v p Qv dv !G 1


.EJ=yG GP$ #| ,!9DyGh dh}G #+zZqyG Qd!Gh )2001(h )1995(h

114
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

k k
?z}%| iQLCh ?z}gAT| GQhPF ~]@ ,;D| ,SO9TyG {ZqyG ,p
k
{+J* dh}9p .9f9=@ ZP< QPGyGh H z < QPGyG {+=s #| ?zjAT| Q+i
)k "g| )zf {+J* : ,!9DyGh ,j(jzyG uT"yG &zjAT* )k "g| )zf
#}\ LQO| #*QPGyG ;wp xyP h|h .{jAT| Q+i (%p ,y9Ay9<h
rv+vv .{v+vJv}vyG Qv+vi QPvGvyGh {v+vJv}vyG QPvGvyG ;A9v=vyG QPvF ?vJvF:
k k k
?+\Qp #| 9s;a!G YPGyG #| gR+}* QPGzy 9}F;| 9|(%q| [zMAT!
? ?I(zyG

JG(vY}G #v| ?vf(v}vGv| QPvGvyG fC b9v+vTvyG GPv$ ,vp MQvAvsC


o k k
QdA"* : ,AyG ,IO9*RyG #| d9L ,9+"$P hC 9+aL ?zZq"}yG ,?A|9ZyG
1
#| ?f(}G| &!C YPGyG )yE ?=T"y9< MQAsCh .IQhQ]y9< )"g| 9%"|
o k k
&zsC 9%"| QdA"* ,IO9*RyG #| d9L ,9+"$Ph 9+aL ?zZA}yG JG(Y}G
2
.)"g}yG #| ARF

k k k
?zZA| B!9v fEh ,9%!} 9fPF : GQPF Og@ ;D| kT| IO9}y9p
k k
)yE GQk d! IQhQ]y9< )k "g| 9%"| QdA"! :h ,9+"$P ?zZq"| ,%p ,9+aL
k k
)yE GQk d! 9fPF : GQPF Og@ H J c IO9}yGh .,"$PyG 9%y9Zq!G
k k
,vAvyG ,9v+v"v$Ph 9v+vavL ?vzvZvAv}vyG
a;vMv< .,vavMvyG 9v%vy9vZvqv!G >vAvv

k k
9|C .)"g| )zf {+J@ 9%!(v >!9F )yE ,GQPF : 9fPF >TJ@
k
hC GQhPF f(w@ fC #w}+p ,>iQ ,HCQ ,HCO {+=s #| OG(}yG

#v | ?v f(v }v Gv | ,v $h ?v +v zv Y}G ?v "v |9v Zv yG IO9v }v yG &v !zv < QPv Gv yG )1990(,v S9v qv yG aQv gv * 1
. #  
+ ?+pQZyG J9f(\(}yGhC JGhPyG

uvF;vf ,v p hv\(v}vAv @ ,vAvyG ?v +vgvav tv}vyG IO9v }v yG &v !zv< YPvGvyG )1990(,vS9vqv yG aQv gv*h 2
.b9tAVG

115
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

?g+=_ )yE GQk d!( IOQGh Q+i 9"$ ,aMyG d9Z@:G ?+Y9Mp ;9fhPF
QhPF ,%p .)d9Z@:G {=t@ : ,AyG OG(}yG gP%y ?!(w}yG JG(Y}G
1
,$ h .?+}Gg}yG {LGO}yG ,p hC ,?I(zyG ,p 9%g\h )yE Qd"y9<
.,"$PyGh ,aMyG d9Z@:G ,A+Y9L )yE Qd"y9< YhPF

ht* ~+$9q| ?C;C #+< ?*R+zG! G J9+<O}G R+}@ ?+!9C ?+I9! #|


)182002 ( Q(v9@ >TI )zf ,$h f9+I}G ^g< ,p bzL 9%+p
:)5( ,p OQ* jPyG ,y9AyG (J"yG )zf J#&

)5(

fC Og< ?}zwyG #| )t=* jPyG ARGyG &!z< &pQg*h  QPGyG vvv C


o
hC ?+pQY uYG(yh JGO9*R #| 9%< uJy 9| {v #| OQG@
.?+s9tAVG

Og< ?}zwyG #| )t=* jPyG ARGyG &!z< gOOJ*h  YPGyG vvv H
o
.btp ?+pQZyG uYG(zyG {v #| OQG@ fC
k
z+%| f(w* jPyG   {wWyG hC IQ(ZyG ($
 S9S}G vvv L
.9$QLB ,p a9]@ Os ,AyG JGO9*RyG YG(!C #| Y(! jC {=tAy

,$ J9}zv OQ@ Os PE ?|Q9Y BT+y ~+$9q}yG gP%p xyP h|h


.&Tq! Bs(yG ,p S9SCh YPFh QPF

+
? pQZyG J9 z}gyG b9=a G fGO | vvvvv 4 + ! +
hvavsp #vf IQ9v=vf aQvZvyG fC jQ9vGvyG {v}vgvyG #v}v\ MQvAvsC

d9v Zv @:G WGQvAvVG eOv gv y YhPv F : QhPvF ?v+v}v Gv gv }vyG {vLGOv }v yG fC )v yE 9v"v$ Qv +v VC 1
.{LGO}yG ,p ,"$PyGh ,aMyG

116
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

o o
,p : ,YPGyG ,p OGR@ IOQG| hC IQ$9c )J9}+pQ(|( JGOGQph
{vZvqvyG ,vp ?v|Ovtv}vyG ?vI(vzvyG e(v%vqv}v< QhPvGvyG fC xvyP .QPvGvyG
d9Z@:G eOf )yE GQk d! ,J9}+pQ(}yG {}Jy ?z$|| Q+i SO9TyG
fC MQAsC b9+TyG GP$ ,ph .QPGyG ahQI #+< ,"$PyGh ,aMyG
#| AkGOA<9p ,YPGyG i(AT| ,p u=a"@ 9%z|9w< ?+pQZyG J9+z}gyG
~zwA! )J9}+pQ(}yG {+}JAy z+%}yGh ,QPGyG #| H]!}G( YPGyG
1
.aQZyG #f

J9}+pQ(}yG #| )?jy {v ,p( OhOJ| OOg< YhPGyG {+}J@ ~A*


2
J9}+pQ(}yGh YhPGyGh QhPGyG PLz@h .?+pQZyG JGOGQqyG hC
HQgyG #++pQZyG Q(Z@ #| IO}AT| ?+}zS {wV 9%< ?tZAz}yG
h| eA;A* 9}< 9$Q(a!h )1987( R|9+yhh (zzW*O ?+}zS 9%+yE r+]!h

:)6( ~sQ ?+}zTyG ,p K\(}yG ,y9AyG (J"yG )zf ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

?}zwyG J9 !( w| ? }zS vvvvv 5 +


)kv v+v vYh uv vYG(v vy( J9v v}v v+v vpQ(v v| P YPv vF P  QPv vF
. ?z}F Q#  >vQ| Q  ?}zv Q #

r n n
,S9S}Gh ,yh}G ARGyG eOt* &!C OG! >Av YPGyG 9!PLC GPE

f9vqvzvAvMv| YPvGvyGh QPvGvyG fC hv|h QPvF #v| rvy|v| )1981( cQvwvzvS Ov"vf YPvGvyG 1
?v+vS9vS}G IQvwvqvyG fC :E #v+v+v<QvgvyG 9v}v%v*Qv+vdv! #vf ?v+v!9v|hQvyGh ?v+v"v+v@;vyG J9vjvzvyG ,vp
k
9v ]v *C Qv dv !Gh J9v jv zv yG e(v }v f ,v p QPv Gv yG #v | Hv ]v !C YPv Gv yG fC ?v tv +v tv I ,v p IOQGh
.)1987( R|9+yhh (zzW*O
9v%v+vp IO9v*RvyG #vwv}v* : ,J9vjvzvyG {vv ,vp ?vtvzvjv| ?vJvF: {vDv}v@ ?v+vpQvZvyG J9v}v+vpQ(v}vyG 2
.9%@:9IE ,p hC

117
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,p YPGyG GP$ #wy .?<9AwyG e(%q| )zf {+J* jPyG )"g}yG #|


OOgyG( u<9aAyG )zf ?yGOyG JGOGQqyGh hatp yG #| (zM* ?+y9JyG &@Q(Y
J9}+pQ(}yG #| 9$Q+ih ?%GyGh #|RyGh )[MWyG hC U"GyG hC
: JGOGQqyG gP%p .YhPGy9< b9ZAy:G ?+Y9L xzA}@ ,AyG ?+pQZyG
aGQ_}G ,p OGR@ 9}!Eh )YhPGyG #*(w@ ?*GO<( ?*GO=yG P"| Q%d@
b9=a!G ?zIQ| 9%!E d(t! fC 9%g| 9""w}* ?tI: ?zIQ| ,p bS(yGh
.?+pQZyG J9+z}gyG

,AyG JGOGQqyGh hatp yG OOf #f dD9T@ RQ=* i(AT}yG GP$ ,p


{wy fC eC ,OOgyG IOhOJ| ,$ {$h .YPGyG )yE a9]@ fC #w}*
k k
?+}Gg}yG &Ag+=_ >TJ< JGOGQqyG gP$ #| 9qzAM| GOOf YPF
??+y:OyGh

9| 9%"| ;?jy {v ,p IOOJ|h ?phQg| hatp yG #| ?f(}G| c9"$


,y?qYz )yE YPGyG d(J* 9| 9%"|h ,y{gpz )yE YPGyG d(J*
k 1
)zf {LO* 9| f{p xyP #f ;]p .y~SGz )yE &y(J* 9| 9%"|h
)yE Qd"y9< ,gQ+i )zf IQhQ]y9< {LO* : uYG(zyG gP$ #| YPF
) Tfh O Sh >Av ( :YhPGy9p .?+s9tAV:G &@9+!9w|Eh YPGyG ?g+=_
9%g]g< hC uYG(zyG {v {=t@ ?+!9w|E ,p ^g< #f 9%]g< rzAM@
.,yG(AyG )zf 9%"| j} 9%z=t@ eOf hC

?vgv+v=v_ 9v%vy Uv+vy YhPvGvy9vp ,?v+vy(vtv}vyG ?vgv+v=vavzvy Ov*OvJv@ c9v"v$ Uv+vy YPvGvyG ?vzvIQv| ,vp 1
d(vJvAvyG #vf ?vyh|vTv}vyG ,v$ ?v+vpQvZvyG uvYG(vzvyGh ,?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ,vp IOOvJv| ?v+vy(vtv|
{vZvqvyG #v| dh}G ~vTvtvyG ,vp ?vAv=vDv}vyG J9v}v+vpQ(v}vyG ?vI(vy Qvdv!Gh uvI;vyG ,vy(vtv}vyG
.SO9TyG

118
,! 9DyG ~TtyG

*
?D OI ? <Qf JGhO < QO9Z}yG+ S

o
uFGQa< ?D*OJyGh ?}*OtyG ?*(jzyG J9+<O}G ,p QO9Z}yG BSQO
~$C #| IOIGh fC ,y GO< 9}+ph ,)"ih AGQC #| (zM@ : ?qzAM|
Q9aW!G ?*Qd! ,$ QO9Z}yG ?SGQO ,p ?D*OJyG ?+<QgyG JGhO}G
1
9v%v@RQvpC ,vAvyG HvF9vAv"vy9vp
,,v"vVhQvjvTvyG Uv*QOE ?v|;vgvzvy ?vJvAvqvyG
k q
J9vf(v\(v| ,vp 9vY(vZvL ,Q9vavWv!G ?v*Qvdv"v< IQv_|v}vyG J9vSGQOvyG
k k k k
J9SGQO HF9A"< 9S9+s :(tg| 9+p9v 9qYh BttI ,,<QgyG aQZyG
jQd"yG Q9_ G VQgASC 9%"| YQqA* 9|h ?+y9AyG IQtqyG ,ph .iQLC
.QO9Z}yG )zf 9%@9t+=a@ ^g=yh ?+<QgyG ?*Qd"yG gP%y

Uv |9v Mv yG Ov }v Jv | ?v gv |9v F ,v p Q(v Tv +v phQv =v yG ,v "v VhQv jv Tv yG Uv *QOE ?v |;v gv yG MQv Av sG 1
k
Q9v av Wv !Gz )v }v Tv | Bv Jv @ &v Av *Qv dv ! 9v %v +v zv f A9v "v < Uv SCh QO9v Zv }v yG ?v SGQOv y 9v FP(v }v !
9v"vv jPvyG Bvs(vyG ,vp &vAv*Qvdv! JA9vFh )1987( #v| AGOvAv<G 9v$Qv*(vavAv< e9vsh y?vJvAvqvyG
9v %v Zv +v Mv zv Av < &v <;v _ #v | ?v f(v }v Gv | e9v s Ov sh ,v <Qv gv yG aQv Zv zv y ?v *Qv dv ! #v f Ev Jv =v !
bGRQvyG Ov =v f Q(v Av vOvyG ~v $RQv <C #v |h ?v +v@G(v ZvyGh ?v+v pQvZv yG &vAv SGQO ,v p 9v$Q9v }v Dv Av SGh
#v +v yhOv F9v | gQ(v Av vOv yG xv yPv vh ,,v C;v Dv yG QOv Zv }v zv y &v Av SGQO ,v p )1996( ,v <GQ(v @
?v*Qvdv"vyG gPv%v< e9v}vAv$:G hvS(v@ Ovtvyh ,Y(v}vGvyG #vf 9v%vAvIhQv_C ,vp )2000( ,v=v+v%v"vyG
?v+v<Q9vjv}vyG J9vSGQOvyG )vzvf #v+vSQGOvyG d9v=vsE eOvgvy GQk vdv!h ?v+v<QvjvyG K9vJv<}G ,vp )vAvI
H9v +v ih ?v +v I9v ! #v | ?v Zv y9v Mv yG ?v +v !9v Tv zv yG ?v !9v tv Av zv yh ~v %v @9v <9v Av wv y ,v y9v gv yG Rv +v vQv Av zv y GQk v dv !
d9v}vfC >v!9vF )vyE ?vJvAvqvyG Q9vavWv!G ?v*Qvdv! Bv+vtv< Ovtvp ?v+v!9vC ?v+vI9v! #v| #v+vZvZvMvAv}vyG
fC dh9vIC EvJv=vyG GPv$ ,vph ?v+v<Q9vjv}vyG J9v=vAvwv}vyG Q9v_E ,vp IOv*Ovf ?v}v%v| ?v+v!9vTvy
bv+vTv=v@ ,vp ?v|;vgvyG xvyP jOv* )vzvf Pv}vzvAv@ #v| OvIC jQ9v=vAvf9v< ,vF;v|R O(v%vF {v}vvC
.f9v 9}"*C ,<QgyG Q9tzy 9%}*Ot@ )zf {}gyGh ?*Qd"yG

119
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

?JAqyG Q9aW G ? Qd ! * ! vvvvv 1

#| u+]yG ARGyG GP$ 9%y [ZM* fC #| hShC ?*Qd"yG fC h|


9%}+$9q| ~$C MQVh 9%< r*QgAy9< ,qAvzS ,"!C :E EJ=yG GP$
9%Ag<9A}y 9%@9+gFQ| )zf ?y9I Gh Y9aAT}yG QOt< 9%@Qwp b+T=@h
)vzvf ?v*Qvdv"vzvy ~v*OvtvAvyG GPv$ ,vp Ov}vAvfzvS .#v+vZvZvMvAv}vyG {v=vs #v|
k
.9S9SC )1996( ,<GQ(@ bGRQyG O=f

* "
? Qd y9< e9gyG r QgAyG vvvvv 1 vvvv 1 *
k k
9|(%q| )1996( ,<GQ(AyG #f ;t! )1992( ,"VhQjTyG ,ag*
,Q(ZAyG GP$ ,p ,?JAqyG fEz :&+p d(t* ?JAqyG Q9aW!G ?*Qd"y
f(v !9v tv y hv ]v Mv @h ,IQv Tv wv yGh ?v }v ]v yG f(v }v wv y9v < j(v Av Jv * Qv Zv "v f
?v+vY9vL ?vJvAvqvyG Q9vavWv!9vp .?v+vzvMv yGh IQPvyG Q9vavWv!9vv ,Q9vavWv!:G

)1962( Xv @(v yQv v Ov "v f 9v }v v ,&v +v "v |Rv @ ?v +v Y9v L Uv +v yh ,?v +v "v *(v wv @
GPv$ Ov"vf IQvTvvh ?v}v\ :?vJvAvp ,vpGQvZvyG dGOv< 9vp .&   %
k
{v &=F(}< dO=@ jPyG ,,@G(ZyG dGO< G #f 9+M*Q9@ HA! ,Q+L}G

r*QZ@ ,p 9}v ,uzJyG ahQI b9+S ,p ?JAp IQTvh ?}\


o n r n
y>$P*z ,p dGO< 9p .#+yGO< G #+< R+}! fC >G* GP%yh .{gqyG
n n o r n o o r n
eQo vz ?y9I ,p dGO< Gh .,@G(Y dGO<E )>$p P* hC >$P* dO<(
k n
.y,pGQY dGO<E y9|Qn v

j Qd " y G Q9 _ G vvvvv 2 vvvvv 1

k
)zf GO9}AfG ?JAqyG Q9aW!G ?*Qd! )1996( ,<GQ(AyG [Mz*
(J"yG )zf )1993(h )1992(h )1991(h )1987( ,"VhQjTyG d9}fC

120
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

9"!{p ,{Yz< U+y ry}G fC 9}vh ,ry}G ^g< ?JAqyG fEz :,@6G

fC VQAq*h .xyPv {Yz< BT+y ,?JAqyG ($h,&]g< fC VQAq!


#+< 9%Tq! ,$ /j/ h /h/ #+A+y9gyG #+AzgyGh ry}G #+< ?s;gyG
ry}G f9v GPE ,xyPvh ./vp v / h /v v v v /
o #+A+y9gyG #+AvQJyGh ?JAqyG
,&]g< fC VQAq! 9"!{p ,d9gp}Gh A9}S}G ,p /j/ h /h/v v y {D}*
fC #w}* /v v vn v / ?JAqy9p ./vp / h /v v vo v / #f rWwA* ,?JAqyG ($h
o
9| ($ #w}}yG rWwAyG GP%p ./vp v / h /v v v v / )yE uT"yG ,p QaW"@

.y?JAqyG Q9aW!G &+}T!

* "
? Qd zy ?zjW}yG ? S9S + } G O9=}yG vvvvv 3 vvvvv 1

Ov v"v vf 9v v}v v$ #v v+v v+v vS9v vSC #v v*COv v=v v| uv v+v v=v vav vAv v< ?v v*Qv vdv v"v vyG {v vjv vAv vWv v@
Qh9G@ h"A}* &=F(}< jPyG ,{C9}@;yG CO=| :)1987(,"VhQjTyG
IQTvh ?}\ #+A+y9gyG #+AvQJyG hC /j/ h /h/ #++y9gyG #+pQJyG
Qh9vGv@ hv"vAv}v* &v=vF(v}v< jPvyG ,Uv!9vGv@;vyG COv=v|h ./vp v /h /v v vo v /
#| QDvC hC hGh #| QDvC Y9}AFG( ?T!9GA}yG J9vQJyG hC ahQJyG
.)GPw$h IQTv #| QDvC hC ?}\ #| QDvC hC A9*

* "
? Qd zy jQGWyG LP } yG vvvvv 4 vvvvv 1 ("
,C;Dzy W(aLC :#+_(aLC )zf ?JAqyG Q9aW!G ?*Qd! e(t@
:,y9AyG (J"yG )zf ,f9<Qzy W(aLCh
k
:)1( ~sQ {+D}AyG ,p #+=}yG ,C;DyG W(aLC ::hC

121
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)1(

k
:)2( ~sQ {+D}AyG ,p #+=}yG ,f9<QyG W(aLC :9+!9C
)2(

k+ZyG OOf fC eI;! ,f9<QyGh ,C;DyG #+_(aL}G d;L #|


,!9}Ch ,,C;DyG ,p ?j+Y IQWf 9A"CG :?j+Y #+C;C Rh9GA* :
?vavSG(v< 9v%v+vzvf {vZvJv! kv+vZvyG ?v+vtv<h ,vf9v<QvyG ,vp ?vjv+vY IQvWvf
,AyG ,$ J9g+S(AyG gP$h ,bS(yG ,ph aGQ_}G ,p J9g+S(@

122
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

k
~$O"f k+ZyG OOgp GP%yh ,?ztAT| 9j+Y )|GOtyG f(+pQZyG 9$Of
#w}* #+_(aL}G ,p IO(F(}yG k+ZyG #| ?j+Y {v .,F9%! :
,v v p hC ?v v *9v v %v v "v v yG hC ?v v *GOv v =v v yG ,v v p JGO9v v *R ?v v av v SG(v v < 9v v %v v gv v +v v S(v v @
]i[ h ]?v v [ ,$ ?*9%"yG ,p ht@ ,AyG JGO9*Ry9p ;)bS(yG((WJyG
k
,p ht@ ?+t=yGh ,?zf f(w@ 9| 9=y9i bS(yG JGO9*Rh ,]AG[ h ]fG[h
U+y ?+@G(ZyG OfG(tyG #| ?f(}G| u=a@ IO9*RyG O"fh .?*GO=yG
9%}$C #|h 9%+yE IQ9V 9< ,qAw! #wyh EJ=yG GP$ ,p 9%!9w|
:)3( ,p IOQG(yG ?+pGQZyG OfG(tyG

)3(

O| IOf9s vvv C

?zgyG aPI IOf9s vvv H

R}$ IOf9s vvv L

?zC9}| IOf9s vvv O

,!9w| >zs IOf9s vvv v$


n
,){gp #| {fp 9p( d9D}yG {+=S )zf uAW! )C3( IOf9tyG >F(}<
,){f(p #| {gp( d9D}yG {+=S )zf uAW! )H3( IOf9tyG >F(}<h
n rn n rn
>F(}< Oy(! 9}v ,)L3( IOf9tyG >F(}< ){fzp #| {gpC( uAW!h
q
,){gp #| {gp( b9tAVG {+=s #| ?qg]}yG k+ZyG )O3( IOf9tyG
OfG(tyG gP%p .){gq@G #| {gApG( uAW! )v v $3( IOf9tyG >F(}<h
x
.QhPGyG h+S(@ J9+z}f A9"CC ?*QhQ\ ?+pGQZyG

,f9_(aL}G gOy(* 9}f LQM@ : ,f9<QyGh ,C;DyG QO9Z| fE


,QOZ}yG ,p Q+jA|;yG {wWyGh .IO9*Ry9< Q+jA* &!{p A,V Q+j@ GPEh

123
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,C;DyG ,p IQWf 9A"C:G k+ZyG ,$ )1996(,<GQAyG Q+=g@ >TJ<


PLz! ,QO9Z}yG YhPF )zf d(ZJzyh .,f9<QyG ,p IQWf ,!9}DyGh
k k k
GPv$ #vwv}v+vSh .W(vavL}G ,vp &vFQOv!h ,GOv*Rv| hC GOQvGv| GQPvF
,AyG J9!9w| G )yE d(Y(yGh ,QOZ}yG QhPF {v O+y(@ #| LGQO G
.)6 U v v 1996( ,<GQ(AyG( ?*(jzyG ?*GhQyG )yE Y(FQyG fhO 9%zjAT*

? Qd yG * " ) +
zf J9t =a@ vvvvv 2

IQWf ,A"CG #}]A* &!C OG"S ,C;DyG W(aLC ,p 9!Qd! GPE


o
{C9}@;yG jCO=| bQM@ k+Y h<QC 9%"| ?gS(@ fhO< ?+zYC ?j+Y
o o
Uv!9vGv@;vyG COv=v| f9vsQvMv@ ){vgp vpp (h ){vgvp( 9vAvjv+vZvp :Uv!9vGv@;vyGh
o o
CO=| ){gpp (h ){gp p( 9Aj+Y bQM@ 9}"+< ,#+AT!9GA| #+AvQI Qh9GAy
?v+vtv<h .)IQvTvwvyGh ?v}v]vyG( #v+vAv+vy9vgvyG #v+vAvvQvJvyG Qh9vGvAvy {vC9v}v@;vyG
.#*Q(vP}yG #*CO=}yG eQAJ@ 9%!} ?GA"| k+Y ,!9}DyG k+ZyG

n n
,AyG e}G ?+zY}G ?j+ZyG ,C;DyG W(aLC ,p ){gp( ?j+Y Og@
?}\ )yE 9%+p ?JAp {v Q9aW!G >F(}< k+ZyG ?+t< 9%"| Oy(A@
,!9g}yG #| )"g}< [AM@ : 9%!C u<9S f9w| ,p 9!QVC Osh .IQTvh
: ,AyG IO+I(yG ?j+ZyG ,$h ,A,V {v ,p {}gAT@ fC #w}* 9%!}
i(AJ| jC #| ?iQq| 9!Qd! ?%Fh #| Og@h OOJ| )"g}< [AM@
n
~y &AqMy {gp H9< fC ~zfGz :9$OOZ< jP9<GQAS}G d(t*h ,,y:O

GPE {gqyG f} 9%g+}F ,p {}gASG {< ,!9g}yG #| )"g}< [AM*


n n
?j+ZyG Og@ {gp ?j+ZyGh y&+p aQZyG hT@Gh &y9}gASG QDv rL

.iQL}G k+ZyG {v YQqA@ 9%"| ,AyG e}G IOf9tyGh

124
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

kv+vY #vf ?vgvS(v}vyG J9v}vzvwvyG ^vgv=v< ?vJvF: eOvsC ,vzv* 9v}v+vp


r n
9v%v"v| Ovy(vAv@ ?vGvAv"v| ?vjv+vY ,v$h ){vgvp( ?v*GOv=vyG ,vp OvGv! .,vC;vDvyG
r n n
)I+v v }IQ( ?}zvh ,?gS(@ fhO< )HQr \( ?}zv {+=s #| J9}zv
n
,IQ(vZvtv}vyG rvy}9v< ?vgvS(v}vyG )i+(vtv@( ?v}vzvvh ,A9vAvy9v< ?vgvS(v}vyG
)I+N+(M+V( ?}zvh ,f("yGh ry}9< ?gS(}yG )fG+,q y( ?}zvh
q
?vgvS(v}vyG )I+j+N+(vMv+vV( ?v}vzvvh ,A9vAvyGh rv+vgv]vAvy9v< ?vgvS(v}vyG
k
,$ 9}!Eh 9j+Y BT+y J9}zwyG gP%p .A9AyGh ?=T"yG A9*h r+g]Ay9<
r n
.){gp( ?j+Zy J9g+S(@

r r r
iQvPp h IOW!p h ~zfp ( J p 9}zwyG fz< d(t! 9%Tq! ?+q+wy9<h
r r r
fE d(t!h .){gpp ( ?j+Zy J9g+S(@ ,$ )?+ZLp h ?!9+typ h f9|Qr Ip h
r o q r o r o r o r o r o r o
OO|vSh ?v*QvtvIh A9v=v$Qh fGQvqvvh )vgvFQh IQOvsh Qvqvv( J9v}vzvwvyG
p r o
r o
?@9}zv fC 9}v .){gp( ?j+ZyG #f ?gS(| J9}zv 9%!E )?!("wyh
n n n n n n n n n nn n
A9Y9ZLh f9@(Ih ?p9d!h M;Yh f9+zih iR}Fh ?wz|h >z_(
nn n n n q n n n
kv+vZvy J9vgv+vS(v@ ,v$ )d;v@Ch )i( J(v}vIQh IQ9vfRh ?v+v$GQvvh
q n n n n n n n
?*O+yp hh ?}+}p !h {+%Yh ?sQSh rzp I( J9}zwyG Og@h .){gp(
p p
n n n
Ovgv@ 9v}vv .){vgp vp( ?vjv+vY #v| IOvy(v| J9vgv+vS(v@ )?vzv$p 9vYh {vFp9v!h
n n n n n n n
HGPvvp h ?v+vs9v=vfp h IQ9v|Eh H9vAvvp h A;v+vLp h fGhOvfp h Qv=vvp ( J9v}vzvwvyG
p
n n n v
d(t!h .){gpp ( ?j+Y #f IOy(| J9g+S(@ )IQ+Lp h )gpOph jQ+G$p h
n o n o n o n o n o n o
?*O+yhh ?+"qJSh ?<9fOh J9wSh A;+Lh iO$( J9}zwyG #f
n o n o no n o
9}v .){gp( ?j+Y #f ?gS(| J9}zv 9%!z< )CQO@h A9vGQ<h f9gFQh
qo n o n on o n on o n
)?v=vzvih ?v!(vv9vSh ?vv(vyCh ?v+vY(vZvyh d(v=vsh ?v!|v|( J9v}vzvwvyG fC
o n
.){gp( ?j+Y #f ?gS(| J9}zv

125
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

?v8v+vS kv+vY 9v%v!C #v| ~viQvyG )vzvgvp ?v+vtv=vAv}vyG hv<Q}G kv+vZvyG 9v|C
Uv !9v Gv @;v yG jCOv =v | bQv Mv @ 9v %v !} GQv dv ! ,?v Gv Av "v | Qv +v ih
k #v *(v wv Av yG
h]M@ :h ?f(}T| ?z+zs J9}zv )zf QDg! 9"!C :E ,{C9}@;yGh
o o o o o o
?vy(v%vSh S(vzvFh )I(eQvI )J9v}vzvwvyG( OvGv"vp .Ov+vy(vAvyGh S9v+vtvzvy
o o o r o qo o qo o o o
OG!h .){gp( #f J9gS(}yG )?ChOICh )=zih ?=zih ?*O(=fh
r x x q q
jQ+Gp $Eh A9D+w|p h ,D+w|p h f9pQfp h )=zp ip h ?z=Fp h xJp \p ( J9}zwyG
p p p
r
J9g+S(@ )zf QDg!h .){gp pp ( #f J9gS(}yG )?+"qJp Sp h AGQ+Gp $Eh
x o p
o o
)zfh .),]+]I h ,q Ap f( J9}zwyG {+=s #| ){gp p( ?j+Zy IQO9!
q o o o
.)?+Lp (+Vp h ?L(+Vp h V(vo v +pp ( (J! ){gpp ( ?j+Zy IQO9! J9g+S(@

: O*R| ,f9<Q {vh ,,f9<QyG W(aLC {jAW* 9%Tq! ?+q+wy9<


k
.9%"| uza!G ,AyG ?j+Zzy 9g+S(@ Og* 9}!Eh ?ztAT| ?j+Y Og*

?JAqyG Q9aW G !, + p ? C;DyG d9gp }G QO9Z| vvvvv 1 vvvvv 2

,p ?A=D| ,%p d9gp}G QO9Z| A9ZI{< f9w}yG GP$ ,p {jW!C #y


e9}A$G Q(J| f(w* a(S 9|h .>AwyGh QO9Z}yG #| hSGh OOf
,vpQvZvyG uvTv"vyG #vf BvFQvL ,vAvyG QO9vZv}vyG ^vgv< d(vI QhOv*
.9%y Q+TqAyG ,p ?JAqyG Q9aW!G #+z}gAT| ,QdA"}yG
n n k
&GA"@ jPyG jOgA}yG )OgY( {gqyG {+=s #| d9gpC 9!9+IC Q%d@
n n n
)Ogp Y( )zf QDg! fC QdA"! :h ,?*OgA}yG d9gp}9< ?Y9MyG ){gp(
o n o
,p : eR;yG ,p fGOQa@ ){gp(h ){gp p( f} #+A*OgA| )OgY( hC
k r n n n n
);vgvp( 9v%vy QOvZv}vv ,vavgv@ ){vgvp( fC e(vzvgv}vyG #v|h .jOvgvAv}vyG
n n n r n k r k
,p ){gp( f} )GQk Z! QZ!h GOfh Ofhh 9<Qr \ HQn \( :d(t"p
r
fC QdA"! 9"vh ,#+gyG ?vQI S;AL9< ){gp( ,ag@ ?JAqyG Q9aW!G

126
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

k o o n n k r n n n
uza"@ )O(gY( E+I ;)GO(gY OgY( U+yh )GOgY OgY( OG!
n n n n n
#++pQZyG O"f OG!h .?*OgA}yG )OgY( #| : ?|R;yG )Ogp Y( #|
n o n n
d9gpC ?JF: )yE ~]@h )UzF( {D| ?|R: f(w@ Os )OgY( fC
k o o
)9|hOs eOp s( {+=s #| )d(gp( 9%y QO9Z}v HA"@ ,AyG ?Gy9g}yG
k
?}C fC OG! ?JAqyG Q9aW!G ~+$9q| d9}gAS9<h .)9s(Zy uZ p y( h
n n
9%< Jz@ ~y ?|R;yG )Ogp Y( c9"$ fC OtAg!h ,uT"yG ,p IQjC
n o
.)OgY( #| : )Ogp Y( #| uza"* )O(gY( QOZ}yG fCh ,?*GhQyG
n n n k
Ogp Yh OgY #+< 9| 9sQp c9"$ fC ($ eOt@ 9| )zf ?GJyGh

:)H4(h )C4( ,p IOQG(yG

)4(
o n
{FQyG Ogp Y vvv C
n n n n n
{=GyG {FQyG OgY vvv H

?SQ9}| fC E+I #| )H4( ?+"=yG #f rzAM@ )C4( ?+"=y9p


B+t< 9}"+< ,d(gq}yG )yE {f9qyG #| BztA!G IQ+L}G ,p KOJyG
)yE {tA"@ ~yh {f9qyG {=s #| IRG"| )yh}G ,p KOJyG ?SQ9}|
n n
.)fRI( fzV 9%!zV ,d(gq|
p
)1997( jQ%qyG ,S9qyG ,p VQApG 9| )yEh ,eOt@ 9| )yE Qd"y9<
,p 9%A*Og@ ht* ~C ehRzyG ($ ?+}Gg}yG QhPGyG ,p {Y}G fC #|
n n
)~%p( #| ;v )~%p( {LO}yG ,p OG! fC QdA"! ,?tI: ?zIQ|
o
?+!9DyG ,p KOJyG SQ9}* E+I ;>y9ayG )~%p(h SQOyG >y9ayG
p
)zf )yh}G ,p KOJyG SQ9}* 9}"+< ,)>y9ayG( {f9qyG )zf
.{f9qyG {=s #| d(gq}yG

127
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

ZQn q@ :h {f9qy9< [AM@ ?|R;yG d9gp}G ,p KOJyG ?SQ9}}p


c9"$ f(w@ fC QdA"! S9S}G GP$ )zfh .d(gq}yG ,p IQhQ]y9<
n n
:)5( ,p 9}$OG! #+AzyG ;?|R;yG )uZp y(h ?*OgA}yG )uZy(

)5(
k n n n
GQ(W"| >y9ayG uZy v v v C
k
9s(Zy uZ p y vvv H
n n n r n n n n
uZy( :d(t"p ){gp( )zf 9$QOZ| ,@z* )C5( ,p )uZy( E+I
k r n
)d(gp( )zf 9$QOZ| ,@z+p )H5( ,p ?|R;yG )uZp y( 9|C .)9tZy
k
.)9s(Zy uZp y( 9%"|h
n n
fhO<h ,9%"| Oy(A* ){gp( fC QdA"! ?JAqyG Q9aW!G Q9_E ,p
o
?*GhQyG ,p 9!OFh GP{p .){gp( h ){gp p( ,?*GhQyG )yE Y(FQyG
n
/v v n v v/?JAp Q+aWA< 9%"| eR;yG O+y(@ #w}* &!{p ?*OgA}yG )aQn f(
o
?+q+wy9< )aQf( )zf {ZJ"p ,/vp v /IQTv hC /v v v v/ ?}\ )yE #+gyG
p
A{| #w}}yG #| &!C OG! GPw$h .)Ogp Y( 9%< JOy(@ ,AyG 9%Tq!
f9v GPEh .?*GhQyG )yE Y(FQyG fhO uT"yG ,p IO(F(}yG JGQjDyG
n n o n n
Q9aW!G f{p ){gp( OG! :h ){gp(h ){gp p( OG! E+J< UwgyG
n n n
;){gp( 9}%tza"| )yE #+Aj+ZyG #+@9$ O+g! fC VQAq* ?JAqyG
o o n
?JAqyG Q9aW!G ,p dh|@ )Q=L(h )Q=L(h )fRI h fRI( J9}zwp
p p
n n
.)Q=L(h )fRI( )yE

,jOgAyG ($ ?JAqyG Q9aW!G ,p {Y}G fC 9"$ eI;}yG A,WyG


J9+\QqyG a;M< .?JAqyG Q9aW!G u*Q_ #f &"| uAW| eR;yGh
($ {Y}G fC 9$GO|| ,AyG )1997( jQ%qyG ,S9qyG ,p ?|Ot}yG

128
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

Q++j@ ?aSG(< 9|E >+vQAyG ,p &A*Og@ ht@ ~C ~Gg}yG ,p ehRzyG


n
9|Eh ,)fRI( )yE )fRI( Q++j@ ,p 9}v ,zLGOyG BF9Zzy ,vQI
p
GP$ fC )zf .r+g]AyG hC IR}%yG {D| ?*OgAzy J9}+pQ(| ?aSG(<
Q9vavWv!G #v| uvzvav"v@ ,vAvyG ?v+vpQvZvyG J9v+v\QvqvyG #v+v< 9v| a;vAvL:G
&y f(w* Os ~*RzAyGh ?*OgAzy ?+}Gg}yG J9+\QqyG #+< 9|h ,?JAqyG
.gQQ=* 9|
x
,p JGQjC O(Fh U(ZM< ?JAqyG Q9aW!G &+zf &="@ 9| #+< #|h
)?+C;DyG( ?*OgA}yG d9gp}G >ziC E+I ;)h}p S( ,p gOG! 9| uT"yG
k k r n
9JAp KAph GPLC PLC(: {+=s #| ){gp( fRh )zf 9$QOZ| f(w*
k k r k rn n nn k n n n
)h}p S(v v y GQOZ| )9g}S( OG! 9""wy .);vC {vCh GO}I O}Ih
n n n k r
)h}S( ,p {YC ,$ )9g}S( fC OtAg! 9"zgG* jPyG Q|}G ,eR;yG
9v%v"v| QvdvAv"v! 9v"vv ,vAvyG )hv}p vS( ,vp : ?v*GhQvyG 9v%v< Jzv@ ~vy ,vAvyG
k
.)9f(}S(
o o
#*(wAyG ?8+S ?j+Y ,$h ){gp( ?j+Y ?+zY}G QO9Z}yG #+< #|
)yE ?+<QgyG ?jzyG zGz@h )U!9G@;yG CO=| bQL( #+T!9GA| Qh9GAy
{+=s #| ?}zwyG {YC #| BT+y ?zf LGQO{< bQMyG GP$ r+qM@
o o
.#*(wAyG ?8+TyG ?j+ZyG W(j\ #| r+qMAzy ,)d(gp( ,p )hG(yG(
)"g| )zf ?yGOyG d9gp}G >ziC QOZ| fC OG! d9D}yG {+=S )zf
oo n oo o o
)?I(z| Kz|h ?S(=* U=*( :{D| )?y(gp( fRh )zf f(w* B<9C
p p
BvtvJvy ,vAvyG ?v+v@G(vZvyG W(vjv]vyG #v| rv+vqvMvAvzvy BvFQOC hG(vy9vp

.U!9G@;yG CO=| bQL ?G+A! QOZ}y9<

b9T!C ,p J9jzyG h\h ($ e(+yG ,!9TzyG {}gyG aGO$C #+< #|

129
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

H9=S} ?*GhQyG ,p W(tS #| BGA! ,AyG J9iGQqyG ~}! E+J<


uT"yG #f LQ9L ($ 9| K+JZ@h ,J9iGQp ?}C B!9v GPE 9%z%G!
BT+yh ,F(y(+< uT! ?jzyG f} .uT"zy &A<9GASG #| #w}* 9}<
Y9}TyG )yE ~wAJ!h #+|Q9Y f(w! fC IQwp .)\(qzy ?g\9L
k
GOF IQ+Dv ?+f9}TyG QO9Z}yG fE PE ;?jzyG ~+zg@ ,p {v9W| B==S
K+JZyG g9G@:G ,p f(w! uT"zy 9%g]M! #+Ih 9%a=\ >gZ*
?+}$C #|h ,?jzy ?+F(y(+=yG ?g+=ayG ~%p #| ?|OtA| {IGQ| ,ph
.j(jzyG uT"yG OGQ_G

gP%p .)a9Lh e9fh e9$h e9!h e9Yh e9s( d9gp}G xyPv OG!
k k
,p IO(F(| 9%!C h| 9$QO9Z| h| GOI(| 9v(zS xzT@ : d9gp}G
?|R: 9%zvh ,a(F}G ,C;DyG b}! #| 9%zwp ;OIGh ,pQY kT!
r
)zf ,@z* 9| 9%"|h ){gp( )zf ,@z* 9| 9$QO9Z| ,p OG! xyP h|h
k
)e9$h e9Yh e9s( d9gp}9p .9g| #+"C:G )zf ,@z* 9| 9%"|h )d9gpp (
k k k
e9fh e9!( 9|C ,,yG(AyG )zf )9|9+$h 9|9+Yh 9|9+s( 9$QOZ| ,@z*
k k k
OG! :h .,yG(AyG )zf )9p(Lh 9|(fh 9|(!( 9$QOZ| ,@z+p )a9Lh
k k
.)9|9+Yh 9|(Y( 9%"| ,@z* ,AyG )e9Y( :E

k k r n
)9|9+!( 9%+p OQ* ~y )e9!(h )9|(s( 9%+p OQ* ~y )e9s( )yE ?=T"y9<
k
h| S9=Ay;y 9="G@h ,h}GyG )yE 9ApQZ!G Os )e9+!h e(s( f}

gP$ ,qp .e9! ,p )e9+!( JQG$h e9s ,p )e(s( JQG$ h}GyG


jPyG CO=}yGh .uT"yG #| #*QOZ}yG H9+i ,p d9wVE : d9JyG
QLB )"g| )yE aQZ"* QOZ| OF(* 9}"+I &!C ($ OQa| &!C hO=*
k
)h}GyG )zf {+J@ : QO9Z}yG f} h}GyG )zf ?y:OyG 9Y(ZLh(

130
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

ro
f9v fEh cQA* QOZ}yG GP$ f{p {gqyG ,p O(F(}yG )"g}yG Q+i
uT"yG ,p #*QOZ}y9< )e9Y( {gqyG eqAIG Osh .uT"yG eQAJ*
p
E+I )e9f(h )e9$( h| QQ=| Q+i Q|}G #wyh ,)e9+Yh e(Y(
r n r n
){gp( ?+!9DyG QOZ|h ,){gp( 9%"| btSh )d9gpp ( )yh}G QOZ|
n
.?*GhQyG )yE O(g* Os jPyG Q|}G )d9gpp ( 9%"| btSh
o
gP$ Q9_E ,p f6G )yE JRGp !C ,AyG J9SGQOyG B"w}@ Oty
J:9wV G #| O*Ogzy ?+G%"|h ?+}zf JGQ+Tq@ ~*Ot@ #| ?*Qd"yG
f9+I}G ^g< ,p IOQa| d9gp}G QO9Z| f(w@ GP9}y :{+=s #|
B}%SC ?*Qd"yG fC 9}v ?iQLC h\G(| ,p OGQ_:G #f LQM@h
#f B<9i ,AyG JGQjDyG OSh ,pQZyG uT"yG ~+d"@ ,p Q+=v {wW<
{LGO}yG ~+d"@ ,p Q+=v {wW< B}%SC 9%!C )yE ?p9\ 9< .?*GhQyG
gR++}@h HQg}yGh {+LOyG ~+d"Ay ?_(=]| J9+yB h\hh ?+}Gg}yG
Q+TwAyG Y(}F JGQ9T| B}d! 9%!C xyP )yE r\C ,{+Y}G #|
.9$Q+ih ehRzyGh jOgAyG 9*9]sh

9*9]s 9%"| xyP #| hShC 9*9]s ,p ?*Qd"yG Q9}DASG ~@ Oty


k
&!C 9]*C ~zg!h .?+<QgyG ?}zwzy ,gat}yG e9d"yGh VhQgy9< uzgA@
,@G(ZyG r+yzAyG O9=|h ?@G(Zy9< {ZA@ 9*9]s ,p 9$Q9}DASG ~@
k
#| 9s;a!G JzW! Osh ?]J| ?+<Qf ?*Qd! uJ< ,%p ?+<QgyG ?}zwzy
k k
h| .9|(}f ?+|9TyG J9jzyGh 9Y(ZL ?+<QgyG ?jzyG J9+Y(ZL

?v*Qvdv"vyG ~v+v$9vqv| bv+vTv=v@ ?v+vjv< 9v"v$ eOvs 9v| fC Q9v=vAvf:G ,vp PvL}G
O*OgyG c9"%p ,?*Qd"yG &"}]A@ 9| {v ,aj* : #+}A%}zy 9%}*Ot@h
GP$ ,p 9%y VQgA! ~y jQd"yG S9S}9< ?a=@Q}yG 9*9]tyG #|

131
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,p ?+S9S}G 9%@9+gFQ| )yE 9!QVC Osh ,b+T=AyG VGQi} b9+TyG


.?*GO=yG

QO9Z}zy +(
? y t}yG ?g =ayG vvvvv 2 vvvvv 2 +
x o
9| dh}G Y("yG :QO9Z}yG #| #+f(! #+< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG R+}@
J9v SGQOv yG #v }v \ LQOv "v *h .   d9v gv p}G QO9v Zv }v < )v }v Tv *
.?JAqyG Q9aW!G Q9_E ,p {+zs {=s &y B|Os 9| ($h ,?+pQZyG
 KOJyG ~S9< )}T* 9| {<9t* jPyG QOZ}yG ,!9DyG Y("yGh
J9SGQOyG #}\ {LO* Q+L}G GP$h .?+<QjyG J9+<O}G ,p  

:,z* 9}+p T9t"yG Q(J| ($ jPyG ?+=+vQAyGh ?+}Gg}yG

KOJyG ~SG vvvvv 3

)zf A9"< ?FhOR| ?+y(t| ?g+=_ GP )KOJyG ~SG(QOZ}yG Og*


,vS9vqvyG( IQv+vDvv d9v}vfC ,vp 9v%v+vzvf dOvAvTv}vyGh ?v|Ovtv}vyG J9v+v\QvqvyG
(W}*Qsh ))1997(h )1993(h )1990(h )1990(h )1986( jQ%qyG
d9tf O}ICh @# & )1995( ,wT|(Vh  # )1990(
,LQ9MyG #| ~SG (%p .)2004( ,fGQRyG #+TIh )1999(h )1996(
.{LGOyG #| {gph

KOJyG ~S: ,y(t}yG LGhOR:G )zf ?|Ot}yG HGJyG ~$C #|h


,p 9"< Q| jPyG (J"yG )zf ?+<GQf G J9*Qd"yG #| ,@z@ ,AyG HGJyG
S9SC )zf ?+"=| ?+<GQfE Q+i iQLC HGI c9"$h .Ey9DyG {ZqyG
#|RyG #| (zM* ~S:Gh ,KOIh #|R &+p {gqy9p :KOJyGh #|RyG
QOZ}y9p ;#|RyG #| (zM*h KOJyG #}]A* QOZ}yGh ,KOJyGh

132
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

?+Y9Lh KOJyG ,$h d9gp~y ?+Y9L #}]A* S9S}G GP$ )zf


1
.#|RyG #| (zMyG ,$h A9}S~y

J:9wV G #+< #| KOJyG ~SG ,p {Y9JyG S9=Ay:G Og*


#v| J9vSGQO &vy Bv|Ovs Ovsh ,?v+vy9vJvyG J9v+v<O}G ,vp ?vIhQvav}vyG
?*OJyGh ?+}S:G J9=vQ}yG #}\ SQO* IQ9Ap ,IOf J9tza"|
(v Wv }v *Qv s( ?v +v }v Gv gv | ?v SGQO SQOv * IQ9v @h ))1999( d9v tv f Ov }v IC(
d9tf R+| Osh .)1999( jQ%qyG ,S9qyGh ))1990(  #

{vC( IQ9=f d;L #| KOJyG ~S: JGOhQh ?g<QC #+< )1999(


IOQG(yG )"=y9< 9%y {D}! ?qzAM| J;*hz@ ?g<QC RQq@ ,AyG )L9FOyG
:)6( BJ@
)6(
H(=Jzy L9FOyG {vC ,"W$OC vvv C

L9FOyG {vC ,y >+a* vvv H

H(=Jzy L9FOyG {vC ?t*Q_ ,"AW$OC vvv L


n
e9}JyG {vC : L9FOyG {vC ($ >JyG GP$ vvv O

a9]}yG fC S9SC )zf {}J*h )C6(,p )zGA* dh}G {*hzAyG

k
O(v F(v p :J:(v tv }v yG Rv +v +v }v @ ,v p GQhO 9v }v %v <9v +v ih )KOv Jv yGh #v |Rv yG( O(v Fh >v gv zv * 1
k k
9v%v!C ,v"vgv* ?vy(vtv}vyG #v| 9v}v%v<9v+vih ,);vgvp( 9v%vzvgvGv* ?vy(vtv}vyG ,vp 9vgv| KOvJvyGh #v|RvyG
,aQvdvyG ?vy(vtv| 9v"v+vavgv* KOvJvyG H9v+vih #v|RvyG O(vFhh )?v]vJv| ?vqvY hC ~vSG(
o
#v| uvAv Wv* fC #vwv}v*h )QOvZv}vyG( ?vy(vtv | 9v "v+v avgv* #v|RvyG H9v+vih KOvJvyG O(v Fhh
.:,y9AyG (J"yG GP$ )zf J:(t| h<Q} ?+y(t| J9}S IQwqyG gP$
v v v KOv vI+[ QOv vZv v}v vyG ,]KOv vI v v v #v v|R+[ aQv vdv vyG ,]KOv vI + #v v|R+[ {v vgv vqv vyG
.]KOI v v v #|R v v v [ ?]J}yG ?qZyGh ~S:G ,]#|R

133
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

l
,vp Ql(vJv|h ,?v+vy:OvyG ?vqv+vc(vyG ,vp KOvJvzvy Pvqv"v| )L9vFOvyG( &v+vyE
{}J* jPyG )H6( ?+"=yG ,p Q%d* ,!9DyG {*hzAyGh .?+yhGOAyG ?q+c(yG
l l
Q(J|h ?y:OyG ,p ?+J\ )L9FOyG( &+yE a9]}yG fC S9SC )zf
~A*h )L6( ?+"=yG gOTG@ Ey9DyG {*hzAyGh .?+yhGOAyG ?q+c(yG ,p
($ &Tq! KOJyG f(w*h ,KOJyG 9%< Pq"* ,AyG ?t*QayG )yE Qd"y9<
k
{}J* jPyG )O6( ?+"=yG ,p gOG! h<GQyG {*hzAyGh .9+yhGO@ Q(J}yG
    ?G+A"yG ~S9< ?+<QjyG J9+<O}G ,p )}T* 9| S9SC )zf
9| jC ;L9FOyG &zvz* jPyG {v}G Y(! S9SC )zf {*hzAyG &+p ~A*h
k k
&y ?g<Q}G J;*hzAyG #| OIGh {vh .QLB 98+V eC 9<(=I f9v GPE
.,=+vQAyGh ,y:OyGh ,}Gg}yG i(AT}yG )zf &@9S9wg!Gh &GF9A!

134
Ey9DyG ~TtyG

* +
?D OI ? <Qf JGhO < J9tAW}yG S

?tAW}yG IO9}yGh ? zY + } G IO9}yG vvvvv 1

B=D@h )?+}Gg}yG IOI(yG(v v < ~Gg}yG ,p ?+zY}G IO9}yG )}T@


k
9]*C 9%A+}T@ #w}* &!{p GP%yh ,IO9*R fhO< ?+}Gg}yG IOI(yG
k
H(Aw|h ?<9Avh >@9v( uAW! ;D| )>Av( #}p ;IG("yG IO9}y9<
?*h(! ?+}Gg| J9!(w| Og@ )?<9Avh >Av(v v p )...NyG ?=@9w|h

OfG(s ?aSG(< 9%+zf d(ZJyG ~A* &!{p J9s9tAV:G ?+t< 9|C .?+zYC
OG(| BT+y ,$h ,?tAW| J9!(w| hC OG(| 9%+}T! ?*(J!h ?+pQY
,p LQO@ fC VQAq* : 9%!{p GPyh ,?pQY ?+}Gg| J9!(w| hC
.~Gg}yG

)...H9Avh H(Aw|h >@9v(,p Q++jAyG B==S ,AyG J9+y6G fE


)zf J9tAW}y9p .?*(J!h ?+pQY J9+yB 9%!E ,?+}Gg| Q+i J9+yB
v
,$ 9}!Eh ?*GO=yG P"| ~Gg}yG ,p IOy(| QY9"f BT+y S9S}G GP$
?+zY}G OG(}yG a;M< J9tAW}yGh .OfG(s >F(}< ?GA"| QY9"f

)}T* uI: i(AT| ,p )"=@ 9}!Eh ,}Gg}yG i(AT}yG ,p )"=@ :


1
.,=+vQ@ v v v aQZyG i(AT}y9< hC ,pQZyG i(AT}y9<

= ~vF9vgv}vyG ,vp ,vS9vSC {vwvWv< )v"v=vAv* ?vtvAvWv| IO9v|h ?v+vzvYC IO9v| #v+v< Rv+v+v}vAvyG GPv$ 1

135
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

OfG(t< gO9G*E #w}* :h jOGQp ($ 9| {w< U9L ~Gg}yG


,v%vp OvfG(vs >vF(v}v< Ovy(v@ ,vAvyG A9v+vV}G 9v|C ,?v*(vJv! hC ?v+vpQvY
J9}Sh UG(L ~Gg}yG #}]A*h .,=+vQAyG R9%GyG ,p IO(F(|
9%]g< J9}+pQ(}yG 9%< dRg! ,AyG ?t*Qay9< 9%yRf #w}* : ?+zLGO
.       ?+Y9Lh ?*QP J9}S 9%!} ^g< #f
jOgAyG #f #+=@ ,AyG J9}TyG ?+}Gg}yG J9}TyG gP$ #+< #|h
: ?+Y9MyG J9}TyG gP%p .J;J}yG h+S(@ J9}S hC ehRzyGh

hC ?}S {Zp #w}* : &!C 9}v ?+}Gg}yG IO9}yG #f 9%zZp #w}*


n o
?+zYC IO9| e(%q| S9SC )zf .)gQv( ?}zv #f IQGOAS:G ?+Y9L

{f9qyG ~SG #| {wy ?+zY}G [F9ZMyG OYQy )gT! ?tAW| IO9|h


.?%=W}yG ?qZyGh
k
J9tAW}yG #+< hC ?qZyGh {f9qyG ~SG #+< ;LGO@ OG! 9| GQk +Dv
k k
?vjv+vY fRh )vzvf ?vqvZvyG Bv!9vv GPE 9vY(vZvL ,J9vqvZvyGh 9v|(v}vf

#| i(AT}yG GP$ ,p )gSCh .J9tAW}yG #| gQ+i hC {f9qyG


k
.?D*OJyGh ?*O+ztAyG RFGhQy9< 9}$R++}Ay :(zI eOsC fC EJ=yG

($ 9}!zv >+vQAyG ,p 9}!Eh ~Gg}yG ,p LQO* : {f9qyG ~SG


.=  ,vp d9vJvyG (v$ 9v}vv ?v+vzvY}G IO9v}vy9v< uvZvAvzv* ?vtvY:
#+}+pQ(| )yE )uF9S( ?}zv 9!CRF GPEh ?|Ot}yG ~+$9q}yG d9}gAS9<

k
S9vS}G GPv$ )vzvf QPvGvyG S9vSC )vzvf : ?v}vzvwvyG S9vSC )vzvf 9v*OvGv<C >v@Qv@ ,vAvyG =
hC QQvwv| (v$ 9v}v| [vzvMvAv!h jOGQvp (v$ 9v}vy [vZvMv* fC >vGv* ~vGvgv}vyG fE d(vtv!
~Gg}yG ,p OG! fC QdA"! ;p ;?*(J"yG hC ?+pQZyG {F9S(y9< ?s9tAVG #w}* 9}|
q
)#v+vwvS( ~vGvgv}vyG ,vp OvGv! 9v}v"v+v< ,?v+vpQvY {vF9vS(v< e9vY #v| ?vtvAvWv| 9v%v!} )~vF9vY(
.?qzAM| ?+}Gg| [F9ZL f9wz}@ 9}%!} )#wS( OG! h

136
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

,fQp ~+pQ(|h )b9S( ($h ,}Gg| ,zYC ~+pQ(| dh}G fC OG"S


.?*Pq"}yG )zf ?yGOyG ){f9p( ?j+ZyG &"f Q=g@ 9| ($ &"| uAW|
jPyG &Tq! i(AT}yG ,p ~A* ~y )uF9S( )yE )b9S( #| d(JAy9p
,p 9}!Eh ,,}Gg}yG i(AT}y9< )fO* jPyG )b9S( ?}zv &+p JOyh
k
)zf d(ZJyG ~A*h .,=+vQ@ v v v aQZyG i(AT}yG ($ uI: i(AT|
GP$h )b9S( ?+}Gg}yG IO9}yG ,p aQZ@ >F(}< )uF9S(?}zv
.~Gg}yG LQ9L ~@ aQZAyG

~Gg}yG #| J9s9tAV:G QF9Sh J9tAW}yG A9ZsE ?+\Qp fE


(vWvJvyG #v| ~vGvgv}vyG [v+vzvMv@ ?v+vjv< ?v+v!9vTvy JGQ(vZv@ #v| BvGvAv!
f} .jOGQp ($ 9}y btp &Z+ZM@h &+p {Y9JyG ~M]AyG [+zt@h
>@QA+Tp ~Gg}yG ,p ?+}Gg}yG IO9}yG )yE Bq+\C GPE J9tAW}yG
1
Oty .?*(J"yG ?y6G {}f [+zt@h ~Gg}yG ,p {F9$ ~M]@ 9%+zf
k
#| {f9qyG ~SG 9+pQY uAW* 9%=F(}< ,AyG OfG(tyG f(+pQZyG b=\
?I(Aq| ?+y:OyG >!G(GyG Bzc #wyh ,,C;DyG Q+i #|h ,C;DyG
.?}F9s dGR@ : ,AyG J:9wV G #| O*OgyG )zf

," |RyG O tgAyGh {f9qyG ~SG vvvvv 2 +


~+TtAyG )yE Qd"y9< {gqyG 9%+zf ,@z* ,AyG k+ZyG I9J"yG ~Ts

?v+v}vGvgv}vyG ?v}vzvwvyG fC G(v\QvAvpG #v*PvyG ?v*(vtvyG ?v+v=v+vvQvAvyG Q9vZv!C &v"vf hvpGO Q(vZvAvyG GPv$ 1
GP$ {<9t*h 9"$ g9"=@C jPyG Q|}G ,?pQZ| Q+i ,$h ,<(S9JyG uT"yG ,p {LO@
?v|9v@ ,v$h {vLOv@ ?v}vzvwvyG fC G(v\QvAvpG #v*PvyG ?v*(vtvyG ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG Q9vZv!C VGQvAvp:G
Qv dv !G g9v "v=v@C : 9v| (v $h )v!O}G &v Gv |9v !Qv< ,v p ,vwvTv |(v V VQv AvpG 9v }v v ,rv*Qv Zv Av yG
.)1998( jQ%qyG ,S9qyGh )1995( ,wT|(V( U(ZMyG GP%<

137
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

Qd! k+ZyG gP$h ,)Q|Ch YQ9]|h V9|( :e9TsC ?C;C )yE ,"|RyG
m
9| )zf A9"< KY}Gh ,?"|RC 9%!C )zf ?*O+ztAyG J9+<O}G ,p 9%+yE
BT+yh k+Y 9%!C IQY9g}yG J9+<O}G ,p KzaZ}yG &+zf QtASG
k
)zf dO* Q|}G fC e(zg}yG #|h .9"|R U+yh ?j+Y Q|}9p ,?"|RC
.?ztAT| ?j+Y &zgGy Q9=AfG ;p ,y9Ay9<h YQ9]}yG &+zf dO* 9|
k k
($h #|RyG )yE Qd"y9< GO*OF 9}+Tt@ IQLzA}yG J9SGQOyG eOt@
~v+v$9vqv}v<h ,bvtvp )Qv\9vIh V9v|( S9vSC )vzvf ,v"v=v}vyG ~v+vTvtvAvyG
m
f(w* fC 9|E #|RyG fC jQ%qyG ,S9qyG VQAq* ?+"|RyG J9}TyG
k
Q+ih ],\9|+[ ,\9}yG ($ e(S(}y9p ;e(S(| Q+i 9|Eh 9|(S(|

9| &+p {LO* Q+L}G GP$h ]V9| v v v [ ,\9}yG Q+i ($ e(S(}yG


m
.9]*C d9=tAS:G {}W* jPyG Q\9JyG )}T*

)"jyGh #|RyG )yE Qd"y9< ,S9SC &!C hO=* Ey9C ~+Tt@ c9"$h
uza"* ~+TtAyG GP$h .?%GyG h| Otg}yG &zLGO@ ,p #|Rzy ,y9I G
?j+Y ,$ ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,p k+Y K;C ,p #}]}yG #|RyG #|
IQ+L}G gP$h ){f9qyG ~SG( ?j+Yh )Q\9JyG( ?j+Yh ),\9}yG(
1 k
Evy9vC ~v+vTvtvv {vf9vqvyG ~vSG hv\h fE .e9vAvy9v< 9v!9v+vIC 9v%v"vf Qv=vgv*
#| ?+"i ?j+Y {f9qyG ~S9p ;ZGQp #| Jz* ~y Q\9JyGh ,\9}zy
?y(t| ,9%+yE ,}A"* ,AyG ?y(t}yG )yE Qd"y9< ,(%p :J9*(AT| IOf

,v"v|RvyG >v+vvQvAvyG )vyE Qvdv"vzvy IOOvgvAv| bQv_z #v| ?v!(vwv| 9v%v!zv< ?v%vGvyG jQv|(vv aQvgv* 1
:,v$ J9vjvzvyG hv+v}vF ,vp ?v+v%vF bhQvp ?vC;vC jQv|(vv eOvtv*h y9v| rvs(v}vy ,vzvLGOvyG
#v +v Av SQv wv y ?v Dv *Ov Jv yG ?v +v <Qv gv yG J9v Gv %v zv yG Ov fG(v s Qv dv !G e9v Av yGh YQ9v ]v }v yGh ,v \9v }v yG
.2003 jh9sQWyG O}J| ?}FQ@ ,O9AShQ<

138
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

&A+"< ,p ?qYh ,?+zLGOyG &A+"< ,p {gp ;?qYh {gp #| ?FhOR|


#+< R+}@ ,AyG J9+<O}G ,p ?|Ot}yG O9=}yG >F(}<( ?+FQ9MyG
?g+=ayG &+p 9"Ws9! jPyG ~TtyG ,p 9%y 9"\Qf ,AyGh J:(t}yG
,?qzAM}yG J9s9+TyG ,p ,{f9qyG ~SG fC 9}v ,)QOZ}zy ?+y(t}yG
,\9}yG )zf dh|* Os (%p ;J:9I Gh J;*hzAyG #| O*OgyG RQq*
,\9}zy f(w@ : ,AyG ?qZyG a;M< d9=tAS:G hC Q\9JyG hC
1
&!C 9}v ,e9W$ #<G Q+=gA< ~FGOyG d9Jzy 9}!Eh ht* 9}y :h hat"}yG
Qv\9vJvyG )vzvf hC ,Qv\9vJvyG ,vp OvAv}v}vyG ,v\9v}vyG )vzvf dh|v* Ovs
2
,p {LGOA@h ,{=tAT}yG ,p OA}}yG Q\9JyG )zf hC ,LQOA}yG
h| A9"=yG ?%F hC ?*(J"yG ?%GyG IOtg|h ?t+sO IQ(Z< {f9qyG ~SG
3
.h\(yG ?%F hC ?+}Gg}yG ?%GyG

h| bzAM*h ?qZyG #| HQAt* {f9qyG ~S9p eOt@ 9| >!9F )yE


?vvQvJvyG )vzvf hC ehRvzvyGh J(v=vDvyG )vzvf ?vyGOvyG kv+vZvyG gPv$ {vv
#| 9tAW| f9v GPE 9| {f9qyG ~SG ,p Qd"* &!C 9}v .KhOJyGh
Y9v\hC hC  J:9vI hC  KGOvIC #vf Qv=vgv@ J:(vtv|

# vf >v v=vzvyG + ," v vjv|h 347 :3L :xvy9vTv}vyG Kv\hCh 279 :iOv vyG " Qvavs MQvV Qvdv!G 1
.298 :1L :> Q9f * } G >Av

Ev +v I 9v $9v "v =v |h 9v $9v"vgv | ?v +v <Qv gv yG ?v jv zv yG )1973(f9v Tv I e9v }v @ U(v Zv Mv yG GPv %v < Qv av !G 2
.?%F hC 9"|R 30 #| HQt* 9| )yE {Z@h ?+%GyG ?+"|RyG J::OyG gO"f OOgA@
?v*(vJv"vyG ?v%vGvyG Qv+vWv@ Ev+vI ?v+v}vGvgv|h ?v*(vJv! :?v%vGvyG #v| #v+vf(v! #v+v< {vTv*E {vZvqv* 3
KOv I hC J(v s(v | KOv I hC e9v @ KOv Jv v ;KOv Jv yG 9v %v < eOv tv * ,v Av yG ?v tv *Qv av yG )v yE
?v+vy:O ?v}vS )vyE)1976 jQv|(vv( ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG ?v%vGvyG Qv+vWv@h ?vGv@9v! ?vy9vJvv Qv}vAvTv|
hC QGQv}vAvSG )v"vgv| hC &v"v+vgv< J9vtv+v| )v"vgv| )vzvf {v+vJv* fzvv &v"v+vgv< {vgvp ,vp ?vzvYzvAv|
.u<9TyG hFQ}yG ?D*OJyG ?+<QgyG J9G%zyG OfG(s Qd!G B<9C hC ,vQI )"g|

139
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

.,yG(AyG )zf )UzF(h )MQp(h )HQ\( {+=s #| :  


9}!Eh ,?tAW| BT+y 9%"wy ){f9p( ?j+Y )zf ,@z@ J9}zv c9"$h
?vqvZvy9v< )v}vTv@ ,vAvyG J9vqvZvyGh fG(vy}G {v+v=vs #v| ;?v+vzvYC ,v$
k 1
J9+<O}G ,p 9!9+IC )fO@ 9}v RGQ_ J9qY 9%zv gP%p ;?%=W}yG
.~Gg}yG ,p IO(F(| f(w@ fC QdA"! 9"!{p GPyh ,?+y9JyG ?*O+y(AyG
k k
9+=+vQ@h 9+pQY IOtg| ?j+Y iO=@ jPyG (J"yG )zf {f9qyG ~S9p
k
OYQy ,~zg! 9}+p ,f6G )yE ?+p9v ?*Qd! jC OF(@ :h 9+y:Oh

?f("A}yG J:(t}yG #| &@9s9tAVG uFGQ_h {f9qyG ~SG [F9ZL


,AyGh )1993(h )1990(jQ%qyG ,S9qyG 9%|Os ,AyG d9}f}G A9"DAS9<
.?T+FQ JGRw@Q| {}gyG GP$ )yE ?=T"y9< {D}@

?qZyGh {f9qyG ~SG #+ ++ < R }AyG RFGhQ vvvvv 3

~vSG( )vzvf ,v@zv@ ,vAvyG d9vwvV}G #v+v< uv*QvqvAvyG ?vzvwvWv| c9v"v$


?A<9C ?qY ($ 9| 9%"| fC eC ){f9p ~SG( 9%zv Og@ {$ ; ){f9qyG
hC RFGhQyG ^g< {}gASC fC Byh9I Osh ?eGhOyGh J9=DyG )zf dO@
){f9p ~SG( ($ 9| #+< R++}Azy ?D*OJyGh ?*O+ztAyG [I9q}yG ^g<
:?+y9AyG W9t"yG ,p 9$OQ(! ?]J| )?qY( ($ 9}|

,?v+vy:Oh ?v+v=v+vvQv@ uvFGQv_ IOvf #v| {vf9vqvyG ~vSGh ?v%v=vWv}vyG ?vqvZvyG #v+v< I9vJv"vyG Rv+v| 1
,vp e9vWv$ #v<9vp bhQvqvyG gPv$ O9vGv* ~v%vzv+vzvJv@ )vzvf )vjv_ ,v=v+vvQvAvyG >v!9vGvyG #vwvy
OvIC OQ(v*h ,9v}v%v"v+v< bhQvp ?vTv}vL OQ(v* ,d9vDv}vyG {v+v=vS )vzvf,xvy9vTv}vyG Kv\hC
k
,v<GQvf G {v}vgvy9v< {vZvAv@ ?v+v=v+vvQv@ bhQvp 9v%vzvvh >v+v=vzvyG ,v"vjv| ,vp 9v}v%v"v+v< 9vsQvp QvWvf
)v zv f b9v +v Tv yG GPv $ ,v p Rv vQzv Sh xv yP )v yE 9v |h jOv gv Av }v yGh eR;v yG #v | ?v i9v +v Zv y9v <h
,vAvyG ,bOC Qv+v=vgvAv< ,hC ?v+v=v+vvQvAvyG bhQvqvyG Uvwvgv@ ,vAvyG ?v+vy:OvyGh ?v+v%vGvyG bhQvqvyG
.?+s9+TyGh ?+=+vQAyG J9"*9=AyG KhOJ< >=TA@

140
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

k k

Q=g@ J:(t| #| 9tAW| f9v GPE 9| {f9qyG ~SG ,p Qd"* v v v :hC

#| :   Y9\hC hC  J:9I hC  KGOIC #f


){f9p( uAW! E+I .,yG(AyG )zf )UzF(h )MQp(h )HQ\( {+=s
)J:9JyG( #| &s9tAVG fC #+I ,p ,)Y9\h}G(h )KGOI}G( #|
VQ9|( :h )fRI #| fR9I(:h )MQp #| MQ9p( uAW! ;p ;QO9!
Og< ~TtyG GP$ ,p )J:9JyG( d9gpC )yE O(fzSh .)VQ| #|
.{+zs

RFGQyG GP%p .)J(=C v v v KhOI( RFGQ RFGhQyG gP$ ~$C #| v v v 9 +! k


9C

:{+=s #| )KOI( #f Q=g@ ,AyG d9gp}G #| ){f9p( b9tAVG K+A*


d9gpz< )}T@ d9gp}G gP$h )#Gf v v v R=L v v v >gy v v v HQ\ v v v >Av(
QO"+p J(=C hC f(wS #f Q=g@ ,AyG d9gp}G 9|C . KGOI}G
)~yC #| ~yB( :h )d(_ #| dh9_( uAW! ;p ;9%"| ){f9p( b9tAVG
)zf QDg! Osh .)^+< #| ^*9<( :h )VQ| #| VQ9|( : h
{}J@ 9}!Eh &+zf {}J@ : 9%"wy #v9TyG #| ){f9p( )zf J9s9tAVG
)KzY #| Ky9Yh ,Q%_ #| Q$9_( {D| ?%=W}yG ?qZyG )zf
1
.{+zs Og< 9$OQ("S JGQQ=}y
k k
v v v KhOI( RFGQ 9!9+IC )}T* jPyG )f(wS-?vQI( RFGQ v v v 9Dy9C

bQSh >gy( :{D| ?vQI )zf dO* YPGyG f9v f{p ;)J(=C
QhPGyG B!9v fEh ,?_9T=< {f9qyG ~SG 9%"| uAW! gP%p )HQ$h
fRvIh ~vyC({v+v=vs #v| 9v%v"v| ){vf9vp( uvAvWv* ;vp ?v"vv9vS ?vgv+v=v_ JGP
.)...MQph

k
.J:9JyG d9gpz< 9+y9I )}T@ 9| ,$ 9%}dg| ,p ?"v9TyG d9gp}G fC eI: 1

141
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k k k
E+I #| GO+tg@h 9\(}i QDv v v}G ($ )?*OhOJ}yG( RFGQ v v v 9g<GQ

k k
OYQ ,p 9t+sO GRFGQ Og* RFGQyG GP$ .&S9+s ?+!9w|E eOf hC ?+!9w|E
.9%"| uAW* : ,AyG xz@ #| ){f9p( 9%"| uAW* ,AyG YhPGyG R++}@h
&!C hO=* jPyG y?*OhOJ}yGz KzaZ}y OOJ| r*Qg@ c9"$ U+yh
IOQq}zy ?+y:OyG J9f("AyG S9+ty {}gAT* jQP ),}Gg|( e(%q|
k
GRhQ< 9$QDvC .?+}Gg}yG IOQq}yG ,p ?%F #| QDvC #| ?+}Gg}yG
?+%GyG ~+$9q}yG gP$h )OGOA|:Gh bGQjAS:Gh ?*9%"yGh AO=yG ?%F(

{ZA@ ?*QP ?+"|R ~+$9q| 9%!C hO=* y?*OhOJ}yGz ?%F #| ?fQqA}yG


.j(J"yG : ,}Gg}yG #|Ry9<

{f9qyG ~SG fC ($ ?%=W}yG ?qZyGh ){f9qyG ~SG( #+< bQqy9p


&!C #+I ,p ,QDvC hC IQ(vP}yG J9%GyG #| IOIG(< &S9+s #w}*
k
)zf dO* fzv )GOhOJ|( YPGyG f9v GP{p .)?qZyG( S9+s >gZ*
#| ){f9p ~SG( GP%p {=tAT}yG ,p hC Q\9JyG ,p OOJ| #|R
Bsh fC )yE Qd"y9< ){f9p ~SG( )yh}G PE )u*Qi(h )bQ9i( :{+=s
)?*9%"yG( B!9v fEh ?*GO< &y )bQ9i( ,p #|RyGh )f6G( ($ bQjyG
k
)yE Qd"y9< )?qY( Og@ ,AyG )u*Qi(v v y 9p;L ,IOhOJ| Q+i &+p
JCO< )A| aQg* : ?qY )u*Qi(v v p .9%+p ?*OhOJ}yG J9%F H9+i
eOfh )f6G bQ9i 9!C( ?z}GyG ?|;S GP$ Ov|*h .,%A"AS )A| :h
k
,AyG YhPGyG ^g< OG! 9!9+ICh .)f6G u*Qi 9!C( ?z}GyG ?|;S
)#|C(h )aQf( {D| )YPGyG( i(AT| )zf 9%Ag+=_ ,p )?"v9S( ,$
GP$ .KhOJyG )zf dh|@h KhOJyG )zf CQt@ 9%"wy )~zS(h
)KhOJyG( #+< 9|h )YPGyG( i(AT| )zf f(wTyG #+< 9| LGhOR:G

142
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

{f9qyG ~SGh ?qZyG b9tAVG #w}}yG #| {gG* {*hzAyG i(AT| )zf


k
#|B(h )~+zSh ~y9S(h )u*Qih bQ9i( uAW"p ;9g| YPGyG #|
:)1( ,p OQG(yG ,y9AyG ~+}gAyG eOt! J9+ag}yG )zf A9"<h .)#+|Ch

)1(
k
~v SG( 9vtv zv av | 9v %v"v | uv AvWv ! )?v vQv I( )vzvf ?vyGOvyG YhPvGvyG vvv C
.){f9qyG
k
.)?qZyG( 9%"| uAW! 9tza| ?"v9TyG YhPGyG vvv H

~SG( 9%"| uAW* KOJyG )zf ?yh|}yG ?"v9TyG YhPGyG vvv L


.)?qZyGh {f9qyG
k
?+S9S}G J9%GyG #| b}! ($ LQOAyGh )LQOAyG( RFGQ v v v 9T|9L

)zf dh|* ){f9qyG ~SG( v v p :{f9qyG ~SG IO9f 9%< S9t* ,AyG
:{+=s #| )rzA}| KOI( #| uza"* f9v GPE ?Gy9g}yG hC LQOAyG
dR!h OgYh eOs( #| uza"@ ,AyG )>@9vh dR9!h Of9Yh eO9s(
,p RG"* : KOJyG fC ,"g* {fG(qyG gP$ ,p LQOAyGh .)>Avh
k
9p;Lh .(}"*h Q(aA* 9%+p KOJyGh ,{IGQ| Q=f {< IOIGh ?zIQ|

9%+ph )?vQI( 9%+p d9gpC c9"%p LQOAyG d9gpC h| d9JyG &+zf 9}y
gP%p )QaL h K}y( {+=s #| ){f9p( 9%"| uAW* : &!C :E )#|R(
,LQOAyG )zf dh|@ : 9%!} )Q_9L h K|:( 9%"| uAW! : d9gp}G
.LQOAyG {}AJ* : 9%+p KOJyGh
k
)yE ~Gg}yG ,p IOQG(yG J9qZyG eOsC ,"!{p eOt@ 9}y 9t=_
?+Y9L J9}S xzA}@ d(Y}G ;)?tAW| JGOQq|h d(YC JGOQq|(

143
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

xvzvAv}v@ 9v%v!{vp J9vtvAvWv}vyG 9v|C ,)9v%vwv+vwvqv@ >vgvZv*h( ?v*OGQvph ?v*QP

GP$ )zf .{tAT| ~+pQ(| hC ?tY;< 9%zZp #w}* ?=TAw| J9}S


J9qY( )yE 9|E ){f9p( )zf ,@z@ ,AyG JGOQq}yG r"Z! S9S}G
h Q$9_( {+=s #| ?tAW|;yG ?%=W}yG J9qZyG h| ,@z@ )d(YC
J9qY )yE 9|Eh ,?y9JyG hC f(wTyG )zf dh|@ ,AyG )~$9p h OS9I
,j="* ,AyG ?+}Gg}yG JGOQq}yG #}\ dh}G b}"yG LQO! .?tAW|
JGOQq}yG #}\ ?+!9DyG LQO!h ,?ztAT| ?+}Gg| JGOIh {D}@ fC
LQ9L JGO9*R hC Q(a@ 9%y KOJ*( IO*OF J9}S >TAw@ ,AyG
: )AI ?+}Gg}yG JGOI(yG #}\ IQ+L}G gP$ LQO@:h )~Gg}yG
.~Gg}yG ,p ~M]@ KOJ*

?y6G 9}SG OQq* :C VQApC )uAW|(h ){YC( IQwp )zf A9"<


#| f9AtAW| 9}%!} ~Gg}yG ,p ?ztAT| {LGO}< )Q9W"|h OQ=|(
B}@ ?+pQY JGO9*R ?aSG(< )QW!h OQ<( 9}$ #++zYC #+zLO|
k k x
,p ;tAT| ;LO| Og@ ,AyG )#+wSp ( ?y6G a;M< .~Gg}yG LQ9L
9v%vZvF9vZvL >vF(v}v< ~vGvgv}vyG ,vp IOvy(v| 9v%v!}h ,)#v+vTvyG aQvI(
.?+pQY OfG(s >F(}< : ?+}Gg}yG

?qZyGh {f9qyG ~SG , p JGOGQaASG vvvvv 4

k
GRFQ G(z}gASG Os #++pQZyGh I9J"yG fC OG! ?|9gyG OfG(tyG ,p
k
J9qZzy ){+gp( ?j+Y G(ZZMp )ehRzyGh jOgAyG( RFGQ ($h 9}%|
o n n
)fRI( {+=s #| ){gp( h ){gp p( #+A|R;yG #+Aj+ZyG #| ?tAW}yG
p
?j+Y G(ZZLh .)eQ9vh fR9I( 9}%"| OG! : #+AzyG )eQv(h
o

144
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

n n
RFGQ #wy .){gp( ?*OgA}yG ?j+ZyG #| ?tAW}yG J9qZzy ){f9p(
)vzvf {vZvJv! GP9v}vy :{v+v=vs #v| ?vzv8vS} QvTvqv* : ehRvzvyGh jOvgvAvyG
){+As( )zf {ZJ!h ,)bQi( eR;yG #| ?tAW| ,$ ,AyG )bQ9i(
p
g;fC ?|Ot}yG RFGhQyG Bz}gASG Osh .){As( jOgA}yG #| ?tAW}yG
>=TyG ($ 9| :K+\(Azy 9"$ gO+fC jPyG d9wV G GP$ #f ?<9F5y
9"z}gASG Oty ?OIGh YPF #| {f9qyG ~SGh ?qZyG )zf 9"y(ZI ,p
?+j< iQLC ?t*Qa< )2( ,p &i(Y O+g! jPyG )?vQI v v v f(wS( RFGQ
:K+\(AyG

:fC )zf ["*h )?vQI v v v f(wS( RFGQ )2(


k
){f9p( 9%"| uAW! : 9tza| f(wS )zf dO@ ,AyG YhPGyG vvv C
n
.)d(_h VQ|h ^+<( {D|
p p p
k
{f9qyG ~SG 9%"| uAW! 9tza| ?vQI )zf dO@ ,AyG YhPGyG vvv H
.)Rqsh ^vQh >gy(

~SG( 9%"| ,@z* ?vQIh f(wS )zf dO@ ,AyG YhPGyG vvv L
.)?qZyG(h ){f9qyG

~y9S( h )#|p C( #| )#+|Ch #|B( OG! ~+}gAyG GP$ )zf A9"<


9%!C S9SC )zf )bQi( #| )u*Qih bQ9i( h )~zS( #| )~+zSh
)zf ?yh||h ?|R;yG ){gp p( ?j+Y i(AT| )zf f(wTyG )zf ?yh||
)bQi h ~zS h #|C( IOQG}yG YhPGyG i(AT| )zf KhOJyG
k
U+zF( h )dR9!h {*R!(h ){@9sh {+As( ,p UwgyG OG!h .9f9=@
n
HvAv"v@ :C VQvAvqv* ,vAvyG )?v*OvgvAv}vyG {vgvp( #v| J9vtvAvWv}vyG )Uvy9vFh

145
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

KhOJyG )zf ?yh|| ,eOt@ 9| >F(}< ,9%!} xyP KOIh ){+gp(


n
i(AT| )zf f(wTyG )zf ?yh||h ){gp( ?j+ZyG i(AT| )zf
.)UzFh dR!h {As( YhPGyG

?v%vF( ?vavSG(v< ~vAv* fC #vwv}v* )KhOvIh f(vwvS( S9v+vs fE


,$h OGOA|:G IOhOJ|h #|RyG IOhOJ| KGOI}9p ;)?*OhOJ}yG
)u*Qi((%p &y ?*OhOJ| : f(wTyG 9}"+< )?}FGO( BT+yh )?\Q9f(
?*GO=yG ,p : #|RyG ,p IOOJ| ?at! jC c9"$ BT+yh Bsh {v ,p
k k
){@9s( a;M< .9As|| 9\Q9f 9"$ bQjyG U+yh ,?*9%"yG ,p :h
.OOJ| Bsh ,p ?As|}yG ?\Q9gyG ,Q\9JyG #|RyG ,p IOhOJ}yG
?*OhOJ}yG S9+ty ,"|RyG aQdyG RFGQ ?+y9JyG J9+<O}G {}gAT@h
k
IOQG(yG ?zD|}G ,p Q%d* 9| KGOI}G ,p d(t! fC KZ+p ,9]*C
:,y9AyG (J"yG )zf ?"I: )4( Og@ 9}"+< )3(BJ@

)3(

?f9S ,p SQOyG >@9v 9!C vvv C

?f9S ,p HQ9$ O*R vvv H

)4(

?f9S ,p u*Qi 9!C vvv C

?f9S ,p ^*Q| 9!C vvv H


k
,)GOi eO9s( 9!C d(t! fC J:9JyG a;M< KGOI}G ,p KZ*h
k
J:9v Jv yG J9v qv Zv yG f} .)GOv i #v *Rv I hC MQv p( 9v !C Kv Zv * :h
{v =v tv @ :h IOhOv Jv | Bv Tv +v y f(v wv Tv yG )v zv f ?v yh|v }v yG J9v qv Zv yGh

146
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

B!9v GP{p .9| Bsh ,p ?\Q9f BT+yh IOA}| 9%!}h ,?*OhOJ}yG


,"|RyG aQdyG fC ,g+=ayG #}p IOhOJ| Q+i 9%Ag+=_ ,p ?qZyG
k
,"|RyG aQdyG RFGQ d9}gAS9<h .GOhOJ| f(w* : 9%g| ,@z* jPyG
9v%vgv\h Q(v|C IOvf #v| OvvzvAv! ?v*OhOvJv}vyG S9v+vtvy [vZvL jPvyG
?qZy9p .?qZyG #| gR++}@h {f9qyG ~SG Z(Y {FC #| f(*(J"yG
KZ* ;p ;O*OJAyG {=t@ : 9%!} 9"$ ){f9p ~SG( BT+y )OS9p(

Og@ ,AyG )#+Af9S ,p eO9s 9!C( a;M< .)#+Af9S ,p OS9p 9!C( 9%+p
.?J+JY ?z}F

{f9qyG ~SG , p J9 GyG {LGO@ vvvvv 5 %


,p iQLC A9+VC h|h #|RyG h| {LGOA@ hO=* 9}v ?%GyG fE
?*(J!h ?+}Gg| J9f("@ ,$ ?%GyGh .?qZyGh {f9qyG ~SG Z(Y
~v Av +v p ,KOv Jv yG S9v +v tv y e9v dv ! Kv Y}9v <
,v $ .KOv Jv yG S9v +v tv y
k
J9jzyG ,p GRhQ< 9$QDvC uFGQ_ IOf #| KOJyG S9+s 9%AaSG(<
?v v%v vGv vyG hC hv v\(v vyG ?v v%v vFh ?v v*(v vJv v"v vyG ?v v%v vGv vyG hC A9v v"v v=v vyG ?v v%v vF(
1
h\(yG ?%F hC ?+}Gg}yG ?%GyG aQfC fC #w}*h .)?+}Gg}yG
#| ?G@9"yG J::OyG 9%!z< )g;fC &}*Ot@ ~@ 9| >!9F )yE(
hC A9"=yG ?%F Og@ 9}"+< .#|RyG h| 9| ?+q+w< {f9qA@ ,AyGh KOJyG
?+}Gg}yG ?%GyG utJ@ ,AyG ?+pGQZyG J9f("AyG ?*(J"yG ?%GyG
,"=}yG ?%F #| d9tA!:G O"f KOJ* 9}v ,?*(J!h ?+pQY {F9S(<
.d(gq| )yE {f9p #| d9tA!:G O"f hC ,d(%G}yG )yE e(zg}zy

.)53()yE )49( #| ?t<9TyG J:9I G hFGQ 1

147
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

(J"yG )zf &|Ot! 9| ?+}Gg}yGh ?*(J"yG J9%GyG ?zD|C #|h


:,y9AyG
k
?v%vF Ovgv@ ,vAvyGh 9v%v"vf 9vAvCOvJv@ ,vAvyG ?v*OhOvJv}vyG ?v%vF v v v :hC
:{+=s #| iQLC J9%F ?*OhOJ}yG KzaZ| ,aj*h .?+}Gg|
.)...J(=DyGh eGhOyG ?%F(h )bGQjS:G ?%F( h )AO=yG ?%F(
k
9%ttJ@ f9w| ?*(J! ?%F Og@ ,AyG e9}@;yGh e9}AyG ?%F v v v 9+!9C
?%F )zf dh|@ ,AyG )e9!( {+=s #| .?*(J"yGh ?+pQZyG {F9S(y9<
)zf dh|@ fC #w}* 9}v ,et+AT| f6G ($h e9! &!C )"g}< e9}AyG
k
bQqyG ($h .9}F9! dGR* : ($h e("yG ,p {LO &!C )"g}< e9}@;yG
)vzvf # #
    #v+v<h # #     #v+v<
.,yG(AyG
k
?v+v}vGvgv| ?v%vF 9v%v!C hOv=v*h d9v}vAvvG;vyGh d9v}vAvv:G ?v%vF v v v 9vDvy9vC
k
{vC( #+< gOG! bQp ($h bGQjAS:9< )}T* 9| 9]*C #}]A@ ?]J|
k
;v}vAvwv| Uv +vy 9v %v+vp KOvJvyG )vyh}9vp )e9vgvavyG ~v%vAvyG(h )e9vgvavyG
a;M< ,&zv U+yh e9gayG ^g< ($ {vC jPyG fE jC :IQhQ]y9<
.KOJyG d9}AvG #f Q=g@ ,AyG )~%AyG(
k
: ,}Gg| {*hzA< 9%+zf {ZJ! ,AyG d9=tAS:G ?%F v v v 9g<GQ
}E D C{ :)y9g@ &y(s {+=s #| ,pQY b9tAV9<
1
9"y(sh
n
A9%A!:G hC ,]}yG )zf ?yh|| )yh}G E+I ;)?y9SQyG (zSQ| 9!E(
.d9=tAS:G )zf ?+!9DyGh

.27:Q}tyG IQ(S 1

148
?D*OI ?+<Qf JGhOz< ?*Qd! J9SGQO :h<GQyG {ZqyG

k
jPyG KOJyG #f Q=g@ ?*(J! ?%F ,$h LQOAyG ?%F v v v 9T|9L
?aSG(< &+zf {ZJ! iQLC J9jy ,p LQOAyGh .{IGQ| ,p RG"*
~vSG {v}vgvAvTvAvp ?v+v<QvgvyG 9v|C ,?v*Rv+vzvGv!:G ,vp  {vDv| J9v}v+vpQ(v|
.)dR9! 9!Ch eO9s 9!C({+=s #| rzA}}yG KOJyG #| uAW}yG ){f9qyG(

~SG( ?aSG(< 9%+zf d(ZJyG #w}* JQvP ,AyG J9%GyG {v


)yE L9AJ@ IOtg|h ?+"i ?j+Y ){f9p( ?j+Y f{p 9"$ #|h ){f9qyG
.rY(yG #| O*R|h x+wq@

9v}v"v+vJvp .{vf9vqvyG ~vSG Rv+v+v}vAvy LQOvAvyG e(v%vqv| d9v}vgvAvSG #vwv}v*


)zf dO@h KOI )zf dO@ )K}y( fC aQg! K}y #| K|: :d(t!
H9+i )yE OF9f GP$ f} {f9qyG ~SG 9%"| uAW! : xyP h|h #|R
n n
IQwp H9+jy ){f9p( 9%"| uAW! : )MQp( xyPvh .LQOAyG ?+Y9L
p
IQv+vZvs ?vzvIQv| ,vp 9v}v!Eh {vIGQv| ,vp RvGv"v* : MQvqvyG PE LQOvAvyG
n
HQ_ v v v QGp \ v v v >gp @( J9qZyG #| Y("yG GP$ ,p {LO*h .IR+Fhh
p
n
LQOAyG [F9ZL )yE IQtAq}yGh J9=DyGh ehRzyG )zf ?yGOyG )Q(f v v v
p
.9%+p

{f9qyG ~S: ? y t}yG ?g =ayG vvvvv 6 +( +


9}v( ?FhOR| ?+y(t| ?g+=_ GP &Ay(t| E+I #| {f9qyG ~SG Og*
.?FhOR| ?g+=_ hP QOZ}yG {D| (%p )Ey9DyG {ZqyG ,p 9"g| eOt@
{gph LQ9MyG #| ?qY &!C ,p QOZ}yG #f {f9qyG ~SG rzAM*h
S+[ Og* jPyG QOZ}yG a;M< ]a+ h U +[ (%p {LGOyG #|
,<GQfE {f9qyG ~SG )tzA* ?+FQ9MyG &ZF9ZL >F(}< .]a+h

149
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

O"T* &!{p ?+zLGOyG &ZF9ZL >F(}<h .)hpQyG hC QGyGhC >Z"yG(


k
9]*C ?+zLGOyG [F9ZMyG gP$ >F(}<h .&@;]p )yE HGQf G
,AyG J9f(\(}yG )yE aO%yG hC ?+J]yG QhO hC Pq"}yG QhO O"T*
.&g=A@

:h {f9qyG ~SG {}f {D| {}g@ : ,%p ?%=W}yG ?qZyG 9|C


9%+p d(}g| ?z]p 9%y U+yh ,?z|9v ?*Q(J| J9f(\(| xzA}@

)d(gq}y9< &+=WyG(v v < )}T* 9| ,p f9+I}G ^g< ,p 9%z}f A9"DAS9<


k
~S: ?+zLGOyG ?+"=y9< 9S9+s ?+zLGOyG 9%A+"< Qtp )yE OF9f GP$h

)}T* 9}+p {}g@ 9%!{p 9%yG(IC #TIC ,p {}g@ #+Ih ;{f9qyG


?*OhOJ| )yE ?+zLGOyG 9%A+"< rg\ O(g* Osh .&< d(gq}y9< &+=Wy9<
d(gq}yG )yE d(Y(yG #| 9%"w}AS B!9v ,AyGh 9%+p bGQjAS:G ?%F
.~F;| {wW<

150
U|9MyG {ZqyG

# + +" + +$
|RyG 9t a |Q
dh Y
G ~TtyG

?=vQ}yG ? +" |RyG {S;TyG { h @ *S


Bs ( (
zy j jzyG cGQO ], "
G |9 @h

O+% }@

Y(\(|h ?z}Gzy y,"|RyG >+vQAyGz Y(\(| #+< b<QyG f9v


AGQh rt@ 9%!C OtAfC ,AyG ?*(tyG Q9wp}G #| yj(jzyG cGQO Gz
,p ?jzyGh QwqyG #+< ?s;gyG Y(\(| ,p EJ=yG HF9A! #| O*OgyG
k
uFGQ_h Bs(zy j(jzyG cGQO G fC 9]*C 9"$ OtAfCh ,e9gyG Q9_ G
k
9*9]tyG #| GOOf Q9=Af:G ,p PLz@ ?+"i ?*Qd! )yE f9F9AJ* &z*hz@
)vzvf Ov+vvzvAvyG QOvGv* 9v}v|h .9v}v%v@9vtvy9vgv@h ?v%vGvyGh #v|Rvy9v< ?vav=v@Qv}vyG
)"=yG ,p ?+"|RyG {S;TyG ?=sGQ| Y(\(| b9+TyG GP$ ,p &A+}$C
J9!(w| )zf 9$Qp(@ )yE GQk d! ,U(ZMyG &Fh )zf ?=vQ}yG
   &F(}yGh  ?%GyGh  #|RyG:,$h ,"|RyG e9d"yG
{v {*hz@ H9TI ?+q+v #f Q(Z@ ~*OtAy xyPh ,  &F(yGh
1
.?+As(yG J9!(w}yG gP$
o
?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v<O}G ,vp ?v+v"vjvyG J9vV9vtv"vyG d;vL #v| ~v%vp Ovtvy

)zf O}Ag@ ,AyG J9jzyG fC 9%A+"|R hC ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?+%F Y(\(}y

.)2008( d;Sh ,fGQRyG ,p 9%+yE {Y(A}yG HF9A"yG ^g< Q%d@ 9"$ 1

153
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

JGQ9=gyG )"g| ~%qy {*hz@ )yE L9AJ@ : ,?%GyG )zf : ,#|RyG


?+Ashh ?+"|R J::O ~*OtAy >+vQAyG )zf O}Ag@ 9}!Eh ,9%@:9IEh
o 1
fC Q9=Af9< ?%GyG ?p +z*hzA< ,&Tq! Bs(yG ,p ,Otp AfGh .IQV9=|
9}!Eh ?+=+vQ@ JGhOC hC JGO9*R ?aSG(< ?%GyG #f Q=g@ : J9jzyG
#wy .9%@::Oh ?+As(yG J:9I G ?pQg}y {*hzAyGh b9+TyG )yE zGz@
k
,p OQGh Q+i {*hzAyG fC 9gas ,"g* : ?%GyG ?+z*hz@h #|RyG ?+=+vQ@
Q%d*h ;)?+"|R ?+pQY J9|;g< IOhR}yG JGQ9=gyG( ?+"|RyG JGQ9=gyG

{S;S hC ?zTzS #| ryzA@ ,AyG JGQ9=gyG ?=sGQ| d;L #| xyP


:)1(,p IOQG(yG >vQ}yG #|RyG JGP ?*6G ,p OQ* 9| {+=s #| ?+"|R

}= < ; : 9 8 7 6 5 4 3{
2

#|RyG Y(sh ,q! )zf ?+"=| ?*69p ?+"|RyG J:9I G >TJ=p


?gsGh ?}*QwyG ?*6G PE( xz}yG #*O ,p g9LC rS(* PLz< uzgA}yG
Pp LC J9=CE ($ ?*6G #| OGQ}yG )"g}yG fC :E ;)y9|z ,q"yG R+I ,p
?v*6G ,vp ?v+vqv"v| ?vzv}vGvyG f(vv hv| xvzv}vyG #v*O ,vp g9vLC rvS(v*
>TJ< ,=+vQAyG b9+TyGh {*hzAyG )yE A(GzyG ~@ 9"$h ;?}*QwyG
#v| ,~viQvyG )vzvf,{v*hzvAvyG )vyE zvGvzv!h .?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ?v+vY(vZvL
,~A* ~y h+=yGh yxAg<z :9"y(s {D| ?f("A| Q+<9g@ ,p #|RyG ?+=+vQ@
#v+v@Q9v=vgvyG ,vp ?v"v|R}G fC Ev+vI ;~v@ Ovs {vv}Gh yf6G BvzvvCzh
)"g| O+q* : r*QZAyG GP$ fC :E ,,\9}zy ?pQZ| #+@Q+L}G
{+zs {=s B"+< 9}v( L9AJ! Osh .,%GyG {*hzAyG )yE A(GzyG fhO<

.)2006( ?qJFh )2000( h )1993(h )1990( jQ%qyG ,S9qyG Qd!Gh 1


.)76( ~sQ ?}*QwyG ?*6G ,rS(* IQ(S 2

154
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

xqy ?+yhGO@ hC ?+s9+S ?*Qd! {LO@ )yE )f9+I}G #| Q+Dv ,ph


fEh )AI ?=vQ}yG JGQ9=gyG ,p {Y9JyG ,As(yG S9=Ay:G hC O+tgAyG
o
.9%A"|RC #f Q+=gAzy J9}+pQ(| [ZM@ IQ+L}G gP$ B!9v
x
,AyG J9V9t"zy ?p TS|}yG d9}f}G #| )1979( ,@hGO ?*Qd! Og@
{*hzAy9< uzgA@ {F9T}y ?Gyp 9g}yGh  ?%GyG ?y(t| #f JQGO
,"|RyG >+@QAyG )1986(h )1973( ,@hGO Hy9f Osh .,%GyG ,"|RyG
:)2006( ?qJF d;L #| J9*Qd! K;C )yE Qd"y9<

)zf ,"=}yG ?+%GyG ?y(t}zy ,y:OyG {+zJAyG ?*Qd! :)yh}G


.)?+"|RyG bt"yG )zf U+yh( ?+"|RyG {YG(qyG ?y:O

H9aMyG ,p ?+"|RyG J9+yG(A}yG {*hz@ CO=| :?+!9DyG

U*GQi v v y jQG(JyG eGRzAS:G ?*Qd! :?Dy9DyG

/3( ,v@hGO Ov"vf ?v+v%vGvyG J:(vtv}vzvy ?v+vy:OvyG ?vGvy9vgv}vyG e(vtv@h


k
IQQwA}yG ?+y:OyG 9*9]tyG gP$ Z(Y H(Fh IQwp )zf 9]*C )1982
U+yh y,"|R {Y9pz )yE Qd"y9< y?z}GyG bOYz e(%q| d;L #|
)yE Qd"y9< ?z}GyG bOY e(%q| K}T*h .y?+"|R ?dJyz )yE Qd"y9<
(J"yG )zf ?+%F J:(t| K;C #+< R++}Ay9< ,"|R {Y9p O(Fh
:)2006( ?qJF gOQhC 9| >TJ< )2( BJ@ LQO}yG ,@6G

)2(

)L( bOY #| HA! GPE ?y9I )zf )L( ?z}GyG dO@ :?y9JyG vvv C
{vYG(vqvyG {vv ,vp ?vsO9vY )L( f(vwv@ Ev+vI )9vp( {vY9vp
#+ * < O R e9 z ! :{+=s #| xyPh ))9p( ,p ?"}]}yG( ?+fQqyG

155
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k k
e9! GO*R fC 9sO9Y f(w+p ;yIQV9gyG ?f9TyGh ?gS9AyG ?f9TyG

.IQV9gyGh ?gS9AyG #+< ?+fQqyG {YG(qyG {v ,p

bOY #| HA! GPE ?s9_ hC W9W! )zf )L( dO@ :W9W"yG vvv H
,9| ?at! )yE ?+fQqyG {YG(qyG {v ,p ?sO9Y f(w@ fC )L(
yIQV9gyGh ?gS9AyG ?f9TyG # + * + *z < O R Q T :{+=s #| xyPh
fC )"g}< ;)Q+T}yG {YGh ~C uF9sO h]< rs(@ f(w* Os(
#+< 9| OF(@ ,AyG ?+fQqyG {YG(qyG >ziC ,p Q9S )yO*Rz(
)zf ?yGOyG d9gp~y ?+Y(ZL gP$h .IQV9gyGh ?gS9AyG
.yQ9Sz {D| W9W!

? 9 * %! h Q=}A=S Q V hza| % #+ < 9| 9A <


k
+ ," * * = O R :R9G! G vvv L
k k k
{v ,p 9A+< )"< yGO*Rz fC 9sO9Y U+zp .Q=}T*O %
Q V

?v*9v%v!h Qv=v}vAv=vS ?v*GOv< #v+v< IQ(vZvJv}vyG ?v+vfQvqvyG {vYG(vqvyG


k k
:GO :(}J| y)"<z d(}J}yG f(v )yE OF9f GP$h .Q=}T*O
?+z*hzAyG ?*Qd"y9< ?zZA}yG 9*9]tyG #| OOf .R9G!E )zf
.?+@6G ?+fQqyG JGQtqyG ,p 9%yh9"A! ?%GyGh #|Rzy

%
9 vGQOEh ?=vQ}yG ? +" |RyG ?zTzTyG A9 < vvvvv 1 "
?"|R}G cGQOE fC )zf )2008( d;Sh ,fGQRyG ,p 9"zyOASG
k
#| Q=vC OOf {f9q@ ,fOAT* ,?a+T=yG ?"|R~y 9p;L ,?=vQ}yG
cGQOE #f ?|Ot}yG J9+\QqyG {v 9"$ )"=@Ch ,?+"$PyG J9wz}yG
,fGQRyG ,p JA9F 9}v #$PyG ,p 9%F9"< uFGQ_h j(jzyG #|RyG
.)2008( d;Sh

156
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

e9d"yGh ,"|RyG e9d"yG #+< 9| ?*Q$(GyG bhQqyG #+< #| fE


e9d"yG #|  & y?+|(S(|z QDvC ,"|RyG e9d"yG fC ,%GyG
o w k
#| OOf {LO@ ,9Y(ZL ,?+|(S(}yG eOf #f eRz*h ;,%GyG
,p SOJyG )yE #$PyG 9%=F(}< zGz* ,AyG ?*(jzyG Q+i J9wz}yG
Qv+vi hC ?v*(vjvy Qv+vi QvY9v"vf {vLOvAvy ?vGv+vAv! ?v=vvQv}vyG J9v+v"v=vyG {v*hzv@
k k
QY9"gyG B!9v 9}zv Q=vC 9+y:O 9g<9_ J9+"=yG gP$ PLz@h ,?*(J!
1
.Q=vC IQ(Z< IQ\9I )?|(S(}yG Q+i( ?*(jzyG Q+i

#|  & e(S(| Q+i hC  & e(S(| ($ 9| ?aSG(<h


?%GyG hC e(S(}yG #|Ry9p ;?+"|RyG 9%A}d!C J9jzyG ,"=@ ?"|R}G
)?z}GyG )zf hC ?}zwyG )zf utJ| ~Sh 9}%y f9v GPE( ?|(S(}yG
,p ?qzv )yE hC 9}%z*hz@ ,p O+tg@ )yE f9F9AJ* :h 9}$D9"< {%T*
#+=@ ,g9!OC )3( ,p IOQG(yG J9+ag}yGh ;,"|RyG 9}%z*hz@ H9TI
Q+ih e(S(| #|R #+< ,%GyGh ,"|RyG {*hzAyG H9TI ,p bQqyG
IAGQs f{p GPyh ,?*R+zG! G ?jzyG ,p ?|(S(| )O v v v C3( Og@ .e(S(|
)H3( ,p y{}Aw}yG Q\9JyGz ?%F IAGQsh )C3( ,p ye9}AyGz ?%F
9%zv )O 3(,p yLQOAyGz ?%F IAGQsh )L 3( ,p yIO9gyGz ?%F IAGQsh
q v
?jzy9< ?Y9L ?+pQY J9|;f ,p ?+F9tz@ IQ(Z< )IQqW|( IR|Q|

{*hz@ O"f {ZJ* 9}v ,?y(%T< 9%z*hz@ H9TJ< K}T@ ?*R+zG! G


o
)H h C3( ,p yd9}Av:Gzh ye9}AyGz ,ApQY )zf Q$9dyG #|RyG
k k
9|C .9f9=@ )O h L 3( ,p yLQOAyGzh yIO9gyGz ,ApQYh ,9f9=@

?+pQY J9|;g< ?|(S(| Q+i 9%!~p )O v v v C3( ,p ?+<QgyG JGQ9=gyG

.?+|(S(}yG eOfh ?+|(S(}yG d(I )2008( d;Sh ,fGQRyG Qd!G 1

157
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

yIO9v gv yGz #v +v < 9v | Uv =v Av zv | Qv \9v Jv y9v p ,J9v %v Gv yG gPv %v y ?v Zv Zv Mv |


k
hpO* S9=Ay:G GP$h ,9f9=@ )O 3(h )L 3( #| {v ,p yLQOAyGzh

,p ?*(jzyG J9wz}yG h| {LOAyG )yE ?*(jzyG Q+i ?+"$PyG J9wz}yG


.?=vQ}yG ?"|R}G {*hz@ H9TI ?+z}f
)3(
)b+T=yG ,\9}yG( ?*R+zG! G ?jzyG H|9!Q< Bz}vC v v v C

. #  K #   

){}Aw}yG Q\9JyG( ?*R+zG! G ?jzyG H|9!Q< Bz}vC v v v H

# . #  K #   

)IO9f( rJZyG CQt@ ,$ v v v L

#  #  

)Q\9JyG ,p LQOA}yG QGQ}AS:G( ?q+JZyG CQt@ ,$ v v v O

#    # 

#| ?zTzS #f IQ9=f ?"|R}G 9%+p f(w@ ,AyG J:9JyG ,p


o
J9FQO Q=vC IQ(Z< Q%d@ ,9%+zf ?+|(S(}yG H9+i h| ?"|R}G
J9+qzLh ?*Q(Z@ JGQOs )yE ?F9JyGh )"=yG gP$ {*hz@ ,p O+tgAyG
)yE d(Y(yG ?+j< ?*(jy Q+i ?*Qwp b9T!C #| ?|O9s ?+p9tCh ?+pQg|
?zTzTyG d;L #| Q%c 9| GP$h ,?=vQ}yG ?+"=zy ~F;}yG {*hzAyG
.g;fC )1( ,p ?}*QwyG ?*6G ,p ?"}]}yG ?+"|RyG

? ,* g QP eC , y:O :? +" |RyG ?zTzTyG { h @ vvvvv 1 vvvvv 1 *z


L(A"| :y?y:OyGz fC ,g*QP ($ 9|h ,y:O ($ 9| #+< bQqyG
y,g*QPyGz {*hzAyG 9|C ,9| IQ9=f ,p IOQG(yG ?*(jzyG QY9"gyG {*hzAy

158
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

o
IQ9=f ,p 9%< MQZ| Q+ih ?*(jy Q+i QY9"f #| uAW+p :,s9+TyG hC
o o
jPyG ,rs(}yG hC ,b9+TyG ?*(jzyG Q+i QY9"gyG gP$ #|h ;?*(jy
GPv$ )vzvf VQvAvpC .9v$Qv+vih ,vyhGOvAvyG Ovgv=vyGh ,IQ9v=vgvyG &v+vp d9vtv@
,AyG ?y9JyG ,p J9+g*QPzy f9f(\(| ?%GyGh #|RyG fC S9S}G
.?+|(S(| {sC ?%GyGh #|RyG 9%+p f(w*

,g*QPyG Q(ZAyG #f #+gpGO}yG #+< #| )1993( E+}S Og*


?y(t| f(w* fC KzZ* : #|RyG fz< dOAT* PE ;,"|RyG e9d"zy
fC )yE O(t@ ?|9f J9\GQApG #| 9%tAW* &AGIh ,?+"$PyG J;+D}Azy
9%+p 9}< ?+"*QtyG Q$G(dy9p ; /   #FGQs #}]A@ : QwqyG ?jy
k
9}!Eh ,?+y:O ?Gy9g}y 9f(\(| f(w@ fC KzZ@ : ?+"|RyG IQ9V G
k
?jy {LGO OF(@ : J9+"*QtyG f(vh .?+g*QP ?Gy9g}y 9f(\(|

>TI #|RyG ?+g*QP )zf ?J\Gh ?GI Uwg* : ,xyP h| ,QwqyG


k
.9]*C E+}S ~fR

?+\QqyG )2006( ?qJF )"=A* : ,E+}Ty ,?+p9"| ?%F #|


jPyG ~S(yG )yE O(g@ ,AyG g9!OC )5( ,p IOQG(yG H9=S~y ?+g*QPyG
k
9f(\(| #|RyG {wW| #| {gG* ~S(y9p ;J9jzyG ?"|RC &< R+}A@
k k k k
,p HA"@ ?+g*QPyG J;*hzAyG f} ;9+g*QP 9f(\(| : 9+y:O 9+=+vQ@
J9+g*QPzy K+A* 9}| ?*(jzyG J9}SG(yG H9+i #| f9+I}G >ziC
k
)1973(,@Q9< v v y :9D| )45:U 2006( ?qJF OQ(*h .Q=vC ;LO@
,p xyPh ,#|RyGh ?%GyG ?+g*QP )zf &y;L #| dOAT@  

#| J9jzyG ?"|R} ,g*QPyG Q(ZAyG ^IOy ?qJF ?yh9J| b9+S


:?+@6G )4( IQ9=gyG d;L

159
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)4(
Q("yG rq_C ~y

9%< eqzA! fC #w}* )f.e ?qJF >TJ<( ?t<9TyG ?z}Gy9p


gP%p .9| ?}%}< e9+tyG 9"+T! 9"!C h|9Tzy #+="y dR"}yG LQ9L #J!h
,Q("yG &y;L rq_C ~y ,\9}yG ,p #|R OF(* &!C ,"g@ : :?z}GyG
{*hzAyGh .Q("yG &y;L Jzq_C ,\9}yG ,p #|R OF(* : &!C hC
b<Q* jPyG {*hzAyG xyP ($   ,@Q9< Qd! ?%Fh #| >S9"}yG
Q9C6G Q(%c #f dh|T| QV9=| u<9S {Y9q< d(tzy ?+"|RyG ?y9I G
)yE O(g@ fC ,j="*( :{+=s #| J9%F(}yG ^g=< ?a=@Q}yG ?+g*QPyG
o n
gP$h ,)NyE...dR"}y9< OFhC ,"!C ~$OIC OtAg+S hC ,dR"}yG
k
9v_QvV gQ9v=vAvf9v< ?v+v"v|RvyG ?vy9vI G Ov*OvJv@ {v|9vgvAvS ?v+vgv*QPvyG Q9vC6G
1 k k k
.9+p9v 9_QV gQ9=Af9< U+yh {*hzAyG ,p 9*QhQ\

uYG(y {wV )zf Q%d@ #|Rzy #FGQs #f KOJA! 9"v GP{p


JGQ9=gyG )yE ?+z*hzAyG hC ?+g*QPyG >T"! fC d(tg}yG #}p ,?+pQY
,E+}S &+yE >$P 9| ry9M* GP$h ,?+"|R #FGQs )zf Qp(A@ : ,AyG
E+I #| )2006( ?qJF &A|;S )zf dOAT* jPyG Q9T}yG ,p ($h
IOgy #|RyG ?+g*QP )zf   ,@Q9< ?GI ?*9qv eOg< OtAg* &!C
:)5( BJ@ Q%d* 9| )?qJF >TJ<( 9%"| H9=SC
)5(
,ag@ ,wy h|9TyG #$P ,p QhO* fC #w}* 9}f EJ=@ 9%!E vvv C
k k
Q+=v OI )yE &=W* Q|}G GP$h ,9+"|R ;*hz@ ?t<9TyG 9%@Q9=f

2006( ?vqvJvF ,vp #v|RvyG ?v+vgv*QP Y(v\(v}vy {vZvqv}vyG {v+vzvJvAvyGh d9vDv}vyG GPv$ Qvdv!G 1
.)45 :U

160
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

?+ta"| Q+i JGQ*Ot@ #| jO+ztAyG j(J"yG &+yE zGz* f9v 9|


,@Q9< CO=| 9"t=_ GPEh .{}Gzy ~F;| )"g| hC Q+Tq@ O9G*
k k k k
.9+y:O 9f(\(| : 9+g*QP 9f(\(| f(wAS 9%zv ?jzy9p
k k
>*QtyG ,\9}yG ($h 9+\GQApG 9"|R #}]A@ ,@Q9< IQ9=f vvv H
A9q_E eOf ?y9Jp ;{}Aw}yG Q\9JyG ?%F )zf dh|* jPyG
k
fC dR"}yG ?=I9Y )zf f9v )]| 9Ash c9"$ fC ,"g@ Q("yG
($h )]| Bsh 9"%p ,{gq@ ~y 9%"wy Q("yG &y;L rqa@
.Q("yG &y;L zqa* ~y jPyG Bs(yG

f{p ?%GyGh #|RyG ?+g*QP hC ?+y:O #| ,qs(}< uzgA* 9}+ph


:{v+vzvs {v=vs Bv"v+v< 9v}vv ?v+v|(vS(v}vyGh ~vS(vy9v< jOv"vf bv=v@Qv| Qv|}G
k k
&+zf A9"<h ;9tza| ?+g*QP :h 9tza| ?+y:O BT+y J9%GyGh ?"|R}9p
k
?%GyG hC e(S(}yG #|RyG h| 9|9}@ eOg"@ Osh {t@ ?+g*QPyG Q9C69p

9%@9+ag| ,p ?*R+zG! G ?jzyG ?+Y(ZL #| K]A* 9}v ?|(S(}yG


,vy:O (v$ 9v| )vzvf {v*hzvAvyG Ov}vAvgv*h ,)O v v v C 3( BvJv@ IOQG(vyG
#| ?zZJ| ?|(S(}yG Q+i J9%GyGh ?"|R}G f(w@ 9}"+< ,S9S}9<
IO9gyG ,A%F {*hz@ h| 9"*CQ 9}v ,yhGOAyGh ,g*QPyG Og=yG upO@
.)O v v v L 3( #+A+<QgyG #+@Q9=gyG ,p LQOAyGh
&+yE >$P 9| K+JZyG g9G@:G ,p f(w* : ,?%F(yG gP$ #|h
:E ?+F9A"ASG ?g+=_ JGP ?+"|RyG J9"}]AyG fC #| )1993( E+}S
?+"|RyG J9}TyG Q%dAp ?+|(S(}yG h| 9|C ;?+|(S(}yG eOf d9I ,p
x
,}p TyG A9tA!:G [F9ZL #| ?G@9"yG ?a<GQA}yG J9ty9gAyG #| Y("v
#v+v< Qv%vdv@ ,vAvyG #  J9vtvpG(vAvyG #vfh ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG JGOvI(vzvy
#| 9%y ?=I9Z}yG ahQdyGh ?+I9! #| ?+}Gg}yG ?+y(t}yG J9}TyG

161
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,vp ?v+vF9vAv"vAvS:G J9v+vzv}vgvyG QhO fC GPv$ #vf eRvzv*h .?v+v!9vC ?v+vI9v!


?*Qd! jz< ?a=@Q| Q+i ,%p JOFh fEh ,?z+8\ j(jzyG >+vQAyG
.9| ?+q+w< ?+ta"}yG ShOJy9< {ZA@ Osh ,?+s9tAVG

yf9vz b<GQyG ? Q d |h ?=vQ}yG ? *( " +" |RyG ?zTzTyG { h @ vvvvv 2 vvvvv 1 *z


  ?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyGh #     ?+@(ZyG IQ(ZyG Og@
{IGQ| #| #+AzIQ| QLB 9}$h   #++%+Fh #+*(AT|  

IQ+L}G &Aj+Y ,p jO+y(AyG (J"yG LP(}! ,p j(J"yG b9tAV:G


?+"|RyG QY9"gyG {v ?+@(ZyG IQ(ZyG ,p dh|@ .)1995 ,wT|(V(
QY9"gyG ?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyG ,p dh|@ 9}v ,,@(Y u+tJ@ 9%y ,AyG
u+tJ@ QY9"gyG gP%y f9vC AG(S ,?+"|R ?y9IE eOt@ ,AyG ?+"|RyG
o
,p LQOAyG ?%F ,y:Oh ,@(Y {*hz@ &y 9| ?zD|C #|h .: eC ,@(Y
,p ?*R+zG! G ,p ) ( LQOAyG ?pQY 9%"f Q=g@ ,AyG ?*R+zG! G
IQ(vZvyG ,vph ?v+v@(vZvyG IQ(vZvyG ,vp dh|v@ Ev+vI ,)O 3( d9vDv}vyG
1
,p dh|@ ;p ?+<QgyG )O 3( ,p LQOAyG ?pQY 9|C .?+ta"}yG
hC b(a"| u+tJ@ 9%y U+y &!} yCQt@z {gqyG ,p ?+@(ZyG IQ(ZyG
.?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyG ,p ?+y:O IQ(Z< btp dh|@h ,H(Aw|

{gqyG #|( ?=vQ| ?+"|R ?zTzS #f IQ9=f #|RyG f(w* 9}"+Ih


?TzTyG gP$ ,p QDg! ),T+FQyG {gqyG(h )yf9vz b<GQyG hC Of9T}yG
k
IQ(ZyG ,p :E dh|* : QLBh 9g| #+*(AT}yG ,p dh|* #|R )zf
v
&=+vQ@ dh|* )H 3( ?+"=yG ,p jR+zG! G e9AyG Q\9Jy9p .?+ta"}yG
,v}vGvgv}vyG {vgvqvyG )vzvfh )#( Ovf9vTv}vyG )vzvf O(vF(v}vyG ,v"v|RvyG

.?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyGh ?+@(ZyG IQ(ZyG U(ZM< dh}G {ZqyG #| ,!9DyG ~TtyG hFGQ 1

162
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

k k
,z=tyG {=tAT}yG dh|*h .9+y:Oh 9+@(Y ) ( v v < ,\9}zy aQZ}yG
y. z U+FQyGh y  z Of9T}yG #| f(w}yG   R 

:)6( d9D}yG ,p 9%Tq! ?+q+wy9< ?+T!QqyG ,p

)6(
S  # T +!   .      
3

,z}f #| B+%A!G Os f (z v S ,?gS9AyG ,p


o
{gqyG( #+ztAT| #+zgp )zf #+ApQY #| #|RyG >vQ* E+I
,@(Y u+tJ@ &y 9}$;v ),}Gg}yG hC ,T+FQyG {gqyGh Of9T}yG
k
{}J* : jPyG ?+<QgyG ,p e9AyG Q\9JyG xyPy 9p;Lh .,y:Oh
yf6G BzvCz IQ9=f ,p ),@(Y u+tJ@ &y U+yh( &y ?ZZM| ?pQY
k
,"g* : E+I ;?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyG ,p btp 9+y:O dh|* &!{p GPyh
1
.{v}G ?+z}f SQ9|C dGRC 9| ,"!C yf6Gz aQdyG

hC bv<GQvyG ~v]v@ ?v+v"v|R {vS;vS ,vp #v|RvyG >v+vvQv@ jO|v*h


d(LO #| H@9"yG S9=Ay:G #| Y(! Q(%c )yE yf9vz Of9T}yG
#+@Q9=gyG ,p &AdI;| #w}* jPyG Y("yG #| QL6G )zf 9}$OIC
)11:U 2002( jQv%vqvyG ,vS9vqvyG #v| #v+vAvtvAvWv}vyG #v+vAv*Rv+vzvGv! G
2
)7( ,<QgyG 9}%z<9t|h

o
?v |;v gv yG P9v Av S}G hv \h #v | (v $h 0  Kv zv av Zv }v y {v <9v tv | ?v pQv Y Kv zv av Zv | 1
.,"VhQjTyG U*QOE

9v}v%v"v| {vwvy fC ,vp f9v@Q9v=vgvyG ,vtvAvzv@ )11:U 2002( jQv%vqvyG ,vS9vqvyG {v+vy9vJv@ ,vph 2
fC )vzvf CQvtv@ )C 7( )vyh}G fC ,vp bQvqvyG #vwvy ,,v\9v}vyG ,vp 9v}v$D9v"v< ~v@ #v+vCOvI
k
f{v p )H 7( ?v +v !9v Dv yG ,v p xv yPv y 9v p;v Lh ,d(v LOv yG KOv Jv y uv <9v S ?v <9v Av wv yG KOv I
.?<9AwyG KOJy u<9S &!C )zf ~%q* d(LOyG KOI

163
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)7(
1 #     #  #   vvv C
o
BzLO 9}y ?y9SQyG >Av Os f9v

1   #  #   vvv C


BzLO 9}y ?y9SQyG >Av

9%zv ?pQZ| #+COIh Of9T| {gp )zf {}AW@ )C 7( IQ9=gy9p


fC #w}+p )K 7( 9|C .d(LOyG KOJy u<9S ?<9AwyG KOI ;,\9}zy
k k
hC H9+i {c ,p 9g| d(LOyGh IAGQtyG ,COI #|GR@ )zf 9]*C CQt@
2002( ,S9qyG ,p ?|Ot}yG {+y9JAyG #|h .yf9vz b<GQyG ?*Q(d"| eOf
:)8( ,p 9"$ IOQG(yG ?}*QwyG ?*6G d;L #| &|Ot* 9| )25 :U
)8(
1
} S R Q P O N M L K J{
"#     &  #  #  3 #  :

Q$9c Q+i ($h ?*R+zG! G IQ9=gyG ,p Q%d* )~A"v(   b<GQy9p

{+y9J@ ,p KZ* : 9%!hO< {*hzAyGh QOt| &"wy ,?+<QgyG 9%Az<9t| ,p


2
Q+ih btp ?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyG ,p dh|| (%p .)2002( jQ%qyG ,S9qyG
#| O< : 9"$h .?+JaTyG ?+"=yG hC ?+@(ZyG IQ(ZyG i(AT| ,p dh||
.)8( ?+!BQtyG ?*6G {*hz@ O"f yf9vz Of9T}yG hC b<GQyG ?*Q(d"|

.)91( :?*6G IQt=yG IQ(S 1


{v*hzv@h IQv\9vJvyG ?vy9vJvyG {v*hzv@ #v+v< {vZvqvzvy yf9vvz bv<GQvyG RvFGQ jQv%vqvyG {v}vgvAvTv*h 2
IQhQv\ )vzvf Ov+vvzvAvzvy xvyPh ;?v+v@6G J9v+vavgv}vy9v< 9v%vy {vDv| {v}vGv< #
 IO9vgvyG
.:?y9I Q+i ($ 9|h ?y9I ($ 9| #+< {ZqyG GP$
.)Q\9JyG ,p ?y9JyG {*hz@( {Y9q}yG ,p R+@9|hQyG v v v C
.)IO9gyG {*hz@({Y9q}yG ,p f(w* R+@9|hQyG v v v H

164
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

? _QWyG + )" , =yG p ?=vQ}yG ? +" |RyG {S;TyG { h @ vvvvv 2 *z


? _QWyG Q ih + +
IQ(Z< ,_QWyG >+vQAyG ,p ?+%GyGh ?+"|RyG QY9"gyG rz@z@
,K\Gh Q+i J9jzyG #+< ?!Q9t}yG f9w|E #| BzgF ?*9jzy IOtg|
k
#+<     J9+zwyG O*OJ@ )zf 9=zS Uwg"* Q|}G GP$h
Y(\(| ,p U9L ($ 9| fC GP$ #f eRz* Os h ,?p(Y(}yG J9jzyG
k
fC O+tgAyG GP$ Q$9d| #|h .,zv ($ 9}| QDvC ,GO*OJ@ ,?"|R}G
9%g| PFO"f rzAM*h IOIGh IQ9=f ,p Q%d@ fC #w}* ?"|R}G h+}F
eOf hC &|9}@ ?at!h KOJyG ?*GO< ?at! #+< ?+"|RyG OO}yG H9TI
hC &|9}@h KOJyG ?*GO< ?at! #+<h ,WQWyG {gp i(AT| )zf &|9}@
?+"|RyG )"=yG Q%d@ Osh {< .WQWyG HG(F i(AT| )zf &|9}@ eOf
?*6G ,p 9"*CQ 9}v J9=C G )zf f(w* 9%z*hz@ fC h| ,q"yG ?j+Y ,p
k
)zf f(w* 9%z*hz@ #wy ,9A=D| GQk =L f(w@ Osh ,)1( ,p ?"+=}yG
:)9( J9+ag}yG ,p IOQG(yG JGQ9=gyG ,p Q%d* 9}v ,q"yG
)9(
 +!    T + !    

 # #  T    #   

  ! #     !  

jO"f #w* ~y &!} ,&zgpC ~y( = &Azgqy ,Bsh jO"f f9v (y


)Bsh
IOf9T}yG d9gp}G #| OOf )zf {}AW@ ?+_QV )"< )9( )"=y9p
#| U+yh b9+TyG #| &z*hz@ uAW* #|R< H|O| 9%"| {vh ?+T+FQyGh
.{gqy9< {ZA}yG ~+pQ(}yG

165
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

Ovgv< HG(vGvyGh {vgvqvzvy ?v+v"v|R J9v<h9v"v@ O(vFh GQv+vDvv evI;v!h


k

,$h ,_QWyG eRGyG ?|;f J9<h9"AyG gP$ h| {f9qA@h ,IGO}G


k
)vyE )vgvSC 9v| GPv$h ,9v]v*C ?v%vGvyG hv| {vf9vqvAv@ ?v+v%vFh ?v|;vf
>+vGQ@ {f QDg! ?+!9C ?%F #| .?+yG(}yG IQtqyG ,p &J+\(@
,?+FGRGyG Q+i #f ?+"|RyG 9$OO| H9TI rzAM* ?+FGRF ?+_QV
1 k
iR9vGv* : 9v| 9v%v"v|h , 9v%vAv+vFGRvF ,vp GQhO JGhO}G >vgvzv@h
3 2
#| ?+_QWyG Q9=Af: #FGQs ?f(}G| I9J"yG OOJ*h , ,9%<
:)10( BJ@ 9%z}G! JGhO}G
)10(
4
.)WQWyG( IGR9G}yG hC AGRGyG )"g| eOt@ fC vvv C
5
OOJ@ : WQWyG IGOC fC )"g}< ;?|9f ?}%=| f(w@ fC vvv H
k
IGOC ,pGQ+TyG LQLC >=TyG GP%yh .KOJyG Y(s(y 9"|R
k k
Y(s(y 9+"|R 9Ash OOJ@ 9%!(v ?+_QWyG )"g| #| yPEz WQWyG
6
.KOJyG

y)vAv|zh y#v+vIzh yjCzh y9v|zh y#v|z 9v%v< iR9vGv* ,vAvyG JGhO}G ^vgv< {v+v=vs #v| 1
.y9|PEzh yfEzh y9}D+Izh y)!Czh y#*Czh
.yGPEzh yr+vz :{D| 2
Qv v+v v=v vgv v@ Ov vI )v vzv vf {v v+v vzv vMv vyG #v vf jhQ 9v v}v vv eRv vGv vyG JGhOC #v v| Ov vgv v@ : GPEh rv v+v vv 3
Kv=vtvAvSG Ovsh yAGRvGvyG )vzvf 9v%vFQvMv|h AGRvGvyG ahQvI #v| BvTv+vy ,v%vpz :&v*(v=v+vS
AGRv Gv yGh ,eRv Gv yG rv +v v d9v }v f yhv "v YC hv "v Zv @ rv +v vz :&v *(v =v +v S IQ9v =v f {v +v zv Mv yG
.60 :U ,H9AwyG &*(=+S :f;Zq"* : &*(=+Sh {+zMyG O"f eRGyGh
.229 HGO6G ?+zv IQ$9tyG ?g|9F HQgyG I9J " " + yG O f ? _QWyG ?z}GyG :f9T}WyG ~+$GQ<E 4
.1 U {Zq}yG MQV ye9%< G #| &+p O< : WQWyGz X+g* #<G d(t* 5
Bv vsh )v vzv vf IQ(v vZv vtv v| 9v v%v v!} 9v v%v v< iR9v vGv v* : yPEz fC ~v vzv vfGhz :,v vpGQv v+v vTv vyG d(v vtv v* 6
.74:1 y &*( + = S H9Av MQVz Qd!G ,y&"+g<

166
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

k
?v+v_QvWvyG J9v+vavgv}vyG gPv$ #v| GOOvf Hvy9vgv! ?v+vy9vAvyG IQvtvqvyG ,vph
.?+As(yG 9$OO| H9TIh 9%z*hz@ ?+q+vh

, _QWyG > vQAyG + , p Bs yG { h @ vvvvv 1 vvvvv 2 ( *z


f{p ,{s}G )zf #+Az}F #| ?=vQ| ?+_QWyG IQ9=gyG fC 9}<
QvY9v"vf #v+v< 9v| Y(v"vAv@h OOvgvAv@ Bvs(vyG ?vy:O {v}vJv@ ,vAvyG QvY9v"vgvyG
o q
?+!9C ?+I9! #|h ,?+I9! #| ?+%Fhh ?+%F(|h ?+%Fp h ?+"|R aQn Yh
p
:#+g| ,Ash {*hzA< ?zY JGP ?+_QWyG ?z}GyG J9!(w| h+}F Og@
f;+J* &<G(Fh ,WQWyG {gph ,?+Ash ?y:O {}J@ Os WQWyG IGOzp
yWQWyG A9pz {+=s #| iQLC QY9"f xyPvh ,?%Fh #|R )zf
k
{v ,?+"|RyG ahQdyG {+=s #|h ,?+"|RyG IO}yG Y(! ,p GQhO >gz@

i(AT| )zf IOQGh f(w@ Os iQLC QY9"f )yE ?p9\ 9< GP$
k
Os &!C 9}v .9+pQY ?ttJ| f(w@ :h ,yhGOAyG/,s9+TyG {*hzAyG

f9v GPE 9| ;WQWyG HG(F Y(! Bs(yG {*hz@ Y(\(| ,p {LO*


:)11( ?=vQ}yG ?+"=yG {|zA"y .GQk =L hC Ak9W!E hC ?+zgp hC ?+}SG ?z}F
)11(
.O}Izp ~SQyG O+G* #| 9""+< f9v fE vvv C

.O}Izp ~SQyG O9FC #| 9""+< f9v fE vvv J

.O}Izp ?yh9ayG QTw* #| 9""+< f9v fE vvv K

.O}Izp ?yh9ayG QTv #| 9""+< f9v fE vvv L

.~SQyG O+G* O}IC vvv M

.?|9s Gh fGP}G #+< A9fOyG H9GAT* vvv N

^g< ,p QZ"f {v Otq* {*hzAyG ,p ?p9v QY9"gyG {LO@ 9|O"f

167
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,p cQ9W*h ,#|R #f IQ=g}yG ?*O9+Af:G ?+pQZyG &Ay:O f9+I}G


k
{*hzAyh .&+p dh|* jPyG R+Jy9< 9]*C QCzA*h O*OF {*hz@ ~*Ot@
k k
gP$ J9!(w| f{p Bs(yG i(AT| )zf 9t+sO ;*hz@ )C 11( IQ9=gyG
?+y9}AI:G yfEz O(F(p :{*hzAyG GP$ ,p IOQGh f(wAS ?p9v IQ9=gyG
,p ?yh|| 9$Og< ?gsG(yG IQ9=gyG #| {gG* ?+_QWyG IQ9=gyG SCQ ,p
)3,1( IQtqyG Qd!G( >y9jyG ,p ?*Q(Z@ ?+"|R ?y:O PLz@h 9$R+I
k
fE d(sC ,9t<9S IOOJ}yG ~+$9q}y9<h .)&|(%q|h R+JyG #f g9!OC
?zY JGPh IQ\9I f(wAS #|RyG cGQO{< ?a=@Q| ?*(jy Q+i QY9"f
?z+J}yG ?+As(yG QY9"gy9p .)C 11( IQ9=gyG ,p #|RyG ?y:O &+F(@ ,p
IGO}G R+I ,p 9%g+}F dh|@h jO9+Af:G 9%"|R Otq@ Os #|R )zf
)t=* ;p ;ht* fC {}AJ}yG #| #|R #f IQ=g}yG yfEz ?+y9}AI:G
)"g| yO+G*z KOJyG #|Ry :h ,,\9}yG {*hz@ yf9vz QZ"gzy
{gqyG 9%"f Q=g* ,AyG 9%Tq! ?+q+wy9< IO9gyG #f Q=g}yG Q\9JyG
e9}AyG IAGQs )zf Q+L}G GP$ dh|* PE ;)M 11( ?+"=yG ,p yO+G*z
o
KOI fC d9I ,p )J 11( ?+"=yG ,p yO9FCz {gqzy )ag@ ,AyG
.IQ+L}G gP$ ,p {gqy9< hsh Os ~SQzy IO9F G

k
eqAJ* : 9]*C &!{p )C 11( ,p y9""+<z QZ"gyG )yE ?=T"y9<h
,AyG y,"+=yG Q\9JyGz ?%G< 9"$ &A+}T@ #w}* 9}f IQ=g}yG &Ay:O<
yO+G*z KOJyG #|Rh .)N( ?+"=yG ,p y#+<z aQdyG 9%"f Q=g*
,p e9}AyG IAGQs PLC )yQ\9JyGz f(w* fC &+p VQAq}yG #| jPyG(
yfEz b9+S ,p dh|| Q+L}G GP$h ,yf9vz Of9T}yG {gqyG R+I
9}< ?"|R}G #| Y("yG GP$ )zf KzaZ! fC #w}*h ,?+y9}AI:G
O(g@h .     yjQ(ZAyG e9AyGz v v < &A+}T@ #w}*

168
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

#| yO+G*z KOJzy ?+}Gg}yG ?g+=ayG )yE IQ9=gyG gP$ ,p e9AyG IAGQs


o
)zf CQt@ ,AyG yJ:9JyGz d9gpC ?t=_ )yE ,}A"* {gp ($ E+I
,p gOG! : c(zTyG GP$h ,e9}AyG Q+i ?j+Z< JA9F fEh e9}AyG
?t=_ )yE ,}A"* yQTw*z {gqy9p ;?y9JyG Q+i iQLC d9gpC ?t=_
)t=* 9}!Eh )K 11( IQ9=gyG ,p e9}AyG IAGQs PLz* ;p yW9W"yGz d9gpC
k k
.)L 11( ?+"=yG ,p e9AyG yQTvz {gqzy 9p;L Q\9JyG IAGQt< 9dqAJ|
o
Q9=AfG ,"|RyG {*hzAyG H9TI ,p ?"w}}yG JGQ9=Af:G #|
jC ;Ak9W!E hC GQk =L ,?+}SG hC ?+zgp ?z}F WQWyG HG(F Y(sh
k
,p IOQG(yG( g(F(yG #| 9%Fh {}J@ ?+_QWyG ?z}GyG B!9v GPE 9|
IOQG(yG JGQ9=gyG ?dI;| #w}*h ,){}gyG GP$ #| dh}G ~TtyG
:)12( ,p

)12(

&g=a< ,"jp rqgAT* #| vvv C

O%AG* : #| h| &*(T! {%p O%AG* #| vvv H


o
&GF9A! Q}p D@ fC &y uJ* :C ~zgyG >z_ ,p Q%T* #| vvv J

&<9Z! QOt< &y G(gpQG {}gyG ,p &<9Z! {}Aw* #| vv K

&Tq! :E #|(z* ;p J9}+zgAyG ry9M* #| vv L

9}%<G(F fC ,p )K 12(h )J 12( f9@Q+L}G f9@Q9=gyG rzAM@


k
GP$ #f eRz*h ,9f9=@ ,%"yGh Q|}G :#++=zayG #+%F(yG f;}J*
k
9p;L ,&<G(F utJ@h WQWyG {gp #+< 9| ?gsG(yG IO}yG ?*OhOJ|

IO}zy ?*OhOJ| ;p ;jQ=MyG &F(yG ?y:O {}J@ ,AyG )C 12( IQ9=gzy

169
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,&<G(F utJ@h WQWyG {gp Y(sh #+< 9| >TAJ@ fC #w}* ,AyG


.&< iR9G* : jPyG WQWy9< )}T* 9| #}\ {LOAp

?+_QWyG {}GyG ,p &|Of #| AGRGyG b=@Q* ,iQLC ?%F #|


WQWyG HG(F Y("< : WQWyG QOZA@ ,AyG IGO}G Y("< I9J"yG O"f
k
?+%GyG ,!9g}yG #| OOf Q(%c ,p H9TI 9]*C IGO~yh ,9"+< 9}v
k
gQ+ih Q9=Af:G GP$ ,ph .9|(}f #|RyGh Bs(y9< ?a=@Q}yG ?+%F(yGh
k
?+_QWyG JGhO}G #| GOOf ,z* 9}+p {zJ! ?+As(yG JGQ9=Af:G #|

.?qzAM| ?+"|R J9ty9g@h J9_9=@QG 9%y ,AyG

,{=tAT}yG ?y:O ?IGQY {}J@h ,,FGRF WQV IGOC y)A|z Og@


?j+Y B!9v fEh {=tAT}yG (J! ?+_QWyG ?z}GyG KGOIC &F(@h
)H v v v C 13( #+@Q(ZyG ,p K\(| ($ 9}v ,\9}yG ,p KOJyG
,?*9%! hC ?*GO< ?at! &y U+y {=tAT}yG GP$h ,#+A+y9AyG #+A+ta"}yG
:y,y9}AI:G {=tAT}yGz v v < 9"$ &+zf M;aY:G #w}* {=tAT| (%p

)13(
={v<9vtvAv! czvavL BvpQvf )vAv| /{v<9vtvAv! czvavL aQvgv@ )vAv| vvv C
{=tAT}yG

{=tAT}yG = cQ9VC BvQ9V )A| / cQ9VC cQ9W@ )A| vvv H

?+_QWyG )"=yG ,p M(\(< ,y9}AI:Gh jQ(ZAyG #|RyG Q%d*


Q+iz ?%F #| HQ\ ,$ ,AyG y?*OhOJ}yG Q+iz ?%G< R+}A*h
LhC ?vavtv! :h KOvJvzvy ?v*GOv< ?vavtv! #v|RvyG GPv%vy Uv+vzvp ;ye9v}vAvyG
KOvJvyG dh|v*h .KOvJvyG 9v%v< {v}vAvwv* d9v}vAvvG hC    

J:9JyG Q+ih ))C 13( ,p yaQfz {+=s #|( J:9JyG #| uAW}yG

170
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

,"|RyG {*hzAyG ,p IOI(| ?t*Qa< )H13( ,p ycQ9Vz {+=s #|(


ye9AyG Q+iz ?%F {}J* )H 13( ,p ycQ9Vz ,\9}y9p ;,y9}AI:G
,AyG IO+I(yG ?y9JyG ,$ gP$h .ycQ9W@z Q\9JyG 9%z}J* ,AyG
p
WQWyG Q+i ,p 9|C ,e9AyG Q+i {*hz@ ye9AyG ?y9JyGz {gp 9%+p PLz*
,p K\(| ($ 9}v ye9AyG ?y9JyGz {*hz@ PLz* ye9AyG Q+i ?y9JyGz v v p
:?+y9AyG )14( ?+ta"}yG IQ(ZyG

)14(

/,\9}yG = HG(GyG aQf O*R v v v H = HG(GyG aQg* O*R vvv C


>TJ< )IGR9G| 9%+p( WQV IGOC yGPEz IGO}G Og@ e9AyG ?%F

Q(qZf #<G O"fh .)232 :U 4 L :H9AwyG( &*(=+S


;p WQWyG ,p ?z+YC ,$ )840 :U 2L :HQt}yG MQV(
9%Ay9Y~p yGPEz 9|Chz :&Z! >TJ< ?+}S:G ?z}GyG 9%+z@

?z}GyG 9%+z@ : f9|RyG ahQc #| WQWyG )zf ?y:OyG ,p


,p 9}v e9AyG Q+i )"g| e9AyG PLz* yGPEz Og<h .y?+}S:G
/) )1858( jQ9=S9v #| gOQ(! jPyG )15( d9D}yG
:"  )1874( B*GQh

)15(
1
QT=yG Q}IG GPE x8+FC

      # #    

aQvZv}vyG KOvJvyG ,vavgv@ 9v%v!C )vavgv}vyG GPv$ d;vL #v| yGPEz ?v+v_QvWvyG IGO}G ?vgv+v=v_ 1
,vS9vqvyG Qv+v=vgvAv< A,vGv}vzvy uv<9vS QGQv}vI:G KOvI h ,{v=vtvAvTv}vyG {v*hzv@ ,v\9v}vyG ,vp
.)31 :U 2002( jQ%qyG

171
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
#wyh {=tAT}zy ,y9}AI:G )"g}yG 9]*C 9$Og< e9AyG {}J*h
:)16( ?+z+D}AyG ?+"=yG d;L #| Q%d* 9}v ,,\9}yG ?j+Z<
)16(
Ov+vvzvAvy9v< &v!{vp 2020 d9v*Ov!(v| ,vp ,v<QvgvyG >vMvAv"v}vyG cQ9vV GPE
.K<Q+S

9%]g< d(LOh #|RyG )zf WQWyG JGhOC ?y:O ?J\Gh hO=@


o n
[AM@ 9%!(v yGPEz 9%"|h 9%]g< R+}*h .Q\9JyG hC ,\9}yG )zf
hC( ye9AyG Q+iz ?%F {*hz@ {}J@ xyP h| 9%"wyh ,,\9}y9<
.),y9}AI:G {=tAT}yG
1
:LGQTyG #<G d(t* ,{=tAT}zy 9%ZL #| ~%"}p yfEz 9|C
fEh ]...[ ,{gqyG #| {=tAT}yG 9%+z* fC AGRGyG ,p yfEz uIhz
EJ=yG GP$ ?%Fh #|h .y{=tAT}zy g9"g| By9IC V9| {gp 9%+yh
#| &AdI;| #w}* u+sO bQp 9}%"+<h f9AqzAM| yfEz h yGPEz f{p
:)H 17( ?|;Sh )C 17( #Jy d;L
)17(
?=T"y9<( Y(s(yG O+vz@ b9+S ,p = HQj}yG {LO fE ,tAz! vvv C
.)HQj}yG d(LO )yE

?=T"y9<( Y(s(yG O+vz@ b9+S ,p = HQj}yG {LO GPE ,tAz! vvv H


.,"+t+yG &F(yG = )HQj}yG d(LO )yE

QvJv=vyG ,vp f9v+vI (v<Ch 158 U 2 L : ( " , ( } vJv vyG vp d vY G :&v<9vAvv ,vp LGQvTvyG #v<9vv 1
&vy(vs Qv+vTvqv@ ,vp xvy9vTv}vyG Kv\hC ,vp xvy9v| #v<G rvy9vMv| jCQvyh ,62/3 +
bv vJv}vyG

.])77( rS(* IQ(S[ }O N M L K J I H G{ :)y9g@

172
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

)O*R A,G| )yE ?=T"y9<( Y(s(yG #w}| = O*R A9F fE ,tAz! vvv J
.,y9}AI:G &F(yG =

fC )1874/1858(B*GQh/jQ9=S9v O"f yGPEz h yfEz #+< bQqy9p


yGPEz 9|C ,Y(s(yG {}AJ| hC  
 #w}| ($ 9| )zf {+J@ yfEz
yfEz d(LOy ?"I: )C 17( f{p GPyh ;Y(s(yG Ov|| ($ 9| )zgp
,y9AyG ~+}gAyG Z(Z! S9S}G GP$ )zfh .Y(s(yG Ov|| ($ 9| )zf
~+}g@ :)18( ,p
)18(
&v F(v yG hv | yfEz OQG(v Av @h ,,v "v +v tv +v yG &v F(v yG hv | yGPEz OQG(v Av @
.,y9}AI:G

[AM@ : 9%"wyh ,\9}yG )zf 9%y(LO ,p y(yz yGPEz {D|h


,v\9v}vyGz v v v< 9v}v!Eh yGPEz &v< [vAvMv@ jPvyG ,vy9v}vAvI:G d9v=vtvAvS:9v<
IQ9=gyG d;L #| hO=* 9}v ht* ~y jPyG ,\9}y9< jC :yjQ(ZAyG
:)19( ?=vQ}yG ?+_QWyG
)19(
I9|QyG dR"* ~y (y OIC ,p f(}zT}yG QZA"* fC #w}}yG #| f9v
.)e9}@ ?%F( I9|QyG dhR! :(y /)e9}@ ?%F(
k
#| y(yz #| {v ?s;f U(ZM< 9}+}g@ OOJ! fC #w}*h
,p ,@6G (J"yG )zf &i(Z! ?+!9C ?%F #| yfEzh yGPEzh ?%F
:)20(

~+}g@ )20(

KOJyG = jQ(ZAyG e9}AyG ?%F {}J* 9| )zf y(yz {LO@


.ht* ~y jPyG

173
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

e9v v}v vAv vyG Qv v+v viz ?v v%v vF {v v}v vJv v* 9v v| )v vzv vf yGPEz h yfEz {v vLOv v@
jPyGh yfEz )yE ?=T"y9< ht* fC #w}* jPyG KOJyG =y,y9}AI:G
1
.yGPEz )yE ?=T"y9< ht* fC OOZ<

$+
9 Q ih ? _QWyG + #+ < ?T=Az| > vGQ@ + , p Bs yG { h @ vvvvv 2 vvvvv 2 ( *z
Q+i ?=vQ| J9+"<h ?+_QV ?=vQ| J9+"< #+< ,S9S}G bQqyG
AGRF 9%y ,AyG >+vGQAy9p ;I9J"yG O"f IGR9G}yG IQwq< uzgA* ?+_QV
?G+A"yG )zf RvQ@ )J9+ag| #| ?t<9TyG IQtqyG ,p OQh 9| {+=s #|(
?v zv }v Gv zv y eR;v |h Qv V9v =v | AGRv Gv v WQv Wv yG HG(v F
#v | ?v zvZv Jv Av }v yG
k
WQWyG {gp )zf >@QA* GOOJ| AGRF QdA"! 9"!} GQk d! ;?+_QWyG
?=vQ}yG {}GyG ,p 9|C .&"f ehRz| hC WQWyG {gp Y(s(< WhQW|
k
:h WQWyG {gp )zf 9=@QA| 9%<G(F f(w* : ,AyG( ?+FGRGyG Q+i
k
?G+A!h >=S ?s;f &<G(Fh WQWyG {gp #+< ?s;gy9p ;)&"f 9|hRz|
>+@Q@h u=S ?s;f Uwg@ ?s;gyG gP$ .>y9jyG ,p #+|R;A| Q+i
WQWyG HG(F ,p ?G+A"yG KOJy9p :#+|R;A| Q+i ,Ash A:h hC
ehRz| Q+i &"wy WQWyG {gp ,p >=TyG KOJzy BsG(| hC uI:
?%F IAGQs ?+_QWyG J9+"=yG PLz@ GP9}y QTq* >+@QAyG GP$h ,&"f

ht* ~yh Y(s(yG OOZ< ($ ,y9}AIG hC jQ(Z@ #|R ,p ye9}AyG Q+iz


2
.Og<

dh}9v< ,v"vgv!h jQ(vZvAvyG e9v}vAvyG Qv+vi {v<9vtv| ,vp ,vy9v}vAvI:G e9v}vAvyG Qv+vi 9v"v$ KvzvavZv! 1
hv tv * #v yh hv tv * ~v y (v %v p ,v !9v Dv yG 9v |C ,hv tv * fC #v wv }v }v yG #v | #v wv yh hv tv * ~v y #v |R &v !C
.ht+S &!C hC hsh Os &!C Q(ZA* #wyh
gOvYQv@ ?v+vFGRvGvyG Qv+vih ?v+vFGRvGvyG )v"v=vyG ,vp &v<G(vFh WQvWvyG {vgvp #v+v< eR;vAvyG bQvp 2
= :f9A+@6G f9@Q9=gyG

174
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

?+_QWyG )"=yG )yE ?=T"y9< ?J+JY ?|OtA}yG ?G+A"yG B!9v GPE


hC( ?+FGRGyG Q+i ?+_QWyG )"=yG eOt@ fC QdA"}yG #}p ?+FGRGyG
)21( IQ9=gyG {|zA"y .eOt@ 9}y ?ztAT| ?GI )9%A+FGRF ?T=Az}yG
:y9}"+<z IGO}G 9%SCQ@ ,AyG ?+y9AyG
)21(
,"A}zc ,"AqZ!C 9}"+<
?|R: hC ?==T| ?G+A! U+y y,"A}zcz KOJyG fC K\G(yG #|
,)21( IQ9=gyG ?+FGRF eOf GP$ #f eRz*h ;y,"AqZ!Cz KOJyG #f
A:hh u=S IQ9=f BT+y IQ9=gyG gP$ ,p IQ(d"}yG ?+As(yG ?s;gyGh
{LO@h .OIGh Bsh ,p #+"|GRA| #+COI #+< yBsG(@z ?s;f 9}!Eh
o
#+< b<Qy9< ?ZAM| 9%!C E+I #| y9|O"fz IGO}G y9}"+<z ?t=_ ,p
9}%At=_ #|h .g9!OC )22( ,p &y {D}}yG (J"yG )zf #+AsG(A| #+COI
1
:xy9| #<G #| ?}%zAT}yG )22( IQ9=gyG ,p y{vz IGO}G
)22(
OgT+p eRI gO"f {FQ {v

KOI f9v GPE )>+@QAyG( IGR9G}yG IAGQs #+< ?T=Az| IQ9=gyG gP$

.O*R et+ASG H9=yG BsQ_ 9|O"f v v v C =


v
.,q@9$ fQ O*R et+ASG 9|O"f v v v H
#vwv}v* &v+vzvfh ,H9v=vyG bQvavy ?vGv+vAv! Ov*R yX9vtv+vAvSGz fC M(v\(v< Qv%vdv@ )C( IQ9v=vgvy9vp
M(v\(v< Qv%vdvAvp )H( IQ9v=vgvyG 9v|C ,?v+vFGRvGvyG ?v+v_QvWvyG )v"v=vy9v< ?v+v"v=vyG gPv$ uvJvzv! fC
k
X9vtv+vAvS: ?vGv+vAv! Uv+vy ,vqv@9v$ #v+v!Qvp ,Ov*R X9vtv+vAvS9v< ,vqv@9v$ #v+v!Q W9v=v@QG eOvf 9v]v*C
Hv+vTv! #v| ,v$ 9v}v!Eh ?v+vFGRvGvyG ?v+v_QvWvyG )v"v=vyG Hv+vTv! #v| ?v+v"v=vyG gPv$ f(vwv@ :h ,Ov*R
{vgvqvy AGRvF HG(vGvyG 9v%v+vp f(vwv* : ,vAvyG :?v+vFGRvGvyG Qv+vi ?v+v=v=vTvyG hC ?v+v_QvWvyG )v"v=vyG
.,T+FQyG {gqyG ,{t"y ,hC WQWyG
:51 :U OFG qyG { ( +% T@ 1

175
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

kv k
f9v GPE IGR9G}yG Q+i IAGQs #+<h &"f 9==T|h eRJzy 9tI: IO9gTyG
k k
U}y Osh ,&"f >=T| Q+i eRJzy 9AsG(|h 9|R;| IO9gTyG KOI
k
{vz :&y(t< &"f Q=gp S9=Ay:G GP$ #| 98+V ){+%TAyG ,p( xy9| #<G

IQ*OGyG >+vGQAyG #|h yIGR9G}< Ql gW| 9%+yE a9]| ?|9f IQw!


o
>+vGQAyG 9%+p ?"|R}G >+vQ@h Bs(yG Y(\(}< uzgA* 9}+p e9}A$:9<
k o
?%F ,p Q+Cz@ 9]*C y)AIz v v yh .y9|O"fzh y)AIz v v < b<Q@ ,AyG
(J"yG )zf yGPEz {+=s #| WQV IGOC h| rz@z@ 9|O"f WQWyG HG(F
:?+y9AyG )23( BJ@ ?FQO}yG >+vGQAyG #| CQt* fC #w}* jPyG
)23(
PONMLKJIHGF { vvv C
XWVUTSRQ 1
}

Q+p9ZgyG B<Q$ /Qa}yG {a$ GPE )A I vvv H

Q+p9ZgyG HQ%@ */Qa}yG {a$ GPE )A I vvv J

#+_9+WyG LQM@ */BFQL ?wF;}yG BzLO GPE )AI v v v K


k v k
.9qzAM| 9%+F(@ ,"|RyG B+s(AyG &Fh yGPEz )zf y)AIz d(LO
)16( h )15( ,p &y 9"zD| 9| {+=s #| ?+_QWyG >+vGQAyG B"+< Oty
v
ye9AyG KOJyGz #|R B%Fh IGO}G gP$ fC r+v yGPEz v v < IQOZ}yG
y,y9}AI:G {=tAT}yGz IAGQs ?+_QWyG ?+"=yG BafCh ye9AyG Q+iz )yE
R+I ,p KGOI}G Y(sh )yE O(g* >=TyGh ,Y(s(yG OOZ< ($ jPyG
d9I ,p yGPEz >+vQ@ gPLz+S jPyG ,"|RyG {*hzAyG 9| #wy ,yGPEz
d;L #| M(\(< Q%d* ?y)AIz IGO}G R+I ,p IQ+L}G gP$ d(LO

.18 :{}"yG 1

176
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

#f Q=g@h ye9}AyGz IAGQs PLz@ >+vGQAyG gP$ fC )23( >+vGQAyG


k
.9$OIh yGPEz v v < IQOZ}yG >+vGQAzy 9p;L hat!Gh hsh KOI
n
iR9G@ fC yGPE )AIz r+yzAy9< IQOZ}yG >+vGQAyG {=t@ :h
23(h )J 23( #+=+vQAyG #Jy d;L #| K]A* 9}v Q\9JyG {gqy9<
?%Fz IAGQt< yGPE )AIz r+yzAyG U9ZALG )zf Ov|* GP$h )K
,p X(Jz}yGh ,ye9}AyG Q+iz IAGQt< yGPEz [AM@ #+I ,p ,ye9}AyG
k
f(w* : KOJzy ,T+FQyG ,pQZyG #|RyG fC 9|(}f WQWyG >+vGQ@
k
Q(d"}yGh ,?+Ash WQV IGOC b9+S ,p {LO GPE GQ(d"| >y9jyG ,p
.WQWyG IGOC R+I ,p dh|* jPyG #|RyG ($ btp
o x k
)AIz r+yzAyG &F(* yGPE )AIz r+yzAzy 9|9}@ ?qy9M| ?+q+w<h
n
?%Fz #| ,_QWyG >+vQAzy ?+"|RyG IAGQtyG y(yh )AIz r+yzAyGh y(y
:)24( ,p IOQG(yG JGQ9=gyG ,p ye9AyG Q+i ?%Fz )yE ye9AyG

)21(
o
e(YC JQp9S (y )AI vvv C
o
e(YC JQp9S (yh )AI vvv J
o
e(YC JQp9S fEh )AI vvv K

e(YC Qp9SC fC d9I ,p )AI vvv L


k
y(y )AIz r+yzAzy 9<G(F &<9TAIG #w}* 9| ($ ye(YCz KOJyG
: &!E PE ;#+t<9TyG )L 24(h )C 24( #++ag}yG ,p yfC )AIzh
)AIz >+vGQ@ HG(F )yE ?=T"y9< d9JyG ($ 9}v e9AyG ?%F {}J*
IAGQs #+< U=Az| 9"$ e9AyG Q+ih .ye9AyG Q+i ?%Fz {}J* 9}!Eh yGPE

177
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

, z :)"g}< ye(YCz CQt@ fC #w}+p :yIO9gyG Q+izh yIO9gyG ?%Fz


p

IQ}y utJAyG {*hz@ )zf CQt@ fC #w}*h ,y , ( QqTyG p e YC IO9gyG

ox o k
gR+}@ ?+<QgyG ,p 9T=Az| hO=* 9|h .>*QtyG Q\9JyG ,p IOIGh
)C 25( #+@Q9=gyG d;L #| K]A* 9| (J! )zf M(\(< ?*R+zG! G
k
:9f9=@ LQOAyGh IO9gyG )yE ?=T"y9< )H 25(h
)25(
K    T  

K    T 
  

IAGQs ,p QV9=| Q+Cz@ 9%yh ?=vQ| )"< b<Q@ ,AyG JGhO}G #|h
o o
y9|O"fz >+vQ@ Q%d* .y9|O"fz ?+As(yG b<QyG IGOC &%+F(@h Bs(yG
p k
IAGQs #| hO=* jPyG (J"yG )zf ?FQOA| IOA}| 9CGOIC b<Q@ 9%!C
:)26( >+vGQAyG
)26(
)C(
Q+p9ZgyG ,qAM@ Qa}yG dR"* 9|O"f
"#    #
 

C -    / R#

)H(
Q+p9ZgyG BqALG Qa}yG dR! 9|O"f

J#
   # #   #  

2 /     


     

>v+vvQvAvyG ,vp 9v%vzv<9vtv* 9v|h ?v+v<QvgvyG y9v|Ov"vfz fC Kv\G(vyG #v|


Qv\9vJvyG ,vp #v+vCOvI )vzvf d(vLOvyG {v=vtv@ ,vTv!QvqvyGh jRv+vzvGv! G
)zf Q%d@ ,AyG IO9gyG ?%Gv ye9}AyG Q+i ?%Fz IAGQs )yE 9}%%F(Ap

178
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

?+<QgyG #f ?*R+zG! G OQq"@h ,)C 26( ?+"=zy IO+I(yG IAGQtyG 9%!C


,p Q\9JyG uJz@ ,AyG )( IO9gyG ?pQY xzA}@ 9%!C ,p ?+T!QqyGh
k
)zf {LO@ fC 9]*C y9|O"fz {=t@h .)C 26( ?*R+zG! G IQ9=gyG
,p 9}v e9}AyG IAGQs )yE 9}%%F(Ap b+T=yG ,\9}yG ,p #+|9@ #+COI
J9pQY xzA}@ K;DyG J9jzyGh .?+T!QqyGh ?*R+zG! G )H 26(
#v+vCOvJvyG #v+v< ?vs;vgvyGh .bv+vTv=vyG ,v\9v}vyG #vf Qv+v=vgvAvzvy ?vZvZvMv|
k
9==S dh}G KOJyG f(w* ?+FGRF ?+==S ?s;f IGO}G gP%< #+_(<Q}yG
c(zS xzT@ ,%p GP%yh .)26( ?t<9TyG JGQ9=gyG ,p ,!9DyG ,p
.IGR9G}yG ?+I9! #| ?+_QWyG {}GyG
WQWyG {gp #+< ?+"|RyG IO}yG H9TI hO=* ?qzAM| ?*hGR #|
o r o
,p b<QyG hC WQWyG JGhOC ~%T@h ,Bs(yG ?yzT| ,p ?+}$C GP &<G(Fh
p
{gp Og< HG(GyG Y(s(y ?|R;yG ?+As(yG IO}y9p :?+"|RyG IO}yG H9TI
k
JGhOC h| ?z*(_ ,$h ,,FGRGyG WQWyG JGhOC h| GOF IQ+Zs WQWyG
9gsh #+COI #+< b<Qy9< ?ZAM| JGhO}G ^g<h .,FGRGyG Q+i WQWyG
I9fGQ| yGPE )AIzh yGPEz >+vGQ@ ,ph .y9|O"fz {D| &Tq! Bs(yG ,p
{gqyG #f HG(GyG utJA* ?+@GO}G J9q+yzAyG gP$ h}p ;,As(yG >+@QAzy
o k
>zayG {gp utJ@ #+< 9| >TJ@ ,AyG IO}y9v GOF IQ+Zs IO}< ,T+FQyG

#| K]A* 9| (J! )zf ?+_QWyG Q+i ?+FGRGyG ?+=zayG )"=yG ,p &<G(Fh


:)27( ,p OQG(yG jQgWyG ,\9| ,<C 9+z*E B+<
)27(

,v v"v v!{v vp ~v v+v vJv vGv vyG H9v v< KvvvAvvvqvvv"vvv* Qr vvv|
r o
,v v!9v vTv vy hv v+v vtv vZv vzv vy Ov v}v vGv v* O9v vv Ov vs
k o
9v(zS ?+<QgyG >+vGQ@ #| OOf Q%d@ ?+"|RyG IO}yG H9TI ,ph
p
k
:)28( BJ@ IOQG(yG J9+ag}y9< 9%y {D}! 9qzAM|

179
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)28(

&}zw! : hQ}f fRJ* 9|O"f vvv C


k
&}zw! : 9"*RI hQ}f f(w* 9|O"f vvv H

yAO=yGz ,A%F H9TI ,p f(w* )H 28(h )C 28( #+< bQqy9p


k
,&yhC #| ,hQ}f fRI yAO<z ,fGQ@ )yh}9p :9f9=@ yOGOA|:Gzh
.hQ}f fRI yOGOA|Gz ,fGQ@ {< yAO=yGz GP$ ,fGQ@ : ?+!9DyGh

,! 9g}yG ) yE Qd y9< ? " +" |RyG {S;TyG { h @ vvvvv 3 *z


?tpOA}yG ? +% GyG

k
fm9g| 9=+vQ@ QDv}Gh ?=vQ}yG JGQ9=gyGh {}GyG )zf >s9gA@
GP$ #| )]| 9}+p 9%}dg| 9"*CQ ?f("A|h IO*Of ?+%F f9g|h ?+"|R
?+As(yG ~+$9q}yG #| ?JF: OQTy IQtqyG gP$ [ZM!h ,{}gyG
{*hz@ O"f )fGQ@ fC >G* 9}| 9$Q+ih ?%GyG hC #|Ry9< ?zZA}yG
.?=vQ}yG JGQ9=gyG

yKhOJyGzh yOOGAyGz ~+$9q| ?*O+ztAyG ?+As(yG ~+$9q}yG #+< #|


?+_QWyG {}GyG ,ph ?=vQ|h ?a+T< JGQ9=f ,p Q%d@h ,y?+==TyGzh
,KOJy9< ?a=@Q| J9%F 9%!(v )yE HQsC ,$h ,d9JyG ?g+=a<
?+}Gg}yG ?t=ayG Y("< b=@Q@ 9%!{p KOJy9< ?a=@Q| d(t! 9}"+Ih

GPv$ )vzvf A9v"v<h ,)...J9v|9v}v@E ,JGR9vGv!E ,J:9vI ,KGOvIC(


IOQGh J9%F y?+==TyGz h yKhOJyGzh yOOGAyGz ?%F f{p )ag}yG
d9gpC #| J9tAW| hC ,KGOIC d9gpC #| ?=vQ}yG JGQ9=gyG ,p
.KGOIC

180
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

jPvyG yQGQvwvAvyGz )v"vgv| Bvs(vy9v< bv=v@Qv@ Ovs ,vAvyG ,v!9vgv}vyG #v|h


?*69< 9%y {D}}yGh y9}zvz IGO}9< ?_(<Q}yG JGQ9=gyG #| [zMAT*
:)29( ?}*QwyG

RSTUVWXIJKL
)29(

_`Q
{
.)64 ?*6G #| :IOF9}yG( }

yIOv}vyGz v v v< uvzvgvAv@ ?v+v%vF f9vgv| yQGQvwvAvyGz )v"vgv| #v| [vzvMvAvTv*h


e(%q}< IQV9=| ?zY JGP 9%zvh yQGQ}AS:Gzh yIO9gyGzh yOGOA|:Gzh
#|h .?*(J"yG JGQ9=gyG ,p ?+"|RyG ?+"=yG {+zJ@ ,p ?+}$C 9%yh Bs(yG
9}%y 9"zD| f9A%F 9}$h yBsG(AyGzh y>+@QAyGh AO=yGz ?%F ?+%GyG ,!9g}yG
o
#++"g}yG #f Q=g@ PE ;y9}yz #|GRAyG IGOC 9}%< [AM* 9}|h ,)]| 9}+p
k
:9f9=@ )H 30( h )C 30( #+@Q9=gy9< 9%y {D}! ?qzAM| J9s9+S ,p

)30(

jOf(< B+ph gOf(< )ph 9}y v v v C

&y B}T=@ 9}y ,y ~T=@ v v v H


o n n
,)C 30( ,p Of(y9< ,F9ph KOJy u<9S Of(y9< &F9ph KOJp
o
.HG(GyG 9%+zf ,"< ,AyG y>+@QAyGh AO=yGz ?at! y9}yz IGO}G OOJ@h
IQ9=gyG gQ%d@ jPyG )"g}y9< >+@QAyG #+< ?T=Az}p )H 30( IQ9=gyG 9|C
,p 9A}@ &A|9TA<Gh ,A|9TA<G fC ,"g* jPyG BsG(AyG #+<h )C 30(
.?+Y9MyG gP$ ,p y9|O"fz h| y9}yz cQAW@h .OIGh Bsh
o l
#| ?z}F 9%_9}!Ch ?+As(yG J9s;gyG O*OJ@ ,p {$9GA* :h
,p gOOJ! 9| 9%"|h ,?t<9TyG IQtqyG ,p 9%]g< QvP eOt@ JGQ9=Af:G
:)31( BJ@ IOQG(yG QY9"gyG

181
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)31(
?|OMAT}yG IGO}G Y(! v v v C

?+==TyG hC ?+=zayG hC ?+_QWyG d9gp}G ?+f(! v v v H

?+==TyG hC ?+=zayG hC ?+_QWyG d9gp}G HG(F v v v J

J9tzgA}yGh J;]qyG v v v K

,C 31( QY9"gzy ?sQqA| h\G(| ,p ?zD|Ch {+y9J@ 9"|Os Osh


:)32( ,p IOQG(yG J9+ag}y9< )K 31( QZ"gzy {D}!h ,)J ,H

)32(

CQt* O*R v v v C

IO+Zs CQt* O*R v v v H


k
98+V O*R OFh v v v J

&Tq! ,p O*R OFh v v v K

hC ?v+vS9vS}G QvY9v"vgvyG #v}v\ J9vtvzvgvAv}vyGh J;v]vqvyG {vLOv@


k
32( #+< bQqy9p :9%fG(!Ch ?+As(yG J9s;gyG O*OJ@ ,p 9]*C ?*(!9DyG
,ph ,IOOJ| ?G+A! &y U+y )yh}G ,p KOJyG fC )H 32(h )C
?+Ash ~+$9q| Q9=Af:G GP$ #}\ {LO@h .IOOJ| ?G+A! &y ?+!9DyG
hC yHv*hzvAvyGz h yd9v}vAvv:Gz h yb;vi Gz :{vDv| ?v%vGvy9v< ?vzvZvAv|
.)C 32( )yE ?=T"y9< ,=zTyG 9%z<9t|h )H 32( )yE ?=T"y9< y?+Fh}Gz

,p yOFhz ,p KOJyG fC ,p )K 32( #f )J 32( rzAM@h


Q%d* ?+!9DyG ,p h ,?*O9| ?z]p >zaA* ,F9*R+p ,vQI KOI )yh}G
9}$h ,?*O9| ?z]p >zaA* : jQ(gV KOI &!C )zf yOFhz {gqyG

182
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

,KGOI}G d9gpC ?t=_ #| )yh}9p :IOIGh ?+}Gg| ?t=_ #| 9T+y


,vp f9v@Ovf9v=vAv| f9vAvtv=v_ 9v}v$h ,J:9vJvyG d9vgvpC ?vtv=v_ #v| ?v+v!9vDvyGh
fC 9}%"| {v [F9ZL #f eRz*h .?+}Gg}yGh ?+=+vQAyG 9}%ZF9ZL
,d9}AvG hC ?*9%! ?at! &y U+y )K 32( ,p yOFhz ,p KOJyG
k
,AyG )J 32( ,p yOFhz &=zaA@ 9}y 9p;L IOOJ| ?G+A! &y U+yh
.KOJyG 9$O"f {}Aw* IOOJ| ?at! 9%y

?=vQ}yG JGQ9=gyG S9=AyG xp ,p IQ(d"}yG ?+%GyG ,!9g}yG #|h


l
9%]g< d9}gASG O+g! ~+$9q}yG #| OOf ),"|RyG 9%=+vQ@ )zf A9"<(
:)34( h )33( BJ@ ?FQO}yG )"=yG S9=AyG xqy
)33(
x<Q QvPG fRJ@ 9|O"f v v v C

x<Q QvPG B!RI GPE v v v H

x<Q QvPG fRJ@ 9}zv v v v J


)34(
jOv v v vAv v v vjv v v v*h f9v v v v|Rv v v vyG hv v v v| MhQv v v v* b(v v v vV v v v C

OOv v v v v v Gv v v v v v Av v v v v v * &v v v v v v @OOv v v v v v F fE b(v v v v v v Wv v v v v v yGh

~v v v vc9v v v vv )v v v vS(v v v v| {v v v vDv v v v| cO;v v v v< eOv v v vL9v v v vp v v v H

Q9v v v vZv v v v|}G 9v v v v$A9v v v v"v v v vC xv v v v+v v v vzv v v vf kv v v v=v v v vTv v v v@

jR9G!E {gp + OGOA|:G ?%F =


e(v v v v v vs #v v v v v v+v v v v v v< cQv v v v v vvP Qv v v v v v| 9v v v v v v| GPE v v v J
k
9v v v v v Jv v v v v +v v v v v Zv v v v v p 9v v v v v +v v v v v f ~v v v v v $Ov v v v v VC Bv v v v v *CQ

.?+y9}AI:G =

183
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

IAGQs )J v v v C 34( h )J v v v C 33( J9+ag}yG IAGQty L9AJ! Os 9"!E


#| Bs(yG/#|Ry9< ?a=@Q}yG ?+%GyG ~+$9q}yG #| OOf )yE ?t+sO
y?v*OhOvJv|;vyGz hC y?v*OhOvJv}vyGzh yIzvF9vqv}vyGzh yLQOvAvyGz :{v+v=vs
ye9}AyGzh yd9}Av:Gz hC yLh}G /?*9%"yGzh yAO=yGz h ybGQjAS:Gzh
g9"+}SC 9|h yIOOJ}yG ?G+A"yGzh yIO9gyGzh yQGQwAyGzh yBsG(AyGzh
yutJAyGzh y,LGQAyGzh yjQ(ZAyG {<9t| ,p ,y9}AI:G {=tAT}yGzv v <
.9$Q+ih y?+y9}AI:Gzh yA;A|:Gzh

,p Bs(yG {*hz@ JGQ9=AfG ,p {LO* ,QvP 9| )yE ?p9\ 9<


,qp ;9%=+@Q@h A9qyG Og< ,@z@ ,AyG {}GyG h\h ?+_QWyG )"=yG
?v%vFz )A9vqvyG Ovgv< ?vgvsG(vyG( WQvWvyG HG(vF ?vzv}vF {v}vJv@ >vy9vjvyG

9}v e9}AyG )"g| {}J@ 9%z=s 9|h yIO}yGzh yQGQ}AS:Gzh yLQOAyG


E+I ;)H 35( ,p ?+f9at!:G y)AIz h| UwgyGh ,)C 35( ,p
,p 9%z=s 9|h ,ye9}AyGzh yY9at!:Gz )"g| ,p 9$Og< ?z}GyG f(w@
#+@Q9=gyG #| CQt* 9| d;L #| >sGQ"y yQGQ}AS:Gzh yLQOAyGz )"g|
k
:9f9=@ )H 35( h )C 35(BJ@ #+@OQG(yG

)35(
bQ(@ Q9GV}G f{p Q9a|}G Bza$ GPE v v v C
n
BzYh )AI x@QdA!G v v v H

bGQ*E a;M< OhOJ| ,Ash )"g| &y )C 35( ,p {a%y9p


k k
,p UwgyGh ,d(_C 9Ashh 9FQO@ PLz@ IO| ,p ~A* jPyG Q9GV}G
~@ f C )yE Q}AT|h {*(_ Bsh ,p )]| Q9dA!:G E+I ;)H 35(
n w
.QGQ}ASG :h &+p LQO@ : OhOJ| ,Ashh ,F9Gp ($ jPyG d(Y(yG

184
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

$ +
9 R9 ICh Bs yG QY9 f ?=@Q vvvvv 1 vvvvv 3 ( "
k k
9T+FQ GRw@Q| ?*O+y(AyG J9+<O}G ,p   R+JyG e(%q| {D}*
k
fE 9]*C d(tyG #w}*h ,>+vQAyGh ?y:OyG 9*9]s EJ<h ?SGQOy
ahO"v9FO ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG jQd"| O"f 9%}+$9q}< R+JyG ?*Qd!
,p B}$9S ~$Q+ih )1999( ~+y9ih )1995( ,wT|(Vh )1977(
)zf 9"+"< Osh .?*(jzyG )"=zy ?*Q(ZyGh ?+=+vQAyG [F9ZMyG OYQ
,p OhOJzy ?+z*hzAyGh ?*R+JyG [F9ZMyG #f 9"ASGQO d9}f}G gP$
?*Qd! Q9}DAS: {}gyG GP$ ,p )gT!h ,)2005( ,fGQRyG #+TI
,p ?+"|RyG QY9"gzy ?+y:OyGh ?*R+JyG [F9ZMyG OYQ ,p R+JyG
.?*(jzyG JGQ9=gyG
e(%q| 9%SCQ )zf iQLC ~+$9q|   R+JyG e(%q}< b=@Q*
1
fC )"g}< ?*R+JyG 9%ZF9ZM< R+}A@ QG(S}Gh ; . Q(TyG
GP$h ,9%SCQ )zf ht*h ?z}GyG SCQ* &!(w< [AM* Q(S {v
,@z@ ,AyG QY9"gyG )zf ?"+g| ?+y:O J9s;f VQq* &zgG* hs(}yG
?+q+c(yG J:(t}yG #| OOf c9"$h .9%}@z< IQ9=gyG )zfh {< gOg<
k
y{vz Q(TyG :9%}$C Q(TyG e(%q| 9%+zf u=a"*h GQG(SC Bq"Y ,AyG
#| OOf ~+$9q}< GQk(S #|RyG Og*h ,J9jzyG #| 9%@;<9t|h ?+<QgyG
2
{LO@ 9%< b+J*h 9%SCQ* ,AyG QY9"gyG fC ?*hGR #| ,#+DI9=yG
.?+z*hz@ ,p

k
?v+v<QvgvyG ,vp y{vvz {v+v=vs #v| 9v=vy9vi ?v+vqv+vc(vyG ?v*(vjvzvyG QvY9v"vgvyG #v| ?vf(v}vGv| QG(vS}G 1
.9$Q+ih ?+T!QqyG  h #h ?*R+zG! G  h  h

jQv v %v v qv v yG ,v v S9v v qv v yGh )2000( ,v v y9v v IQv v yGh )1999(h )1996( d9v v tv v f Ov v }v v IC Qv v dv v !G 2
.)2002(

185
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
Ak9"< ?*Q(TyG QY9"gyG ?JF: h+S(@ 9]*C {}gyG GP$ ,p MQAsC
QY9"gyG gP$ #|h ,)2005( ,fGQRyG ,p 9%"f hpGO}yG Q9wp}G )zf
K\(}yG )"g}y9< Q(S ($ jPyG #|Ry9< QV9=| W9=@QG JGP QY9"f
.b9+TyG GP$ ,p

9%"|h( ?*Q(TyG ?+q+c(yG J:(t}yG {LO@ S9S}G GP$ )z f


?v+v=v+vvQv@ [vF9vZvL xvzv}v@ : ,vAvyG )y9v|Ov"vfzh y)vAvIz f9v*QOvZv}vyG
k
9v]v*C xvzvAv}v@ ,vy:O i(vAvJv| JGP 9v%v!C ~vwvJv< #vwvy ,>vTvJvp
gPv $ #v |h )70:U 2000( ,v y9v IQv yG >v Tv Jv < ?v +v y:O [v F9v Zv L
     ?+ta"}yG {|G(gyG {D| aQZA@ 9%!C [F9ZMyG
,?z}Gzy        ?+z}JyG ?+"=yG )zf {}g@ ,AyG
1
,9%"+< 9}+p ?"+g| ?*R+I J9s;f VQq@ ?yR"}yG gP$ 9%zgG@h
rv
9!(w* f} y9|O"fzh y)AIz #+*QOZ}yG KVQ@ [F9ZMyG gP$ {vh

.#*Q(S

f{p ?qzAM|h IOOgA| ?+"|R QY9"f IQ9=gyG )zf )yG(A@ 9|O"fh


k
QY9"gyG {*hz@ ,p GQ+Cz@ 9%]g< )zf 9%A+t=SCh QY9gyG gP$ >+@QAy

{v v|9v vf Rv v+v vI fC IOv v*Ov vf d9v v}v vfC Bv vIQv vAv vsG )70:U 2000( ,v vy9v vIQv vyG )v vzv vf A9v v"v v< 1
&v "v f Qv =v gv @ jPv yG KOv Jv yG fC ~v wv Jv < ,#v |Rv yG {v |9v f Rv +v I #v | )v zv fC jQOv Zv }v yG
k
fC 9v v}v vv jQOv vZv v}v vyG ,v vp O(v vF(v v}v vyG ?v vy9v vI G #v v|R #v v| 9v vs;v vav v!G >v vTv vJv v* ?v vzv v}v vGv vyG
rv s(v | #v f Qv =v gv @ ,v Av yG ,v $ 9v %v !} ;#v |Rv yG Rv +v I #v | Qv =v vC Rv +v I 9v %v y J9v %v F(v }v yG
{vDv| ,v!9vgv}vyG #v| ?vf(v}vGv}v< ?vtvzvgvAv}vyG ?v+vsOvZvyG &vAv}v+vs OOvJv@h KOvJvyG #v| ~vzvwvAv}vyG
#vwv}v* : )~v!( ,vy9vIQvyG )vzvf A9v"v< H9vTvJvyG GPv$h f9vwv| Gh d9v}vAvI:Gh H(vF(vyG
OOv Jv * jPv yG (v $ #v |Rv yG fC Q9v =v Av f9v < #v +v gv | #v |R ,v p KOv Jv yG Rv +v Jv @ GPE :E ~v Av * fC
i(vAvJv| JGP iQvLC ?v+vqv+vch QvY9v"vf jC #vf d;vtvAvSG ,vp ?v+vsOvZvyG KOvJvyG ?v}v+vs
.?%GyGh &F(}yGh &F(yG {D| ,ta"| hC ,y:O

186
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

)24(h )23( J9v+vavgv}vyG d;vL #v| Qv%vc 9v}vv 9v%v+vzv@ ,vAvyG ?v+v"v|RvyG
QOZA@ ?*QOZ}yG IGO}G gP%p ;yGPE )AIzh y)AIz >+vQA< ?tzgA}yG
k
#| Q+j@ ,?+"|R ?+y:O GO(+s 9%+zf VQq@h yGPEz ?+_QWyG IGO}G
,"|RyG {*hzAy9p .9$OIh yGPEz b9+S ,p IQ9=gzy ,"|RyG {*hzAyG
f(w*h ye9}AyGz Q+i )zf f(w* 9$OIh yGPEz h| IQ9=gzy ,%GyG
k
9|O"f 9|C ,y,y9}AI:G {=tAT}yGz v v < &+zf 9"JzaYG 9| )zf 9]*C

IQ+L}G gP$ f{p y)AIz jQOZ}yG R+I ,p 9$Og< 9|h yGPEz {LO@
d;L #| K]A* 9}v ye9}AyGz IAGQs 9%}@z< IQ9=gyG )zf VQq@
.g;fC )C 23( IQ9=gyG

: ,y9Ay9<h( y)AIz u=T@ ,AyG KGOI}G fC eOt@ 9| RRg* 9}|h


yIOv v}v vyGz #v vf Qv v=v vgv v@ ?v v%v vGv v< ?v vzv v}v vJv v| f(v vwv v@ )9v v$Rv v+v vI ,v vp f(v vwv v@
ht@ ,AyG KGOI}G h| UwgyGh yIO9gyGzh yLQOAyGzh yQGQ}AS:Gz v vv
IO}yG IOhOJ| J9%G< ?z}J| hO=@ E+I ; 9$R+I ,ph 9$Og<
9| h| 9}+S : yd9}Av:Gzh y?+F9GqyGzh yY9at!:Gzh ye9}AyG ?%Fz v v
1
.)H 35( ,p 9"*CQ 9}v y?+f9at!:G )AIz v v < KzaZ*
k k
{*hzAy GQ(Z@ uAW! fC #w}* R+JyGh >+@QAyG IQwp #| 9s;a!G
2
{+=s #|
,Q$9c ,"|R QZ"f #| QDvC #| ryzA@ ,AyG JGQ9=gyG
k
:)38( h )37( ,p ?=S9"}zy 9$O+g!h 9t<9S 9$9"*CQ ,AyG JGQ9=gyG

IzvGvp hvavtvp Qv}vAvTv| dh}G #v+vCOvI #v+v< ?v+vf9vavtv!:G y)vAvIz bv<Qv@ J9vvQv< ~v+v$GQv<E >vTvJv< 1
.46 :U #++ % " + yP yG O f ? _QWyG ?z}GyG ,J9vQ< ~+$GQ<E .9$Og< 9|h y)AIz v <
#vwvy ,IQv$9vdvyG ?v+v"v|RvyG QvY9v"vgvyG b9v+vS ,vp ?v"vwv}v| hOv=v@ Rv+vJvyGh >v+v@QvAvyG ?v*Qvdv! 2
k
L9vAvJv@h ,IQv$9vc Qv+vi ?v+v"v|R QvY9v"vf b9v+vS ,vp ?v<(vgvZvyG #v| GQOvs Qv%vdv* 9v$Q9v=vAvLG
.utJAyGh ?g<9A}yG #| O*R| )yE

187
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)37(

LQL f9v v v v C
LQM* f9v v v v H
LQM+S f9v v v v L

)38(

f6G BzvC
K;DyG )L v v v C 37( JGQ9=gyG ,p yLQLz {*hz@ fC K\G(yG #|
)zf VQq* jPyG yf9vz Of9T}yG QZ"gyG #| Q+CzA< rzALG Os
.,v \9v }v yG b9v +v S ,v p ,v "v |Rv yG &v zv *hzv @ yLQv Lz ,v }v Gv gv }v yG {v gv qv yG
)zf H|O| #|Ry9p ;)38( IQ9=gyG )zf bOZ@ 9%Tq! ?dI;}yG
aQdyG ($ ,!9DyGh y{vCz ,}Gg}yG {gqyG ($ dh}G :#+*QZ"f
k
{gqyG Q+Cz@ BJ@ ht*h 9+FRF &Ay:O yf6Gz aQdyG Otq*h ,yf6Gz

9}!Eh yf6G {vBz ,"!C IQ9=gyG ,"g@ ;p ,g(zg* jPyG yf9vz Of9T}yG
.,\9}yG b9+S ,p K=YC jPyG yf6Gz

,% G yG ," |RyG { h AyG {LGO@ vvvvv 2 vvvv 3 *z


k
#| d9wVC Q%d@ ?=vQ}yG Q+i h| 9!9+ICh ?=vQ}yG JGQ9=gyG ,p
#f x+$9! ,?%F ($ 9| ?q+chh #|R ($ 9| ?q+ch #+< {LGOAyG
,p ?+@6G JGQ9=gyG {|zA"y .#+A%F hC #++"|R #+< {LGOAyG ?dI;|
:)39(
)39(
?y9SQyG >Aw* &!E ,y d9s v v C

1     # #     # 

188
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

?y9SQyG >Av &!E ,y d9s v v v H

1     # #   # 

;d(tyG Bshh ?<9AwyG Bsh #+< 9| {LGO@ Q%d* )C 39( ,p


/e9AyG ?j+Y ,p OQh jPyG d(tyG Bs(y Bsp G(| ?<9AwyG Bs(p
k
#+< )H 39( ,p ,Ash {LGO@ Q%d* : xyPy 9p;Lh .,\9}yG
?<9AwyG fC ,$ 9%y ?"w}}yG IAGQtyGh ,d(tyG Bshh ?<9AwyG Bsh
1 l
#+< hsh #+@Q9=gyG ,p {Y9JyG {LGOAy9p .d(tzy u<9S KOI
,yQ\9JyGz ?<9AwyG #|Rh y,\9}yGz d(tyG #|R :#+A%Fh #+"|R
RQpC {LGOAyG GP$h .)C 39( ,p yQ}AT}yGz ?%Fh ye9AyGz ?%F #+<h
d(tyG #|R fC h| ?<9AwyGh d(tyG ,"|R #+< ?AsG(}yG {*hz@ 9"y
#|R h| d(tyG #|R uq@G )H 39( ,ph .?<9AwyG #|R #f rzAM|
#+COJyG ,"|R #+< BsG(AyG IAGQs ,ag* : b9q@:G GP$ #wy ?<9AwyG
KOI {=s ?<9AwyG KOJy >+@QAyG IAGQs ,ag* 9}!Eh y>Avz h yd9sz
,p &=+@Q@ ~wJ< KOJyG ?+t=SC I9fGQ| eOf fC ?t+tJyGh .d(tyG
U+y y>Avz KOJyG f} ;R+JyGh >+@QAyG ?*Qd! bQM* : IQ9=gyG

.IQV9=| yd9sz KOJyG R+I ,p

{=s g9"*CQ 9| {+=s #| JGQ9=f ,p gOG! 9| {LGOAyG d9wVC #|h


PE ;g;fC )H 39( h )L v v v H 37( BJ@ IOQG(yG JGQ9=gyG ,p {+zs
#|Ry fGQ*9j| yLQLz ,T+FQyG {gqyG ?%Fh #|R fC M(\(< Q%d*
9| ($ 9!Qd! ?%Fh #| Q*9jAyG GP$h ,yf9vz Of9T}yG {gqyG ?%Fh
9|C ,g;fC 9$9"IQAsG ,AyG R+JyGh >+@QAyG ?*Qd! u+=a@ ,fOAT*

.)23 :U 2002( jQ%qyG ,S9qyG #| J9+ag}yG 1

189
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

9}v ,T+FQyG {gqyG #|Ry upG(| Of9T}yG #|R( Q*9j@ Q%d* : 9}"+I
k
O(+s #| 9<9TI {*hzAyG eRzAT* : Otp ))H 39( h )C 37( ,p
k
9%!C KFQ! iQLC O(+s #| 9<9TI eRzAT* 9}!Eh R+JyG JGP QY9"gyG

.?+s9+Sh ?+g*QP O(+s

,p gGQ! 9| ,As(yG {LGOAyG e(%q| &y;L #| RQ=! fC #w}* 9}|h


:)40(
)40(
H9=yG b;iE B+T! ,"!C JQvP@ BFQL 9|O"f
k
9%+p #|RyG Q%d*h ,9=+vQ@ QDv}G JGQ9=gyG {+=s #| IQ9=f gP$
o
utJ@ ?+}Gg| QY9"f ?g<QC c9"$ .,}Gg| QZ"f #| QDvC )zf
k k
a9]* yuziCz h y,T!zh yQvP@zh yLQLz :,$h 9+pQY 9"|R 9%zv
.?"|R}G gP$ {wy ?a<GQyG y9|O"fz IGO}G &"f Q=g@ jPyG #|RyG 9%+yE
:KGOI}G Y(sh >TJ< ,g+=ayG 9%=+@Q@ ,p BT+y ?"|R}G gP$
k
~C yf9+T"yGz ~C ht* ~y jPyG yb;i Gz :hC ($ ,g+=ayG >+@QAy9p

#f Q=g@ y9|O"fz IGO}G fE d(t! fC #w}* .yQvPAyGz ~C yLhQMyGz


,vCOvJvy f9vtvI: 9v}v$h yQvvPvAvyGzh yLhQvMvyGz ,vCOvI #v+v< BvsG(v@
k
#f {+zs {=s OQh 9}< ;ZA|( 9"$ &y(s QOG* 9| .f9+T"yGh b;i G
gP$ {*hz@ )zf ?\hQq}yG ?+y:OyG O(+tyG fE )R+JyGh >+@QAyG ?*Qd!
R+JyGh >+@QAyG O(+s )yh}G :9"$ #+f(! )zf O(+s ,$ IQ9=gyG
,yQvvPv@z h yLQvLz #v+vCOvJvyG #v|R )vzvf y9v|Ov"vfz IGO}G 9v%v\Qvqv@
jPyG yuziCz iQL}G KGOI}G )zf ?\hQq| ?+g*QP O(+s ?+!9DyGh
.9}%f(sh >+@Q@ ?yzT|h y,T!zh KOJ* ~y

190
,! 9DyG ~TtyG

?G|O}yG J9}TyG ?aSG ( < Bs ( *SyG { h @

?}FQAyG {v9W|h Qd yG ? " % Fh h

?G|O}yG {S;TyG ) " (


yE Qd y9< Bs yG { h @ vvvvv 1 *z
?%GyG ?+}Gg| #f )H 2012( h )C 2012( ,fGQRyG ,p BgpGO
 ?v +v %v Gv yG J9v }v Tv yG fC Bv \Qv Av pGh hv \(v yG )v zv f ?v yGOv yG
P"| ,}Gg}yG /     d(}J}yG {LGO ?G|O|  
k k
9"zyOASGh .?+y:OyG ?+"=zy 9*QP 9S9SC J9}TyG gP$ Og@h ,?*GO=yG

:J:(v v}v vJv v}v vyG J9v vtv v=v v_ Y(v v"v vAv v< ?v vIhQv v_}G gPv v$ ?v vJv vY )v vzv vf
yfRIzh y~%pzh yaQfz {D| ?y9JyG #f Q=g@ ,AyG J:(}J}y9p
k k
hC 9v v _9v v Wv v ! : ?v v y9v v I 9v v %v v "v v | {v v gv v Gv v @ ,v v Av v yG 9v v %v v @p 9v v }v v S #v v }v v ]v v Av v @
k
.GPw$h...IQhQ+S

J9v}vTvyG IQvwvp )vzvf UvS|v}vyG( VGQvAvp:G GPv$ )vzvf >v@QvAv*


{*hzAyG,p b9+TyG QhO [+zt@ ){*hzAyG O"f 9%@9fGQ|h ?G|O}yG
k k k
GQhO {< 9|9$ GQhO ?+s9+TyG J;*hzAyG hC b9+Tzy )ag* ;p ,,"|RyG
k
hC/h {f9qyG( J9f(\(}yG fC ,p {D}A* QhOyG GP$h ,GOhOJ|
iQLC U}_h ?}S b+W"@ ,p ~$9T@ Os J9tJz}yG hC )d(gq}yG
;d(}J}yG ,p ?G|O| ?}S #| QDvC ,p VQ9g@ O(Fh ?y9I ,p

191
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

?v}vSh yQv\9vJvyG ,vp LQOvAvyGz ?v}vS #v}v]vAv@ J:(v}vJv}vyG ^vgv=vp


k
)IO9f hC f6G( ahQdy9v J9tJz}yG ^g< {}gAp ,9g| yIO9gyGz
d;L #| Q%d* 9}v #+A\Q9gA}yG #+A}TyG #| IOIGh b+W"@ )zf
:)41( Q+=gAyG

)41(
)?O*R {}g* GP9| dG|S #f ?<9FE( .QgWyG O*R >Aw*

,p LQOAyGz IAGQs ,$ )yh}G :#+@AGQs eOt* >Aw* {gqy9p


n
aQdyG ?+"=y9< 9"tJyC GP{p ,yIO9gyGz IAGQs ,$ ?+!9DyGh ,yQ\9JyG
n
yIO9fz aQdyG 9%< 9"tJyC 9| GPEh ,)yh}G IAGQtyG bW"! 9"!{p yf6Gz
,p ye9!z d(}J}yG h| KOJ* GP$ {D|h .?+!9DyG ?}TyG bW"! 9"!{p
:)42( IQ9=gyG
)42(
{qayG e9!

e9! :)"g}< dh|@ ,AyG ye9}AyGz IAGQs #+< ?T=Az| IQ9=gyG gP$
dh|@ ,AyG y{}Aw}yG Q\9JyG IAGQszh ,et+AT| f6G ($h {qayG
ahQdyG ^g< d9}gASG #w}*h .~F9! f6G ($h {qayG e9! :)"g}<
,ye9}@;yGz ?}S 9|Eh ye9}AyGz ?}S 9|E :#+A}TyG iOIE b+W"Ay
dh|Ap ye9}@;yGz ?}S bW"* jPyG yf6Gz aQdyG ahQdyG gP$ #|h
.f6G ~F9! {qayG fC )zf IQ9=gyG
?"|RC {*hz@ ,p a;AL:G fz< OtAfC Q(ZAyG GP$ )zf A9"<h
)yE 9}!Eh b9+TyG )yE O(g* : )43( BJ@ IOQG(yG K;DyG J9+"=yG
ry|@ ,AyG ?+}Gg}yG JGOI(yG ,p ?G|O| ?+y:Oh ?+=+vQ@ [F9ZL
:J9+"=yG gP$

192
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

)43(
b+T=yG ,\9}yG = &< B}zI 9| ,y utJ@ v v v C
OA}}yG ,\9}yG = &< ~zIC B"v 9| ,y utJ@ v v v H
e9AyG Q\9JyG = &< ~zIC B"v Os 9| ,y utJ@ v v v L

Q\9JyG = &< ~zIC 9| ,y utJ@ v v v O


[+zt@ 9%t+}g@ )zf VGQAp:G GP$ {}g* ,AyG A9+V}G #+< #|
9%"+=! IO+q}yG HF9A"yG #| OOg< LhQMzy b9+TyG &=gz* jPyG QhOyG
:)44( BJ@
)44(
9%a=\h ?J+JZyG )J;*hzAyG( JGAGQtyG OOf QZI v v v )C

Q+=v OI )yE j(jzyG SOJyG QhO [+zt@ vvv H

?+!9TzyGh ?+yhGOAyG J9+!9TzyG #+< IO(F(}yG I(%yG u++]@ vvv L


?*O+y(AyG

?v+v=v+vvQvAvyG J9v!9vwv| 9v< zv=v"vAv@ ?v+vp9vv ?v+v}vGvgv| ?v*Qvdv! O9vGv*E vvv O


.?*(jzyG ?=S(JyG #| USC )zf ?p9v ?+z*hzAyGh

B s yG { h @ ( *z , , p yhGOAyG b9 TyG QhO vvvvv 1 vvvvv 1 +


1 r
&!C )30 :U 2000( jQ%qyG O"f ?+z=tyG VGQApG #f eRy
~A* ~y h+=yGh yxAg<z hC
,"}AyG )zf yc(p ^p :z :d(t! 9}"+I
l o
,,\9}yG ?j+Zy J;*hz@ JGQ9=gyG gP$ fC ?dI;| eRy ,Og<

,vp ,vzvgvqvyG #v|RvyG ?vjv+vY fC IQvwvp #vf )29 :U 2000( jQv%vqvyG ,vS9vqvyG hvpGOv* 1
hC   jOvgv < (v $ 9v| c9v "v$ Uv+v yh  ,v zv=v s e9vdv! )vzvf ?v+v"v =v| ?v+v<Qv gv yG
.    ,F9"CC

193
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,\9}yG #|RyG ,p {gqy9< ~@ A,V )zf ?y9I G O+q@ : 9%"wyh


)30 :U .e.f( jQ%qyG OQ(*h .eqzAyG #|R )zf u<9S ($ jPyG
k
)C 45( ,p 9f9=@ ?+T!QqyGh ?*R+zG! G ?jzyG #| Q+<9gAyG gP$ {<9t* 9|
:)H 45( h

)C 45(

# &  # T    #


#  ,  

IQ*9j| ?qZ< BpQZAy GP$ BpQf (y

)H 45(

       D    

QZA"AS 9+z+SQ| B!9vh ?+p9\E ?t+sO

,\9}zy d9}gAS:G GP$ #wyh ?pQg}yG {ZJ@ ~y #+Ay9JyG ,qp


?y9I G #f d;tASG ,p ?+z=tyG ?<Q9t}yG ,p :E &Ay:O PLz* :
,j="* 9| ($ d9JyG gP$ ,p b9+TyG fC hO=*h .eqzAyG #|R< ?a=@Q}yG
f(w* fC )zf eqJA! 9""wy .?+"|RyG J9+"=yG {*hz@ &"| uAW* fC
9"!E {< ,J9+"=yG gP$ {*hzAy O+I(yG Q9T}yG ($ &s;_{< b9+TyG
k
g;fC 9%+yE JQVC ,AyG J9}TyG ?*Qd! #| GO(+s MQAt! fC #w}*
.)2007( h<hR(< 9%IQAt* ,Ay9v ?]J| ?+s9+S O(+s h| {f9qAzy

rsG(| {*(JA< K}T* )2007( h<hR(< Qd! ?%Fh #| {*hzAy9p


 R /      ?v v v v*QG(v v v vJv v v vyG J:9v v v vJv v v vyG
R ?v v+v v"v v$Pv vyG J:9v vJv vyG #v v| ?v vf(v v}v vGv v| )v vyE     

/j(]tyG i(AJ}yG ahQc >f(AT* {*hzAyG GP$h ,/


gPv $ ,v p ~v wv Jv Av @h        rv s(v }v yG i(v Av Jv |

194
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

#v| ?vy9vI {vwvy ?vtvI: WhQvVh rvs(v}vzvy ?vtv<9vS WhQvV ?v+vzv}vgvyG


1
.?t<9a}yG rsG(}yGh ?*QG(JyG J:9JyG

?}FQAyG {v9W|h Qd yG ? Fh vvvvv 2 vvvvv 1 " %


,p ?%GyG ,!9g| fGOOJ* #*Q|C ?}C fC )2003( O9AShQ< iQ*
:9}$h ?qzAM}yG ?+zgqyG d9wV}G

iQLC )yE ?jy #| ?}FQAyG {v9W| vvv C

d9gp}Gh KGOI}G #f Q+=gAyG ,p ~zwA}yG ~wI ?FQO vvv H


.)Qd"yG ?%Fh(

,}Gg}yG {gqyG b}! f{p yQd"yG ?%Fhz #f KOJA! 9}"+I


o
#+< &|Of #| S9=Ay:G Q(%c ,p ~%T* 9%+yE ,}A"* ,AyG ?t=ayGh
{<    ,dJy Q+i {gp yQP!z {gqy9p ;?+"|RyG J;<9tAyG
f{p GPyh ,)38 :U 1996( d(T*Q< O}IC >TJ< Q}AT| {gp ($
k
Qv%vdv@ : GPvyh ,9v*(vJv! ?vtv<9vavAv| g9v!OC )46( ,vp IOQG(vyG JGQ9v=vgvyG

QOZ}yG hC aO%yG J9jzyG #+< Qd"yG ?%Fh ,p J9"*9=@ M(\(<


d(T*Q< O}IC >TJ< yQP!z {gqzy ?+zwyG [F9ZMyG ,p 9%s9q@:
:)38 :U .e.f(
)46(
9%F9"<} 9%Tq! e}G QP"@ v v v C

hC ?v v tv v <9v v Tv v yG O(v v +v v tv v yGh )49 v v v 47 :U 2007( hv v <hR(v v < ,v v p WhQv v Wv v yG gPv v $ Qv v dv v !G 1
&v FP(v }v! ,v p 9v%vAv =v Dv * fC yPv qv "v}vyGz )v zv f ?v +v "v $P J:9vI ,v$ 9v %v zv }v Gv | ,v p WhQvWv yG
,vp 9v%vAvp9v\E )vzvf yPvqv"v}vyGz {v}vgv+vS ?v+v"v$P J:9vI ,v%vp ?v*Ovgv=vyG O(v+vtvyG 9v|C ,v"v$PvyG
.?*QG(JyG ?+z}gyG Og< ,w+@9|(@hC {wW< ,"$PyG &FP(}!

195
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

3  #   #    # #  vvv H

 S   R  S   vvv J

#f : Q}AT| Q\9I #f Q=g* K;DyG J9jzyG ,p yQP!z {gqy9p


>y9jyG ,p &y ?|R;}yG yQP!z {gqyG ?%F fC )"g}< ;,dJy Q\9I
k
yHQ\z hC yOFhz {gqyG xyPy 9p;Lh ,yQGQ}AS:Gz ?%F ,$
k k
#v| 9v s;vav!G 9v }v%v +vyE Qvdv"v yG J9v %vFh ,v p 9v"v *9v =v@ f9v Tvwvgv * #v *Pv zvyG
1
.?+}Gg}yG 9}%ZF9ZL

?qJF ,p QQq w@ Osh )209 :U 2000( ?qJF d;L #|h


ox
{}g< ?+%GyG Qd"yG J9%Fh {}f &=W* )1991( E+}S OG! )2006(

.9%z=tAT@ #| O"f ?+FQ| A9+V}G {gG@ ,AyG Q*(ZAyG ?yB J9SOf


9}vh .A9+V}G hC Y9\h}G (J! J9SOgyG H(Z@ Qd"yG J9%Fhh
J9%F(p ,IQ(ZyG ,p A,WyG Q%d* ,wy ?*QhQ\ ?y6G ?SOf f(w@
2
.?z}GyG &qZ@ jPyG h\(yG ?*DQ #| #w}A! ,wy ?*QhQ\ Qd"yG

d9vgvpC #v+v< fQ9vtv! 9v}v"v+vI ?v"v|R}G ?v}vGvgv| ?vyzvTv| ,vp M(v\(v< IQv$9vdvyG gPv$ evJvzv! 1
?vgv+v=v_ JGP iQvLCh yW9vWv!z )vzvf dOv@ ,vAvyG )yOvFhz {vgvqvy9vv( ?v+vdvJvy ?vgv+v=v_ JGP
;vp {vgvqvyG ?vgv+v=v_ ,vp J9vjvzvyG #v+v< uv<9vav@ OvF(v* 9v}v"v+vIh :)yQPv!z {vDv|( ?v*QGQv}vAvSG
d9vgvp}G xvzvTv@ 9v}v"v+vI ?v}vFQvAvyG {vv9vWv| Qv%vdv@h ,?v}vFQvAvyG ?v+vzv}vf ,vp ?vzvwvWv| Qv%vdv@
k k
yHQv\z ,vp IO9vgvyG )v"vgv}vy ?v*Rv+vzvGv! G eGOvMvAvS9vp ;?vjvy )vyE ?vjvy #v| 9vqvzvAvMv| 9vv(vzvS
,vAvyG J9v+vavgv}vyG #v| Kv]vAv* 9v}vv ,?v+vTv!QvqvyGh ?v+v<QvgvyG ,vp j(vJv! (v$h ,j(vJv! Qv+vi
:)H v v v C( ,p 9"$ 9$OQ(!h )37 :U 1996( d(T*Q< 9%s9S
.Q++< f9F HQ]* v v v C
.+ #  &$#   vvv H
.B     

#vv+v v< ?v vs;v vf ,v vp ~v vAv v@ ?v v+v vqv v+v vyzv v@ ?v v%v vGv vyG fC )2006( ?v vqv vJv vFh )2000( jQv v%v vqv vyG iQv v* 2
= ?v+vqv+vyzv@ ?v%vGvyG fC jQv%vqvyG ,vS9vqvyG Ovgv*h ?v+v}vS:G &v@;v]vph ,vzvgvqvyG d(v}vJv}vyG

196
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

?zD|}Gh )e.f( ?qJF {+y9J@ )"=A! fC b9+TyG GP$ ,p O+q}yG #|h


{*hz@ ,p Qd"yG J9%Fh &=gz@ jPyG QhOyG K+\(Ay &*Oy ?|Ot}yG
,p 9$O+g!h 9$OQhC ,AyG J9+ag}yG d;L #| ?+As(yG JGQ9=gyG
:)47(
)47(
k
?at! KOJzy ]f ////////////H[ :R"| O"$ B"< vvv C
?*9%!h ?*GO<
k
.?*9%! :h ?*GO< KOJzy U+y ]/////[ :R"| ,"=@ B!9v v v v H
k
&z}w@ ~y 9%!C Q+i :R"| O"$ B"< N v v v J
k
;~@ Os &qY(<h ;v &qY(< KOJyG ~*Ot@ ~@ )C 47( IQ9=gyG ,p
1
?%Fh Q9=Af9<h ,?z}Gzy ,y:OyG {*hzAyG ,p ?%GyG B}%SCh
f(w* jPyG ($ Qd"yG ?%Fh &+zf RvQ@ jPyG ARGy9p ?SOf Qd"yG
k
Qd"yG ?%Fh RvQAp )H 47( ?z}GyG ,p 9|C .{*hzAyG ,p 9+FQ|

?at! #}]A* : ARF ($h A9"=yG KOI #| ,fQp ARF )zf ?+FQOAyG
?at! :h ?*GO< ?at! xz}* : KOJy9p ;&}vGQ@ :h KOJyG ?*GO<

.?*9%! hC H*hz@

J9dI;}yG gP$ #| )211 :U 2000( ?qJF [zMAT*h


v
{LGO &+zf RvQ| ,"|R {Y9p Q+i iQ* : ,y:OyG {*hzAyG fC

Qv dv ! ?v %v Fh )v yE Qv +v Wv @ )?v %v Gv yG Q9v =v Av f9v <({v }v Gv yGh ahQv dv yGh J9v f(v \(v }v yG hv | =
,vp ?v%vGvyG ?v+vzvgvp #vf Y9vpOvyG b9v+vS ,vp Y9v\h~vy ?v+vzvLGOvyG ?v+v"v|RvyG ?v+v"v=vzvy ~vzvwvAv}vyG
.9%A+}SG #f hpGO* #| {<9t|
k
Hv *hzv @ ?v %v Fh AOv =v yG ?v %v Gv < )v }v Tv * 9v | GOv *Ov Jv @h ?v *OhOv Jv }v yG ?v %v F ,v $ 9v "v $ ?v %v Gv yG 1
.&y ?*9%! ?at!h KOJzy ?*GO< ?at! ?%GyG OOJ@ E+I ;KOJyG

197
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

jOI #}]A* : #|RyG GP$ fC 9}<h ,KOJzy ,"|RyG b+J}yG


GPE 9| B=D@ : ?z}GyG f{p )H 47( ,p )&A*9%!h &A*GO<( KOJyG
f(w@h ,,\9}zy ?pQZ| 9%!C ~iQ ~vGQA* A9"=yG KOI f9v
k
.)H 47( ?+"=zy ;*hz@ GP%y ?G+A! ?qJF O"f )J 47( IQ9=gyG
k k
9w=@Q| 9}wI {D}@ ,xyP #| ~iQyG )zf ,)J 47( IQ9=gyGh
1
.?qJF Q+=gA<
k k
GOvtvgv|h 9vJv\Gh GQk v+vCzv@ ?v}vFQvAvyG ?vtv*Qv_ ,vp Qvdv"vyG ?v%vFh QvC|v@
k
QOZ}yG ?jy fC :9%}$C ?}FQAyG ,p {v9W| 9%+zf >@QA*h ,9!9+IC
k k k k
9*(%F ;Zp ~+t@ : aO%yG ?jy fCh ,UwgyG hC 9*(%F ;Zp ~+t@

#| 9%A*(%Fh Qd"yG ?%F(< ?a=@Q}yG ?at"yG gP$ Og@h ,UwgyG hC


.J9jzyG ?"|RC Y(\(}y ?}FQAyG J;wW| RQ<C

,% GyG ," |
|RyG Bs }yG vvvvv 2

k k
#+< 9| ?s;gzy 9+J+\(@ 9a+aM@ )2013( ,fGQRyG ,p 9"IQAsG
,,%GyG ,"|RyG Bs|}y9< &+zf 9"JzaYG ?qzAM}yG ?+"|RyG J9!(w}yG
9}v ,,%GyG ,"|RyG O+tgAy9< ?tzgA}yG ?z8S}G #| OOf #f >+G*
x
h+at@ QGQi )zf #|RyG hat! r+v :Y(! #| ?z8SC #f >+G*

?%GyG cQO! r+vh ?#|RyG J9!(w| #| ?%GyG Og@ {$h ?f9w}yG


)zf 9$D9"< #w}* ,AyG ?+p9wyG ?+%GyG ?_9aMyG ,$ 9|h ??*(J"yG

k
bv+v Jv }v yG ,vp ,v "v |R {vY9v p )vzvf Rv +vvQv AvyG (v $ ?vqv Jv F Ov "vf GOv*OvJv@ ?v%vGvyG QhO fE 1
jPvyG {vY9vqvyG Qv+vi ,vy:OvyG {v*hzvAvyG iQv* :h ?vzv}vGvyG &vqvZv@ jPvyG KOvJvzvy ,v"v|RvyG
.?z}GyG &+zf RvQ@

198
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

,AyG ?+S9S}G ?+"$PyG JGQ9T}yG Uwg@ ,AyG ?+"|RyG ?_9aMyG QGQi


1
??+%GyG J;*hzAyG 9$Q=f Q}@

Bsh #+< 9| ?s;gyG ?g+=_ )48( d;L #| ,z* 9}+p K\hC


?C;C hO=@ E+I ,HQ]yG KOIh HQ]yG ,p LQOAyGh HQ]yG
:)48( ,p 9}v HQ]yG KOI 9%+]At* J9f(\(|
)48(
)HQ]yG KOI( KOI vvv C

)HQ]yG #|R( KOJyG &zLGO YR(A* ,"|R A9]p vvv H

KOJyG h*R(@ ?t*Q_( #|RyG {LGO KOJyG h+atAy IGOC vvv L


.)?%F )}T@ #|RyG {LGO

,p K\(| ,%F ,"|R Bs|| O(Fh IQwp )zf 9"A+\Qp e(t@


Q\9JyG #|RyG )yE 9%+p ?f9TyG HQtf Q+W* :)48( ~sQ ?_9aMyG
x k
#| Bs|}yG ,p J9sh}G Q+W@h ,9}F9s &y;L KOJyG dGR* : jPyG
9%gas ,AyG ?+"|RyG {YG(qyG )yE hC ,\9}yG #|RyG )yE ]5 v v v 1[
#| J9sh}G Q=g@h ,y?SO9TyGz )zf HQtgyG Y(sh {=s KOJyG
dGR* : ,AyG ?+"|RyG {YG(qyG )yE hC {=tAT}yG #|RyG )yE ]12 v v v 7[
)yE ]12-1[ #| J9sh}G Q=g@h .9$Q=f QhQ}yG OOZ< KOJyG
M(Aq}yG ,"|RyG Q9_ 9< g9"+}SC 9| ($h &|(}f ,p uza}yG #|RyG
A9sQRyG W(aMyG Q=g@h .&zLGO< IO(F(}yG {YG(qyG {$9GA* jPyG
KOJzy ?FQOA}yG {YG(qyG #f ]9h 6 h 3[ J9sh}G AiRG@ ,AyG

cGQOE ?vyzvTv| EvJv<h ,v"v|RvyG {v*hzvAvzvy ?v+v"v|RvyG ?v_9vavMvyG ,vp )2008( ,vfGQRvyG Qvdv"v* 1

.j(jzyG #|RyG

199
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

{YG(p )yE Qd"y9< KOJyG R9G!E #f hC LQOAyG ?%F #f Q=g@h


?t*QayG uph )"=yG #| OOf IAGQs )zf ,z* 9}+p {}g"Sh .?+y9AA|
:)49( BJ@ ?FQO}yG ?+y9AyG )"=yG {|zA"zp ,Bs|}yG 9%< {}g* ,AyG

)49(

?y9SQyG CQs v v v C

?y9SQyG CQt* v v v H

?y9SQyG CQt+S v v v L

IO9f/f6G I9+JyG ?q+JY O*R CQt* v v v O

?y9SQyG CQt* f9v v v v R

?t+tJyG aQfC v v v M

?t+tJyG aQg* v v v W
k
:R"| O*R )" < v v v j
k
:R"| ,"=* f9v v v v c
~F9! f6G ($h/)et+AT| f6G ($h( {qayG e9! v v v d
IQO9j}zy U+FQyG OgAT* v v v e

Uy9F O*R v v v f

?y9SQyG >@9v O*R v v v S

bQ9i O*R v v v Y

u*Qi O*R v v v U

Q$9| O*R v v v b

?t+sO IAGQs #|Rzy ?*QPyG J9!(w}yGh ?+"|RyG J9|(zg}yG IAGQtyh

200
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

k
;*hz@ JGQ9=gyG {*hz@ )zf Of9T+y )50( ,a+aMAyG LP(}"yG B|Os
k k
.9=S9"| 9+"|R

)50(

bOZ@h .]6[ {=s {YG(qyG h+}F )zf )C 49( IQ9=gyG bOZ@


bOvZv@h .]6[ HQvtvgvyG &v+vyE Qv+vWv* jPvyG {vY9vqvyG )vzvf )H49(
btp ]9[)zf hC ]6[ Og< ht@ ,AyG {YG(qyG h+}F )zf 9|E )L49(
]6[ )zf bOZ@ fC #w}+p )O49( 9|C .IQ(d"| {YG(qyG B!9v GPE
QGQv}vAvS:G #vf Qv=vgv@ ,vAvyG )f6G( IAGQvs ,vp bvtvp IOvIGh IQv|
,ag* E+J< IQ| #| QDvC ]6[)zf bOZ@ fC #w}*h ,LQOA}yG
bvtvp ]3[ )vzvf bOvZvAvp )R49( 9v|C .IO9vgvyG IAGQvs QGQvwvAvyG GPv$
.KOvJvyG 9v%vy;vL rvs(vAv* fC #vwv}v* ,vAvyG {vYG(vqvzvy ?v"v}v]vAv}vyG
.]6[ {v=vs {vY9vp jC )vzvf )W49h M49( f9v@Q9v=vgvyG bOvZv@h
a;M< ,]3[ A9"DAS9< ]6[{=s {Y9p jC )zf )j49( bOZ@h

201
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)d49( IQ9=gyG bOZ@h .btp ]3[{Y9qyG )zf bOZ@ ,AyG )c49(


k
,p 9g| ]6[ h ]5[ )zf bOZ@h ,e9}AyG IAGQs ,p ]5[{Y9qyG )zf
IQ9=gyG bOZ@h .e9AyG Q\9Jy9< )}T* 9| hC e9}AyG eOf IAGQs
)zf )Y 49h f49( f9@Q9=gyG bOZ@ 9}"+< .btp ]6[ )zf )e49(
#+AzyG )b 49h U49( #+@Q9=gyG a;M< ,9$Og< 9|h ]6[ {YG(qyG
)zf R+vQAyG fhO ]12 v v v 1[ #| {YG(qyG h+}F )zf f9sOZ@
ht@ ,AyG {YG(qyG Q9_E ,p IAGQtyG )S49( PLz@h .&"+g< {Y9p
{}f ?|;S [Jq@ #w}* ?+<Qgy9< ?!Q9t}y9<h .]6[{Y9qyG Og<
?+T!QqyGh )51(?*R+zG! G J9+ag}yG d;L #| ,%GyG Bs|}yG
k
:9f9=@ g9!OC IOQG(yG )12(

)51(
)b+T=yG ,\9}yG( ?*R+zG! G ?jzyG H|9!Q< Bz}vC v v v C

. #  K #   

){}Aw}yG Q\9JyG( ?*R+zG! G ?jzyG H|9!Q< Bz}vC v v v H

# . #  K #   

)IO9f( rJZyG CQt@ ,$ v v v L

#  #  

)Q\9JyG ,p LQOA}yG QGQ}AS:G( ?q+JZyG CQt@ ,$ v v v O

#    # 


)52(
?y9SQyG B=Av v v v C

B! R    

202
#|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+$ :U|9MyG {ZqyG

?y9SQyG >AvC B"v v v H

B! R     

,z}f #| B+%A!G Os f(vzS ,?gS9AyG v v v L

S  # T +!   .      


3

)?"%|/IO9f( >@9v 9!C v v v O

B   R  

)f6G( >@9v 9!C v v v v v $

B   R 

A9]+< 9%!E v v v h

K  
#
k k k
9*(J! 9+%F 9sQp )H h C51( )"=yG ,p ?*R+zG! G ?jzyG Q%d@
k k
IAGQs ~A@h .9f9=@ e9}@;yGh e9}AyG #f Q=g@ E+I 9+}Gg| U+yh
{=s {Y9p jC )zf )C51( IQ9=gyG bOZAp :S9=AyG fhO< #+@Q9=gyG
{=s {Y9p jC )zf )H51( IQ9=gyG bOZ@h .?Dy9DyG GOf 9| ?SO9TyG
?T=Az}p #+@Q9=gzy ?+<QgyG IQ(ZyG 9|C .?SO9TyG )yE OA}* ?SO9TyG
,\9}yG( e9}@;yG #f Q=g@ ?*(J! J9}+pQ(| 9%y U+y ?+<QgyG f}
?v+vzv*hzvAvyGh ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG [vF9vZvMvyG )vyE zvGvzvAvp )Qv\9vJvyG ,vp OvAv}v}vyG
.){}Aw}yG Q\9JyGh b+T=yG ,\9}yG( #+"|RyG #+< u*QqAzy

k k k o
)L 51( ,p IO9gyG #+< 9*(J! 9+%F 9sQp 9]*C ?*R+zG! G Q%d@h
#+< S9=AyG OF(* :h )O 51( Q\9JyG ,p LQOA}yG QGQ}AS:Gh
bOvZvAvp ;  LQOvAvyG ~v+vpQ(v}vy ?v*Rv+vzvGv! G c;vAv|G hv| #v+v@AGQvtvyG

203
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

)O51( bOZ@ 9}"+< ,IQQwA| IQ(Z< ?SO9TyG )zf )L51( IQ9=gyG


?T=Az| ,%p #+@Q9=gzy ?+<QgyG IQ(ZyG 9|C .IOIGh IQ| ?SO9TyG )zf
.g;fC )O51( ,p 9}v LQOAyG IAGQsh IO9gyG IAGQs #+<

,\9}yG #+< )H h C52( ,p ?+T!QqyG R+}@ ?+!9C ?+I9! #|


k
9v|9v}v@ ?v*(vJv! J9v}v+vpQ(v| ?vavSG(v< Qv}vAvTv}vyG ,v\9v}vyGh {v}vAvwv}vyG
{}Aw}yG b<GQyG eGOMAS9< R++}AyG GP$ ?+<QgyG aQg@h ,?*R+zG! 9v
1
S9=Ay:9p GP$ )zfh ;){gq* f9v( {}Aw}yG Q+i hC ){gp f9v(
,p OQGh Q+i S9=Ay:9p GP$ )zfh ;){gq* f9v( ,p OQGh Q+i
{=s {Y9p jC ,p ,"|RyG Bs|}yG ,p )C52( CQtAp :K;DyG J9jzyG
)yE ?=T"y9<h .btp ?Dy9DyG ,p )H52( CQt@h ,?Dy9DyG A9"DAS9< ?SO9TyG
#| ,"|R {Y9p jC )zf bOZ@ 9%!{p )L52( ?+T!QqyG IQ9=gyG
.?gS9AyG {YG(p

#f rzAM@ : 9%!{p )h,g,O52( ?+T!QqyG JGQ9=gy9< uzgA* 9}+p


hv+v}vF )vzvf )O52( bOvZv@ Ev+vI ?v+v<QvgvyGh ?v*Rv+vzvGv! G 9v%v+v@Qv+vdv!
,?vSO9vTvyG )vzvf )v v v$52( bOvZv@ 9v}v"v+v< ,?vSO9vTvyG Ovgv< {vYG(vqvyG
.,"|RyG Bs|}yG ,p ?+"|RyG {YG(qyG h+}F )zf )h52( bOZ@h

,vp QGQv}vAvS:G L v v v QGQvwvAvyG v v v H v v v ?v|(v}v*OvyG v v v C :J::O K;vC 9v%vy {vgvqv* f9vv 1
d;vL #v| )2011(,vsQ9v=vyGh )2001( ,v}vGvgvyG ,vp 9v}vvh &vvOvy(v! ,vp 9v}vv( ,v\9v}vyG
.)2011( ,sQ9=yG

204
SO9TyG {ZqyG

+
? <QgyG ?jzyG ?=S (
I
O +% }@

U+yh ~*Os W9=@QG J9|(zg}yG ~d!h ?=S(Jy9< ?jzyG W9=@QG


k
?v+v}vGvgv}vyG 9v%v@GOQvqv|h 9v%vc9vqvyC ,vp ?vjvzvy ?v+v"vjvyG ?vgv+v=vavy9vp ;GOv*OvF
l
?g+=_ IOhOJ}yG Q+ih ?gSG(yG 9%@9s9tAVG
,ph ,?+pQZyG 9%@GOIhh
k o x
;wV IQw=}yG ,}Gg}yG r+yzAyG ?vQI Og@h .W9=@Q:G GP$ ~AJ@

?+=+vQAyGh ?+}Gg}yG 9%@GOIhh ?jzyG JGOQq| ?=S(I d9wVC #|


9%}+d"@h 9$RQph ?*(jzyG JGOI(yG #+*;| QZI ?+z}gp ,?+pQZyGh
e;vwvyG ,vp ?vjvzvyG d9v}vgvAvSG bv+vTv=v@ ?v+vjv< ?v+v}v+vdv"v@h ?v+v<9vTvI ?v+vzv}vf
~Gg| fC b9+TyG GP$ ,p U"! :h ,Q+d"AyGh ~zgAyGh r+yzAyGh
v
,p ,<9TJyGh ,\9*QyG e9d"yG )zf ?+"=}yG ~F9g}yG {D| #+gyG
QZIh OYQ d9}fC &zv xyP )yE r\C .?+}Gg}yG gOG(| >*(=@
J9=+@Q@ ?=@Q|h ?<(=| IQ+=v J9!hO| ,p ?*QD"yGh ?*QgWyG U(Z"yG
VQvjvzvy 9v$Qv+vih ?v+v\hQvfh ?v+vf(v\(v|h ?v+vF9v=vqvyCh ?v+vtvav"v| ?vqvzvAvMv|
hvzvav| ,vp ?v+v!hQvAvwvy G J9v=vS9vJvyG Q(v%vc hv|h .&vTvqv! Q(vvPv}vyG
Q=fh( ?*(jzyG ?=S(JyG e(%q| PLC #*QWgyG fQtyG #| J9"+T}MyG
k k k k
upOA@ ?zIQ| {v ,ph .9*Q+d"@h 9+"ph 9+"t@ 9|(%q| )?qzAM| {IGQ|
>+SG(JyGh ?=S(JyG ?jyh ?jzyG ?=S(I J:9G| ,p ?+f(! H|GQ<
.,f9"aY:G A9vPyGh J9|(zg}yG ~d!h

207
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
Bs(yG ,p u+sOh e9f e(%q| ?i9+Z< ,:hC CO=! fC ,#w}*
k x
?jzyG #+< ?s;gzy ?"+=| &A<9FE f(w@ ,?+<(S9JyG J9+!9Tzy &Tq!
n k k x
d9G}yG IOOJ|h ,QL6G )zf 9}$OIC ?+t=S} ?"+=|h ,?=S(JyGh
.#+fQqyG #*P$ #]AJ* jPyG e9gyG
l
YhQvp #v| YQvp :?vjvzvyG ?v=vS(vI hC ,?v+v<(vS9vJvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvy9vp
9v%vqv+vY(v@h ?v+vgv+v=vavyG J9vjvzvyG rvY(v< ~vAv%v* ?v+vtv+v=vavAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG
1 nn
aQ9g}zy ?t+sOh ?+}sQ J9!9+< IOf9s h\h d;L #| ,9%Ap !Q9t|h
,?qzAM}yG >S9JyG e(zf eGOMAS9< 9%fhQph 9%@9!(w| {w< ?*(jzyG
o o
{}g@ ?+<(S9I H|GQ< ?*(jzyG J9!9+=yG OfG(s #*RMAy eOMAT*h

A9v vvPv vyG J9v vjv vy Ov vfG(v vtv v< ?v v+v vgv v+v v=v vav vyG J9v vjv vzv vyG Ov vfG(v vs bv v<Q )v vzv vf
2
?!RM}yG ?*(jzyG J9!9+=yG Y9FQASG #| #+w}AyG ?+j< ,,f9"aY:G
.9%F9fOASGh

k
J9jzyG hsGh ,p 9*Q9+ALG GQk |C Og* ~y ?jzyG ?=S(J< e9}A$:G fE
J9%GyGh ?*(jzyG J9TS|}yG rDw@ fC eRz| Q|C &"wy ,9%gp +}F
p
9%!C 9}+S: ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I Y(\(}< ?*9"gyG ~GI #| ?+"g}yG

GP$h ,,=+vQAyGh j(jzyGh ,s9tAV:Gh ,}Gg}yG 9%FGQD< IOQqA| ?jy


,?jzyG gP$ J9!9+< OYQy eQ9Y e9d"< :E &"| IO9p G #w}* : AGQDyG

{v+v=vs #v| ,?v*Qvdv"vyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG HvF9vAv! Qv}vDvAvTv@ ?v!Q9vtv}vyGh rv+vY(vAvyGh rvY(vyG ?v+vzv}vf 1
q
rv+v%v@h bvavMv@ ,vAvyG J9v*Qvdv"vyG #v| 9v$Qv+vih ?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG J9v*Qvdv! HvF9vAv!
x
J9v+v!9vTvzvy9v< ?vzvZvAv| ?v*Qvdv"vyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG fC GPv$ #vf eRvzv*h uv+v=vavAvyG ?vzvIQv}vy Qvdv"v@h
o
?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG Ovgv@ ?v*Qvdv"vyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG &v+vp ~v%vTv@ jPvyG QhOvyG GPv%vyh ?v+vtv+v=vavAvyG
.?+<(S9JyG J9+!9TzyG d9G| ,p LQO* 9}| 9%fhQph
.9$Q+ih OH2H ?jyh B3L3 ?jyh L 32 3  @ ?jy 9%"| 2

208
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

k k
d;L #| :E ~A* #y 9+p9v 9qYh ?jzyG r+Y(@ ?yzT| fC #f x+$9!
.?+<(S9I H|GQ< ,p 9%F9|OEh ?jzyG h*(a@

o v
{s9JAyGh ?+y6G ?}FQAyG H|GQ< ,d9D}yG {+=S )zf,9!PLC GPE
a(Tzp ,J9jzyG ?=S(I ?+}$C )zf d:OAS;y ,J9jzyG #+<
l n
AGOC #f IQY9s ?=S(JyG #f 9%Tq"< Jz! ,AyG ?jzyG fC K]A*
,iQvL}G J9vjvzvyG #v| ?v=vS9v"v}vyG J;v<9vtv}vyG dO9v=v@ ,vp 9v%vqvF9vch
p
l
,vAvyG( Ov%vGvyGh Bvs(vyGh d9v}vyG ,vp ?vyhPv=v}vyG ?vs9vavyG ,vp ?vsQ9vih
k l o q
#f 9|9}@ IRF9fh ,)?+y6G ?}FQAyG J9!9w|E ,?_9T=< ,9%\(g@
~vF9vgv}vyGh J9vf(vS(v}vyG ,vp ?vgv*QvTvyG ?v+vDvJv=vyG J;v+v%vTvAvyG ~v*Ovtv@
.?s;}gyG J9!hO}yGh

o nn
~F9g| 9%y U+y ?jy #| IO9p G #w}* r+v {+MA! : 9"!C {D|h
k n n
9"!C r+v ,9]*C ,{+MA! : 9"!C {D}v ,?=S(JyG {=s 9| #|R ,p
p
9v %v @9v !9v +v < #v *Rv Mv @ ,v p ?v =v S(v Jv yG {v }v gv Av Tv @ : ?v jv y #v | Ov +v qv "v S
.9%f9FQASGh

J9vSGQOvyG hv+v}vF ?v*(vjvzvyG ?v=vS(vJvyG d9vGv| ,vp {vLOv* 9v}v|h


?jzyG ?SGQO )zf {}g@ ,AyG ?|OtA}yG ?+=*QGAyGh ?*Qd"yG K9J<}Gh
?vjvzvyG #v+v< ?vs;vf O(vFh )vzvf Ovv|v@h ,?v+vF9v+vIC Qvdv! ?v%vFh #v|
,vp O(vF(v}vyG ?vjvzvyG H9vTvAvvG R9v%vGv< ?vzvZvAv}vyG ?v+vpQvgv}vyG b9vTv!}Gh
,AyG ?+q+wyG ?SGQO< v v v ~A%@ 9}+p v v v J9SGQOyG gP$ ~A%@ PE .Z9|OyG
n o o x
Qv=vf LQ9vMvyG #v| ?v|O9vtvyG J p 9v|(vzvgv}vyG Z9v|OvyG/#v$PvyG 9v%v< QvqvWv*
O(Fh ,wT|(V VQApG Osh .{LOyG b9T!z< )}T* 9| hC SG(JyG

209
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

9$R+|Q@ Q=f ?jzyG L9A!E IO9fE )zf {}g@ Z9|OyG ,p ?+zv OfG(s
k
,%A"@ ?*(jy {S;S 9%"| YQqA@ ,AyG yz ?+zwyG IOf9tyG #| 9s;a!G
1
.?*(jzyG IQ9=gyG hC ?z}Gy9< )}T* 9| hC e9AyG j(jzyG LQMy9<

#+< ?s;gyG ?g+=_ ,p ?|OtA| HF9A! J9SGQOyG gP$ JRQpC Oty


?+}$C )zf JOvC ?+i9|OyG A9+I}Gh ?jzyG #+<h ,?=S(JyGh ?jzyG
YhQvp J9vSGQO Qv*(vav@h ?vGvy9vgv| ,vp ?v*(vjvzvyG J9vSGQOvyG cGQvVE
H(v S9v Jv yG e(v zv fh &v Jv *Qv Wv @h Z9v |Ov yG e(v zv gv v iQv LC ?v +v pQv gv |
.&AG|Q<h

?v_9vTv< QvDvvC ,v<(vS9vJvyG ?vjvzvyG Qv+vqvWv@ e9vdv! fC ,vp xvV :h


Z9|OyG ,p ?jzyG Q+qWAp ,f9T! G O"f ?jzyG Q+qW@ e9d! #| ?S;Sh

?v+vqv+vv #vf IQvJvyG ?vf(vS(v}vyG 9v*Ov+v=v+vvh ,vp ?v_9vTv=v< GQk vZvAvMv| gOvGv! 9v| {v+v=vS )vzvf 1
)v}vTv@ ?v*O9vgvyG ,vwvTv|(vWv@ ?vjv+vYz :,vy9vAvy9vv &v@9vIQvAvtv|h ,vwvTv|(vV e9vdv! {v}vf
?v*O9vgvyG ,vwvTv|(vWv@ ?vjv+vY 9v%v!zv< ,vy6G >vS9vJvyG e(vzvf ,vp b9v+vTvyG #v| ?v+vy9vMvyG ?vjvzvyG
:?j+ZyG )zf ?p9v 9%F9A!E OfG(s B!9v GPE @# &    
k
Rv|Q  h ,?vAv<9vC ?v}v+vs {vDv}v* D Rv|Q 9v}v"v+v< ,IQv+vjvAv| ?v}v+vs {vDv}v@ GR(v|Qh ,Ovgv@ Ev+vI
?vjvy {vv .?v*GOv< Rv|Q ;vDv}v* fC #vwv}v* : @ hC  fC 9v}vv .ZQ9vp {vtvI U h ,?v*GOv<
?vjvy {vv {v*(vJv@ #vwv}v* Uvwvgvy9v<h ,b9v+vTvyG #v| ?v+vy9vL ?v*O9vgvyG ,vwvTv|(vWv@ ?vjv+vZv<
J9v}vAv*Qvi(vy IOvf c9v"v$h .?v*O9vgvyG ,vwvTv|(vWv@ ?vjv+vZv< ?vjvy )vyE b9v+vTvyG #v| ?v+vy9vL
>v Av wv yG >v zv iC ,v p J;v *(v Jv Av yG rv Y(v @h .{v *(v Jv Av yG GPv $ {v Dv }v < e9v +v tv zv y ?v phQv gv |
f9v }v yhCh Bv phQv wv <(v $ H9v Av v 9v %v "v |h ,?v Av }v @}G ?v *Qv dv ! ,v p ?v Zv Zv Mv Av }v yG ?v +v SGQOv yG
q
gPv $ ,v p >v +v gv yG f{v p ,Uv *:h kv !: #v +v < 9v }v vh .)1     T 5(7((
eGOvMvAvS9v<h .?vjvzvyG ~vGvI ,vp H(viQv| Qv+vi bv| )vyE jO|v@ Ovs 9v%v!C (v$ J;v*(vJvAvyG
J:9vJvyG C(vSC ,vp bv}vyG ~vGvI f{vp , ?v+vzvY}G ?vjvzvyG ~vGvI )vyE Rv|Qvzvy V  V
k
eOvMvAvTv}vyG ~vAv*Q9vi(vzvyG ,vp d(vJvAvzvy 9vgv=v@ ,V  V 22 )vyE V  V 4 #v+v< 9v| MhGQv* Ovs
.y)2  2 WT 4''((

210
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

x o q
?t*Q_ #+< M(\h {w< R+}@ ,AyG ?jy9=yG ?<(gZyGh O+tgAy9< rZA*
GP$ d;L #| Q%d*h ,?jzy H(S9JyG ?Gy9g|h f9T! G ?Gy9g|
b9T!C #| ?tpOA}yG J9|(zg}yG gPLz@ jPyG Q9T}zy K+\(@ LP(}"yG
: E+I ,Z9|OyG )?*RvQ}yG b9T!}G( g9G@9< )SG(JyG( {LOyG

IOf ,p 9$R+|Q@ Og< :E Z9|OyG )yE IQV9=| J9|(zg}yG gP$ {Z@


IQqW}yG R(|QyG d(Yh Og<h ,IOtg|h ?tzAM| uFGQa<h J9*(AT|
h| )9%+q! hC 9%A+=D@h( 9%At<9a|h 9%wp )zf Z9|OyG {}g* Z9|OyG )yE
9$Q%d* Os ,AyG IQ(Zy9< ?}*OtyG ?!RM}yG HQ9GAyGh J9|(zg}yG
:g9!OC {wWyG

B!9v ,AyG ?+<QgyG J9TS|}y9< O+VC fC O+%}AyG GP$ ,p )t=*


GP$ ,p 9%A+yh|T| Bz}J@h ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I d9G| ,p IOFGQ
?v +v <Qv gv yG J9v +v !9v Tv zv yG Qv *(v av @ J9v Tv S|v | ~v $C #v+v < #v }v p .>v!9v Gv yG

211
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,W9v<QvyG ,vp >v*QvgvAvzvy K9vJv<}Gh J9vSGQOvyG Ov%vgv| :9v%vAv=vS(vIh


&zyG O=f xz}yG RvQ|h ?+"tAyGh e(zgzy R*RgyG O=f xz}yG ?"*O|h
QZ| #| {v ,p ?ZAM}yG J9TS|}yG #| 9$Q+ih ?+<QgyG ?|OMy
EJ=yG &+F(@ ?+}$C BvQOC J9TS|}yG gP%p .fOQ}Gh 9*Q(Sh
?v=vS9v"v| )vyE L9vAvJv* 9v}v| Qv+vDvwvyG Bv|Ovsh ?v=vS(vJvyG (vJv! ,v!9vTvzvyG
.9%@GR9G!E ~$C VQgAT@ ?ZZMA|

U*QOAyG IQwp LQ9L ,TS|}yG &F(AyG hC J9TS|}yG #wy


H9=SC #}p .,qw* : ?ZZMA}yG J9gpOyG H*QM@h ,g|9GyG
RG"@ 9%!C ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I J:9G| ,p ?|Ot}yG d9}f}G c9=@QG
?+<QgyG ?jzyG H|GQ< Q*(aA< #+zjAW}yG fC )"g}< ;jO9IC &=V {wW<
?G|Q=yG ,p ~%@Q=L {t@ #*PyG #+*(jzyG #| G(!(w* fC 9|E ?=S(J}yG
#v | G(v !(v wv * fC 9v |Eh ,,v f9v "v av Y:G A9v vPv yG J9v jv yh ?v +v <(v S9v Jv yG
.9%y Q+d"AyGh ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,p ~%@Q=L {t@ #*PyG Q9=wyG #++<(S9JyG
n
?v*9vqvv {vsC f(vwv* >vS(vJv}vyG j(vjvzvyG {v}vgvyG f{vp #v+vAvy9vJvyG ,vph
k
.?p9\E hC aPI hC >*(Z@ )yE L9AJ@ ,AyG J9dI;}y9< 9dAw|h
q
: ?+<QgyG J9g|9GyG fC )yE #+=yG {zMyG GP$ ,p >=TyG hFQ*h

?+<(S9I-?*(jy :?FhOR| J9FQM| #}]* U9ZALG )zf Qp(A@


k
e9TsC A9W!{< J9p 9}y 9vQGO@ ,YhCh .Uq! ~zf v v v A9+IC v v v ?jy hC
e(vzvf J9v+vzvv #v}v\ 9v|Eh ,?v+v!9vTv! G J9v+vzvwvyG #v}v\ :9v|E f(vwv@
bv+vavMvAvyG S9vSC )vzvf 9v%v@p GQQvtv| ,v"v=v@ ,e(vzvgvyG J9v+vzvvh >vS9vJvyG
,?v+v<(vS9vI v v v ?v*(vjvy ?vFhORv| J9vZvZvMv@ ?vZvZvMvAv| J9vFQvMv}vy
.9$Q+ih ?+F9+IC ?*(jyh

212
dh Y G ~TtyG

?y:OyGh ~Gg}yG ?=S ( I

{LO| vvvvv 1

k k
?+DJ< J
m 9F9A!h ?t}g| Jm9SGQO QY9g}yG ,<QgyG ~Gg}yG aQf
k
~F9g| Q(%c ,p JOTG@ ,?qzAM| iDQh aGO$C #| ?tzp a"| ?|9$
.&@9*(AT| a;ALG )zf SQGOyGh EI9=yG ?F9I ,=z@ ?=S(J|
k
?+s9tAV:G ?g+=ayGh ,?%F #| ?*(jzyG IO9}yG ?|9M\ )yE GQd!h
k
uvtvJv@ ~vy ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG J9v*Qvdv"vyG #v| 9v*C f{vp ,?v+v}vGvgv}vyG QhPvGvzvy
v
?!hO}yG hC ?!GRMyG QY9"gy I(FQ}yG ?+y(}WyG :h ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG

hvF9v=v_ JGP ?v+v}vGvgv| QvY9v"vfh JGOGQvp #v| ?v!(vwv}vyG ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG


1
.?qzAM|

uvtvJv@ ~vy ?v|OvtvAv| J9vTvS|v|h J9vgv|9vF 9v%v< ^v%v"v@ ,vAvyG ?vs;v}vgvyG d9v}vf}G )vAvI 1
v
3 
   :YhQvWv| d9vDv}vyG {v+v=vS )vzvf Qvdv!G .?v+vp9vwvyGh ?v<(vzvav}vyG ?v+vtvTv"vyG
#v| ?vgvSGh J9vwv=vV bv<Q YhQvWv}vyG GPv$ Ov}vAvgv* PE :)   EvJv=vyG cQvJv| Qv=vf(
k
Ov}vAvgv@h :^vgv=v< 9v%v]vgv< )9v$Qv+vih J9vqvYh A9v}vSCh :9vgvpC( ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG QvY9v"vgvyG

bv<Qv+vS y,vSQvvz QvZv"vgvy9vp ;?vpOGQvAv}vyG ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG QvY9v"vgvyG hv+v}vGv@ )vzvf bv<QvyG ?v+vyB
#v| Ov*Rv}vy Qvdv!Gh .GPvwv$h ,]K9vCC[ ,v}vGvgv}vyG {vtvJvy9v< ?vzvZvAv}vyG QvY9v"vgvyG {vwv<
3 
 )2006( ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvy ?v+vy6G ?vGvy9vgv}vyG : ,vp IQ(vWv"v}vyG d9v}vf}G M9v]v* G
*  v v v v < )v v }v v Tv v * 9v v | d9v v }v v f}G gPv v $ #v v }v v \ #v v |h .2   

J9v}vS )vzvf ,v"v=v"v@ ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG QvY9v"vgvzvy J9vZv+vZvMv@ O9vGv*E )vzvf Ov}vAvgv@ 9v%v@Qvwvph
= GPv v $ rv v "v v Zv v *h :?v v vQv v Av v Wv v }v v yG ?v v +v v }v v Gv v gv v }v v yG Qv v Y9v v "v v gv v yG ,v v p ?v v Gv v |Ov v |  

213
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
,fGQRyGh )2007( ,fGQRyG ,p 9}*Os GQk(Z@ B+"< Os B"vh
,?z|9V ?+F9ZIE ?*9qv #| uza"* ~Gg| A9"=y )2012( ,sQ9=yGh
?+j< ?+<QgyG ahQI #| aQI {wy ?I(y OGOfE #| &@Qwp uza"@
aQI ?I(y &zD}@ jPyG (J"yG )zf X9qy}G #| &"| ,@z* 9| O9q"ASG
,qAvCh Q(ZAyG GP$ {+Y9q@ K+\(@ ,p hS(@C #yh ,)1( A9=yG
,v tv Tv "v yG ~v Gv gv }v yG Qv *(v av @ ,v p ,v Av }v $9v Tv | W(v av L ~v $C Qv vPv <
1
: >S(J}yG

o
9v|Eh     ,vzvYC Q9v_E )vyE 9v|E ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG )vyE IO9v}vyG J9vZv+vZvMv@ {v}vgvyG =
#$$   
 & $ >v v v Tv v v Jv v v <(     ,v v v zv v v YC Qv v v +v v v i Q9v v v _E
9v |C ,yIQ9v Gv Av yGz IO9v | ,v p ?v +v zv YC yjQv Av Wv *z h yhv +v =v *z J9v Zv +v Zv Mv Av p ) 

,vqvAvwv* :h .IO9v}vyG gPv$ ,vp ?v+vzvYC Qv+vi ,v%vp yf9v|RvyGz h yf9vwv}vyGz J9vZv+vZvMv@
k
)v yE 9v ]v *C zv Gv zv * {v < ,?v +v }v Gv gv }v yG hC ?v +v y:Ov yG J9v Zv +v Zv Mv Av y9v <   YhQv Wv |
q k
)v yE YQv qv @ ?v *(v Jv ! IQ9v =v f {v wv p :?v +v =v +v vQv Av yG 9v %v @9v !(v wv | #v | 9v s;v av !G ?v zv }v Gv yG {v +v zv Jv @
)S.e( v v v < ){v f9v qv yG(,v }v S:G >v vQv }v yG [v +v Zv Mv @ :{v +v =v s #v | ?v +v =v +v vQv @ J9v !(v wv |
,d9v Dv }v yG {v +v =v S )v zv f,IQ9v Gv Av yG JQv $ORG IQ9v =v f ,v p )a.e( ,v zv gv qv yG >v vQv }v yGh
(v vJvv"vvyG #vv| GQk9vvwv vpC YhQvvWv v}v vyG GPv v$ Qv v}v vDv vAv vTvv*h .?v v*(v vJvv! ?v v+v vyG(vvAvv| )vvzvvf d(v vZvvJvvzv vy
eGOvMvAvS9v< ?v+vy:OvyG J9v|(vzvgv}vyGh ?v*(vJv"vyG J9v|(vzvgv}vyG L9v|OE ?v+vyB d(vI jOv+vy(vAvyG
?v*Q(vJv}vyG QGhO}G xvyPvvh ?v+vy:OvyG J9v}vTvyG [v+vZvMv@h ,vy(vtv}vyG hv*QvqvAvyG ,vAv*Qvdv!
.)5( IQtqyG ,p 9}v ?%<9W| hO=@ ?t*Qa< 9$Q9}DASG 9"yh9I Q9wpC ,$h
?vjvzvy ?v+vy6G ?vGvy9vgv}vzvy ?vgv<GQvyG ?v+vyhOvyG IhOv"vyG d9v}vfC #v}v\ hvS(vAv< Q(vZvAvyG GPv$ eOvs 1
.W9<QyG v v v U|9MyG O}J| ?g|9F )2012( SQ9| 3 v v v 2 #| JOtf ,AyG ?+<QgyG

214
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

A9=yG aQI ?I y )1( (

215
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

{D}@ : ?A|9Y QhPF :E ($ 9| )1( LP(}"yG ,p Q%d* 9|


k
.?+G+@GQASG J9!9+< IOf9s {D}@ 9%"wyh ,9wS9}A| 9}Gg|
?g<QC xzA}* QPGyG fC ,<QgyG QPGyG e9d! ,p ahQg}yG #|
f9gs(| 9%"| f9"CG :?+pQZyG JGO9*RyG 9%+p ht@ fC #w}* hsG(|
A9p Og<( f9+zLGO f9gs(|h ,)QPGyG Q9T*h #+}*( QPGzy f9+FQ9L
hC JGO9*RyG ?I(z< &y {D|C jPyG (J"yG )zf )&"+f Og< h QPGyG
.g9!OC )2( ~sQ J9}+pQ(}yG

? <QgyG ?jzy + ,* q QZAyG ~Jg}yG vvvvv 1 vvvvv 1

hv+v}vF ~v]v@ ?vI(vy ~v+v}vZv@ ~v@ {v+vzvs {v=vs eOvtv@ 9v| )vzvf A9v"v<
9| (J! )zf ?g<Q}G hsG(}yG OIC ,p OQ@ fC #w}* ,AyG J9}+pQ(}yG
:)2( ?I(zyG ,p Q%d*
)2(
JGO9*RyG ?I(y

216
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

+*
? q QZAyG J9 z}gyG LQL vvvvv 2 vvvvv 1 +
LQL f(w* QPGyG #| 9%gsG(| ,p ?<(za}yG JGO9*RyG L9|OE Og<
(J"yG )zf ?*(jzyG IO9}yG J9s9tAVG h+}G< ?I(zyG Ao;A|G J9+z}gyG
:)3( LP(}"yG ,p #+=}yG
)3(
LQMyG ?I(y

hC ,tT"yG OGQ_:G OYQ #| #w}* &!C Q(ZAyG GP$ HF9A! #|h


k k
QhPGyG #+< 9J\Gh 9g_9t@ Q%d* Os jPyG (J"yG )zf &"f LhQMyG
:)4( ,p #+=}yG (J"yG )zf
)4(
n n
O%V HQn \
p
o
O%V HQ\
O$9V HQ9\
O(%W| HhQ]|
IO9%V ?<Q\

{Tf =O%V
r
{Tf =HQ\
n n

217
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

n
{Tf )"g}< ]HQn \[ IO9| fC )C 4( dhOGyG d;L #| K]A*
n n n l
Og*h X)HQ\( QPGyG #| uzp a"}yG ,y:OyG uT"yG #f ?FQ9L
Q*9j}yG ,y:OyG uT"yG QTwy ?|;f QqY}G f(zy9< A(z}}yG {tJyG
r n
PE ;{Tf )"g}< ]O%V[ IO9| h| d9JyG xyPvh ,?*OQ(yG d(tJzy
k
,y:OyG uT"yG QTv )zf ?y:O QqYC f(z< A(z}| {tI ,p Q%d@
n n
#| QDvC ,p Q%d@ ]{Tf[ IO9}yG J9pOGQ| fC E+Ih ,]O%V[ IO9}zy
p
n
9%+p h_9tA@ ,AyG d(tJyG )yE Q+W@ fC ?=S(JyG ?+z}f )zgp ,uT!
m
J9pOGQA}yG gP$ ?=S(JyG ?+z}f OYQ@h ;?qzAM| QhPGy J9pOGQ|
?+<(S9I JGQ9V{< uT"yG QTv &+p Q%d* jPyG &Tq! Bs(yG ,p
.#+g| J(Z< &+="AyG ?aSG(< hC f(zyG a;ALG {+=s #| ?qzAM|
JQTv ,AyG J9s9tAV:G ?g+=_ ,p Qd"yG O9g* fC H|9!Q=yG MQAt*h
.?+<Qf BT+yh ?z+LO f(w@ Os 9%!C ?%F #| ,y:OyG uT"yG

(
?y:OyG ?=S I vvvvv 2

k
{D| ?*(J! J9|(zg}< ?G|O| f(wAS 9=*Qt@ JGO9*RyG h+}F

hC U"GyG hC OOgyG hC [MWyG ,p u<9aAyG )zf ?z+J}yG J9|(zg}yG


{D| #|RyG )zf ?z+J}yG J9}+pQ(}yG )yE ?p9\ 9< ~*RzAyG hC ?*OgAyG
f{vp ?v+vFQ9vMvyG J9v}v+vpQ(v}vzvy ?v=vTv"vy9v<h .9v$Qv+vih )Bv+v!C( J9v}v+vpQ(v|
k q
J9v}v+vpQ(v}vyG J9v}vTvy 9vp;vL ,IQ9vs ?v*(vJv"vyG 9v%v@9v}vS hC 9v%v@9v|(vzvgv|
k n
;9+==T! IQ+jA| IQ+L}G gP%p ,QPGyG bSh ,p uZz@ ,AyG ?+zp zgp yG
?y(t}yG BJ@ OQG(yG yGz ~+pQ(| ,p ?G|O| ,$ ,AyG J9|(zg}y9p
k
)yE ?=T"y9< 9|9}@ xyPv 9%!C hs(A! : y>@9vz )yE ?=T"y9< )U(
?*(J! ?}T< 9G|O@ fC 9}%+yE ?=T"y9< MQAt! E+I ;yuy9_zh y{|9Iz

218
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

x n o
BT+y ?}TyG gP$h ,]E+!z@+[ E!|}yG U"GyG [ZM@ iQLC
 1
.?Y9MyG X9qy}G #| OOf ,p ?\Q9f ,$ {< yGz {v ,p IOQa|

QDvC J9}+pQ(}yG ,p ?+y:OAyG J9|(zg}yG L9|OE ?+z}f Og@


k
gP$ rZA@ E+I ;?*(J"yG J9|(zg}yG L9|OE ?+z}f #| GO+tg@
k
J9v|(vzvgv}vyG 9v|C ,9v]v*C ?v*OhOvJv}vy9v<h QGQvtvAvS:Gh J9v=vDvy9v< IQv+vL}G
q
?*DQ #f #*O+g< Q+i 9""wy .IQ9s Q+ih ?+"ih ?f("A}p ?+y:OyG

9"+"=@ 9| GPE J9}+pQ(}yG ,p ?+y:OyG J9|(zg}yG ?=S(Jy ?}F;|


RQ<Ch ,?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG K9J<C ,p ?phQg}yG ?*O+ztAyG J9*Qd"yG
Ov"vf 
 %  ,vy(vtv}vyG hv*QvqvAvyG ?v*Qvdv! J9v*Qvdv"vyG gPv$
){AS(<h QhO(ph R@9v( O"f ?*O+y(AyG ?y:OyG J9*Qd!h ,wT|(V
{+D}A< uzgA* 9}+p ahO"v9F O"f ?*Q(ZAyG ?y:OyG Q9Z!C J9*Qd!h
2
IQ+L}G gP%p ,?+y:OyG J9}TyG d;L #| #$PyG ,p )"g}yG
k
J9}TyG #| 9s;a!G QPGyG J9!9w|{< |="Azy d(zI O9G*E )zf #+g@
(vWv}v*Qvs( ,vy(vtv}vyG hv*QvqvAvyG J9v*Qvdv! )v"v=vAv!h .~v+vpQ(v}vzvy ?v+vy:OvyG
?+f(\(}yG ?+"=yG )yE ?=T"y9< )1986( jQ%qyG ,S9qyGh )1990(
E+I yHQ\z :{+=s #| QhPGzy      ?+yh}G

Os ?+y:O J9|(zg| ,$h ehRzyGh jOgAyG [M@ J9|(zg}< H|O@


9%"| Oy(! E+J< ;)f9+I}G ^g< ,p( ?+=+vQ@ ?g+=_ JGP f(w@

,vp ?v}vdvAv"v| ?v+vy:O hC Bv!9vv ?v*(vJv! ~v+vpQ(v| {vv ,vp ?vGv|Ov}vyG J9v}vTvyG fC xvV: 1
k k
(v Jv "v yG )v zv f ?v +v i9v _ IOv IGh ?v }v S J9v }v S ?v p(v qv Zv | {v v ~v ]v @ Ov sh ,J9v p(v qv Zv |
J& D # )35 :U 1997( O}J| ,v9AyG ,p MQAt}yG
Ov }v Jv | ?v }v FQv @ :)2007( ahOv "v v9v F h )2007(h )1999( ~v +v y9v i Ov }v Jv | Qv dv "v * 2
.~+y9i

219
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

1
,aQvJvyG ?vavSG(v< ?v*OvgvAv}vyG y,vp HQv\zh ?v*OvgvAv}vyG yHQv\z
IQ9=f ,p ?]J| ?+y:O J9|(zg}< ?G|O}yG yHQ\z )yE ?p9\ 9<
k
{< ,tY p : ~+pQ(| ,p H|O@ : J9|(zg}yG gP$h .y;D| HQ\z
Og* : &"wy ~+pQ(| Q(ZAyG GP$ ,p ($ jPyG &Tq! QPGyG ,p H|O@
.?j+Y

)yE ehRzyGh jOgAy9< ?Y9MyG J9|(zg}yG OQ! fC {D|}G #|


A9"CC J9|(zg}yG gP$ H|O@ E+J< ,y:OyG : ,=+vQAyG f(w}yG
,p (J"yG ?}$9T| M(\(< OYQ@ ,AyG ?+=+vQAyG J9|(zg}yG L9|OE
QhPGyG #| R9G}yG Oy(@ ,AyG ?+y:OyG J9}TyG )t=@h .~Gg}yG
,AyG ],I v v v /+[ :{+=s #| ?]J| ?+y:O J9|(zg}< ?ZZM|
k
v v v /+[ :{v Dv | iQv LC J9v }v Sh y;v Dv | HQv \z 9v %v =v F(v }v < uv Av Wv *
k
Q+=gAzy yAG($ {vCzh y9|9g_ {vCz #+< 9%=F(}< R+}! ,AyG ]S(TJ|

?}S ?+y:OyG J9}TyG#|h .9| Q|C #| A,V ;< AQ}yG LhQL #f


x
E=g@ K*QyGzh yE=g* Oy(yGz 9}%=F(}< Oy(! ,AyG ]{s9f v v v /+[

J9v}vTvyG ?vSOv"v$h y,vy(vtv}vyG hv*QvqvAvyGz eGOvMvAvS9v<h .yf(vZvjvy9v<


?v=vTv"vyG #v| 9v%v=v*Qvtv@h ?v+vy6G ?v}vFQvAvyG IA9vqvv IO9v*R hvs(vAv! 9v%vzv+vzvJv@h
2
.f9T! G ?aSG(< ?z}GyG ?}FQ@ ,p ?zY9JyG

QGhO}G ?vv}vvGvvgvv| )v vzv vf BvvzvvjvvAvvVG K9vvJv v<C ?vvf(vv}vvGv v| #vv| b9vv+v vTvvyG GPv v$ ,vvp Ov v+v vqvv! 1
d9v }v fC 9v $RQv <C )...IGO}Gh f9v wv }v yGh aOv %v yGh QOv Zv }v yGh Pv qv "v }v yG( ?v *Q(v Jv }v yG
.)1997 h 1996 jQ%qyG ,S9qyGh( )1990(W}*Qs(
:?v v+v vy6G ?v v}v vFQv vAv vyG )v vzv vf rv vwv vAv v}v vyG )v v"v vgv v}v vyG Y(v v\(v v| ,v vp {v v+v vY9v vqv vAv vzv vy Qv vdv v"v v* 2
.-#  A  % )2006( GRQ(qSh U=z+ph .3%%  )2006(#*OyGRf

220
,! 9DyG ~TtyG

aQZyGh ( " (
J yG ?=S I

9FP
k
(! } aQZyG # (" | Y }}yG

aQZyG # ("| Y +
}}zy ? pQZyG J9}TyG ?=S I vvvvv 1 (
I9J"yG fC aQZyG #| h"}yG {wW| ,p ?zz]}yG ~+$9q}yG #|
aQZyG #| h"}yG {zf h| G(z|9g@ #*OOG}yG #| GQk +Dvh A9|OtyG
R+}@ )?+pQY [F9ZL( : ~S:G )zf CQa@ ){zf( 9%!C Q9=AfG )zf
~S:G R+}@ ,AyG [F9ZMyG {<9t| ,p,#*("AyG {=t* : jPyG ~S:G
.)aQZ"}yG( #w}A}yG

9v Av !9v v (v y 9v }v v {v zv gv yG gPv $ A9v "v < Ov +v fzv S {v +v zv Jv Av yG GPv $ ,v p


&z=t* : jPyGh #*("AyG {=t* jPyG ~S;y ?+pQY )J9}S([F9ZL
?=y9ShC ?=F(| ?}+s ?}S jzv xzA}@ J9}TyG gP$h ,,yG(AyG )z f
1
9| fC VQApzSh ,)?|(S(| Q+i ?=y9TyGh ,?|(S(| ?=F(}yG(
9v|E( ?v|(vS(v| J9vZv+vZvMv@ #vf IQ9v=vf (v$ YhQvqvy9v< I9vJv"vyG g9v}vSC
9|Eh aQZyG #| h"}@ ,AyG k+ZyG #| ?j+Z< 9|Eh ,?+pQY uYG(z<
]+[v v < ?|(S(}yG ?}TyG [ZM@ E+J< ,J9}SG(yG #| 9$Q+j<

~v S(v yG eOv fh ~v S(v yG f(v wv y ?v +v pQv Y J9v }v S J9v Zv +v Zv Mv Av yG gPv $ fC Q9v =v Av fG )v zv f 1

.?+pQY ?+Y9L

221
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

Q+i {<9t| ,p ?|(S(}yG J9}TyG ,$ 9}p,]v v v[ v v < ?|(S(}yG Q+ih


1
??|(S(}yG

k
{<9t| ,p ?|(S(}yG J9}Tzy GR++}@ )112/1990( ,S9qyG eOt*
O}Ag* R++}AyG GP$ ua"| fC Q%d* E+J< ?|(S(}yG Q+i J9}TyG

?}Ty9p;: eC ?+pQY ?tY;< ?ttJ| 9| ?}S B!9v GPE 9| )z f


?}S )}T@ )"D}yG hC h}GyG OOgy9v ?+pQY ?tY;< ?ZZM}yG
Q+i ?}S )}T@ ?tY;< ?ttJ}yG Q+i ?}TyG fC #+I ,p ,?|(S(|
?v tv Y;v < &v "v f Qv =v gv * : jPv yG OQv qv }v yG OOv gv yG:{v +v =v s #v | ?v |(v S(v |
2
,?v v|(v vS(v v| Qv v+v vi J9v vZv v+v vZv vMv vAv vyG A9v v"v v< Ov v+v vfC a(v vSh .?v v"v v+v vgv v|
:)5(h)4( ,p ?"+=}yG ?+q+wy9< ,?|(S(}yG J9Z+ZMAyGh

:)#w}A}yG ~S;y( ?|(S(}yG Q+i J9Z+ZMAyG )4(


3
]r*Qg@ v v v[ IQw"yG v v v L ]E+!z@ v v v[ QvP}yG v v v H ]OOf v v v[ OQq}yG v v v C

1994( #v vTv vvO h )112:U1990(,v vS9v vqv vyG Qv vdv v!G D & ?v v+v v|(v vS(v v}v vyG #v vf 1
= IH )58-,56
e(v v v S(v v v }v v v yG Qv v v +v v v i Uv v v "v v v Gv v v yG fC OOv v v Zv v v yG GPv v v $ ,v v v p )1990( ,v v v S9v v v qv v v yG #v v v +v v v =v v v * 2
(v v$9v v| Rv v+v v+v v}v v@ fC Kv v\Ghh.)OQv vqv v}v vyG( (v v$ e(v vS(v v}v vyG Qv v+v vi OOv vgv vyGh,)Qv vvPv v}v vyG((v v$
,gQv +v i #v | e(v S(v }v yG Rv +v }v * ~vSG O(v Fh )v zv f Ov }v Av gv* e(v S(v }vyG Qv +v i #v | e(v S(v |
k
#vf Qv+v+vjv@ &v+vp CQv_ jPvyG QvZv"vgvyG &v!} 9vfQvp e(vS(v| (v$ 9v| I9vJv"vyG Ovf 9v"v$ #v|h
A9v "v <h,iQv L}G ?v +v pQv Zv yG J9v }v SG(v yG hC uv YG(v zv yG #v | OQv Gv | (v $ jPv yG {v Y}G
Qv v +v v i #v v | e(v v S(v v }v v yG #v v +v v < Rv v +v v +v v }v v Av v yG ,v v p uv v av v "v v }v v yG GPv v $ Ov v }v v Av v fzv v S xv v yP )v v zv v f
k
e(v S(v yG #v | ?v zv }v Gv < 9v |(v S(v | #v wv }v Av }v yG Qv +v i ~v S:G ,v y9v Av y9v < Ov gv !h.e(v S(v }v yG
.#w}A}yG ~S:G {<9t| ,p ?+pQZyG
,)jQ9vgvyG ~vS:G( rv*QvgvAvyGh #v*(v"vAvyG #v| OQvGv}vyG 9v"v$ IQvwv"vyG ~vS:9v< I9vJv"vyG OvZvtv* 3
9v }v $;v wv p f(v "v }v yG ~v S:Gh #v *(v "v Av yG #v | jQ9v gv yG ~v S:G #v +v < GhRv +v }v * ~v y I9v Jv "v yGh
.IQw"yG e(%q| ,p {LO*

222
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

2 1
v v v [ ?+<QgyG v v v h ]?j+Y v v v [ #w}A}yG v v v v v $ ]>+vQ@ v v v [ b+T=yG v v v O
4 3
]rYh v v v [ ?+}S:G v v v R ]?}Gf

)yE 9%zzJ!h )#w}A}yG Q+i ~S;y( ?|(S(}yG J9Z+ZMAyG )5(


:)f(h )c( #+}Ts
5
?+qY(yG:)f( ?+}zgy9< r*QgAyG :)c(

~vS:G )vyE a9v]v@ QvY9v"vf ?v<9vDv}v< ,vp9v\ G hC ,vFRv}vyG >v+vvQvAvyG fC Q9v=vAvfG )vzvf 1
.>vQ}yG Q+i b+T=yG ~S:G #| gR+}@ )~SG(yG e9t| e(t@(
,vp ,?v+vf9v<Q ?vjv+vY IO9vf ,v$ ,vAvyG {vgvqvyG ?vjv+vZv< e(vS(v| Qv+vi #vwv}vAv}vyG ~vS:G OvfC 2
#v vwv v}v vAv v}v vyG Qv v+v vi ~v vTv v@ ){v vgv vqv vyG )v vzv vf ?v vyGOv vyG {v vgv vqv v* hC {v vgv vpC(?v vjv v+v vZv vyG fC #v v+v vI
Qvp9v"vAv< OQv* Ovsh.?vtvY;vy9v< OQv* 9v}vv ?vjv+vZvy9v< OQv* ~vS(vyG fC S9vSC )vzvf,?vjv+vZvy9v<
.J(ZyG
{v =v tv @ : ,v Av yG IQv p9v "v Av }v yG ahQv Jv yG #v | OOv gv < ?v |(v S(v | ?v +v }v Gv f}G A9v }v S}G Ov gv @ 3
AGQvyG Qh9vGv@ #v| ,v@zv@ 9v%vAv}vGvgvp ,d9vDv}vyG {v+v=vS )vzvf )UvFQv!( :{v+v=vs #v| Qh9vGvAvyG
k
>v!9vF )vyE,,v@(vZvyG Qvp9v"vAvy9v< 9v}vSh Ovgv* fC #vwv}v* ~vS(vyG #v| Y(v"vyG GPv%vp ,f(v"vyGh
J9v}vSG(vyG ?vgv+v=v_ 9v%vy iQvLC A9v+vVzv< 9v}v<Qh ?vjv+vZvy9v< ~vS(vyG GPvvh ?vtvY;vy9v< ~vS(vyG
.9| ~S(< &ZZMAp jQ9gyG ~S:G )zf {LO@h A9}S}G ~T@ ,AyG ?+pQZyG
rvY(vyG f(vv ?vavtv"vyG gPv$ {v$9vGv@zvS bv+vTv=vAvzvy #vwvy ,QQv=v| Qv+vi [v+vZvMvAvyG GPv$ 4
k
&v+vyE OvZvs jPvyG rvY(vzvy GOv+v+vtv@ c9v"v$ fC hOv=v*h.aQvZvyG #v| hv"v}vyG ,vp {vLOvAv*
fC )v "v gv }v <:)113/ 1:L >v F9v Jv yG #v <G >v Tv I( y?v =v zv jv y9v < rv Y(v yGz (v $h I9v Jv "v yG
:{v+v=vs #v| rvY(vyG {vLOv* ;vp,~vzvgvyG ?v<9vDv}v< Ovgv* )vAvI >vzvjv*h rvY(vyG hv+vWv*
aQvZvyG #v| hv"v}v@ ,vAvyG IO(vZvtv}vyG ?vqvZvyG f{vp Q9vZvAvL9v<h...{v+v}vF hC HQ9v\
.?tAW| : ?+zYC ?qY Og@ ,AyG ?|R;yG ?qZyG ,$
~v %v "v | fhQv Lzv Av | f(v *Ov +v zv tv @ I9v Jv ! &v < xv Tv }v @ ?v +v }v zv fh ?v +v qv Yh )v yE rv +v "v Zv Av yG GPv $ 5
k
#v+vAvzvyG #v+vAv+vS9vS}G #v+vAvzvgvyG ?v+vqvY(vyGh ?v+v}vzvgvyG f(vv )vzvf GO9v}vAvfG )#vTvI S9v=vf(
9v%vAvJv@ LQOv"v* ?v+v}vzvgvy9vp ,A9v|OvtvyG e(v%vqv}v< iQvL}G {vzvgvyG 9v}v%v"v| {vv BvJv@ LQOv"v@
,f(v!h rvyzv< ~vAvL 9v| .>v+vvQvAvyGh ,dOvgvyGh ,{vgvqvyG ?vjv+vYh ,Ev+v!zvAvyGh ?v}vGvgvyG(
,?v +v qv Y(v yG Bv Jv @ LQOv "v @ fC #v wv }v * 9v %v Tv qv ! {v zv gv yG gPv $h ).....&v *(v < ~v Av L9v |
)c( >v!9vF )vyE )c( #v| QvZv"vgv< ~vS:G [vZvMv* aQvZvyG #v| hv"v}vyG KhOvJvyh
.9%Tq! )f( >!9F )yE )f( #| QZ"g< [ZM* hC ,9%Tq!

223
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

9%"| ,qw@ ,AyG J9Z+ZMAyG #| ?f(}G| )c( BJ@ LQO"@


.aQZyG #| h"}yG ~A* ,wy 9%Tq! )c( >!9F )yE btp IOIGh
,qw@ ,AyG J9Z+ZMAyG #| ?f(}G| 9%AJ@ LQO"@ )f( xyPvh
.aQZyG #| h"}yG ~A+y 9%Tq! )f( )yE ?p9\ 9< btp IOIGh 9%"|
:)6( ,p 9$O+fC ,AyG ?+q+wy9< xyPh
)6(

#| )!O}G OJyG OOJ* jPyG )7( CO=}yG Z(YC )6( )zf A9"<h
aQZyG #| h"}yG 9%=F(}< ~A* ,AyG )6( BJ@ ?FQO}yG J9}TyG
.aQZyG #| h"}yG {wW}y A9|OtyG O*OJ@ )zf A9"<

)7(

:GPE aQZyG #| ~S:G h"}*

hC 9%Tq! )c( >!9F )yE )c( #| QZ"f ~S:G )zf {LO vvv C

224
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

.9%Tq! )f( >!9F )yE )f( #| QZ"f ~S:G )zf {LO vvv H

?s;f f(w@ fC ,j="* )f(h )c( #+< ?s;gyG fC )yE 9"$ Q+VCh
:)8( CO=}yG >F(}< ,z|9w@ h*R(@

.GOQG(A@ fC #w}* : )f(h )c( )8(

? pQZyG ?}TyG + #*( w@ J9 z}f vvvvv 1 vvvvv 1 +


uph ~A@ ~S:G #*(w@ J9+z}f fC VQApC b9+TyG GP$ ,p
?v+vpQvZvyGh ?v+v@(vZvyG J9v}vTvzvy A9vtvAv!G J9v+vzv}vf )vzvf ?vTvS|v| OvfG(vs
v
i(v Av Tv | ,v p J(v Zv @h ,v }v Gv gv | {v =v s i(v Av Tv | ,v p ,?v +v y:Ov yGh
,y9$ ,p OOJ}yG {tAT}yG ,pQZyG f(w}y9< Q}@ fC Og< )U.U(
,p ?+@G(ZyG J9}TyG L9|OE J9+z}g< e(t* jPyG )1993( RA!Q|h
g;fC 9%A\QApG ,AyG ?+q+wy9< )U.U( )yE 9%zt! r+%*h >+vQAyG
)yE ?=T"y9< )Q(ZAyG GP%y {Zq| MQWy g;fC )12( IQ9V G hFGQ(
~y9TyG QvP}yG ,p ]vp v [QGyG ?vQI h| 9%zf9q@h ]h[ OOgyG ?tI:
.?ATyG A9}S}Gh
k k
J9}TyG OGOg@ )#*(w@( v v y 9+"$P A9tA!G c9"$ fC 9]*C VQApzS
,vp 9v%v"v*(vwv@ ~vAv* JGOGOvgv@ ?vC;vC c9v"v$ fCh ,)6( ,vp IO(vF(v}vyG
?+q+wy9< ,}Gg| v v v {=tyG i(AT}yG ,p IO(F(| ?qzAM| J9!(w|
.)9(,p IOOJ}yG

)9(

.?+@G(ZyG J9}Tzy OGOg@ v v v C

225
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

1
.?+pQZyG J9}Tzy OGOg@ v v v H

.?+y:OyG J9}Tzy OGOg@ v v v L

aQZyG #| Y("}}yG fC J9!(w}yG gP$ {v ,p d(LOyG QQ=|


fC ,p )zGA@ ?dI;| bT<Ch ,J9!(w}yG gP$ {f9qAy ?G+A! ($
k k
;vzvf 9v%vzvv BvTv+vy aQvZvyG #v| ?vgv!9v}vyG )9vtvI: J9v}vTvyG( {vzvgvyG

{+=s #| ,@G(ZyG f(w}yG )yE ,}A"@ ?+@G(Y {zf 9%"| {< ,?+pQY
{gpC ?j Y + {+=s #| ,pQZyG f(w}yG )yE ,}A"* 9| 9%"|h,?}GgyG
+
o
n
?v v}vzvgvyG {v+v=vs #v| ,vy:OvyG f(vwv}vyG )vyE ,v}vAv"v* 9v| 9v%v"v|h {vgvph

Q$9d}y9< IOOJ| {+zJAyG GP$ Qd! ?%Fh #| ?}Ggy9p..?+qY(yGh


HQ9vtv@/Ovf9v=v@,ahQvJvyG rvy5v@/Qvp9v"v@( ?v+v<QvgvyG ?v}vzvwvzvy ?v+v@G(vZvyG
,p A9tA!G J9+z}f #| HA"@ ?}GgyG f{p &+zfh .)NyG ...LQM}yG
k
#| h"}yG ,p 9]*C >=TA@ ,AyG {gpC ?j+Y 9|Ch .,@G(ZyG f(w}yG
.,v@G(vZvyG f(vwv}vzvy LQvMvv ,vpQvZvyG f(vwv}vyG ,vp )v"v=vAvp aQvZvyG
&y;L #| aQg! jPyG ,y:OyG f(w}yG ,p ?}zwyG A9"< ,%A"* GQk +LCh
k k
.9qYh eC 9}zf IOQq}yG B!9v GPE 9|

A9tA!G ?+z}f &g=A@ )9( ,p IO(F(}yG JGOGOgAyG #| OGOg@ {vh

k
v v v /+[ ?v v+v vpQv vZv vyG J9v v}v vTv vyG rv v+v vyzv vAv vy i(v vAv vTv v| g;v vfC Bv v"v v+v v< 9v v}v vv i(v vAv vTv v}v vyG GPv v$ 1
IOQvGv}vyG J9v}vTvyG gPv%vy ?v+v@G(vZvyG J9v}vTvyG L9v|OE ~vAv* :h ,]Ev+v!zv@ v v v /+,OOvf
f(v vwv v}v vyG ,v vp fQv vs hC L9v v|OE ?v v+v vyB Qv v=v vf ~v vAv v* AGQv vF G GPv v%v vp ,i(v vAv vTv v}v vyG GPv v$ ,v vp
)1998 ,1996( ,vS9vqvyGh )1993( RvAv!Qv|h ,vy9v$ ,vp MQvAvtv}vyG {vtvAvTv}vyG ,vpQvZvyG
GPv $ ,v p uv YG(v zv y ?v +v @(v Zv yG J9v }v Tv yG L9v |OE Ov gv <h ,{v =v s g;v fC ?v "v +v =v }v yG ?v +v qv +v wv y9v <
?v+v@G(vZvyG J9v}vTvyG #v+v< rv+vyzvAvy9v< e(vtv@ ,vAvyG O9v=v}vyG #v| OOvf uv=vav"v@ i(vAvTv}vyG
{vZvJv! ?vtv=vav"v}vyG O9v=v}vyG gPv$ >vF(v}v<h .uvYG(vzvyGh YPvGvyG #v| {vwvy ?v+v=v+vvQvAvyGh
.IOQq}zy ,zgqyG b(a"}yG )zf

226
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

f(w}yG OGOg@ #| I9tA"}yG ?!(w}yG J9}TyG E+J<,J9}TyG #*(wAy


k
Og<h .GPw$h ,!9DyG f(w}yG J9}S #*(wAy ;LO f(w@ dh}G

IOIh( IOQq| )zf {ZJ! J9}TyG xz@ {v A9tA!G #| A9%A!:G


:)10( {+=s #| IOIh )zf ?t=a| JG(aMyG gP$h,)?*Q9f ?+}Gg|

OSC )10(

:OSC ?}zv #*(wAy


)11(,p 9}v LP(}! )yE L9AJ!
)11(
k
JG(aMzy 9t=_ J9+z}gyG ~A@ ,}Gg}yG {=s v v v i(AT}yG ,p
:?+y9AyG ?+\GQAp:G
J9v }v Tv yG #v *(v wv Av y ?v +v @G(v Zv yG J9v }v Tv yG OGOv gv @ #v | A9v tv Av !G vvv C
.?+@G(ZyG

.?+pQZyG J9}TyG #*(wAy ?+pQZyG J9}TyG OGOg@ #| A9tA!G vvv H


1
?+y:OyG J9}TyG #*(wAy ?+y:OyG J9}TyG OGOg@ #| A9tA!G vvv L

#$PyG e(t* ,}Gg| v v v {=s i(AT}yG #| )C 11( OGOgAyG ,p


k
?*GO< )dGOzy ~C #+Tzy ~C :hC ry~y( ?+@G(ZyG J9}TyG A9tA!9<
S(v v}v v%v v| + ,v v!9v v"v vSC+[ ~v vC ,C=]..+ Q(v v%v vGv v|+ ,v vtv vzv vI+[ v v v<
,...GPw$h ,O=]...j(Dy+ Q(%G|+[ ~C ,S=]...jQ+qY+
k
.&+z* jPyG f(w}zy ;LO f(w}yG GP$ LQL Og*h

)vzvf 9v%v=vJvSh )1998( ,vwvTv|(vV Q(vZv@ uvph yuvAv!Gz J9v+vzv}vf hv+vS(vAv< 9v"v$ e(vtv! 1
,v}vGvgv}vyG OGOvgvAvyG ,vp ?vIhQvav}vyG 9v%vTvqv! ?v+vqv+vwvy9v< ,?vy:OvyGh aQvZvyGh &v@G(vZvyG
.)?+=+vQAyG J9+z}gyG {LO(

227
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

?+z}g< #$PyG e(t* ,}Gg}yG {=s i(AT}yG #| )H 11( OGOgAyG ,p


{wW}yGh ,)O,S,C( #| ?tZAz| IOIh uzMy ?+pQZyG J9}Tzy A9tA!G
($ 9}v IOOJ| J9}S xz}* : ,pQZyG f(w}yG fC ,p 9"$ MQa*
k
J9}TyG fC VQApC 9+FO=| #wy .,@G(ZyG f(w}yG )yE ?=T"y9< fzWyG
)4( J9Z+ZMAy9< IOOJ| ,}Gg}yG {=s i(AT}yG GP$ ,p ?+pQZyG
.aQZyG #| Y("}}zy ?+pQY J9}S 9$OfC ,AyG )5(h
OvvvvSC ,$ ?tZAz| IOIh 9"+ag* ,pQZyG i(AT}yG LQL ,GPw$
#| JA9F ,AyGh ?+y9AyG ?|(S(}yG Q+i ?+pQZyG J9}TyG ~]@ ,AyG
?|(S(}yG Q+i ?+pQZyG J9}Ty9< OOJ}yGh ,pQZyG )H 11( OGOg@
?vZvZvMv| OvSC f(vwv@ OGOvgvAvyG #v| A9vtvAv!:G Ovgv<h ,)4(,vp ?v"v+v=v}vyG
:?t<9TyG )4( #| ?tAW}yG )12(,p ?"}]}yG ?+pQZyG J9}Ty9<
:OSC IOQq}y ?+pQZyG J9}TyG )12(

228
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

:]v v v[ >y9Ty9< 9%zv h<Q}yG ,p IOQG(yG J9}TyG )12(

A9tA!:G AGQFE ~A* fC )yE,i(AJ| Q+j< )t=@ OSC IOQq| #wy


#v | ?v +v y:Ov yG J9v }v Tv zv y A9v tv Av !G J9v +v zv }v f &v +v p ~v Av @ jPv yG ,v y:Ov yG
.]...SQAq|+ fG(+I+ ,I+[{+=s

QZ"gv IR$9F ?+}Gg| IOIh OSC ?}zwyG K=Z@ xyP Og<


k
IOOJ}yG ?+=+vQAyG J9+z}gzy ;LO Og@ ,AyG OGOgAyG QY9"f )yE ~]"*
.)!O}G H|9!Q=yG ,p

>gZ* ,g;fC)6( ,p ?zZJ}yG )H 9( ,p J9}TyG #wy


,?"*9=A| hF9=_ JGP 9%!(wy ?sO< &+p )tA"@ jPyG i(AT}yG O*OJ@
1
#| &!{p xyPyh ,,y:OyG {*hzAyG ,p ~$9T* 9| J9}TyG gP$ #|h
,,y:O-aQZyG #+!(w}zy S9}AyG i(AT| ,p ~A@ fC {}AJ}yG
?v}vTvyG )vtvAv"v@ Ev+vJv< ,?vtv<9vTvyG J9v*(vAvTv}vyG {vv ,vp YR(vAv@ 9v}v<Qh
k k
upG(@ hC Qp9"A< 9%_9=@Q: GQd! ,@G(ZyG f(w}yG ,p ;D| ]?}Gf+[
]?v+v}vzvf+[h ,,vpQvZvyG i(vAvTv}vyG ,vp ?vjv+vY+[ ?v}vTvyGh ,ahQvJvyG
{=s ?"+=}yG ?+q+wy9< ,GPw$h ?y:O aQZyG ?%+Fh ,p ]OOf+[h
.{+zs

{+=S )zf 9!PLC GPE.aQZyG #| h"}yG IQ$9c #| QDvC HQAt"y


)13({+=s #| IOIh d9D}yG

O}IC )13(
#v+vAvzvgvy aQvZvyG #v| ?vf(v"v}v| I9vJv"vyG 9v$Ovgv* )13(,vp Ov}vIzv v vp

k
.;D| OOgyG ?}S 9}<Qh ?+}zgyG ?}S {+=s #| 1

229
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

rv *Qv gv Av yG :?v +v !9v Dv yGh .)]?v jv +v Y+[( {v gv pC :{v gv qv yG fRh :)v yh}G

,wyh .))6(,p )9%Tq! c + )c( ,p )6(QZ"gyG( jC :?+}zgy9<


IOOvJv}vyG JGOGOvgvAvyG ?vC;vDvy9v< Qv}v@ fC ,vjv=v"v* ,Ov}vIC ?v}vzvv f(vwvAv@
9$9"*CQ ,AyG 9%Tq! ?+q+wy9< ,}Gg}yG {=s i(AT}yG ,p )10(,p
:)10( )yE ?=T"y9<

IO(F(}yG ?+@G(ZyG J9}TyG A9tA!G ~A* :)C 11( dh}G OGOgAyG ,p


)yE ?=T"y9< 9$9"*CQ ,AyG 9%Tq! ?+q+wy9< ?+@G(ZyG J9}TyG OGOg@ ,p
{ZJ! J(Y {v J9}Ty A9tA!:G J9+z}f #| A9%A!:G Og<h .)10(
)14( IQ(ZyG )zf
.O.e.M.C )14(
k
J9}TyG OGOg@ #*(wAy ;LO ?+y9JyG 9%@Q(Y ,p )24( Og@
9$D9tA!G ~A+S ,AyGh f6G ?I9A}yG J9}TyG fC VQApzSh ,?+pQZyG
#| )6(( #| ]?+}zgy9< r*Qg@+[ ,]{gpC ?j+Y +[ :,z* 9}v ,$
)4( #| )tA"@ J9}TyG ?+t<h ,)6( BJ@ ?"}]}yG 9%Tq! c + )c(
IQ(vZvyG )vzvf {vZvJv"vp ,?v|(vS(v}vyG Qv+vi J9vZv+vZvMvAvy9v< ?vtvzvgvAv}vyG
:)15(
O}IC )15(
2 1
. ,y:O i(AJ| fhO< )15( )t=@

,aQv vZv vyG #v v| hv v"v v}v vyG >v v=v vTv v@ ,v vAv vyG ,v v$ )6( #v v| I9v vtv vAv v"v v}v vyG J9v v}v vTv vyG fC ev vI: 1
,v$ iQvL}G I9vtvAv"v}vyG J9v}vTvyG 9v}v"v+v< ,)7( >vF(v}v< )c( #v| f9vAv+vtvAv"v| f9vAv}vTvyGh
9v%v!} aQvZvyG #v| hv"v}vyG ,vp {vLOvAv@ : IQv+vL}G gPv$h #vwv}vAv}vyG ~vS;vy J9v}vS
.)?|(S(}yG Q+i( ?=y9TyG ~+ty9< ?ZZM|
= )1998(,v wv Tv |(v V e(v %v qv }v < )?v |(v dv "v |( #v | #v f IQ9v =v f OGOv gv Av yG fC ,v "v gv * GPv $h 2

230
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

J9}TyG OGOg@ #*(wAy ;LO )15( eOt@ :Ey9DyG OGOgAyG ,ph


{+=s #| IO9f IOOJ| ?+y:O J9}S ~]* &!C VQAq* jPyG ?+y:OyG
1
,$ IQ+L}G gP$h ]?+}zgy9< r*Qg@+[h ,]QvP+[ ,]f9T!E+[
{gpC(h )~zgyG {gpC( #+< {ZqyG #| i(AT}yG GP$ ,p 9""w}@ ,AyG
h| ?%+Fh 9%y jO9tAfG ,p ]?+}zf+[ fC Q9=AfG )zf )rY(yG
.9| ?+q+w< ,y:OyG i(AT}yG

JRG!C Os O}IC ?+}Gg}yG IOI(yG f(w@ ?zIQ}yG gP$ O"fh

i(AT}yG GP$ {=s O}IC :E+J< ; ?+}Gg| {=s J9*(AT| ?C;C ,p


[v vZv vMv v}v vyG hC ]~v vzv vf+[ v v v v< [v vZv vMv v}v vyG Ovvv}vvvIC #v v+v v< ?v vTv v=v vAv vzv v|
v v v {=s i(AT}yG ,p )"=@ Q(ZAyG GP$ ,p ?}zwy9p ;]rYh+[ v v <
J9v !(v wv | ?v C;v C ,v p hv _9v tv Av * 9v $D9v "v <h ~v Gv gv }v yG ,v p : ,v }v Gv gv |
O}IC IR$9GyG ?+}Gg}yG IOI(yG ($ ~Gg}yG ,p ($ 9|h,?qzAM|
)vzvf UvS|v}vyG ,v}vGvgv}vyG {vLOv}vy9v< ~vGvgv}vyG ,vp [vZvMv@ ,vAvyG
.,}Gg}yG v v v {=s i(AT}yG ,p ?C;DyG J9!(w}yG #| A9tA!:G

?v |(v S(v }v yG Qv +v i J9v }v Tv yGh ?v |(v S(v }v yG J9v }v Tv yG e9v dv Av !9v < ~v ]v @ ?v |(v dv "v }v yG gPv $h =
{vgvGv@ ,vAvyG ?v+vqv+vwvyG Qv+vTvqv@ ?v<(vgvY ,vp #v}vwv* MhQvav}vyG {vwvWv}vyGh .,vtvTv! {vwvWv<
,vp OGOvgvAvyG {vLGO IO(vF(v}vyG J9v}vTvyG #v| #v+vf(v"vyG #v+v< uv*QvqvAvyG )vzvf GQkO9vs #v$PvyG
.OQG}yG ,pQZyG i(AT}yG GP$
uvzvgvAv@ :h ?v+vy:O ?v}vS )vyh}9vp ]Ev+v!zv@ v v v [ ?v}vTvyG #vf rvzvAvMv@ ]QvvP+[ ?v}vTvyG 1
?v+vpQvZvyG J9v}vTvzvy ?v+vY9vL ~vS(vyG eOvfh ~vS(vyG f} ,9v"v$ ~vS(vyG eOvf hC ~vS(vy9v<
?v}vS Ovgv@ ]Ev+v!zv@ v v v [ ?v|(vS(v}vyG Qv+vi ?v}vTvyG f{vp xvyPvyh {v+vzvJvAvyG GPv$ ,vp bvtvp
9v v}v v%v v!(v vv #v v| ~v viQv vy9v v< )?v vJv vzv v_(h )Ov v*R( Ov vGv v!,d9v vDv v}v vyG {v v+v v=v vS )v vzv vgv vp ,?v v+v vpQv vY
Ev+v Jv < ?v qvzvAv Mv| ?v +vpQvZvyG 9v}v%v+vAv}v S fC :E ]QvvP+[ ?v+vy:OvyG ?v}vTvy9v < #v+v Zv Zv Mv |
Qv +v L}G GPv $ f(v wv y ]Ev +v !zv @+[ ,v p ]?v Jv zv _( 9v }v "v +v < ]Ev +v !zv @-[ ,v p )Ov *R( {v LOv *
k
LQv Mv yG ,v p Qv C|v @ #v y 9v }v <Q ,v Av yG Ev +v !zv Av yG )v zv f ?v yGOv yG ?v +v pQv Zv yG ?v |;v gv y9v < 9v |(v S(v |
.?+}Gg}yG IOI(zy ,y:OyG

231
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

aQZyG # " | h }zy Q TqAyGh > vQAyG L yh vvvvv 2 vvvvv 1 + + (


,p IRG"}yG ?}zwyG d(LO< OOJA* g;fC J9+y9wV5y Q+TqAyG
?s;f ,p 9}%y(LO {=s )15(h )10( fC )"g}< ,?+=+vQ@ J9s;f
: QGyG fC eI: ;&|Of hC aQZyG ?+I9! #| #+@OOJ| Q+i ?+=+vQ@
Iz+%| BJ=YC )15( fC h|h ,>+vQAyG ,p ~A@ {}f ?s;g< :E Q%d*
:E ]{gpC ?j+Y+[h ]r*Qg@+[#+A}TyG >F(}< aQZyG #| h"}zy
: &|Of hC #*("AyG fC 9}v,HGQfE jz< ?ZZM| Q+i f6G )AI 9%!C
1
.>+vQAyG ,p JGOI(yG d(LO O"f :E K]A*

b(vqvAv| )15( IOQvqv}vzvy ,vpQvZvyG ,v@9v}vTvyG Ov+vYQvyG fC evI:


jC f6G )yE xzA}@ : ,AyG )10( IOQq}yG )zf #+A=F(| #+A}T<
.?=F(| ?+pQY ?}S

#| QDvz< [ZM@ :C ,j="* ?+}Gg| IOIh jC fC VQApzS


)6(,p IOQG(yG ?=F(}yG ?+pQZyG ~+tyG #| #+A=F(| #+A+pQY #+A}+s
~+tyG ,p IO9*RyG )zf >@QA+S xyP GOf ,~Gg}yG )yE {LO@ fC {=s
)yE jO|* Osh ,?}zwyG b9tAVG JGQhQ+Y ,p aGQJ!G ?=F(}yG
gOOJ* 9| GP$h .>F(}yG ,}TyG ~vGQAyG O*GR@ GPE ?+"=yG ?|;S eOf
:)16( CO=}yG

.f9A=F(| f9A}S ?=F }yG ~ tyG ( + # ) } | Zs G OJyG v v v )26(

?+I9"yG #| v v v ,@z* ?I9A}yG ~+tyG OOf )zf VhQq}yG O+tyG GP$

A9v v }v v S:G ,v v p {v v Y}Gz fC,70:U,1 L jP9v v <GQv v Av v S:G iQv v * OOv v Zv v yG GPv v $ ,v v p 1
.yHGQf5y ?tJAT| Q+i OGQp G ?y9I ,p ,$h,OGQp G

232
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

k
a;vMv<h 9v+vpQvY ?v+vzvTvzvS;vyG J9vjvzvyG fC ?vtv+vtvI #v|-?v+v=v*QvGvAvyG
k k
uZAz@ ,AyG J9+pQZyG #| GOhOJ| GOOf :E {=t@ : 9%"| ?+zTzTyG

#| h"}yG IQ$9c f{p 9"$ 9%"f hpGOC ,AyG Qd"yG ?%Fh #|h.9%<
O*GRAy IQV9=| ?G+A! f(w@ Os )?+zTzS;yG( ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ,p aQZyG
.9%< ?tZAz}yG J9+pQZyG
?z]p ht@ fzv ?+=+vQAyG J9s9+TyG ,p )10( ,p OSC d(LOp
?vQIh #*("Azy OSC IOQq}yG {=t@ ?+!9w|E &"| HA"* ,QGyG aQJy
OSC IOQq}yG fC ($ ,yh}G Q+TqAyGh.QGyG HGQfE )zf ?yGOyG QTwyG
,]OOf v v v [ ?=y9TyG ~+ty9< &+yE Q9W}yG ,pQZyG i(AT}yG ,p IOOJ|
Ovs 9v%v!{vp ?v+v=v+vvQvAvyG J9v+vzv}vgvyG ,vp 9v%vy(vLO Ov"vfh ...]Ev+v!zv@ v v v[
1
9}$h ,#*("AyG hC , HGQf G ?}Tv :IO*OF ?+pQY ?}S >TAw@
k
98=f {wW@ #y ?=TAw}yG ?}TyG gP%p ,)f9A|(S(|( f9A=F(| f9A}+s
k
.))26( CO=}yG eGQAIG( ~+tyG ,p 9}vGQ@ hC

,vpQvZvyG ~vS(vyG e(v%vqv}vyG Ov*OvJv@ )vzvf A9v"v< ?v|(vS(v| ?v+vpQvY ?v}vS ?v+v<GQvf G ?v}vTvyG 1
k k
,v$h 9v+vpQvY 9vtv+vtvJv@ xvzvAv}v@ 9v%v!(vwvy GQk vdv! )32 v v v 29( JGQ9vV G ,vp &v@OQhC jPvyG
bQv qv * OOv Zv yG GPv $ ,v ph .]HGQv fE +[ ?v =v F(v }v yG ?v }v +v tv y9v < IOOv Jv | ?v }v S ,v y9v Av y9v <
~v S(v yG Kv zv av Zv | Bv Jv @ ,v <GQv f G ~v S(v yG #v | #v +v f(v ! #v +v < -57 :U ,f(v Tv vO
  ,v v vqv v v+v v vc(v v vyG ~v v vS(v v vyG Kv v vzv v vav v vZv v v|h *   & jQ(v v vZv v vyG
e(vS(v| HGQvfE rv+v"vZvAvyG GPv$ uvph ?v+vI9v"vyG gPv$ #v| QvGvyG HGQvfEh . &
k k
9v|(vS(v| &v!(vv 9v"v$ e9v}vAv$:G ,vp {vLOv* :h .,vpGQvZvyG &vtvtvJv@ )vyE Qvdv"vy9v< 9v*Q(vY
k k
~vGvgv}vyG {v=vs 9vpQvZv| &v!(vv #v| HGQvf G LQvMv! fC #vwv}v* 9v"v$ #v|h .: eC 9v+vqv+vch

#v | LQv Mv @ ?v +v }v Gv gv }v yG IOv I(v yG fC VQv Av qv * jPv yG ,)v !O}G Hv |9v !Qv =v yG ,v p (v $ 9v }v v


J9v}vTvyG ?vJvF: ,vp {vLOv@ : ?v+v<GQvf G ?v}vTvy9vp ;rv*QvZvAvyG ?vzv|9vv ,v$h ~vGvgv}vyG
Qv =v f ~v Av * jPv yG ){v |G(v gv yG(,v =v +v vQv Av yG {v f9v qv Av yG L9v Av ! 9v %v !} ~v Gv gv }v yG ,v p ?v pQv Zv }v yG
9v}vf IQvLzvAv| J9v+vzv}vf 9v%vzvvh ){vtv"vyG ~vC ~v]vyGh A9vtvAv!:9v< COv=v@( ?v+vs9vtvAvVG JGQhQv+vY
.iQL}G ?+pQZyG J9}TyG )yE ?=T"y9< &z=s hC ~Gg}yG ,p ~A*

233
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

Ovgv@ ,vAvyG )25( ,vp Ov}vIC IOQvqv}vyG xvyP #v| UvwvgvyG )vzvf
#| 9}%< BFQL #+A=F(| #+A}+t< ,pQZyG i(AT}yG ,p ?ZZM|
OJyG 9}$h ,}Gg}yG {=s i(AT}yG ,p ,pQZyG ,}TyG OGOgAyG
IOQq}yG VQg* xyP #| QDvC :?=F(}yG J9}TyG #| M9A}yG )Zs}G
a9]@ >+vQAyG ,p O}IC IOQq}yG d(LO O"f ;aQZyG #| h"}zy
k
h\(yG GP$ ,ph ,9]*C ?=F(| ?}+s ,$ ,AyG ?+<GQf G ?}TyG 9%+yE
,?}zwyG QLB )zf ?=F(}yG ~+tyG ,p ~vGQ@ )yE IOQq}yG VQgA@
CO=}yG bQL( #*("AyG H9+i IQ(Y ,p )zGA* aGQJ!G )yE jO|@h
)zf ?=@QA}yG ]vp v [ IQTwyG ?+<GQf G ?vQJyG fC GP$ #f eRz*h ,))16(
zGz@ Q9+%!:G #| ?+"=yG P9t! h ,~+tyG ~vGQ@ ?G+A! BztDASG Os QGyG
]vn v [ ?JAqyG ,$h rL}G ?vQJyG Q9+ALG )yE ?+"=yG
1
#| r+qMAzy
2
.IQLzA| ?+@(Y aQY OfG(s >F(}< ?=F(}yG ~+tyG ~vGQ@ IOI
,]vp v [ QGyG ?vQI H9+jy QTq* 9}<Q (J"yG GP$ )zf ~+tyG ~vGQAp
k
,~+tyG ~vGQ@ #| H@9! 9]*C ($ #*("AyG H9+i f{p ,?zC9}| ?+q+w<h
k
O}IC )zf 9%y(LOh ?=F(| ?}+t< OOJ@ ?+pQY ?tY: 9]*C (%p

3
?|Ot}yG ?GJyGh .aQZyG #| h"}yG >=T*h )16( CO=}yG bQM*

,v$ HQvgvyG Ov"vf J9vvQvJvyGz fC 50 :U ,,vqvavZv| ~v+v$GQv<E QvvPv* OOvZvyG GPv$ ,vp 1
,v$ {v< ,A,vV )vzvf dOv@ :h HGQvfE ?v|;vf BvTv+vzvp ?vJvAvqvyG 9v|C IQvTvwvyGh ?v}v]vyG
9v}vzvv ?v}vzvwvyG 9v%v< ,v%vAv"v@ fC OGQv* ,vAvyGh ,HQvgvyG Ov"vf ?v=vJvAvTv}vyG ?vqv+vqvMvyG ?vvQvJvyG
.y?|9gyG ?jy ,p f(wTyG ?<9D}< ,%p ,xyP #w|C
jPvyG ,vpQvZvyG f(vwv}vyG jC :RvAv!Qv| h ,vy9v$ &v"vf KOvJvAv* jPvyG i(vAvTv}vyG ,vp ~vAv@ 2
,v S9v qv yG ,v p ?v "v +v =v }v yG ?v +v qv +v wv y9v < S.H ,v p O(v F(v | (v $ 9v | ~v +v dv "v @h rv +v yzv Av < e(v tv *
.{+zJAyG GP$ ,p ?}%zAT}yGh )1998,1996(
k
= #v wv |C ,v Av yG ?v y9v Jv yG ,v p &v !C :E ,9v |9v }v @ &v "v f )v "v jv Av Tv * ?v y9v Jv yG gPv $ ,v p #v *(v "v Av yG 3

234
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

?}Ty9< ?ZZM|(:?pQg| f(w@ : 9|O"f O}IC fC Q+TqAyG GP%y


IOIGh ?=F(| ?}+t< ,pQZyG i(AT}yG #| LQM@ 9%!{p )]r*Qg@ v v v [
)16( CO=}yG bQMy ,qw@ : ?}TyG gP$h ]{gpC ?j+Y+[ ,$h
1
.QGyG HGQfE ?vQI GPvh 9%+zf {LO* #*("AyG f{p ,y9Ay9<h

+
~ tyG ~vGQ@ CO=| Q9=ALG vvvvv 2

~vGQA< aQZyG #| h"}zy QTq* jPyG )16( CO=}yG IA9qv Q9=ALG


d9wV VQgA* jPyG ,y9AyG dD9TAyG d;L #| ~A* ?=F(}yG ~+tyG
.QGyG ?vQI IO(f

hC r*QgAyG O"f ]vp v [ QTwyG ?+zY}G QGyG ?vQI O(g@ GP9}y


?#*("AyG O(g* : 9}"+< ?p9\ G
k

QGyG ?vQI IO f::hC (


?p9\ G GPvh r*QgAyG IGOC fC ,p 9"$ ,\GQApG [MzA*
Q+i ~S:G ~+Sz@ ~A* 9%=F(}< ?*(s ?+}SG [F9ZL f9wz}*

Qv+vi #v| &v!{vp ~v+vtvyG ,vp ~vvGQvAvyG ?vGv+vAv! )#v*(v"vAvyG(Qv+vwv"vAvyG ?vtvY: #vf A9v"vjvAvS:G 9v%v+vp =
k
?v +v <GQv f G ?v vQv Jv yG H9v +v i f} ,?v +v <GQv f G ?v vQv Jv yG #v f 9v +v zv v A9v "v jv Av S:G #v wv }v }v yG
GPv$h #v+vwvTvAvyG )vyE ?v}vzvwvyG QvLB VQvgv* )9v"v$ ?vJvAvqvyG( 9v%v"vf H(v"v* 9v| hC ?v+vzvY}G
Qv+vL}G hvavtv}vyG f(vwv* ?vvQvJvyG H9v+vi ?vy9vI O9v=v}vyG hv| VQ9vgvAv* ,vqvp: ?v+v\hQvgvyG
k k
#v vv9v vTv v< ,v v%v vAv v"v v@ IOQv vqv v}v vyG f{v vp ?v v+v v<GQv vf G ?v vvQv vJv vyG d(v vLO Ov v"v vfh .9v v"v vv9v vS 9v v"v vv9v vS
,vp Qv+vL}G hvavtv}vyG )vzvf ?vvQvJvyG &v=vgvzv@ jPvyG QhOvyG d;vL #v| Kv]vAv* GPv$h,?vvQvI
n
.?vQI #v9S IQ(Y PLz* jPyG ?vQJ}yG O}IC
Om v}vICh Om v}vIzv< JQQv| :Bvzvtvp ~vS:G JQvwv! f{vp OOvZvyG GPv$ ,vp L9vFRvyG d(vtv* 1
gOv vIh {v vgv vqv vyG &v v=v vV &v v+v vp ,v vtv v< rv v*Qv vgv vAv vyG #v vf ~v vS:G bv vI 9v v}v vzv vp ;]...[ Qv vLB
.5:U v v v e.f .aQZ!9p

235
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

~S:G )zf r*QgAyG IGOC {LO@ 9|O"gp;&"w}@ )yE gOQh #w}A}yG


k
CO=}zy 9t=_ #+A=F(| #+A}+s #| QDvz< LQL jPyG #w}A}yG Q+i
K+A* 9}| ?=F(}yG ~+tyG gP$ iOIE (J}< e(t@ IGO}G f{p )16(
K\hzSh.~+tyG ~vGQ@ #| r+qMAyG ?G+A! utJAyG QGyG ?+pQZy
:?+y9AyG ?+q+wy9< xyP

>=T< aQZyG #| ?f("}}yG f9Waf {+=s #| IOQq| 9!PLC GPE


)#v+v@OvFGRvyG f(v"vyGh rvy}G( g;vfC )6( #v| ,v!(v! QvZv"vf d(vLO
r*QgAyG d(LO O"f &!C eI: ;)?+qY(yG( 9%Tq! )f( )yE ?p9\ 9<
k 1
]rYh+[ ,$h 9+F9tz@ aPJ@ ?=F(}yG ~+tyG iOIE f{p ,9%+zf
k k
?}+s )t=@ xyPy ?G+A!h ,9pQg| 9}SG K=Z@ )f9WagyG( ?}zvh

,qw@ : ,$h ,]f G +[ f("yGh ry}G IO9*R ,$ ?=F(| IOIGh


{=t@ 9%"w}* ,y9Ay9<h ,)16( CO=}yG >F(}< aQZyG #| h"}zy
,A y G O}IC IOQq}yG O*OF #| {|zA"y .]vp v [ QTwyG ?+<GQf G ?vQJyG
&=V=( ?j+Y+[ )c( #| QZ"f d(LO >=T< aQZyG #| Bg"|
d(LO O"f &!{p ;)?+}zgy9< r*QgAyG( 9%Tq! )c( >!9F )yE ]){gqyG
k
>v=vTv< 9v+vF9vtvzv@ ]?vjv+vY+[ ?v}vS aPvJv@ 9v%v+vzvf )dG( rv*QvgvAvyG IGOC

k
)dG( fC )dG( rv v*Qv vgv vAv vyG IGOC [v vF9v vZv vL #v v| 9v vs;v vav v!Gh b9v v+v vTv vyG GPv v$ ,v vp VQv vAv vpC 1
?vf(v"v}v}vyG IOQvqv}vzvy {v|9vwvyG ~v+vSzvAvyG 9v"v$ ~v+vSzvAvy9v< ,v"vgv!h ~v+vSzvAvyG ?v+vY9vL xvzvAv}v@
,vp y#vwv}vAv|z ~vSG )vyE 9v%vzv*(vJv@h rvY(vyG hC y{vgvqvyG Bv%v=vVCz ,vAvyG aQvZvyG #v|
f(vwv* : #vwv}vAv}vyG ~vS:G fC ,v"vgv* )#vwv}vAvyG( 9v"v$ ~v+vSzvAvyG e(v%vqv| fC 9v}vv ,&vAv+v}vSG
q k
?v v+v v}v vS:G J:9v vJv vyG hC
#v vwv v}v vAv v}v vyG Qv v+v vi d(v vJv v* rv v*Qv vgv vAv vyG IGOC d(v vLOh ,9v vqv vYh
I(v vtv vy ?v vGv v+v vAv v! ?v v]v vJv v| A9vv}v vSC )v vyE )xv vyP Qvv+v vi hC rv vY(v v< hC {v vgv vqvv< ?vvav vzv vAv vMv v}v vyG(
9v %v y ?v p9v \ G fC Ov tvAvfCh .9v "v$ VQv Av pC 9v }v v rv *Qv gv Av yG IGO} ?v +v}vS:G [vF9vZvMv yG

.)"g}yG GP%< IGO}G 9%wzA}@ ,AyG 9%Tq! ?+}+SzAyG ?+Y9MyG

236
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?=S(I :SO9TyG {ZqyG

1
?v}vTvy #vwv}v* : ,vy9vAvy9v<h ,9v%vwvzv}v@ ,vAvyG ?v+v}v+vSzvAvyG ?v+vY9vMvyG
?+!9w|E GP$ #| HA"*h ,aQZyG h"}@ fC 9$OIh ]?+}zgyG r*Qg@+[
.?+<GQf G QTwyG ?vQI d(LO

~S:Gh IGO } 9< aQg}yG ~S:G ) zf #*(" AyG IO f ( eOf :9 +! k


9C

.a9]}yG

: ?p9\ G hC r*QgAyG h| #*("AyG utJ@ eOf fC jO9tAfG ,p


h| )AI #*("AyG f} xyPh ,aQZyG #| h"}yG hC aQZy9< b=@Q*
iQLCh S9S}9< ?+y:O H9=S} utJA* :C ,j="* aQZ"}yG ~S:G
k
~vS:Gh ?vp9v\ G ,vp #v*(v"vAvyG H9v+vi ,9v+vy:Ovp .?v+v@G(vY v v v aQvY
k
&g"}@ jPyG ?+y:OyG ~+tyG ,p eO9ZAyG >"GA< 9]*C QQ=| aQg}yG
fC #vwv}v* : Ev+vJv< ,?v+vy:OvyG J9v}vTvyG rv+vyzvAvy ?v|9vgvyG O9v=v}vyG
k
Qt}yG CO=}yG >TI 9+y:O #+A|O9ZA| #+A}T< IOQq}yG [ZM@

:)17(,p
k
.9+y:O #+A|O9ZA| #+A}S #+< r+yzAyG h"}* )17(

,IQw"zy ~zf #*("AyG fC VGQApG )zf US|| CO=}yG GP$h


GP%y e9gyG e(%q}y9<( ?pQg}zy ~zf ?p9\ 9< hC IGO}9< r*QgAyGh

,vpQvZv yG i(v Av Tv }v yG ,v p )vtvAv "v @ )dG( Ov Jvy9vv ?v tv Y: fC iQC : {v+vzv JvAv yG GPv $ ,v p 1
rvy|v@h {vtvAvTv| ,v}vGvgv| {vLOv}v< ?vzvtvAvTv| ?vtvY: 9v$OvfC 9v}v!Eh ,,v}vGvgv}vyG {v=vs
?v }v S fC GPv $ #v f eRv zv *h ;?v +v =v +v vQv Av yG ?v +v s9v tv Av V:G Ov fG(v tv yG >v F(v }v < )~v S:G( hv |
U(v Zv "v }v yG aQv Zv yG #v | hv "v }v zv y IOv +v tv }v yG J9v }v Tv yG #v }v \ {v LOv @ : ]rv *Qv gv @+[
9v%v!{vp aQvZvyG #v| ?vf(v"v}v}vyG IOQvqv}vyG )vzvf ydGz {vLOv@ 9v|Ov"vfh ,)6( ,vp 9v%v+vzvf
#v| ?vgv!9v}vyG ?v=vF(v}vyG J9v}vTvyG ^vgv< (vJv}v< e(vtv@ ?v+v}vS:G 9v%vZvF9vZvL I(vs >vF(v}v<
.aQZyG

237
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
#+A}TyG #+< ry|! fC )17( v v y 9t=_ #w}}yG Q+i #|h ,)VGQAp:G
k
hC )]+#v *(v "v @+[ ]rv *Qv gv @+[( :{v +v =v s #v | 9v +v y:O #v +v Av |O9v Zv Av }v yG
OQG(vAvy ?vGv+vAv! #v*(v"vAvyG H9v+vi f{vp ,vy9vAvy9v<h )]Qv+vvPv@+[ ]Ev+v!zv@+[(
1 k
.9f9=@ )27(h )26( fBO=}yG( &g| r*QgAyG

f{p,,y:O {wW| ($ jPyG J9}TyG ,p ^s9"AyG >!9F )yE


fC ,j="* ydGz &+p 9| )yE a9]}yG aQZyG #| Y("}}yG )zf #*("AyG
k
#f IQ9=f #*("AyG f} xyPh 9]*C ?+@G(Y aQY H9=S} aPJ*
,p O(F(}yG y#v9TyGz h| ,tAz* ?pQg| )yE a9]* 9|O"f y#v9Sz
A9vtvAvyG hv"v}v@ ?v+v<QvgvyG rv+vyzvAvyG OvfG(vsh ,&v+vyE a9v]v}vy9v< uvav"vyG dhC
b9+S {v ,p {< >TJp aQZyG #| Y("}}yG ,p U+y,#+"v9S
#v9TyG #| [zMAzy ?qzAM| {F9Sh c9"$h ,f9"v9S &+p ,tAz*
:)18( ,p #+=| ($ 9| 9%}$C

)28(

&JAp hC dh}G #v9TyG QTv v v v C


2 k
.?!("| Q+i ?vQJyG A9t<Eh 9tza| #*("AyG aPI v v v H

k
~v $Ov "v f ?v p9v \ G fC ,v p OOv Jv * #v *(v "v Av yG H9v +v jv y 9v |9v f GQk v +v Tv qv @ A9v |Ov tv yG Ov "v f Ov Gv ! 1
,v p A9v F 9v }v v [v +v Zv Mv Av yG hC rv *Qv gv Av yG #v | HQv ]v y ,b9v Zv y Gh O9v "v S G )v "v gv }v <
)v zv f dOv * &v !} aPv Jv * fC ,v jv =v "v * #v *(v "v Av yGzh ,201:U HGQv f G ?v Jv zv | MQv V
.202:U y~S:G d9Z@G )zf dO@ ?p9\ Gh &y9}vh ~S:G d9Zq!G
rv vshz :{v v+v v=v vs #v v| y#v vv9v vS &v v+v vyh fEh #v v*(v v"v vAv vyG aPv vI Rv v+v vGv v* #v v| HQv vgv vyG #v v|hz 2
o
.42:U ,1L . , ( ( " pG yG J yG ,#TI S9=f yh}SG >+aL

238
h<9TyG {ZqyG

, (
<QgyG j jzyG KGQAyG U QO@ *
?+! 9Ty JGhO < S
O +% }@

o
j(jzyG KGQAyGz e(%q|h ?%F #| yJ9+!9TzyGz e(%q| PLp C Oty
;QL6G #f 9}$OIC d;tAS:G #| A,W< ?+!9C ?%F #| y,<QgyG
?*(<QAyG J9TS|}yG iOy( IQPI ?g+=_ JGP JGOtAg| O(F(y xyP
k k
;,!9DyG ,p dh}G Q+Cz@ #| )9+!9C ,g|9GyG ~+zgAyG J9TS||h 9S9SC
o w
,p hC ,,!9DyG #f {*O< dh}G fC O9tAfG IQPJyG ?*DQyG gP$ OQ|h
GP$ .,!9DyG )yE ?=T"y9< jQhQ\ Q+i dh}G fC ,?+<9G*E QDvC d9I
no
#w@ ~yC :{+=s #| ?z8SC Qd! ?%Fh #| QQv =| Q+i QPp JyG O9tAf:G
m
xyP IOI [+ztAy ?+p9v ,<QgyG ,!9TzyG EJ=yG #| O(tf ?T}L

EJ=yG ?+y;tASG eOf )zf ?"$Q=zy ?+p9v #w@ ~yC ?a(MAyGh QPJyG
?,<QgyG j(jzyG 9"CGQ@ #f &FP9}!h &G$9"|h &@9$9G@G {w< ,!9TzyG
,q+c(yG JG(Y}G ~zf d9G| ,p h*QTyG {$P}yG eOtAyG #w* ~yC
v 1 x
)J9+@(ZyG( ,w+AS(v}G JG(Y}G ~zfh #   )?@G(ZyG(
k
)vzvf 9v%v@9v*Qvdv!h 9v%vFP9v}v! ~v$C uv+v=vavAv< AOv=vzvy 9vgv"vtv| #  
o x o x
A9vPyG #*O9+|h ?+y6G ?}FQAyG eOt@ ~yC ??+<QgyG ?@G(ZyGh J9+@(ZyG
o
9%"TIz< PL~y 9!(fO* 9| j(jzyG H9TAv:G J9*Qd!h ,f9"aY:G

Rv+v+v}vAvzvy J9v+v<O}G ^vgv< ,vp eOvMvAvTv}vyGh M9vAv}vyG ,v<QvgvyG {v<9vtv}vyG eGOvMvAvSG Bvzv]vp 1

.#   h #   :9}$h JG(Y}G ~zf YhQp #| #+fQp #+<

241
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

~+zg@ Q+T+@h 9%+yEh ?+<QgyG ?jzyG #| ?pQg}yG {t! Q+T+@ {+=S ,p


w
?9$Q+j<h 9%< #+t_9"zy ?+<QgyG ~zg@h

k
#v| ?vf(v}vGv| 9v%vqvY(v< ,J9v+v!9vTvzvyG f{vp ,iQvLC ?v+vI9v! #v|
~y 9| eOtA@ fC 9%y f9v 9| ,?|OtA}yG ?+}zgyG H$9"}yGh JGhO}G

;p ;&"| uza"@ ,}y9fh ,<Qf ,!9T!E jQ9]I KQE c9"$ #w*


k
,>TJp O*OF {v ~*Ot@ 9%< W9"* fC 9}FGO J9+!9TzyG #| QdA"!
:O*OGyG ^g=y 9%}*Ot@ #f ?+}$C {t@ : ?qzAM| QGhOC J9+!9Tzzp
o
#f rWwyGh ,?|OtA| JGhOz< KGQAyG IAGQs IO9fE )zf ?!9f G 9%"|
,QZJyG : d9D}yG {+=S )zgp ;9"p;S} Q+=v j(jyh ,}zf u=S
n nn
eOs 9}+p &p9Z!Eh ,v9wTyG uI ?*O+ztAyG ?*Ot"yG IQd"yG B=zS Otp
o n k
#v+v+vCGQvAvyG {v=vs #v| ,rvYp (vp ;?v|OvtvAv| ?m v+vi;v< {v+vy9vJv@h iDQ #v|
v
?+yhGOAyG J9+!9TzyG eOt@ h|h .?+<QgyG ?i;=yG Ogs &!z< ,~%Tq!C
?*R9G! G J:(}JyG Y(\(| ,p IO+q}yG &@9IQAt}< U*GQi Q(%ch
?v v*(v v]v vtv vyG ?v v+v v"v v=v vyG )v vzvvf 9v v%vvy9v vLOE #v vwvv}v v* ,v vAv vyG ?vv"v vwvv}vv}vvyG O(v v+vvtv vyGh
,v!9vTvzvyG &v=vAv!G ,?v|RvzvAvTv}vyG 9v%vAvy(v}vIh        

R+}A}yG ,v9wTyG u=S )yE )1985({v(A}yG O}IC Q+=wyG ,yhGOAyG


,p ,v9wTyG &|Os 9| fCh ,jQG(JyG eGRzAS:G Y(\(| ?SGQO ,p
#++yhGOAyG #| gQ+ih U*GQi &|Os 9}| Q+Dw< ~$C Og* Y(\(}yG GP$
,<}h ,"F #<:h ,v9wTzy QLzA}yG a9Z! G GP$h .#*QY9g}yG
,v<QvgvyG (vJv"vzvyh fhOvzvL #v<:h A9v"v+vS #v<:h Xv+vgv* #v<:h f9v+vI
JGhO}G ?vsO )vyE &v+vp {v]vqvyG O(vgv* ,?v+v<QvgvyG ?vi;v=vzvyh &vzv}vvzv<
.?D*OJyG ?+!9TzyG H$9"}yGh

242
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

1
)2002( ,v<9vavMvyG Qvdv! ?v%vFh #v| ?vDv*OvJvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG Ovgv@
IGOC 9%!} ,&J+\(@h ?jzyG ~+zg@ aO$ O*OJAy ?*QhQ]yG IGO}Gz
?v+vzv}vf )vzvf gOvf9vTv@ ,?vjvzvyG ~vzvgv| dh9v"vAv| ,vp ?v+vzv+vzvJv@ ?v+vqvYh
,<9aMyG Q=g* 9}v KGQAyG GP$ SCQ ?+<QgyG B!9v GPEh .y~+zgAyG
>v +v y9v SC #v| Ev*OvI hvp9v! {vwv< 9v%v+vyE &vF(vAv! fC 9v"v=vFGh #v}vpz
2
. ySQOyG

J9TS|}yG H9g+ASG iO| U}* : Os eOt@ 9}+p E*OJyGh


,,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyGh J9+!9TzyG #+< ?+z|9wAyG ?s;gzy ?+}*O9v}G
JCO<h J9+!9TzyG U*QOA< BJ}S ?+<QgyG J9g|9GyG #| Q+Dwp
fC hOv =v *h ,U9v Zv Av L:G e9v Tv sC ,v p 9v %v Gv F9v Av ! #v | Qv +v Dv v uv +v =v av Av <
;f9w}yG GP$ ,p &Ws9"! 9}+p dh}G ,"g}yG ,$ ?*(<QAyG J9TS|}yG
?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?SGQO
,p ?*O+ztAyG 9%G$9"}< IQ+L}G gP$ BdqAIG PE
w
)zf ?*(jzyG ?wz}yG IQOs eOgy ?G+A! Q(Zty9< B}%@Gh ,9%T*QO@h
p
3
9%G$9"|h J9+!9TzyG d9LO{< K}T@ ~yh ,QZgyG J9=zaA| ?=vG(|
J9vTvS|v}vyG dGRv@:h .?v+vSQOv}vyG ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG Hv$9v"v| Ev*OvJvAvy

.126 :U ,?jzyG U QO@ * , * p ?D OI J9 9G@G $ 1

135:U .f.e 2

,v p Q(v Zv s #v | ?v *(v <Qv Av yG 9v "v @9v Tv S|v | ,v !9v gv @z :)2006( Qv Y9v ! xv < Qv +v L 9v %v | d(v tv @ 3
#v*RvF9vf 9v$OGQvpC rvtv*h ,,vF(vy(v"vwvAvyG Q(vavAvyGh ?v+v}vzvgvyG JGQ9vwvAv<:G #vf Qv+v=vgvAvyG
,?v+v<Qvf X9vqvyzv< 9v%v@GQv=vL #vf Qv+v=vgvAvyGh ,?v+v}vzvgvyG ?vpQvgv}vyG d(vtvI ,vp d(vLOvyG #vf
,?v+vfGOv<E IQvwvAv=v| JGQ9v}vDvAvSG ,vp ~v$}G {v|9vgvyG {vwvWv@ ,vAvyG ,?v*(vjvzvyG ?vwvzv}vyG f}
?vzvGv| ,vp Q(vWv"v}vyG 9v%vDvJv< #v| .y...QvZvgvyG J9v=vzvavAv| ?v=vvG(v| )vzvf IQO9vs Qv+vi
,v <Qv gv yG (v Jv "v yG A(v \ ,v p ?v }v y(v gv yGh ?v +v <Qv gv yG ?v jv zv yG :v v v < f(v "v gv }v yG ,v <Qv gv yG KGQv Av yG
.101 :U v v v 107 :OOgyG .,\9*QyG ua"}yGh

243
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

Hv$9v"v}vyG )vzvf ?vdvp9vJv}vyG hv<9v_ PvLzv@ ,v<QvgvyG ~vy9vgvyG ,vp ?v*(v<QvAvyG


.U(Z"yGh ?i;=yGh (J"yG U*QO@ ,p 9}+S:h ?}*OtyG ?*(<QAyG
&F(@ ,p GQk($O@ iQ! 9"!C jO+ztAyG H%"}y9< xT}AyG GP$ HF9A! #|h
k
,p 9"+< 9qg\h ?+<QgyG J9g|9GyG ,p ?+<QgyG ?jzyG e9TsC )yE H;ayG
k
Qv +v i #v | S9v "v yG #v | Qv +v Dv v aGQv Zv !G #v f ;v ]v p j(v jv zv yG ~v %v FGOC
1
?v+vzv}vgvyG
O9v=v| #v}vp ;j(vjvzvyG ~v%vFGOC Qv*(vav@ #vf #v+vZvAvMv}vyG
k k k o k
,9+<OCh 9*(jy GOGOfE QjZyG P"| >y9ayG Og* fC ,9t<9S ,?+}+zgAyG
JGQQt| u*Q_ #f 9$Og<h ?g|9GyG ,p &g| OGOf G GP$ Qv }AT*h
k
h| 9+zv rzAM| Q|}9p e(+yG 9|C .&ZZMAy ?=I9Z}yG ?+<QgyG ?jzyG
k
~%z=tAT}< 9_9=@QG QDvC IO*Of J9Y9ZALG )zf H;ayG d9=sE O*GR@
2
~y >y9ay9p ; I9+JyG #| ARF 9%!C )zfh {}gyG b(T<h ,W+g}yG
k
fE E+I ;?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~zg@ ,p &Ash {F aQZ* fz< 9g"At| Og*
IO9}yG ?p9Dw<h J9|(zg}yG d9Z*E ,p Ab=y9< ~TA@ ?*O+ztAyG H$9"}yG
.aQZyGh (J"yG U*QO@ ,p d9JyG ($ 9}v 9$O+tg@h

?+}+zgAyG ?zwW}yG &FhC EJ=yG GP$ ,p Xs9"! 9"!{p eOt@ 9}y


?+!9TzyG H$9"}yG Q9}DASG aO%AT@ J9+Y(@ )yE d(Y(yG f9w|Eh
IAGQs IO9fE Q+T+@ ,ph ,?%F #| ?+<QgyG ?jzyG U*QO@ ,p ?D*OJyG
v
GP$ 9"}d! .E*OJyG ,!9TzyG SQOyG #| IQ+Z< )zf j(jzyG KGQAyG
Jp;wW}yG dh}G ~TtyG ,p Xs9"! :#+T+FQ #+}Ts ,p {ZqyG

Hv 9v v|z $" )11:U 2002( MGQvWvyG ?vSGQO :d9vDv}vyG {v+v=vS )vzvf OOvZvyG GPv$ ,vp Qvdv!G 1
:)43 :U 2002( jR(vtvyG ?vSGQO GPvvh ,y?v vgv|9vGvyG + ?vzvIQv}vyG , +
vp ?v v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG

.? + +
<QgyG ?jzyG ~ zg@ H 9 | $"
.12 :U .? + <QgyG ?jzyG U QO@ d YC * ( :)1984( Q$9ayG OG(F ,zf Q+=gA< 2

244
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

q
IQ(ZyG #+J\(| ,,<QgyG j(jzyG SQOyG J9!(w| B}f ,AyG
n k
&m <C 9}!hO 9+CGQ@ ?C(J=}yG J9f(\(}yG #| OOgy ?]|9jyGh ?=vQ}yG
x
d:OAS:G uFGQ_ )zf A9w@G 9}!hOh ,?_9T=yGh M(\(yG H%"}<
v
,!9DyG ~TtyG RvQ*h .9%+yE {Y(A}yG HF9A"yG ?|;S )zf ,!9$Q=yG
?+!9TzyG ?pQg}yG JGhOC ~$C )zf )dh}G ~Ttzy IQV9=| ?G+A! ($h(
k
~*Ot@ ,p 9%< {S(AyG IQhQ\ )zfh )?m +<Qf Q+ih ?+<Qf( ?D*OJyG
.,<QgyG j(jzyG SQOyG ~*Ot@ ,ph ?+CGQAyG IO9}yG

245
dh Y G ~TtyG

H %" +
}yG ? y9wVEh j (
jzyG KGQAyG

KGQAyG # | J9 +! (
9TzyG rs | vvvvv 1

k k k k
,?+}y9fh ?*Q9]Ih ?+|(sh ?+"*O ?}+s j(jzyG KGQAyG {D}*
&vAv|OvLh &vAvSGQO )vzvf Qv%vTv!h 9v"vCGQvAv< {vqvAvJv! fC >v*Qvjv< Uv+vyh
9!QZf ,ph .iQ=wyG 9%}+s #| ?}+sh 9"A|} R|Q (%p ;QGQ}AS9<
n
KGQAyG fC 9$Qo $(F ,9%"f )"i ,p 9"v IQQv =| Qo +i ?zwW| JQ%c
KGQAyG ,p IQpG(A| &}%qy 9"AF9I fCh ,O*OF {v #f &+p 9}< #jAT|
m
KQE {vh ,9"CGQ@ ,p OQh A,V {vh ,9!O"f A,V {wp ,gOIh
o
P"| ?+<QgyG ?jzyG B|QIh .9"CGQ@ #| &@9|(t| O}AT* 9}!E jQ9]I
p n
J9vjvzvyG hv| ?vvQvAvWv}vyG Qv$G(vdvyG ,vp ?v!Q9vtv}vyG ?v}vgv! Qvwv=v| Bvsh
1
IQhQ\ ;p ,fBQtyG ?jy ,$ ?+<QgyG f} ;iQL}G JGQ9]JyGh
o k
O"f rs(AyG RGRAf:Gh OGOAf:G GP$ #f eRyh .9$Q+j< d9jW!;y GPE

KGQAyG #+< ?+pQg| ?g+as JOy(Ap ;KGQAyG 9$O"f rsh ?aJ| QLB
v q
h| A9tAyG ?at! {wVh &"| uD=!G jPyG ,pQg}yG O}yGh ,?%F #|

9}v 9"CGQ@ eOt! fC 9"+\Qh .?+!9C ?%F #| ?qzAM}yG &@9jyh ~y9gyG

#v| 9v$Qv+vi )vzvf ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ?v+vzv]vpC ?vyzvTv| ,vp )2004( jh9vTv"v%v=vyG e9vTvI Qvdv!G 1
n
?vjvzvyG ~vzvfh ,
v<QvgvyG j (
vjvzvyG KGQvAvyGz ,?vyzvTv}vyG gPv%vy ,vf(v\(v}vyG &vV9vtv!h J9vjvzvyG
.24:U ,yE *OJyG

247
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

n r
E*OJyG SQOyG #| O+q| ($ 9}< gAn9"iE hC gOt! 9"}dgASGh ,($
#f ,zMAyG JGQV|| #| Q*(aAyGh Ot"yG GP$ #*Q=Ag| ,KOI}Gh
:h ~+dfh ,MS dP< ($h ~$O"f 9| 9"p;SC dP< Oty .9"CGQ@
9%A*OhOJ| )zf ,$h ,~%@GhOC ,$ xzAp ,GP$ :E ~%tI ,p R(G*
o
9%!C Q+i ?"TI #| ?+<QgyG J9+!9Tzy #w* ~yh .IQZp =|h ?=s9C B!9v
k
#+< GQk(TF JO| 9%!Ch ,9|Ot@ QDvC JGhOz< KGQAyG IAGQs JO9fC
l
9"v 9| QGQSC KGQAyG ,p EJ=zy BqWwAp 9$Q\9Ih ?|}G ,\9|
~yh 9"CGQA<h 9"+\9}< 9!RGRAfG OGRp ,~$OIh #++CGQAyG #+fz< 9$GQ"y
1 or
.QAq*

:,v<QvgvyG KGQvAvyG ?vzvGv| ,vp Q(vWv"v}vyG &vDvJv< ,vp )2007( ,v!9vavSh rvS(v* d(vtv* 1
{v +v zv Jv Av yG J9v *(v Av Tv | hv +v }v F ,v p jQv Dv yG j(v jv zv yG 9v "v CGQv @ )v yE IQ9v V G Bv tv =v S GPEhz
?v+v!9vTvy [vF9vZvL #v| ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvy 9v}v< Qv+vvPvAvyG ,v%v*Ov=vyG #v| &v!{vp ,Ev*OvJvyG ,v!9vTvzvyG
{vv IQv*9vTv| #v| Ov+vvzv@ {vwv< 9v%v"vwv}v* 9v| ,j(vjvy O9vZvAvsGh ?v+vs9vtvAvVGh ?v+v=v+vvQv@ JGRv+v|h
k k k
,vp 9v*(v"vgv|h 9v*O9v| 9vtv+vsO GQk v+v=vgv@ JGQ(vavAvyG xvzv@ {vv #vf Qv+v=vgvAvyGh ,QvZvgvyG JGQ(vav@
?vSQ9v}v}vyGh d9v}vgvAvS:G hvsGh ,v"vfCh hvsG(vyG f{vp ,?v+v!9vTv! G ?vpQvgv}vyG a(v"vY )vAvV
,vp >v +vGv AvTv* : ,~v +v zvgvAv yG {vIGQv| hv +v}vF ,v p ,?v jvzvyG gPv%v y {v+v zv Jv AvyG hC ?v +vzv gv qv yG
)vyE aOv%v* 9v| dhC aOv%v* jPvyG Ev*OvJvyG ,v!9vTvzvyG {v+vzvJvAvyG J9v+v]vAvtv}vy &v}vdvgv|
9v v%v vs9v v}v vfC ,v vp U(v vjv vyGh U(v vZv v"v vyGh >v v+v vvGQv vAv vyG ,v vp IOQG(v vyG #v v+v v|9v v]v v}v vyG L(v vyh
k
(vJv!h aQvYh J(vY #v| ?vjvzvyG e(vzvf )vzvf GO9v}vAvfG 9v%v@9v!(vwv| {vv a9vWvwvAvS:
,vv!9vvgvv}vvyG W9vv=vv"v vAv vSG g(v vFh OvvTvv* Qv vAvv=vvyG xvvyP f} ,9v v%v v"v v+vv< {v vY9vvp 9v v}v v!hO ,?vvi;vv<h
)vvyE L9v vAv vJvv*h ,Qv vpGh OGRv vyGh ,?v v+v vqvvMv vyGh IQvv$9v vdvvyG 9vv%vv@GQ9vvVEh 9v v%vv@::O g9v v"v vwvvAvvSGh
{vvz h ]...[ {v+vZvJv@ {vv ,vp ?v*9vjvyG )vyE {vY(v* -,vgvqv! ,v@9v}viGQv< v v v rv+vc(v@
,v!9vTvzvyG EvJv=vyG &v+vyE {vY(v@ 9v}v< ?v!9vgvAvS:9v< QvLGRvyG KGQvAvyG GPv$ A(v\ ,vp xvyP
{v wv Wv < ?v +v <Qv gv yG ?v jv zv yG ?v +v "v < [v F9v Zv L ~v %v p #v | 9v %v F(v \ ,v p G(v "v wv }v Av +v y Ev *Ov Jv yG
,vp Q(vWv"v| EvJv< .y,v}vzvf {vwvWv< ,v!9vTvzvyG ~v%vCGQv@ ,vy9vAvy9v< G(v}v%vqv+vyh ,Kv+vJvY
KGQvAvyG A(v\ ,vp j(vjvzvyG {v+vzvJvAvyG ,vp ?v+vzv|9vwvAvyG :fG(v"vgv< - ,v<QvgvyG KGQvAvyG ?vzvGv|

rv*9v! Qvdv!Gh .119 v v v 118 :U v v v 107:OOvgvyG .?vDv*OvJvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG J9v+v]vAvtv|h


.IQY9g}yG ? *( jzyG J9SGQOyG ) zf AG \C ( )1978( 9|QL

248
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

KGQAyG , p H %" }yG OhOI vvvvv 2

fC ,l $O<
1
;e(+yG &y 9"|(%q}< H%"}yG #f KOJA! 9|O"f
KGQAyG J9qy|| ,p K\Gh Q+ih eQ9Y Q+i H%"| #f KOJA!
k q o q
eOtAyG #| 98+V iQ! Osh .{}Aw| Qo +i Q|C Xzv dhzp ;,<QgyG
v m
d:OAS:G H%"| #w* ~y .OQa| Q+i &"wy ~%]g< O"f ,G%"}yG
l
SOvJvyG #v| Qv+v=vv QOvtvp ;Hv]p v! Ovs ?vzvtvAvTv}vyG ?vGvJvyGh ?vGvJvy9v<
,~$Q9wpC HF9A! ~wJ* f9v 9| ($ ?*(jzyG ?t+zTyG )yE f9"8}_:Gh
n k w
f(vQyG 9}FGO gOQ| f9v KGQAyG A9}zf #+< eOAJ}yG a;MyG f{p GPy
k
f9vh .gOIh ~vp v y9gyG ?t+zS )yE 9!9+ICh ?Y9MyGh ?|9gyG uF;S )yE
G(!9v ~%!C h| H(zj| hC >y9i #| OQh 9| {v {=t! fC e(+yG 9"+zf
k m
f9v .9!9+IC 9%=I9Y )zf 9$OQ hC A9+V}G >+zj@ ,p 9"| {]pC
o n
,SOI dh}G fC 9}%"+< bQqyGh ?+\Qr qyG : VGQAp:G ($ OF9TyG
?v+v}vzvf J9v}vzvTv| )vzvf ,v"v=v| jQ(vZv@ ,v!9vDvyGh ,,vgvsGh Qv+vi ,v"vc
,p OQ@ ~y J9\GQApG ?zF9_ BJ@ ,CGQAyG EJ=yG hsh Osh .?+gsGhh
o
,p EJ=yG H%"}p .9%+zf ,"< ~C 9$O(Fh VQApG 9}!Eh HQgyG ?jy
~y 9}v ,9%< c9T| G #w}* aGQ_C hC OhOI &y #w* ~y #+JyG xyP
&vGv%v"v| ~v%v"v| {vwvzvp OvIGh Hv%v"v| cGPv!B 9v"vF9v}vzvf #v+v< OvI(v* #vwv*
#v| OOvf Ov"vf Hv%v"v}vyG J9v+vyhC Q(v%vdv< aGQvAvf:G hv| ,&vAvtv*Qv_h

k
?v }v +vgv_ Ov }v IC jOvVQ #vf ;vtv! 44:U 2002 )jR(vtv yG >v Tv I )v zvf( Hv%v"v }v y9v p 1
.,v v<Qv vgv vyG #v v_(v vyG ,v vp >v v!9v vF}G d9v v}v vgv vzv vy ?v v+v v<Qv vgv vyG ?v vjv vzv vyG ~v v+v vzv vgv v@ :)6:U1996(
?vf(v}vGv| )vzvf {v}vAvWv@ ,vAvyG  ?vzv|9vWvyG ?vavMvyG ,v"vgv*    Hv%v"v}vy9vpz

,vp #v+vSQGOvyG #v| #v+vgv| Q(v%v}vGvy ,v}vzvf H(vzvSzv< ?v|Ovtv}vyG ?v+v}v+vzvgvAvyG JGQv=vMvyG #v|
k
.y?"+g| ?+}+zg@ ?TS|| aGQVE BJ@h ,9qzS IOOJ| aGO$C u+tJ@ {+=S

249
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
Qwp #+I ?|GQY QDvC H%"| &*(=+S P9ASC {+zMzy f9v Otp ;A9|OtyG
?v+v\hQvf J9v}v+v}vgv@ )vyE d(vY(vzvy ,v\9v*QvyG uvav"v}vyG eGOvMvAvSG ,vp
&=V H%"}< G(|RAyG Otp ,}Gg}yG r+yzAyG H9JYC 9|C .?+}Gg|h
~%}F9g| ,p f(FQO* : G(!9wp ;I9J"yG H%"}< ?!Q9t}y9< xS9}A|
>*(=@ ,p HGQa\:G #| A,V hshh ,HQgyG #| h}S 9| :E
k
JGOQq}yG ?Gy9g}p ;9Y(ZL Q|}G dhC 9%AGy9g|h ?*(jzyG IO9}yG
>TJ< ?Y9L ?Gy9g| IOQq| {wy {< ,IOIGh ?t*Q_ eRAz@ :

QWI fC GP$ #f eRyh .?+y:OyGh ?+s9tAV:G 9%@O9| ?p9Dvh 9%f(+V


o n
#| HA"p ,?y:OyG hC (J"yG hC aQZyG &g\(| f9v 9| ~F9g}yG ,p
Q+ih #+SQGOzy &y9}gASG ?<(gYh ,<QgyG ~Gg}yG ~M]@ xyP
)vzvf IOvf9vtvyG ~v*Ovtv@ Hv%v"v}vyG {vv9vWv| #v|h .?v+v<Qvgvy9v< #v+vtv_9v"vyG
~y9gyG Qwq* :h ,9%p;L ~%y Q%c 9}zv IOf9tyG h*Qq@h d9}gAS:G

VQ9gA@ 9|O"f 9%z*Og@ ?yh9J|h IOf9tyG #| [zMAyG #| &!GO+| ,p


1 o
.IOf9tyG )zf ,t=*h JGA9"DAS:G O+y(A< e(t* 9}!Eh J9+ag}yG h|

k
J9vf(v\(v| #v| Y(v\(v| GPE ?vjvzvyGz fC HvAv"vAvSG Ev+vI :)2000( f9vTvI e9v}v@ Qvdv!G 1
#+ + .yf(v !9v tv y9v v Ov fG(v tv yG #v | ?v f(v }v Gv | : ,Kv *Qv Wv Av y9v v rv Y(v yG
vv vv< ?vv vv<QvvgvvyG ?vvjvvzvvyG
k
#v| Qv+vwvqv@ ?vjvzvyG ,vp GhQvwvpz :9v]v*C d(vtv*h .24:U v v v 4W .?v+vqvY(vyGh ?v*Q9v+vgv}vyG
#v| ?vf(v}vGv}vy {v< ,,vf9v}vAvFG S9v+vtv}vy : 9v%vy9v}vgvAvSG ,vp zvavMvyGh HG(vZvyG hv]vMv*
k
9v|E OvfG(vtvyG gPv$ &v+vzvf uv=vav"v@ : 9v| {vv {vgvGv*h ,9v\Qvp 9v%v+vzvf VQvqv* OvfG(vtvyG
k
)vzv f hv+vVC f9vv (v yh e9vgvyG d9v}vgv AvS:G IQvFGO ,vp {v LOv* :C ,vjv=v "v * zv av L hC GP9vV
k
9v p;v Lh .26:U v v v 4W .?vv vvqvvY + ( vvyGh * +
?vv Q9vv vvgvv}vvyG #+ + vv vv< ?vv vv<QvvgvvyG ?vvjvvzvvyG .y?v "v Tv y}G
Bv!9vvhz :IOvf9vtvzvy Q9vZvAv!:G b9v+vS ,vp )2006(QvY9v! xv< Qv+vL 9v%v| d(vtv@ xvyPvy
k
,v<QvgvyG f9vTvzvy 9v}v*(vtv@ ?v}v+vzvTvyG ?v*(vjvzvyG U(vZv"vyG d(vYC )vzvf ?vf(v\(v}vyG #v+v!G(vtvyG
{vwvWvyG ?v*(vjvzvyG IOvf9vtvyG f(vwvAvp ,IQv+vjvAv}vyG ?vyPvAv=v}vyG S9v"vyG hvF9v=v_ #vf 9v$O9vgv<Eh
?vzvGv| .yJ:(vtvgv}vzvy {vtvgvyG cGQOE #vf Ovy(vAv}vyG ,vtvav"v}vyG j(vjvzvyG e9vdv"vzvy {vDv|}G
.108:U 102 OOgyG . ,<QgyG KGQAyG

250
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

j ( " J yG > vQAyG U QO@ ? y9wVE vvvvv 3 + * +


k v o
($ (J"y9p ;HGQf G ,p SQO &!C )zf ,9=y9i ,(J"yG eOt*
#v| ?v*(vJv"vyG HG(v<}G Bvqv"vZvp .(vJv"vyG (v$ HGQvf Gh ,HGQvf G
Qd! ?%Fh #| 9%q+"Z@ #w|}G #| f9vh ,btp ?+<GQfE Qd! ?%Fh
?+<QgyG ,p ,q"yG JGhOCh ,q"yG SQOy I9J"yG KQAw* ~zp ;?+=+vQ@
,,<GQfE b<GQ 9%"+< h}G* : &!} )U+y ,9| ,fE ,#y ,~y ,:(
)AI P+|;AyG JGQQt| ,p SQOyG GP$ OG! fC d(tg}yG #| f9vh
?*(J! {}F L9A!E ?+q+vh ?+<QgyG ,p ,q"yG H(zSC )zf G(<QOA*
ragyG SQO OG! 9"!{p GPy ;?qzAM}yG ,q"yG JGhOC eGOMAS9<
9%"| {v ?}dA"| e9%qAS:Gh ragyG JGhOC f} {%SC e9%qAS:Gh

.OIGh SQO ,p

{}GyG #+< b<QyG JGhOC ~*OtyG j(J"yG SQOyG &zqiC 9}|h


# ?G+A"yGh #   aO%yGh  # >=TyG b<Q JGhOzv
v o
d;vL #v| eOvtv@ : 9v%v!} #   cGQOvAvS:Gh  

GPy ;(J"yG #| ?qzAM| ShQO #}\ ?fR(| 9$(FQOzp HGQf G


k k
h| 9%=*(=@ {]p}G #| f9vh ;tAT| 9SQO {D}@ y9}+S:z OG! 9"!{p
k
y#vf ;v]vpzh v v v< yxv+v$9v!z {v+v=vs #v| {v}vGvyG #v+v< bv<QvyG JGhOC
,AyG b<QyG JGhOC #| 9$Q+ih yxyP )zf ORzh y)yE ?p9\ 9<zh
{v}vGvyG #v+v< bv<QvyG JGQ9v%v| Pv+v}vzvAvyG >vTvAvwv+vp ,9v$QvZvI >vgvZv*
k r
H;ayG aQY Os btp y9+<GQfEz 9%}*Ot@ fE PE .?y(%Sh ?S;T<
n
#+< #|h ,K+JZyG d9}gAS:G ?z}GyG bSh 9%y9}gASG #TI #f
o o o
X9qyC b<QyG JGhOC #}\ {tAT| SQO ,p &|9dA!G #TJ* f9v 9|

251
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,pzh y&!C )zfzh y&!C ~iQzh y&!C h|zh y&!C (yhz :{D| cGQOAS:G
k
9g| >=TyG b<Q JGhOC h+}G@ {]p}G #| f9vh .9$Q+ih y&!C #+I
>=T<zh )yE yGQk d!z :{+=s #| b<QyG JGhOC SQO #}\ SQO ,p
v v y y?G+A!z :{+=s #| ?G+A"yG b<Q JGhOCh ,9$Q+ih yf}zh yfC
LQO@ fC #w}* 9}v ,9$Q+ih y9| {]q<zh yv vy IQ}Cz h y)zf A9"<zh
#| {}GyG #+< b<QyG JGhOC #}\ SQO ,p aO%yG b<Q JGhOC
k n k
.9$Q+ih y,p ?=iQzh yfC ?+j<zh v v z v v y 9t+tJ@zh yv v yzh y)AIz :{+=s
r+"ZAy9p ;{+zJAyG )yE : >+vQAyG )yE {+}* P+}zAyG fC #+=@ Osh
Q9vPASG ?y(%S ,p P+}zAyG ?+ztf >+vQ@ ,fGQ* g9"IQAsG jPyG
k k
AjRGAp ;iQjZyG ?+z+zJAyG QY9"gy9< 9S9+s 9+FRF ?=vQ}yG QY9"gyG
#TI ,$h I(FQ}yG ?*9jyG OTpC y9}+S:z ,p y9|zh y,q Szh y:z
1
b<QyG JGhOC OGQ*E {]p}G .?J+JY {}F ,p 9%y9}gASG #|h
r
n o n
9v%v< ~vzvwvAv}vyG f9vTvy )vzvf LQOvAvy IQhQvwv| ?vzv}vgvAvTv| {v}vF #v}v\

.QT*h ?S;T<

o
{D| uAW}yG 9%+p eOMAT* ?|OtA| JGhOC b<QyG JGhOC #|h

yxwvutsr
n
,p )y9g@ &y(s ,p OQh 9| 9%"| :b<Q IGOC &zF} d(gq}yGh d9JyG

uAW}yG d9}gASGh y9!G(LEz d9JyG

)AI )"g}< ;9wS9}@ QDvC &< #+A_(<Q}yG #+Az}GyG {gG* b<QyG ,p


k
k
,$ b<QyG IGOzp ,}
{ :)47 ?*6G( QGJyG IQ(S
{z
J9v v+v vzv vwv vy9v v< AGOvvAv v<:Gz :fzv vWv vyG GPv v$ ,v vp )31:U2002( MGQv vWv vyG J9v vIQv vAvvtv v| #v v| 1

?v gv +v=v av yG hv| xvyP ,v tvAvzv * Ev+vI ,J9v f(v\(v | ?vGvy9v gv | ,vp J9v+v FRv Gv y9v < A9v%v Av !:Gh
.ycGQO G ,p ?*QW=yG

252
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

k q k
Q+i 98+V BT+yh {jyG YR! :E ,$ 9| I(L}9p ,9!G(LE GhQ+Z*
w r
utJ@h QhOZyG #| {jyG YR! #+< ,Ash {Y9p OF(* : E+I ;GP$
?tAW| b<Q IGOC :E &"f Q=g* : ,As(yG {Y9qyG GP$ H9+jp ,I(L}G
o r
&"f Q=g@ : )"g}yG GP$h ,#+Az}GyG H+T! ,p {LOC 9%!} GQk d!
{jyG YR! #+< ,Ash {Y9p O(F(< ,I(@ 9%!} yGhQ+Z* )AIz IQ9=f
&zyGh .?}*QwyG ?*6G &+yE eQ@ ~y 9| GP$h I(L}G utJ@h QhOZyG #|
.~zfC
v n r k
J9*QOZ}yG r"Z@ fC j(J"yG >+vQAyG ,p 9]*C d(tg}yG #|h
q q
gP$ f} )?*QOZ}yG 9|h fCh fCh fE( :{+=s #| OIGh Y(\(| ,p
n r o w
S9SC )zf 9%g+}GAp ,?z}GyG 9$QOZ@ ?+Y9L ,p cQAW@ JGhO}G
o q
S9vSC )vzvf 9v%vgv+v}vGv@ #v| >v+vvQvAvyG ,vp {vLOC QOvZvAvyG ?v+vY9vL
.HGQf G

GP=Iz >+vQ@ ,p d(t! fC ?jzy ?+=+vQAyG IQd"yG h\(}< {ZA*h


o n q q o
?*DQy9< uZyC GP$h ,&y {f9p yOG}yGz fCh {gp yGP=Iz fC yOGv v }yG

,AyG ?+8*RGAyG IQd"yG #| >+vQAyG #| Y("yG GP$ ~*Ot@ ,p ?+}+zgAyG


k k q q
EJ=yG {wW| ,p 9"Tq!C OG! ~C &y ;f9p yGPzh ;gp y>Iz Og@
l v n v
eOt| &+p jQ9=AyGh HGQf G f(w+p ,9$Og< hsG(yG ~S;y {*hz@ #f
p
?v"vTvyC )vzvf ?vJv+vZvp IQ(vZv< >v+vvGQvAvyG gPv$ d9v}vgvAvSG IQ9v%v| )vzvf

.~%@9<9Av ,ph P+|;AyG

IO"AT}yG j(J"yG >+vQAyG ,p ?wF9WyG ?*(J"yG 9*9]tyG #+< #|


o
COA=| ,$C ?+zgqyG ?z}Gzy QOZA}yG ~S:G ?q+ch ?+]s HGQf G )yE
?,vi;v< KvzvavZv| eC j(vJv! KvzvavZv| yCOvAv=v}vyGz {v$h ?{vf9vp eC

253
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

OI(@ ?G+A"< LhQMyG fhO I9J"yG #+< QGO jPyG a;MyG #*OOQ|
k 1
&F(yG :9g| #+%F(yG )"=A! fC e(+yG 9"+zf U+yh ,j(J"yG SQOyG
OOQ! {d!h {f9qy9< {F9tyG ,p(wyG &F(yGh COA=}y9< {F9tyG jQZ=yG
.?+p;L ?yzT| {v ,p yf9%F(yG R(G*z IQ9=f

R+}! fC ($ ,}y9gyG j(jzyG SQOyG h| A9tAyG ?at! {D}* 9| fE


o
?i;=yG 9%!GO+| ,AyG 9*9]tyG #+<h (J"yG 9%!GO+| ,AyG 9*9]tyG #+<
#| gOG! 9| H9=yG GP$ #|h ,b9+TyG (J!h ?y:OyG hC ?*O+ztAyG
k
9SQO 9}%!(v #+< Q=MyGh COA=}yG Y(\(| ,p >*(=AyG ,p {LGO@
s k
&+yE O"T}yGh O"T}yG ?+]s ,p G(\9pC f(+i;=y9p ;9*(J! hC 9+i;<
gOg! jPyG ,!9g}yG ~zf Qd! ?%Fh #| Q=MyGh COA=}yG #f G(COJ@h
k
9<G(<C Q=MyGh COA=}zy I9J"yG OQq* 9}"+< ,b9+TyG (J! Q(aAy IG(!
k k k
.9]J| 9*(J! 9=+vQ@ 9}$Q9=Af9< ?ztAT|

^g=y VQg! fC ?t<9TyG ?z8S}G ?<Q9t}y 9"$ ~F;}yG #|h


9%=*(=@ IO9fEh J9Y9ZAL:G R++}Ay ?D*OJyG ?+!9TzyG ?pQg}yG JGhOC

OOZyG GP$ ,p )"=A! .H9=yG GP$ ,p {Y9JyG {LGOAyG x+wq@h


J9+yhGOAyG P9ASC )H h C 1985( {v(A}yG O}IC ?|;gyG J9IQAt|
k 2
Of E+I ;Y(\(}yG GP$ ,p 9<9Av [ZL #| ($h ,?+<QgyG
~vzvf &vF(v@ hv| uvqvAv* 9v| (v$h ?v+v=v+vvQv@ : ?v+vyhGOv@ ?vqv+vch COvAv=v}vyG

{vvF9vvTvv|h ,jQ9v =v !}G #v <G J9v vQv =v yG ,v <} ,a;vvMvvyG {vvF9vvTvv| , ! Qv dv "v *
vvp a9vvZvv G 1
#v <: $
>vv PvvyG QhPvvVh iOvv vvyG Qvvavvsh " ,jQv =v wv gv yG A9v tv =v yG ,v <} ,( " , +
vvJvv vvyG vvp ?vv vvp;vvL

.jQ9Z!}G e9W$
)H1985( {v v(v Av }v yGh .?vv vv<QvvgvvyG + ?vvjvvzvvyG , + vvp ?vv vvyhGOvvAvvyG rvvF9vvc vvyG ( )C1985( {v v(v Av }v yG 2
,+ ( + . q c yG ? <QgyG ?jzyG ( !,
J p J9SGQO

254
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

{gqzy eOtA}yG ~S;y COA=}y9< d(tyG fC GP$ #| ~%q!h ,,!9g}yG


?z+Sh gQ9=Af9< ,s9+TyG (J"yG hC ,!9g}yG ~zf b9+S ,p OQ* 9}!E
?*(J"yG Qd"yG ?%Fh 9|C .9%@O9pEh ?z}GyG e9}@ ?pQg| )yE {Y(Azy
e9}@ WGQAVG h| Q=MyGh COA=}yG ?+=+vQA< BwT}@ Otp ?]J}yG
,$ ,AyG IOF9qyG e9}@ WGQAVG ,p I9J"yG rs(| ~%q! :h ,IOF9qyG
k
COA=}yG ?+=+vQ@ CO=| RRg* : O+tyG GP%p ,9+=+vQ@ &"| QDvC ,y:O O+s
.Q=MyGh

{gqyG )zf eOtA}yG ~S:G )zf uza* jPyG {f9qyG KzaZ| 9|C
f(+p(wyG 9%"f hpGO ,AyG ?t*QayG )zf ?+y:O : ?+=+vQ@ &Aq+c(p
v
IQOZ}yG ?+zgqyG ?z}GyG Q(ZA< ,]t@ ?z}GyG ?+=+vQ@ fC Q9=Af9<
,yQ=Lzh yCOA=|z #| : y{gpzh y{f9pz #| ?!(w| 9%!C )zf ~S:9<
)zf A9"< fC GPE {Y9Jy9p ,yA9F O*Rzh yO*R A9Fz #+< bQp ;p
y{f9qyGzh ?+yhGO@ ?q+ch yCOA=}yGz fC &+yE Q9W}yG {v(A}yG MQAt|
,p ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?+Y(ZM< eqAJ! Q(ZAyG GP%<h ,?+=+vQ@ ?q+ch
,ph ,,s9+TyG hC ,i;=yG SQOyG d;L #| H9=yG GP$ h| {|9gAyG
J9jy h| 9%F9tAyG ,p ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ?+}y9f )zf Ov|! &Tq! Bs(yG
9%a+T=@h J9jzyG ~zg@h ?}FQAyG {%T* 9| ?vQAW| W9t! ,p ~y9gyG
Ov<9vf Ov}vJv| ?v|;vgvyG ?vy(vtv| b9v+vTvyG GPv$ ,vp QvvPvAv!h .#v+vSQGOvzvy
1
&F(Ay9p y~y9gyG h| h_9tA*h 9!O"f #| ($ 9| {]q!z jQ<9GyG

)2000(?v"vS f9vpQvgvyG ?v"v*Ov}v< ,v|;vf G RvvQv}vyG ,vp jQv<9vGvyG 9v$9vtvyC IQv\9vJv| #v| 1
k
Ov v}v vJv v| Qv vdv v!Gh .y(v vJv v"v vyG ,v vp jQhQv v]v vyGz fG(v v"v vgv v< Ov vVQ #v v<: 9v v<9v vAv vv 9v v%v v+v vp Xv vs9v v!

.?jzyG Q(a@h ?g|9GyG Q(a@ &<9Av ,p hSGh T9t"y )2003( ,y9IQyG

255
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,p ,p(wyG &F(AyG fC bQqyGh ,9!O"f #| 9}$;v ,p(wyGh jQZ=yG


Y(\(}y J9jzyG Q(Z@ h| h_9tA*h 9!O"f #| ($ ?+zf9qy9< d(tyG
9"!C ?+!9C IQ| Ov|!h .,=+vQAyG i(AT}yG )zf ?z}Gzy eOtA}yG {f9qyG
~zf )yE >+vQAyG #| g9"FQLC {< AGOA<:G H9< A9jyE MQAt! ~y
IO9fE )zf )"=* 9| QOt< A9jy G )zf ,"="* : Q(Z@ Q9_E ,p ,!9g}yG
.>*(=AyGh >+@QAyGh Q(ZAyG

AGOA<:G Y(\(| j(J"yG >+vQAyG U*QO@ ?zwW}< b=@Q* 9}|h


q
Z(T}< :E Oq@ ~y GPE IQw"y9< AGOA<:G I9J"yG R(G* ~y E+I IQw"y9<
k
9| &"|h ,9]g< &]g< QQw* 9%=ziCh J9i(T}yG QZI ,p G(pQSzp

fC {]p}G #| &!C iQ!h ,)114 U({+tf #<G iQ* 9}v KZ* :


:{+=s #| OIGh QaS BJ@ H9=yG GP$ ,p {+s 9| {v [Mz!
x
R(vGv* 9v| (v$ IOvF9vqvyG WQvWvp yJO9vpC GPE IQvwv"vy9v< AGOvAv<:G R(vGv*z
?z+Sh OfG(tyG PpE ;OfG(tyG Q9%dASG ,p WGQp G #f 9"+"j*h AGOA<:G
1
.?z+S(yG ,p aGQSE ;p ?*9jyG BttJ@ f{p ,?*9i :
o
9}v IOf9ty9< xT}AyG ,<QgyG (J"yG 9%pQf ,AyG {v9W}yG #|h
{}g* hC IOf9tyG ,jz* : j(J"y9p ;e(}gyG #| A,W< g;fC 9!QVC
iOCh ,A9"DASG VQ9gyG Og* 9}!Eh 9%\Q9g* 9| Q%c GPE 9%z*Og@ )zf
k o
#| 9!9+ICh ?A+| O$G(V KGOJASG )yE OfG(ty9< eQ9ZyG xT}AyG
9"y JQ%c Bs(yG QhQ| h|h ,~$OfG(s ?|;S Q*Q=Ay I9J"yG ?g"Y

9v"v$ IQvwvqvyG #vwvy ,IQvwv"vyG IO9vpE hv\G(v| G(vgv=vAv@ 9v}v"v+vI HG(vZvyG I9vJv"vyG rvy9vMv* ~vy 1
9v|h I9vJv"vyG >vAvv ,vp (v$ 9v| #v+v< {vZvpC fC Bvyh9vI ,vzvgvyh ,(vJv"vyG Uv*QOvAv< {vZvAv@
.(J"yG U*QO@ JGQQt| ,p bT=* fC ,j="*

256
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

?vjvzvyG Qv+vi ,v$h ?v*(vJv"vyG OvfG(vtvyG ?vjvy ,v$ ?vgv"vavZv| ?v*RG(v| ?vjvy
l l
9%+}T* 9}v ?p(Y(| ?jy ?+!9DyGh ?qYGh ?jy )yh}9p ,?z}gAT}yG
1
?vjvzvyG #v+v< Ovf9v=vAvyG GPv$ KOvI Ovtvy .)2010( ,viGQh}G Ov}vJv|
?vqvYG(vyG ?vjvzvy9v< I9vJv"vyG {vjvWv!G 9v|Ov"vf ?vp(vY(v}vyG ?vjvzvyGh ?vqvYG(vyG

.)?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG( ?p(Y(}yG ?jzyG H9TI )zf )I9J"yG OfG(s(

9%"| U+y 9| ?jzyG ,p BzLOC 9%!C ?qYG(yG ?jzyG H(+f #|


;yA9F O*Rz :IQ9=f ,p :dh}G d9D}p ;9%"| ($ 9| 9%"| BFQLCh
rY(@ fC 9%y >S9"}yG f9vh btp #+A}zv #| ?qy|| IQ9=gyG gP%p
k k
fC GhQCB I9J"yG #wy .;gp yA9Fzh ;f9p yO*Rz f(w+p #+A}zw<
)?qYG(yG ?jzyG( IOf9tyG JGOQq| JA9Gp ,9*9]s U}M< 9$(qZ*
?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG ,p 9@OQh #+@OQq| rY(y &F9AJ! 9}| Q+Dw< d(_C
IQ9=gyG gP$ rY(y 9*9]s U}L )yE 9"GAI9p ;)?p(Y(}yG ?jzyG(
?+]s ~C
&+p {|9gyGh Q=MyG 9A+]sh &+p {|9gyGh COA=}yG 9A+]s :,$
x
~+}Z@ >T!}G #| f9v Oty ,gQTq| )yE OF9gyG {f9qyG Q+}]yG

9| ($ GP$ a;Lh ,?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG ~GI ~F;* 9}< OfG(tyG


.9$Otfh ?*(J"yG IO9}yG ~M\

aQg* 9| :?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG #| ?qYG(yG ?jzyG &AFQLC 9| d9D|h


#+< u<9aAyG A9"iE d9JyG gP$ ,p ~A* E+I yE+iGQ=yG ,!(zvCz ?jz<
~C {gp( ?=@Q ,p OOgyGh U"GyGh [MWyG ,p {f9qyGh {gqyG
Osh .{gqyG )zf {f9qyG ~*Ot@ ?y9Jy ?t<9a| ?z}GyG f(wAp ;){f9p

.#*ARF ,p ?+=T"yG J9+!9TzyG )2010( ,iGQh}G 1

257
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

o
,)I9J"yG OfG(s( &y ?qYG(yG ?jzyG ^pQ >=T< d9}gAS:G GP$ P=!
dhCh ,QvTv*h ?vS;vS {vwv< 9v%v+vp OQh Ovtvp ?vzv}vgvAvTv}vyG ?vjvzvyG 9v|C
o
OfG(tyG B}}Y 9| jPyG ~*QwyG fBQtyG ($ IQ$9dyG gP%y {}gAT|

} | { z y x#
w v"u!t~
s
:A9+=!}G IQ(S ,p R*RgyG &<9Av ,p A9Gp &}%p ?+j< &zF} :E

rv*QvWvyG Ev*OvJvyG ~vC ,)3( }


{

AGQAVG ,p ,"!(|(z* :QgWyG ,p A9Fh y?wF;| ~w+p f(=s9gA*z


o
IhQP ,vp A9vF 9v| d9v}vgvAvSG #vf VQvgv! 9v"vy 9v|h .,vzv$C {v+vMv"vyG
gP$ ,p I9J"yG >yG(s )yE {+}!h QgVh E*OIh fBQs #| U(Z"yG
hG(yG Y9}AFG Q+Tq@ G("TJ* ~y I9J"yG fC Q|}G ,p 9| {vh ,?yzT}yG
QF9}]yG fz< GhQsC Os G(!9vh ,Q$9c {f9p h| {gqy9< ?zZA}yG
1
["@ ~fC IOf9s h| VQ9g@ GP$ ,ph ,{fG(p {gqy9< ?zZA}yG
Qd"yG GhO+g* fC I9J"yG )zf f9vh .?z}Gzy #+zf9p OQG(@ eOf )zf
.{gqy9< ?zZA}yG QF9}]yG ?g+=_ ,p
k k
)v yE GO9v "v Av SG )2004(,v fGQRv yG ,v p Bv gv pGO uv =v S 9v }v < :9v Zv @G
#f gOg< 9|h )1985( jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f ?|;gyG J9\GQApG
o
QvF9v}v\ #v| {vgvqvy9v< ?vzvZvAv}vyG d9vwvV}G hv+v}vF fC :9v$O9vqv| IQvwvp
q
9%zv f(w@ 9|Eh QF9}\ 9%zv f(w@ fC 9|E OI(@ fC >G* J9|;fh
n q
(J"yG ShQO #| OOf O+tg@ >=S ?*Q+}]yG ~+}g@ f}h ,J9|;f
;?p9v d9gp}9< ?zZA}yG d9wV~y ?+@9|;gyG ~+}g@ 9"+"=@ Otp ,<QgyG
o
,U"GyGh OOgyGh [MWyG #f Qo +=gAyG 9%Aq+ch u<9a@ J9|;f ,%p
m

.)4(~sQ ?t<9TyG ?y9I G Qd"* 1

258
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

1
,p yA9AyGz f(w@ ;p .{f9qyG Q+}]yG #++g@ ?|;gyG gP$ QhOh
k
yhG(yGz f(w@ : h y#8Fz ,p GQk +}\ yf("yGz 9}"+< ?|;f yJA9Fz
,p hG(y9p ,GQk +}\ y?T}MyG d9gp}Gz ,ph ?|;f ~y9TyG QvP}yG ,p
x
.?|;gyG gP$ &"+gAp Qo +}]yG 9|Ch ,OOgzy ?|;f #+y9JyG

rYh ?+}$C O+vz@ IQhQ]y :E Jz@ ~y J9IQAt}yG gP$ fE


k k
?qzwyG gP$ )zf >@QA* ;p ,?qzv {sz< 9t+sO 9qYh ?+<QgyG ?jzyG
l
gP$h ,U*QOAyG ,p ?qzvh ?=S(JyG ,p ?qzvh Q+TqAyG ,p ?qzv
OfG(tyG U}@ 9}!Eh ?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG ,d9J< ,U}@ : J9IQAt}yG
x
.9%@A9qv #| #TJ@h

9"+zf ~AJ@ ,AyG ?*(jzyG >!G(GyG {v EJ=yG GP$ ,p ,ZJ! #y


#++!9Tzy O}J*h ,?t+sOh IOOgA| ,%p ,QDg@ #| 9%+p 9| cQGO@
k
9}< OfG(tyG gP$ h*(a@ ,p ?|OtA| GO(%F G(yP< Os ~%!C HQgyG
U(Z"yG ?}FQ@ H|GQ< JQT+@ 9}y :Eh ?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG h| upG(A*
k
Q+jy 9Y(ZL ?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~+zg@ QT+@ 9}yh 9%+yEh ?+<QgyG #|
k
fC IOf9ty9< #+wT}A}yG #| GOIC f(+!9TzyG >y9a* ~yh .#+t_9"yG
Y(s(yG {}AJ! : 9"!} rs(@ fhO {}gyG Q}ASG {< dOg* hC dO=*
j(vJv"vyG a;vMvyG #v| 9v"v+vqvwv+vp ,gQvFGhO ,vp A9vtv=vyGh a;vMvyG ,vp
,p &|Ot* A,V gO+< #| fC ,*CQ ,ph ,J9=Aw| &< Hg@ 9| j(jzyGh
?vjvzvyG &v+vp )vfGQ 9v| {vgvqv+vzvp ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ?v+v}vy9vf uv+vtvJv@ {v+v=vS

l
,vp Xv +vgv* #v <G GPv$ ,v p Qvdv"v * ,)1990( ,vS9vqvyG &v+vzv f )v"v < &v<9v Wv | jCQ ,v !R9v}v zv y 1
q
106/5 :{Zq}yG

259
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k
fC #vwv}v* ,vAvyG J9v=vtvgvyG Rh9vGv@ IQhQv\ )vfGQh :hC ?vzv}vgvAvTv}vyG
.?=S(JyGh ~zgAyGh ,p9wyG rY(yG WhQV #+TJ@ VQAg@

HGQf G * +
U QO@ ? y9wVE vvvvv 4

Q|C bT=*h ,J9jzyG #| IQ+=v ?qF9_ ,p IQWA"| IQ$9c HGQf G


{wV ,p utJA* : OQq G| HGQf G fC 9%"| Q+Dv ,p J9jzyG gP$
k
9p;L ,J9jzyG gP$ O}Ag@ :h .?}zwyG YPG< ?zZA| J9}+pQ(|

9"|Os Osh .,y:OyG {*hzAyG ?yzT| ,p HGQf G )zf ,?+<QgyG ?jzy


o k
H9vAvv ,vp ?v|OvtvAv| HvF9vAv! )vzvf ,v"v< GQ(vZv@ )2004( ,vfGQRvyG ,vp
k
jQ%qyG ,S9qyGh 9S9SC  & )1994( x+z=y #  HGQf G
HGQf G fC Q(ZAyG GP$ O9q| .9$Q+ih )1997(h )1993(h )1990(
J:(t}yG #| 9$Q+i fhO ?*(J"yG J:(t}yG #| ~S;y ?+Y9L
o
: 9}%"wy HGQf5y fGO"p T| aQJyGh {gqy9p ;aQJyGh {gqy9v
1
J9vQJzy f} ;HGQf G ,tzA< ,"g}yG (%p ~S:G 9|C .&!9+tzA*
k
hC ?+zf9p #| {*hzAyG ,p GQhO ~S:G QLB )zf Q%d@ ,AyG ?+<GQf G
9%g|h aQJyGh {gqyG uJz@ ,AyG J9vQJyG 9|C .?p9\E hC ?+y(gq|
9%]g< ;?qzAM| rF9ch 9%y 9}!Eh HGQfE J9vQJ< BT+zp ahQdyG

?|;g< ,\9}yG uJz* jPyG y#|RyGz ~+pQ(| {D| ?+pQY J9}+pQ(|


:h J9}+pQ(| BT+y 9%=ziCh ,,\9}yG #|RyG )zf ?y9I5y )?JAp(

,~v+vSzvAvyG #vf # & )1970( ,vwvTv|(vV hvS(vAvyGh {v+vY9vqvAvyG #v| Ov*Rv}vy Qvdv"v* 1
gOvgv< 9v| h )v!O}G Hv|9v!Qv=vyG )1995(h ,vzv|9vgvyG bv<QvyG ?v*Qvdv! ,vp )1981(h )1980(h
JGOv"p vTv| fC )vzvf f(vgv}vGv* Ev+vI .)1987( ,v"v<C h )1981( d(vAvS xvyPvvh 
p
k
:h HGQvf G f9v+vtvzvAv+vp ?vqvZvyGh ~vS:G 9v|Ch aQvJvyGh {vgvqvyG ,v$ 9vS9vSC HGQvf G
.&!GO"T*

260
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

?G@9! ?+@(Y rF9ch jO|@ A9"=zy J9vQI ,$ 9}!Eh HGQfE J9vQI


)zf CQa@ ,AyG J9vQJyG {D| ?}zwyG )zf CQa@ ?+@(Y JGQ+j@ #|
1
xyP {D|h .HGQfE J9|;fh QF9}\ &tJz@ jPyG {gqyG QLB
CQa@ ,AyG J9vQJyG Qo F9S )?qzAM}yG HGQf G {|G(g< QCzA* : 9}|(
o
?}zwyG {f CQa@ ,AyG J9vQJyGh f("yG &< ?zZA}yG YQ9]}yG )zf

GP$ .?}zwyG QLB eRz@ ,AyG A9"=yG J9vQI {vh #+"v9S A9tAyG h"}y
k k
9|h ,,=*(=@ ,}+d"@ Q(Z@ ($ 9| QOt< 9+F9jyE GQ(Z@ U+y Q(ZAyG

?v+v}vTv@h ,?v+v<GQvf G ?vy6G A>vf rv+vqvMv@ Q(vZvAvyG GPv$ &v+vp Ov+vqv*


rF9ch 9%+yE O"T"p ,9%@9+}T}< HGQf5y OQ@ : ,AyG J9vQJyG
n
,?JAqyG ~+pQ(| )yE IO"T}yG #|RyG ?q+c(v ~zgAyG ?yzT| ,p ?+S9SC
#| ?G@9"yG J9vQJyG )yE ?*O+]"@ iQLCh ?*R*Qa@ rF9ch O"T!h
QLB )zf CQa@ ,AyG W(j]yG {+=s #| ?}zwyG )zf ?+@(Y W(j\
2
?vzvZvAv| ?v+v!9vC ?vavtv! ,vph .&v< f(v"vyG d9vZv@G >v=vTv< YQ9v]v}vyG

r n
#v+vzvgvqvyG QvLB ,vp J9vvQvJvyG &v"vf Qv=vgv@ y9v"v<Qn v\z h y9v"v<Qn v\z #v+v< ,vy:OvyG a;vAvL:G 1
,?v*QhQv]vy9v< ?v+v<GQvfE BvTv+vy J9vvQvJvyG gPv$ #vwvy ,a;vAvL:G GPv$ ,vp ?v+v}v$C 9v%vyh
J9vvQvJvyG fE Ev+vI #v| )v"vgv}vyG ,vp Qv+vjv@ )vyE ,vvQvJvyG ,v@(vZvyG Qv+v+vjvAvyG jO|v* Ovsh
k
&vCOvJv* jPvyG ,vvQvJvyG a;vAvL:9vv 9vp;vAvLG KOvJv@h )v"vgv}vyG Qv+vjv@ ?vzvtvAvTv}vyG ?v+v}v+v!(vqvyG
o n n
y>vAvvz h {vgvqvyG y>vAvvz :#v+v< a;vAvL:G #v+vAvCOvJv| A9vAvyG )vzvf ~v]vyGh KvAvqvyG Hh9v"v@
?v |;v f : #v |R ?v |;v f ,v $ ,v \9v }v yG Qv LB ,v p Kv Av qv yG ?v vQv I fC IQv wv qv yGh .hv }v Gv yG
n
BvJv=vYCh ?vJvAvqvyG gPv$ JQvCzv@ Ovsh ,?v+vy(vgvqv}vyG Qv+v}v]v< ?vzvZvAv}vyG y9v"v<Qv\z ,vp HGQvfE
k
?vzv8vS}G )vtv=v@h ,,vvQvJvyG S;vAvL:9v< )v}vTv* 9v| ?vCOvJv| ,?v+vzvf9vqvyG Qv+v}v\ hv| 9v!(vwvS
Ov sh ,Ev Jv=vyG GPv$ ,vp 9v%vAv|Ovs ,vAvyG J9vIQvAvtv}vyG gPv$ ,vp ?vf(vavtv| Qv+vih ?vI(vAvqv|
k o
.;=tAT| 9%Ag<9A| )yE ,%+F(@ ,p ,&zyG &tph ,hFGQ}yG O+TyG OOS
x
?v v@G(v vZv vzv vy {v vLOv v| )1987(,v v"v vVhQv vjv vTv vyG Ov v+v v]v v"v vAv vyGh Rv v*Qv vav vAv vyG e(v v%v vqv v| ,v vp Qv vdv v"v v* 2
.?*O+y(AyG

261
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

?+fQqyG {+Y9qAyG ~+zgAyG ,p [zt! fC jQhQ]yG #| ,HGQf 9<


J9|;f >y9ayG aQg* fC ,qw+p ,?y(zg}yG ?}zwyG HGQfE ,p
o
{tDzy ($C 9$Q*Ot@ >=S ?"+g| ?zIQ| ,p O+q* ;p IQOt}yG 9%<GQfE

.QPgAyG eC

HGQf Gh A9"=yG J9vQI ,!9g| Y(\(| ,p ?z]p ($ 9}|h


o
y~yz :{D| JGhO}Gh ahQJyG 9%< eRAz@ ,AyG J9vQJyG HGQf G
E+J< j(J"yG >+vQAyG #| ?8qyG gP$ QF9Sh y#fzh y,pz hC y#yzh
HGQfE 9%y U+y PE ;?8qyG gP$ HGQfE )zf R+vQAyG )yE {+}! :
ahQJyG gP$ >Aw@ r+v >y9ayG aQf GPEh ,)"g}y9< b=@Q|
B!9v GPEh ,9%<GQfE #f xyP< )"jASG Otp K+JY {wW< JGhO}Gh
n
#| &!{p ?+<Qgy9< #+t_9"yG Q+i #| ~+zgAyG #| ?pO%AT}yG ?J*QWyG
y~yz ,p ~%y d(t! fC [ZMA}yG Q+i >y9azyh ~%y O+q}yG Q+i
k
gP%p ,HGQf G #| 9%y {J| : f(wTyG )zf ?+"=| 9%!E :;D|
k
?+S9S}G 9%Aq+c(p ,y~yz ?q+ch ?pQg| ,p GO*OF O+q@ : IQ9=gyG

,,\9}zy &]J|h Q\9JyG ,q! ,$ 9%+yE &=A"* fC ~zgA}yG )zf ,AyG


f9@9$ IGO}G gP%< &ApQg| #| ~zgA}yG >TIh ,YQ9]}yG eRFh
.9%y f9Aq+c(yG
nn n
9v%vzvtvfh JGhO}Gh ahQvJvyG gPv$ rvF9vch Ov*OvJvAv< 9v"v+vqvAvvG GPE

,&+zf UQJ! 9| Q$(F H9YC Otp d9}gAS:G ,p 9%t=_h ~zgA}yG


.?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG u+=a@ ,p ,W|9$ hC j(!9C ($ 9}| g9"+qfCh
q
~*Ot@ ?+q+v )yE &|9}A$G aQZ* fC j(J"yG >+vQAyG ~zg| )zf
?=@QyG )zf AO< jP O9< 9%+p RvQ+p ?+=+vQ@ Qd! ?%Fh #| SQOyG

262
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

?yzT| )zf RvQ* ~C ,Q+Lz@ hC ~*Ot@ #| ?<h9"}yG J9!9w| Gh


?z}GyG #|R Y(\(| )zf RvQ* 9$Og<h ,9%!9vQC ?z}GyG A9q+ASG
Q+L}G ,ph ,?*(J"yG IQ9=gyG xS9}@ d(I ?*DQyG A9q+AS: 9%t<9a@h
.9%< ?==TA}yG {|G(gyGh HGQf G uIG(y ,p EJ=yG QhO ,@z*

A ;| G U QO@ ? y9wVE vvvvv 5 * +


SQO ,vp &v"vf ?v<9vAvwvyGh A;v| G SQO ,vp Qv|}G rvzvAvMv* :
jQd"| #+< >y9jyG ($ a;MyGh ,?=y9jyG ,$ OfG(ty9p ,(J"yG
~+zgAyG b+T=Ay B|Os Os OfG(tyG gP$ B!9v fEh .?+<QgyG ?<9AwyG

#+TJAyG Q+i ,ph ,9"gsh b+T=AyG eOf ,p 9"!C :E ?<9AwyG #+TJ@h


k
,p #*QDgA}yG IQDv ,Q|}G GP%y 9t*OZ@ ,e(+yG iQ! #J!h .9"zzc
J9g|9GyG ,p ?+<QgyG ?jzyG e9TsC H;_ #| ~%"|h ?<9AwyGh A;| G
n w
?<9AwyGh A;| G d9}$E )yE ?zwW}yG #+DI9=yG #| Q+Dv OQ*h .?+<QgyG

J9IQAt| #|h ,)yh}G ~+zgAyG {IGQ|h SQGO}yG ,p QjZyG P"|


H|GQ< Og! r+v ($ A,V {v {=s iAGQA@ 9}v IQw=}yG d(zJyG
k k
d9v}vgvAvS:G aOv%vAvTv@ ?v<9vAvvh 9vtvav! ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG Uv*QOvAvy ?vzv|9vwvAv|
)2010( ,iGQh}G >TJ< OfG(ty9p ;IOf9tyG #| AO=yG fhO IQV9=|
q
fC >G* 9$OIh ?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG )zfh ,?z}gAT}yG ?jzyG ~zg@ :
1
,q@ fC ,y9gyG ~+zgAyGh ~+zgAyGh ?+<QAyG JGQQt| )zfh ,r wA !
H|GQ=yG #+|OMAT| ?|OtA|h IQ(aA| H|GQ< #| ?tza"| VQjyG GP%<

:,vv<QvvgvvyG KGQv vAvvyG ?vvzvvGvv| ,vvp Q(vvWvv"vv}vvyG &vvDvvJvv< ,vvp )2006( f9vv}vv$O Ovv}vvIC d(vvtv v* 1
)vzvf #v+vDvI9v=vyGh 9v%v+vSQOv|h ?vjvzvyG ?vzv}vI uv@9vf )vzvf hvtv@ xvyP uv+vtvJv@ ?v+vyh|vTv|h
.91 :U .9%y {As d9}gAS:G #f ?jzyG dRgp Q+=wyG ,<QgyG #_(yG i(AT|

263
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,$ ,AyG JGOQq}yG {v O*OJ@ MQAt! d9D}yG {+=S )zgp .?+<(S9JyG


,p 9%g\(< e(t! 9$O*OJ@ Og<h ,SQGOyG ?<9Av ,p zaMzy ?\Qf
)OOgA| #| Q9+AL:Gh zaMyGh KZyG #*Q9}@ {D|( ?+f(\(| #*Q9}@
e(t* a(Sh ,#*Q9}AyG {*P ,p ?J+JZyG ?<9F G 9%g| upQ!h
GQk +LCh ,9%"f ?<9F G dh9J* ~C JGQ| IOf 9%AgFGQ}< P+}zAyG
^g< ,p &A<9FE HG(Y eOf &y Q%c fEh ,&A<9FE ?JY #| utJA*
&}zg@h &8aL )yE ,?FhOR| ?+z}f ,p ,&=A!G Os P+}zAyG f(w* 9%"|
k
?MT"< >*QOAyG GP$ upQ*h .zaMy9< ~zgAyG ?*Qd"y 9tph fB ,p
k
,;D| ,,SGQO {Zp {v ,p AGQF G GP$ &+zf {%T@ ?+<(S9I
k k
,p {*Og@ fhO IQ| {v ,p 9%Tq! 9%+ph 9%+p 9+zZp 9!9JA|G R9AG+y
?+<9Av A9aLC ,p >y9ayG ht* :C I(FQ}yG ?*9jyG PE ;#*Q9}AyG JGQtp
1
.&+zf Q+TgAyG : ?+F;|Eh

Ovf9vTv@ ,vAvyG uvFGQvavyG )vzvf ~vAv* Rv+vvQvAvy9vp e}G ?vjvzvyG ,v$ aOv%vyG ?vjvzvyG Bv!9vv GPE 1
?v jv zv yG ,v $ aOv %v yG ?v jv zv yG Bv !9v v fEh ,OvfG(v s fhOv < &v Av jv y H9v Tv Av vG )v zv f ~v zv gv Av }v yG
.9v%v!hOv< #vwv}v| Qv+vi H9vTvAvv:G f} ~vzvgvAvzvy ?v*QhQv\ OvfG(vtvy9vp ?vDvy9vDvyG hC ?v+v!9vDvyG
?vjvzvyG ,v$ ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG {v$ :?vyzvTv| ,vp a;vL c9v"v$ ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG )vyE ?v=vTv"vy9v<h
?,v<QvgvyG {vqvavyG )vyE ?v=vTv"vy9v< ?v+v!9vDvyG ?vjvzvyG ,v$ {v$ hC ?e}G ?vjvzvyG #v| ?v=v*Qvs hC e}G
,&v+vyE {v+v|C 9v| GPv$h H9vTvAvv;vy 9v}v!Eh ~vzvgvAvzvy ?vzv<9vs Qv+vi ,v%vp e}G ?vjvzvyG Bv!9vv f{vp
fEh .?v |Ov tv Av | {v IGQv | )vyE 9v %v zv +v Fzv Av < hC Ov fG(v tv yG #v | rv +v qv Mv Av y9v < PvFOv "v f Kv Zv"v*h
Qvdv"vy9v<h ,#vcCh .~vzvgvAvzvy ?v*QhQv\ OvfG(vtvy9vp e}G ?vjvzvy9v< BvTv+vy ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG Bv!9vv
IOvf9vtvyG fC ,Q(vvPv}vyG a;vMvyG )vyE Qvdv"vy9v<h ,hvFGQv}vyG Ov+vTvyG &v+vyE ,v"v%vFh 9v| )vyE
P+}zAyG f(w* E+I ~+zgAyG #| ?|OtA}yG {IGQ}yG ,p A;| G SQO ,p ?*QhQ\
9v}v"v+vI #vwvy ,9v%v+vzvf LQOh ,IQvwv=v}vyG {vIGQv}vyG ,vp ?vJv+vJvZvyG ?v<9vAvwvyG SQ9v| Ovs
Ovtvp #v+vZvAvMv}vyG Qv+vi ~v+vzvgv@ ,vp hC Qvwv=v}vyG ~v+vzvgvAvyG ,vp A;v| G OvfG(vs #v| QvDvwv!
Q9vtvyG ,vy Kv}vS GPEh ,uv+v=vavAvyG H9vTvI )vzvf OvfG(vtvy9v< e9v}vAv$:G )vyE GPv$ jO|v*
x
= Ov fG(v tv yG #v Tv Jv * &v !C hv | &v Av Gv %v zv < (v Jv "v yG SQOv * #v | e(v +v yG iQv ! 9v "v !{v p ,~v *Qv wv yG

264
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

U*QO@ f{p ,H(S9JyG )zf ?<9Awy9< {ZA@ ,iQLC ?+I9! #|h


?<9AwyG ~+zg@ &+F(@ IQhQ\ ,&+"g* 9}+p ,,"g* A;| Gh ?<9AwyG
?*hGR #| ?*hO+yG ?<9AwyG #f Q+=v OI )yE ?qzAM| ?%Fh A;| Gh
rvF9vch 9v%vy IOv*OvF ~v+vsQv@ J9v|;vfh ?v+v<(vS9vI aQ9vJv| eGOvMvAvSG

#}]A* fC j(jzyG SQOyG )zf b9+TyG GP$ ,ph .?f("A|h ?qzAM|


k
~v+vsQvAvyGh ?v<9vAvwvyG JGQ9v%v| ,vp ?vqvDvwv|h ?v+v"vi JGQv\9vJv|h 9vZvZvI
K+@9q}yG ?I(y AGOC #f eRz*h ,,F9tzAyG A9aL}G K+JZ@ uFGQ_h
o
?v<9vAvwvyG e9vdv! #vf Ev*OvJvyG 9v%v|GOvMvAvSG uvFGQv_h H(vS9vJvyG ,vp
e9}A$9< &g<9A* jPyG (J"yG )zf ?+yhOyGh ?+<QgyG ?+@(ZyG ?+F9=qy}G
A9=qy}9< J9jzyG ?<9Av e9d! :)2006( ,<GQ(@ bGRQyG O=f u}fh
#v|h ,#v+vZvAvMv}vyG #v| OOvfh )29:U ?v+vyhOvyGh ?v+v<QvgvyG ?v+v@(vZvyG
o o
H|GQ< ?+<QgyG ?<9AwyGh A;| G SQO {qp j* :C Q+=v OI )yE d(tg}yG
?}zwyG {wWy K+JZAyGh ?<9AwyG uFGQ_ ,p ?|OtA}yG H(S9JyG
q
?+!hQAwy G ?<9AwyGh ?*hO+yG ?<9AwyG #+< I(%yG eOQy xyPh ;9$9"g|h
?=vG(}y9< ~TA@ ~zgAyGh ~+zgAyG ,p ?+f(! ?zt! KGOI h ?%F #|
.IQY9g}yGh

k
.?v+v}v+vzvgvAvyG &v@9v+vI ,vp ?vSQ9v}v}vyG Bvtv=vS ,vAvyG OvfG(vtvy9v< e9v}vAv$:G Qv+vCzv@ BvJv@ 9vgvsGh =
k o
#v| 9vs;vav!G ,>v!9vGvyG GPv$ ,vp ,vTv!QvqvyG Pv+v}vzvAvzvy eOvtv* 9v| ^vgv< )vzvf Bvgvzv_G Ovsh
AGO~vy ?vqvDvwv| J9v=v*QOvAv< Pv+v}vzvAvyG OhRv* Ev+vI ,gOv"vf e}G ,v$ ?v+vTv!QvqvyG ?vjvzvyG fC
k
&v Av jv y >v TvAv wv +v p Ov fG(v tv zv y &v }v +v zv gv @ uv =v Tv @ IQv wv =v | {v IGQv| ,v p ?v <9v Av vh 9v tv av ! j(v jv zv yG
k
#v| J9vIQvAvtv|h J9vdvI;v| EvJv=vyG GPv$ ,vp QvvPv* 9v| {vdv*h .9v<9vTvAvvG 9v%v@GQ9v%v|h
.IOv|| :h ?}}g| BT+y 9%"wyh IOhOJ}yG HQ9GAyG hsGh

265
,! 9DyG ~TtyG

KGQAyG U QO@h ?D OJyG J9 * * +!9TzyG

rYh H|9!Q< ,p b9=TyG fGO+| {LO@ ?+<QgyG ?jzyG JCO<


k k k k k
P"| xyPh )9+p9v GQ+Tq@ 9$Q+TqA< AO=zy GO+%}@( 9+p9v 9qYh J9jzyG
o
1
J9f(\(| #| ?z}F Bg]Lzp ,,\9}yG fQtyG #| J9+"+g=TyG
?+pQZyGh ?+@(ZyGh ?+y:OyGh ?+}Gg}yG 9%@9!(w| ,p ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG
?v+vp9vwvyG LP9v}v"vyG
#v| OOvf Q9v_E ,vp ,?vp9vv ?v+vyhGOvAvyGh ?v+v=v+vvQvAvyGh
k v
?%F #| ?+yhGOAyG J9+!9Tzy9<h 9S9SC ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9Tzy9< IQ_|}yG

?v+v<(vS9vJvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyGh ,vf9v"vavY:G A9vvPvyG #v*O9v+v| ,vp ?vtv=vav}vyGh


EJ=yG fE d(tyG a9Z! G #|h .?+!9C ?%F #| ?+t+=aAyG J9+!9TzyGh
?jzyG rYh IO9fE {+=S ,p eOtAyG #| Q+DwyG utI ,<QgyG ,!9TzyG
,p JA9F {< ,e(+yG ?+!9TzyG H$9"}yG KOIC uph 9$Q+Tq@h ?+<QgyG
hv+v}vGv< ?v!Q9vtv}vyG #v| IOv+vqv| ,IOvFGQh ?vs(vqvAv| J9vSGQOvyG #v| OOvf
k k
Q+W! fC O+q}yG #|h .9+p9v 9qYh ?p(Y(}yG J9G%zyG hC J9jzyG

/   ?v*Qv+vTvqvAvyG ?v*9vqvwvyGh     ?v+vqvY(vyG ?v*9vqvwvyG Hv|9v!Qv< 1
{v+v%vTv@ ?v+vjv< ?v+v}vy9vf JGAGOv"vy ?v<9vGvAvSG J9vjvzvyG #v| Ov*OvgvyG &vy Bvgv]vL 

?vqvzvAvMv}vyG ?v*(vjvzvyG J9v!(vwv}vyGh ?vqvzvAvMv}vyG #v*O9v+v}vyG {vv ,vp J9vjvzvyG #v+v< {vf9vqvAvyG
?v+v<QvgvyG #vwv@ ~vyh ,9v$Qv+vih ?v+vy:OvyGh ?v+v}vGvgv}vyGh ?v+v=v+vvQvAvyGh ?v+vpQvZvyGh ?v+v@(vZvyG
k
hv v+v v}v vF #v v| #v vwv v* ~v vy &v v+v vp WGQv vMv v!:G fC :E Hv v|9v v!Qv v=v vyG GPv v$ #v vf ,v vzv vv izv v"v v| ,v vp
.?+<QgyG h|9G}yGh J9TS|}yG

267
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

dhO ,p ?+<QgyG ?jzyG U*QO@ ,p JQ}DASG Os J9+!9TzyG fC )yE


o
,vp J9vSGQO j(vjvzvyG SQOvyG ?vZvI Bv"v}v]vAvp ,v<QvgvyG HQvjv}vyG
,J9+yhGOAyG ?i;<h ?y:OyGh >+vQAyGh aQZyG ~zfh J9+@(ZyG
?zC9}}y9v )161 :U 2002 ~+zS( >TJ< ?D*OI ~+$9q| JQ+CCh

aQf 9}v ,e9GT!:Gh b9T@:Gh ?+y:OyG QGhO}Gh Q="yGh Qc9"AyGh


k k
J(vZvyG Qv}vDvAvTv* ,v<O}G [v"vzvy ;v+vzvJv@h 9vshPv@ ,v<O}G SQOvyG
JRQpCh ?A$9< JO< 9%"wy ,?+!9TzyG 9%}+$9q}< ~Gg}yGh Y9t* Gh
k
{=s #| ,p9wyG b+aMAyG eOf ?G+A! ?gs(A}yG Q+i HF9A"yG #| GOOf

JGQQt| ,p J9+!9TzyG QQt| L9|OE ?+q+wy ?+}+zgAyG J9TS|}yG


k
,fGQ* LQOAyG S9SC )zf 9F9|OE ,g|9GyG ~C ,S9S}G ~+zgAyG
{v OQh .~zgA}zy ,"$PyGh ,vGQO G i(AT}yGh e9GT!:Gh ?_9T=yG
?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG Uv*QOv@h J9v+v!9vTvzvyG #vf ?v|OvtvAv| ?vSGQO ,vp xvyP
.)161 :U 2002( ~+zS &y G O=gy

J9s(g| xyPv )176 v v v 164 :U 2002( ~+zS Xs9! Osh


k
:)vyE xvyP 9vgvFQv| H;vavyG JGQQvtv| ,vp ,v!9vTvzvyG SQOvyG {v+vgvqv@
,p {D}A}yG ,}+zgAyG {t"yGh j(<QAyG X*(WAyGh ,G%"}yG X*(WAyG
9"%="@ 9| GPE 9""wy .e9GT!:Gh ?_9T=yGh b9+TyGh [MWyG O++J@

,g|9GyGh ,SQO}yG L9%"}yG O*hR@ IQwp f{p J9*GO=yG ?<(gY )yE


b<QyG utJ@ fC 9%!zV #| ?D*OJyG J9+!9TzyG ,p ?}dA"| ShQO<
>%V~y ?zC9}| ?SGQO ,ph .J9+!9TzyGh j(jzyG 9"CGQ@ #+< O(W"}yG
SQOv vyG hv v\hh J9v v+v v!9v vTv vzv vyG :d(v vI )77:U,2006( ,v v\GQv vyGh
Os ,<QgyG ,!9TzyG SQOyG fC O+q@ ,?+<Qj}yG ?SQO}y9< j(jzyG
k k
?+<Qj}yG ?SQO}yG ,p j(jzyG SQOyGz fC Q+i ,9S(}z| 9|Ot@ aQf

268
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

xz@ :h ,E*OJyG j(jzyG T9t"yG GP$ ?*(+I &t}f ,p >vG(* ~y


GP$ 9"ZZL Osh .yfGO+}yG ,p BzZI ,AyG ?+!9TzyG J9=TAw}yG
J9!(w}yG ,p ?|OtA}yG J9SGQOyG #| OOf VGQgAS: EJ=}yG
.?+yG(}yG JGQtqyG ,p #+=}yG (J"yG )zf ?p9v ?*(jzyG

1
,+ z wWAyGh , *+ F9 R qyG : ,( @ ZyG f w}yG vvvvv 1 (
#| ?+<QgyG ?jzyG JO9pC ,,F9*R+qyG JG(Y}G ~zf d9G| ,p
IQ9V G {+zJAy ) ( H|9!Q=v ?+@(ZyG IQ9V G {+zJ@ H|GQ<
x
?*(jzyG ?s9ayG O*OJ@ #| gQ+ih H|9!Q=yG GP$ #w}* E+I ;?+@(ZyG
q q
&@OIh &@(sh &AFQO {+GT@h j(jzyG J(ZyG {+zJ@h IQO9ZyG
IO*Of rF9ch H|9!Q=yG GP%yh ,?+q+ayG IQ(ZyGh J(Zy9< &AfQSh
O*OJ@ )yE ?p9\ 9< )&A+qZ@( &J+VQ@h j(jzyG J(ZyG K*QWAv
hat| hC J(Y {wy ?+@(ZyG J9t=ayGh J9F(}yGh JGQhOyG OOf

#| j(jzyG J(ZyG {+zJ@ H|GQ< eGOMASG #w|C Oty .,@(Y


)zf A9w@:G #f )"iCh #+DI9=yGh #+SQGOzy ,@(ZyG SQOyG b+T=@
Q9ty ,@(ZyG AGO}G ?|;S #| utJAyG ,p SOJyGh UJyG ?wz|
k
K*QW@ #| ,F9*R+qyG JG(Y}G ~zf #w|C 9}v ,;D| ,~*QwyG fBQtyG

hC J9qZyG O*OJ@h &FQ9M|h ua"yG hsG(| O*OJ@h ,ta"yG R9%GyG


#w|Ch .b(a"}yG J(Zzy       ?*R++}AyG J9}TyG
k
O*OJ@ #| 9]*C ),q+c(yG JG(Y}G ~zf d9G| ,p( H|9!Q=yG GP%y

k n
KvzvavZv}vy ;v<9vtv| ,v@G(vY}G :,vJvzvavZv| d9v}vgvAvSG ,v<QvgvyG HQvjv}vyG ,vp hv+vWv*h 1
k x
?v|;vgvyG J9vIQvAvtv| #v| 9v}v$h #   KvzvavZv}vy ;v<9vtv| ,v@G(vZvyGh #  

.)1987( ,"VhQjTyG U*QOE

269
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

k x
,p ;GT| ~+j"AyGh ?}j"yGh Q="y9v ?+!(p v v v 9A+}yGh ?+!(qyG QY9"gyG
JG(vY}G ~vzvf Q9v}v]v| ,vph .?v+v}vsQvyG {v+vY9vqvAvyG bOC xvyP {vv
k
?+@(ZyG J9}TyG ?SGQO ,p IO*Of K9J<C JQ%c ,9]*C ,q+c(yG

O9%AF:G #f B"izp        ?+F9tA!:G 9%ZF9ZLh

,p {+Y}G #| {+LOyG ?pQg| ,p Q*OtAyGh SOJyG )zf rwA}yG


J9}+!(qyG LGQO J9SGQOyG gP$ Jz+$h .?+<QgyG ?jzyG ~Gg|
x
?jzyG ?+}y9f )zf ?sOZ| ?+yhOyG ?+F9=qy}G J9}+!(p #}\ ?+<QgyG
.?+<QgyG

gP$ eGOMAS9< 9+zgyG J9SGQOyG K9J<C #| OOf JRG!C Oty


&+yE {Y(@ 9| #+< J9!Q9t| Otg@ fC Bf9aASGh ?|OtA}yG H|GQ=yG
k
#<Gh O}IC #< {+zMyG d9}fC ,p ,9+CGQ@ ,j(jzyG ,@(ZyG SQOyG
,@(ZyG EJ=yG &+yE {Y(@ 9| #+<h ~$Q+ih 9"+S #<Gh ,,"F
o
9"p;SC QOs#| ?!Q9t}yG gP$ [tp "@ ~zp ?D*OJyG J9+!9TzyG JGhOz<
~iQyG )zf ~%@9IhQ_ ?sOh ~$O(%F ?}df )yE B%=! {< A,V ,p

~%@9SGQO {dASh ,JGhOC #| 9"y QpG(@ 9| ~%y QpG(A* ~y &!C #|


.9"@9SGQO HF9A! ,p u+tJAyG )zf 9""+g@ ,AyG ?+gFQ}yG {D}@
k
hC ;D| O*(GAyG SQO {d* fC A,V ,p ?+gsG(yG #| U+yh
k
9%FQ9M|h JG(Y}G U*QO@ ,p O*QGAy9p ;GOQG| ?jzyG SQO

fC #+I )zf ,&<9g+ASGh SQOyG ~%p #f H;ayG aQZ* 9%@9qYh


IQ9V G {+zJ@ ?}d!C hC ) ( e9d! eGOMASG h| rzAM| Q|}G
SQOvyG {vgvGv@ Ev+vI ;),v!9vDvyG {vZvqvyG hvFGQ( ?vqvzvAvMv}vyG ?v+v@(vZvyG
k
J(Y {wy u+sOyG ,}sQyG {+GTAyGh IQ(ZyGh J(Zy9< 9<(JZ|(
k k k
.Q+=v OI )yE 9=f(AT| 9t+V )?qYh 9FQM|

270
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

, pQZyG f w}yG vvvvv 2 (


k
9v+vF(vy(vpQ(v}vzvy ?v|OvtvAv| J9vSGQOh 9vC(vJv< ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG BvpQvf
x
#| J9SGQOyG gP$ #w}@ .fQ9t}yG SQOyG #| GQk +Dv JO9pCh ?+<QgyG
k
Qv*OvtvAvyG #vf 9v]v*C Bv"vizvp ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvy ,vpQvZvyG uvTv"vyG Ov*OvJv@
Otp xyP #| QDvCh ,?+pQZyG J9f(\(}yG #| Q+Dv ,p SOJyGh
o
J9SGQO )zf ?+y6G ?}FQAyGh    ?=S(JyG IOf9s BA+"<

#| J9t+sO@h J9gFGQ}y QGQ}AS9< h]M* jPyG ,pQZyG {zJ}yG


1
.f9+I}G #| Q+Dv ,p ,TS|| Q9_E ,ph ?+DJ< bQph OGQpC {=s
9|h ?+<QgyG ?jzyG J9}+pQ(| O*OJ@ )zf ,pQZyG {zJ}yG {}g*
OQ@ ,AyG hsG(}yG O*OJ@h ,)2007 ,fGQRyG( aO%yG ?jzyG ,p 9%z<9t*
?jzyG d(LOy J9SGQOyG gP$ Jz+%p j(jzyG QPGyG )yE ?=T"y9< 9%+p
J9jzyG h+}G< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG )yEh #| ?+y6G ?}FQAyG fGO+| ?+<QgyG
.?+}y9gyG

&FG(@ ?wF9V 9*9]s ?SGQOy IQ}AT| ?F9I c9"$ B!9v Oty


?+pQZyG fGRh}Gh k+ZyGh Q+TwAyG Y(}F ?+]tv ,pQZyG {zJ}yG
k v n
O+fzp VQjy9< ,qAy 9+CGQ@ ?zZJ}yG J9SGQOyG #w@ ~yh .9$Q+ih
k
HF9A! ?ttJ| ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG Q9_E ,p Q$G(dyG gP$ rYh

#vf QOvZv@ ,vAvyG d9v}vf}G {vv H(vS9vJvzvy IQv}vDvAvTv}vyG ?v+vpQvZvyG J9vSGQOvyG RQv<C #v| 1
d9v }v fC ,d9v Dv }v yG {v +v =v S )v zv fh ,W9v <Qv yG ->v *Qv gv Av zv y K9v Jv <}Gh J9v SGQOv yG Ov %v gv |
,v <Qv gv yG aQv Zv yG ~v +v zv gv @ :)77:U 2002( ~v y9v S ,v |GQv yGh bGRQv yG Ov =v f ,v <GQ(v Av yG
IOv vf9v vTv v}v v< ~v v+v vzv vgv vAv vyG :)95 :U 2002( IQ(v v! Qv vqv vjv vAv vTv v|h .H(v vS9v vJv vyG ~v vfOv v<
uvWv|Ov< ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG hv}vGv| ?vzvGv| Qvdv!G ?v|OvtvAv|h ?vtv<9vS J9vSGQOvyh .H(vS9vJvyG
k
.)2011 v v 2006( ,|9f #+< IQO9ZyG OGOf}G ,p 9Y(ZLh

271
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

f9v Oty .?=S(JyG eOt@ fhO By9I ,AyG {v9W}yG {I ,p B}$9S


o
9| A{|h ,pQZyG uT"yG O*OJ@ ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG aGO$C ~$C #|

.JGQjC #| &<

Q9aW!G ?*Qd! rY(yG IO9fE Bz%S ,AyG J9*Qd"yG ~$C #|h


,p ,<GQ(@ bGRQyG O=f O(%Fh ,"VhQjTyG U*QOE ?|;gzy ?JAqyG
1
.9}$Q+ih ?+<QgyG ?jzy ,pQZyG uT"yG O*OJ@

Otf )yE ?*(<QAyG J9TS|}yG )zf #+}F9tyG (fO! b9+TyG GP$ ,p


>y9ayG QQt| ,p ?D*OJyG J9SGQOyG HF9A! L9|O ?qDw| J9TzF

SQOyG &+p hsh 9| ^g< >*(ZAyh &+yE SQOyG d(Yh b+T=Ay


,pQZyG uT"yG QjZyG P"| ~zgA}yG O9Ag+y &=*QOAyh ~*OtyG ,pQZyG
k
E+I ;;D| ?ztyG Y(}F Y(\(| >*(Z@ )yE L9AJ* 9}|h .~+zTyG
k
?+=*QG@ J9+ag| RGQ<E 9}!hO u+sO Q+i 9qYh Y(}GyG gP$ BqYh

Oty .,<QgyG >+vQAyG ,p ?ztyG h}F ~+pQ(| O(Fh ?|;S )zf


c;A|G eOf #f BgpGOh )2007( ,fGQRyG ,p ?+]tyG gP$ Byh9"@
?j+Y fC ?t+tI ~fO* : ~*QwyG fBQty9p ;?ztyG ~+pQ(}y ?+<QgyG

u t~s r} |q{
p zyxwv
o
?ztzy : IQDwzy 9%8+G| OQh E+I ;?ztzy f9Aj+Y yd9gpCzh y{gpCz

{ :aQLRyG IQ(S )y9g@ &y(s ,p


)71( }
.} vuts { :#v v}v vIQv vyG IQ(v vS ,v vp )v vy9v vgv v@ &v vy(v vsh
)zf 9%!C h| IQDwyG :E 9%"| ~%q* : aQLRyG ?*B ,p yHG(vCzv p

2010 h 31 v v v 1:U 1996( ,v <GQ(v @ bGRQv yG Ov =v fh )1987( ,v "v VhQv jv Tv yG Qv dv "v * 1
.)2007( ,fGQRyGh )2002( ,=+%"yG #+yhOF9|h )132 v v v 127 :U

272
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

k
?*6G ,p y#+f}Gzh yUq!}Gzh ,9+CGQ@ ,?ztyG #f IQ=g}yG ,yd9gpCz
o
y{gpCz )zf 9@A9F 9}%!C h| ?ztyG : IQDwyG :E 9}%"| ~%q* : ?}*QwyG
k
~%q* E+I yA:Bz )yE ?=T"y9< d9JyG xyPvh ,9+CGQ@ ?ztzy ?ZZM}yG

,9"+zf &}g"y {]qA}yG &zyG A9ZIE b9+S ,p ,?ztyG : IQDwyG 9%"|


d;L #| : b9+TyG #| ~%q* IQDwyGh ?ztyG )"g| fC #f 9"gpGOh
n
J9+ag| #| ?"$Q=}yG ?G+A"yG gP$ )zf A9"< .?zty9< U9L ~+pQ(|
Y(}F Y(\(}y ,pQZyG SQOyG O+tg@ eRG(y #| f{p ~*QwyG fBQtyG
o
,S9S}G ~+zgAyG JGQQt| ,p ?ztyG Y(}F Y(\(| OGQ*E Q+TwAyG
k+Y 9%!C )zf Q+TwAyG k+Y h+}F eOt! fC ,qw*h ,,g|9GyGh
?*Qd! #| IO9p G 9]*C #w}* .IQDwyG hC ?ztzy [+ZM@ fhO h}Gzy
SQOh J9tAW}yG SQOh Y(}GyG SQO ~*Ot@ ,p ?JAqyG Q9aW!G
.k+ZyG h+S(@ IQwp d;L #| QO9Z}yG
k
aQZyG SQO ,p Q}DAT! fC ?=S(JyG ~y9f ,p 9]*C O+q}yG #|
k
?+=+vQAyGh ?+pQZyG J;zJ}yG H|GQ< 9%"| ;9+<(S9I ?|OtA| H|GQ<

)zf u=a@ H|GQ< >y9jyG ,p ,$h ?*(jzyG IOI(yG u+tW@ H|GQ<h


x
~Gg}y9<h ?%F #| (J"y9< aQZyG b<Q #| #w}* 9}< ?+}Gg| OG(|

.?+!9C ?%F #|

, }Gg}yG f w}yG vvvvv 3 (


Bv +v dv I ,v Av yG J9v !(v wv }v yG ~v$C #v | ,v }v Gv gv}v yG f(v wv }v yG Ovgv *
k 1
:9}fC OG"p ;?+!9TzyG ?pQg}yG JGhOC Q9}DAS9< ?gSGh J9SGQO<

= ,v p ?v |Ov tv }v yG J9v IQv Av tv }v yGh ,v <Qv gv yG ~v Gv gv }v zv y ?v tv I;v Av }v yG JGQ(v av Av yG ?v gv <9v Av }v y 1

273
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

J9v+vyBh 9v%v}v+vdv"v@ uvFGQv_h ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG {vLGOv}vyG Y(v\(v| BvGvy9vf


P+|;Ayh Q9jZzy ~F9g| BCOJASGh ,?+}Gg}yG ?zLOyG [+ZM@

,}Gg}yG r+yzAyG d9G| ,p Q9wp}G JQ(a@h ,,S9S}G ~+zgAyG


P+}zAyG L9+AIG ?+=z| ,<Qf ~+zsE {wy Q9jZzy ~F9g| r+yz@ MQAs9p
P+}zAyG Q9%dASG {%T+y &@GQQt| ,p OQ@ ,AyG JGOQq}yG ?pQg}y
k k
9+"$P 9%AGy9g|h ?+}Gg}yG JGOQq}yG #| Q+=v OOgy 9+"$P &"*RM@h
k
?Gy9g| IO9f ?+!9TzyG J9IQAt}yG #| OOf JQ}DASGh .9+S(|9sh
,p 9"|Os Osh ,P+}zAzy ?*Q}gyG ?zIQ}yG ?+fGQ| ?+}Gg}yG ?zLOyG
k
:9%"| VQjyG GP%y J9IQAt}yG #| GOOf )2008( ,fGQRyG

)zf {< QPGyG S9SC )zf : ?+}Gg}yG J;LOyG ~+d"@ vvv 1


aPvI Ovgv< ?vGvy9vgv}vyG ?v}vzvwvzvy ,vF9v=vqvy}G >v+v@QvAvyG S9vSC
.9%< ?zZA}yG JGO9*RyGh QF9}]yG
k
;gp B!9vC ,SQO}yG QQt}yG ,p JOQh ,AyG ?}zwyG OGQ*E vvv 2
k k
.)5( ,p 9}v OQG| 9%y OQ* ~y GPE 9}SG hC 9tAW| hC

.,zgp {LO| {v #*Qs QOZ}yG OGQ*E vvv 3

JOQh GPE {LO}yG ,p ?tAW}yG ?+}Gg}yG IOI(yG QvP eOf vvv 4


k
)yh}G {LO}yG ,p OQ("p Q9}DASGh Q}DASG :{+=s #| ;gp
.?+!9DyG {}%!h

#v +v < O(v Wv "v }v yG j(v jv zv yG ~v Gv gv }v yG :)2002( Ov }v Jv | ,jQ(v L9v p :Qv dv !G OOv Zv yG GPv $ =
GAkOv< 77Hv| 1L .uvWv|Ov< ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG hv}vGv| ?vzvGv| .?vDv*OvJvyGh ?v}v*OvtvyG 9v"v}vF9vgv|
.45 :U #|

274
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

k
9}y Qd"y9<( O*R}yG {LO}yG OQhC ~y ,(WJyGh QGQwAzy 9+V9J@ vvv 5
{LO}yG OQ(! ;p :OQh Os OQG}yG ,C;DyG f9v GPE )2 ,p OQh
{LO}yG OQh Os f9v GPE yQ9TqASGz QOZ}yG :h yQTqASGz
k
OGQ*E #| O< ;p ;9*QPF rzAM| )"g| O*R}zy f9v GPE :E yQTpz
k n n
.9+zv 9}%++"g| a;AL: O*R}yG yQ}gASGzh OQG}yG yQ}fz

: jPyG KzaZ}yG #*Qs ?+FP(}"yG ?}F;}yG IQ(ZyG OGQ*E vvv 6


LP(}"yG ?*Qd! #| #*O+q| ,pQJyG )"g}yG OGQ*E &g| ,qw*
.?*Q(ZAyG ?y:OyG H9JYC O"f ,zY}G

~%p RRg@ ,AyG ?FQO}yG IQ(Zzy ?+FP(}"yG fG(y}G Q9+ALG vvv 7


k k k
OfG(s uph 9}+zS ;+D}@ 9+"$P &z+D}@ )zf {}g@h )"g}yG
q r o
.?*Q}f ?zIQ| {wy ?}F;}yG jQ(ZyG {+D}AyG

)yE jOGOf G )yE ,FGOA<:G #| )"g}yG h+S(@ ,p LQOAyG vvv 8


~Gg| ,p y?SQO}yGz )"g| :d9D}yG {+=S )zgp ,j(!9DyG
?zIQ}yG O"f 9$9"g|h ,SQOyG f9w| :?+FGOA<:G ?zIQ}yG

,P+}zAyGh P9AS}G &+p ,tAz* jPyG SQOyG f9w| :?*OGOf G


?+}+zg@ ?TS|| :?SQO}yG :?*(!9DyG ?zIQ}yG ~F9g| ,p h
.QQt}yGh P+}zAyGh P9AS}G :9$Qh9J| ?*(<Q@

uFGQa< {+yOh )ehQ jO+S( H|O| UQs ~Gg}yG h| upQ* vvv 9


.QQt}yG ?=I9Z}< &|GOMASG

JGOv vI(v vyG ?v vGv vy9v vgv v| ,v vp IOQG(v vyG J9v v|(v vzv vgv v}vvyG f(vvwv v@ fC v v v 10
~Gg}yG ,p OQh ;IQZAM|h ?+}zfh ?t+sO ?+I;aY:G
o n rv
J9!G(+I U"F :>zgDyGz :d9D}yG {+=S )zf ,b+S(yG

275
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

o o n r o
{D}yG &< HQ]* ~IG(zyG ?=@Qh ?+=zwyG ?z+ZqyG
#| IQ(%W|
o n r o o
Q+i yd9+AI:G ,p {D}yG &< HQ]*z IQ9=gp ;yd9+AI:G ,p

,<Qf A9J*E >zgDyG ,p Qw}yG ?qY f} ?+}zf Q+ih ?t+sO


9%qY(< fG(+JyG ?f(S(| ~F9g| ,p IOQGh Q+ih ,=gV
hC h=]yG ,p LQn gyG {D| >zgC {v ,p ?zYzA| ?+t+tI ?qY
w n
.?SQAq}yG J9!G(+JyG ,p XI(AyG

,v p Bv IQv Av sG Ov tv p Q9v =v wv yG ~v F9v gv }v < {v Zv Av @ ?v +v !9v C ?v %v F #v |


k
;vLOv| {vDv}v@ ?v+vC;vDvyG QhPvGvzvy ?v+v}vGvgv| J9vI(vy )2007(,vfGQRvyG
1
f9}C #| ,<(S9JyG ~Gg}yG ryzA* .,<(S9JyG ,tT"yG ~Gg}zy
ry}G aQI ?I(y #| AGOA<G ?+F9G%yG ahQJyG OOg< ?I(y #*QWfh
?+C;DyG QhPGyG #| ?JF: ?I(y {v ~]@h .A9+yG aQI ?I(y )yE
&< Jz@ ~y jPyG hC ?*GhQyG &< B@C jPyG ,?z}gAT}yGh ?z}%}yG
d;L #| &"+=! jPyG ,@6G (J"yG )zf ?I(y {v {jAW@h .?*GhQyG
k
J9I(zyG ?+t< {D| ;D| yry}Gz ?I(y ryzA@ .ry}G aQI ?I(y
ry}G #| >@Q| jO(}f b*QV :?*OG<}G ahQJzy #+a*QV #|
(vJv"vyG )vzvf A9v+vyG )vyE rvy}G #v| >v@Qv| ,vtvpC bv*QvVh A9v+vyG )vyE
.)2007( ,fGQRyG ,p ?A=D}yG J9I(zyG #| ?I(y {v ,p K\G(yG
,tA"* jPyG ry}G ($h jO(}gyG b*QWyG ,p dh}G aQJy9< CO=!
k
($ QPGyG ,p Ey9DyG aQJyGh ,9]*C ry}G ($h ,!9DyG aQJyG
]H CC[ ]CCC[ :#+=}yG (J"yG GP$ )zf A9+yG )yE ry}G #| Q+jA}yG

?vI(vyh ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG ahQvJvyG ?vI(vy Qvdv!Gh SO9vTvyG {vZvqvyG #v| dh}G ~vTvtvyG hvFGQ 1
.?+pQZyG JGO9*RyG

276
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

9%|9|C h]! QhPGyG gP$ .]j CC[ )yE ...]L CC[ ]K CC[ ]J CC[
~C .IO(F(| Q+i 9%!C ,"g@h [ZM}yG h<Q}yG ,p )Z( ?|;gyG
gQQ}!h A9=yG ($h jO(}gyG b*QWyG ,p ,!9DyG aQJyG )yE {tA"!
)zf {ZJ"y Ey9DyG aQJyG h| ~C ry}G aQI h| 9%Tq! ?t*Qay9<
)v yE.....]J C H[ ]H C H[ ]CC H[ :Y(v "v yG #v | QhPv F
k
&|9|C h]! 9"!{p ]S C H[ {D| GO(F(| QPGyG f9v GPEh .]j C H[
QPGyG GP$ fC )zf ?y:Ozy &y [ZM}yG h<Q}yG ,p )e( aQJyG
k k
GOQG| GQPF )784( OOf )zf ?I(y {v #| {ZJ! a(S .O(F(|
k k
,p 9pQI 28( + )jO(}gyG b*QWyG ,p 9pQI 28( HQ]y {Y9Jv
k
?G+A"v GQPF )21952( J9I(zyG {v #| Oy(!h ,),tp}G b*QWyG

uT! f(w* .)?I(y 28( + )IOIG(yG ?I(zyG QhPF Y(}G|( HQ]y


k
&< Jz@ ~y jPyG QPGy9p ;?t*QayG gP%< ;}Aw| ?+C;DyG QhPGyG
.uT"yG gOy(* ?*GhQyG

k
,p 9ZZI #}]A+S j(jzyG SQOyG f{p H(S9JyG eGOMAS9<h
VGQi}G ,p &|GOMASG uFGQa< ~zgA}yG aQg@ ~Gg}yG U*QO@
j(jy AGQC #| 9%+p 9|h ~Gg}yG ShQO f} xyP ;IOOgA}yG ?*(jzyG
AGQC )zf X9qJyG ,ph j(jzyG SQOyG ~*OtAy ?+t+tJyG 9"Az+Sh ($
k
b;v_E OOvZv< e(v+vyG #vJv!h .9v+vpQvgv| 9v%v+vSQGO AGQvCh ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG
aGO$}G #| {+S u+tJAy gQdA"! jPyG ,M*Q9AyG ~Gg}yG YhQW|
1
.?+DJ=yGh ?*(<QAyGh ?+}zgyG

s
IQv}vDvAvTv| YhQvWv}vyG GPv$ R9vGv!E )vzvf 9v+vy9vI ,vMv*Q9vAvyG ?vIhOvyG ~vGvgv| ?vTvS|v| {v}vgv@ 1
.?p9v ?+"tAyGh ?+!9TzyG ?pQg}yG JGhOC

277
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,+ (
= vQAyG f w}yG vvvvv 4

q
h_9tA@ ,AyG iQ=wyG J9+zwyG iOIE / ,=+vQAyG f(w}yG Og*
?v+v=v+vvQvAvyG ,v!9v=v}vyGz Pv"v| ?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvy9vp ;~vy9vgvyG J9vjvy 9v%v+vp
IQwp #f BgpGO e(+yG )yE )1957( ,wT|(Wy y    
k o
?wz}y9< 9]*C )}T* 9|h ?jzyG H9TAvG R9%F fC 9$Q$(F ?+S9SC

   ,zwyG (J"yG O9=| fCh ?+=+vQ@ ?*(J! OfG(t< OhR| ?*(jzyG


  y0?+"$PyG ?y9JyGz ,p IQtAT}yG Q+i ?y(JA}yG  

($ O9=}yG gP$ Q$(F fCh y1?+"$PyG ?y9JyGz ,p [ZMA@h QtAT@


k
,wT|(V(?zIQ}yG gP$ ,p ?y:OyG QhO GOg=AT| ,^J| ,=+vQ@
,!9TzyG EJ=yG O(%F aQZ"@ fC IQwqyG gP$ #f eRyh .)1995
,AyG ?+q+wzy am9v Q+Tq@ )yE {Y(AyG ?+j< >+vQAyG ?SGQO )yE ,}y9gyG
L9A!E ,p iQL}G J9wz}yG QF9T< &As;f ,p jQW=yG #$PyG 9%< {jAW*
hv+v}vF ~vdvAv"v@ ,vAvyG ?v+vzvwvyG O9v=v}vyG OvYQ ?v+vjv<h 9v$Ov+vy(v@h ?vjvzvyG
1
9$O(%F ?p9v J9jzyG JQq"ASG jQ+TqAyG aO%yG GP%y .J9jzyG
O(%GyG BSQv E+I ;?+<QgyG ?jzyG 9%SCQ )zfh 9%@9jy rY(y
?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG Q9_E ,p ?+=+vQAyG 9*9]tyG ~dg| ,p rY(zy

#vf ?vDvI9v< Z9v|OvyG ?vtvav"v| ,vp ?v+vF(vy(v+v=vyG J9v+v!9vTvzvyG Q(vav@ &vF(vAvyG GPv$ IQv}vC #v|h 1
,v p( j(v jv zv yG R9v %v Gv yG J9v !(v wv | Ov IC >v +v Zv @ ,v Av yG ?v +v |;v wv yG VGQv |}G J9v =v =v Tv |
,vp e;vTvyG &v+vzvf )vS(v| 9v!Ov+vS f9vTvy )vzvf )vy9vgv@ &vy(vs Qv+vTvqv@ )vzvf ?v"v+vgv| )Xv|9v%vyG
n o n n r rnn n o n rn n n r n o n n
.))13( fhQ9v$ )vyE {vSp Qzvp ,v!p 9vTvyp uvzp vav"v* :h jQOvY uv+v]p v*h( :AGQvgvWvyG IQ(vS
p p
k
,v|;vwvyG VQv}vyG #v| 9vf(v! Bv!9vv )vS(v| 9v!Ov+vS ?vzvwvWv| fC )vyE ?v*6G gPv$ Bv%v=v"vp
l o o
Q(vgvV :?v}v *QvwvyG ?v*6G ,vp A9vF 9v| uv+vsOvyG 9v%vqvYhh ,?vTv=v Jvy9v< e(v+vyG ahQvgv}v yG
9v !Ov +v S f9v Tv y ,v p ?v jv Dv zv < bv =v @Qv * : Qv |}Gh .f9v Tv zv yG ,v p {v tv Ch QOv Zv yG ,v p uv +v ]v <
q
.~zfC &zyGh ?tC(}yG Q+i [ZtyG ^g< rZ@ 9}v )S(|

278
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

x
?vgv<9vAv}vy9v< ,v"vgv}vyG bvL-S LP(v}v! .bvL-S LP(v}v! eGOvMvAvS9v<h
B& , ahO"v9Fh ) #*9vh ,wT|(V {=s #| Q*(aAyGh
Pv"v| ?v*Ov+vy(vAvyG J9v+v!9vTvzvy9v< #v+vzvjvWv"v}vyG #v| ~v$Qv+vih  {v*(vAvSh
v
,<QgyG QGW}yG VQg! ,z* 9}+p .e(+yG )yE ,\9}yG fQtyG J9+"+AS
v
&< Q_|}yG j(jzyG EJ=yG HF9A! ~$C OYQ #| #w}A"y bL -S #|
.?qzAM}yG ~+zgAyG {IGQ| ,p 9%"| IO9p G ?+q+v #|h

,%p ;J9jzyG Q+Tq@h rY(y ?s;}f ?yB bL v v v S LP(}!


{v}vf {v%vTv@h 9v%v"v+v< ?vs;vgvyG ~vdv"v@h ?vp9vv ?v*(vjvzvyG J9v!(vwv}vyG ~v]v@

{D}@ bF9Sh )yEh ?+zv O9=| )yE {Y(AyGh J9jzyG #+< ?!Q9t}yG
1
hv<Qv}vyGh {vf9vqvzvy #v}v]vAv}vyG hv<Qv}vyG {vDv}v* .?vjvy {vv ?v+vY(vZvL

~v wv Jv @ ,v Av yG ?v +v zv wv yG Ov fG(v tv yG Ov YQv @ )v yh}G fC bv F9v S(v yGh O9v =v }v yG #v +v < bQv qv yG 1
Qvdv!G .J9vjvzvyG ?v+vY(vZvL Uvwvgv@ ,vAvyG OvfG(vtvyG OvYQv@ ?v+v!9vDvyGh .J9vjvzvyG hv+v}vF
.)1995( ,wT|(V

279
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

n
~Gg}yG #| I9tA"}yG JpGOGQqyGh ~Gg}yG J;]qyGh {gqzy #}]A}yG
1
f9v 9| {D}* ,}Gg}yG i(AT}yG GP$h .,"$P OGOg@ d;L #|

9*9]s rYh IO9fE i(AT}yG GP$ ,p ~@ Osh ,?t+}gyG ?+="=y9< aQg*


o
J:(t}yGh ?+}Gg}yG J:(t}yG O*OF #| BqYp (p ,?f("A| ?*(jy

,p ?*GO=yG P"| ?G|O}yG ?*(J"yGh ?+y:OyG J9}TyG ?+f(!h ?*(J"yG


2
aQf 9| hC ?+y:OyG QGhO}G BWs(! 9}v ,?*(J"yG )"=yG ShDQ
3 n
.ShDQyG gP$ J;]p )yE O"T@ ,AyG ?*Q(J}yG QGhO}G ?w=W<

O9"SE ,p &Y9ZALG ,}Gg}yG f(w}yG ShDQ )yE >T! 9}|h

{YC #| ($ jPyG &+yE a9]}zy QGyG hC ?z]qzy >Z"yG HGQfE


w r
)yE ~]"@ ,AyG J;]qyG Q%d@ ,}Gg}yG i(AT}yG ,ph .d(gq|
,p )g;fC X|9%yG Qd!G( y~\z ?+"$PyG ?+z}gyG >F(}< 9%ShDQ
?+z}gyG gP$ >F(}<h ,#++}Gg| #*QZ"f {wy btp ,F9"C LhGR@

?v f(v }v Gv | )v zv f ?v *(v Jv "v yG JGQ9v =v gv yG b9v tv Av V: )1995( ,v wv Tv |(v Wv @ LP(v }v ! e(v tv * 1
v
?vtv+v}vgvyG ?v+v"v=vyG Bv\(vf ,vAvyG y~v\z ?v+vzv}vgv< ~vC OGOvgvAvy9v< ~vC ~vGvgv}vy9v< COv=v@ JG(vavL
#v+v*(vAvTv}vyG )vyE IQ9v=vgvyG {vtvAv"v@ ~vC ?v+vJvavTvyG ?v+v"v=vyG Bv\(vf ,vAvyG y{vtv!Gz ?v+vzv}vf ~vC
IQ(vZvyG i(vAvTv|h ?v+v@(vZvyG IQ(vZvyG i(vAvTv| :   #v+vAv%vFG(vyG hC #v+v+v%v+vF(vyG
?vjv+vZvzvyh )1994( ;vIhCh )1995 ,vwvTv|(vV( Qvdv"v* hvS(vAvyG #v| Ov*Rv}vy .?v+vtvav"v}vyG
.)1997( jQ%qyG ,S9qyG Qd"* ?+<QgyG
n
e(v%vqv}v< Ov"vTv}vyG ~vS:G hC aQvJvyG hC {vgvqvyG( ShDQ #v| ?v*(vJv"vyG IQ9v=vgvyG rvyzvAv@ 2
?v+v"v< ,vp &v+vyE a9v]v}vyGh ?v+vzvgvqvyG ?vzv}vGvyG ,vp &v< d(vgvqv}vyG( J;v]vp #v|h )#v+v+vi;v=vyG
Qv vF9v vS( J9v vtv vJv vzv v| #v v|h )&v v|9v vtv v| e(v vtv v* 9v v| hC {v vf9v vqv vyG( [v vZv vMv v| #v v|h )?v vp9v v\ G
.)d(gq}yG Q+i J9<(Z"}yG
QOvZv}vyGh Ov+vqvAvTv}vyGh ?v+vJv]vyG QhOh {vf9vqvzvy Pvqv"v}vyG QhO( {vDv| ?v*Q(vJv}vyG QGhO}G 3
)H h C 1985( {v v(v Av }v yG h )1986( ,v S9v qv yG Qv dv "v * hv S(v Av zv yh )9v $Qv +v ih aOv %v yGh
.)2002( ~+y9i O}J|h

280
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

eR;}yG HGQf Gh jQ(J}yG QhOyG O9"S{< ,}Gg}yG SCQyG e(t*


O"T* {f9qzy #*QZ"gyG ~\ ?+z}f >F(}<h ,?z]qyG )yE ,y:OyG
k
Og* PE ;9<GQfE &+yE O"T* :h {f9qyG )yE jQ(J}yG QhOyG {gqyG
k n o k
9<GQfE gQ9=Af9< ~Gg}yG : >+vQAyG ,p O"T* 9*(+"< {f9qyG HGQfE
)v}vTv* 9v}vf J;v]vqvyG i(vAvTv}vyG GPv$ ,vp Rv+v}v@h .,vy:O Qv+vi
OQ@ {< ,?+zY}G ?+}Gg}yG JGOGQqyG #| Og@ : ,AyG J9tJz}y9<
k
#v}v]vAv}vyG hv<Qv}vyG ,vp IOQG(vyG QvY9v"vgvyG ,v$h ShDQvy9v< 9vtvJvzv|
k
BJ@ QY9"f #| OQ* 9| ,GO*OJ@ hC ,~Gg}yG ,ph .J9tJz}zy

?*OhOJyG QY9"gy9< )}T* 9| OQ* uJz}yG hC ?z]qyG hC {f9qyG hs(|


QY9"gyG Og@h .Q+w"AyG hC r*QgAyG ,A}S {}J@ ,AyG    
k k
/    ?+}Gg}yG ?%GyG ?Ws9"}y GQ+=v 9f(\(| ?+}Gg}yG

Y(\(| >+vQAyG fC #+I ,p ,    h\(yG ?%F hC

.?*(J"yG ?%GyG hC A9"=yG ?%Gy

JGhO} ?"}]A}yG J9g<Q}yG ,p OQ* 9}| )zf}G i(AT}yG ,p


,?"|R~y r*QZAyGh ?t<9a}yG QY9"fh ,,q"yG JGhOCh e9%qAS:G
,p ?+JaTyG ?+"=y9< aQf 9| ($h >+vQAyG )yE ~Gg}yG #| {tA"!
#f IQ9=f ($ ,=+vQAyG i(AT}yGh .jO+y(AyG (J"zy IQw=}yG LP9}"yG
,p OQG(yG ,}Gg}yG QZ"gyG 9%+yE {tA"* ?*(J! J9}Sh J9}+pQ(|
.>+vQAyG ,p ?+pQY J9}S #| &tpG(* 9| >TAw+y AGQ}JyG ?ta"}yG
($ >+vQAy9p ;>+vQAyGh aQZyG #+< {Zp jC Q%d* : &!C eI;*h
?v*(vJv"vyG ?v+v"v=vyG b9vtvAvV: I9vp(vAvTv}vyG ?v+vpQvZvyG J9v+vzv}vgvyG Y(v}vGv|

>+vQAyGh ?%F #| ~Gg}yG #+< K\Gh {Zp c9"$ fPEh .?J+JZyG

281
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

Kvzvav Zv*h .?v+v!9vC ?v%vF #v| ?v+vpQvZvyG J9v+vzv}vgvyG )vzvf UvS|v}vyG


QvY9v"vgvy9v< ?v+v=v+vvQvAvyG hvsG(v}vyG ,vp IOQG(vyG QvY9v"vgvyG )vzvf f(v*Ov+vy(vAvyG
(v$h ?v+v}vGvgv}vyG Qv+vi QvY9v"vgvyG hC     ?v+vqv+vc(vyG

QY9"gyG e(%q| >f(AT* E+I ?+pQZyG QY9"gyG #| ~fC KzaZ|


e9v%vqvAvS:Gh ,vqv"vyG {vDv| IQhQv]vy9v< ?v+vpQvY Qv+vi QvY9v"vf ?v+vqv+vc(vyG
.?+}S:G J9=vQ}yG ,p OJyG GPvh ,jQOZ}yGh

?%GyGh #|Rzy ~Gg}yG #| eO9tyG {gqyG &+yE aQZA* 9| dhC


1
{tA"* :h .J9%F(}yGh g(F(y9v 9}%< ?zZA}yG QY9"gyG ^g<h
d9tA!9p ;J9i(T}y :E >+vQAyG ,p r*QZAy ,}Gg}yG QZ"gyG
J9}TyG ^g<h #|RyG ?}S >TAw+y 9}!E #|RyG SCQ )yE {gqyG
O9"SE #| &"w}@h ?%GyGh #|Rzy aQZAyG #| &"w}@ ,AyG ?*(%GyG
2
{vtvAv"v*h .?v"vwv}v}vyG J9vs;vgvyG iOvIE ,vp {vf9vqvzvy hvpQvyG HGQvfE
)yE ,wzS {t! ?+z}f ,p ){gqyG {t"y ?=I9Z| I(aL ,p( {f9qyG
3
.{vgvqvyG #v| hvpQvyG HGQvfE ,vtvzv@ &vy Z(vTv+vy #v|RvyG [vZvMv|

d9v vgv vp}G #v v| ?v vf(v v}v vGv v| J9v v%v vF(v v}v vyGh ,g;v vfCh ,?v v%v vGv vyG e(v v%v vqv v}v vy g9v v!OC Qv vdv v!G 1
,vp d9vgvpC 9v%vzv<9vtv*h ?v+v <QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG ,vp ya(vSzh yOvsz {vDv| JGhO}Gh IOvf9vTv}v yG
&vFh {v+v=vs #v| &vF(vyGh .9v%v+vp IOvf9vTv}vyG d9vgvp}G {vDv}v@ ?v+vTv!QvqvyGh ?v*Rv+vzvGv! G ?vjvzvyG
k
,vp f(vwvTvyG {vDv| 9v=vy9vi {vgvqvyG QvLB ,vp J9v|;vf 9v%v"vf Qv=vgv@ Q9v=vL G &vFhh Qv|}G
#v | Ov *Rv }v y )2006 ?v qv Jv F Ov +v Gv }v yG Ov =v f( Qv dv !Gh .YQ9v ]v }v yG ,v p hv pQv yGh eRv Gv yG
.~+$9q}yG gP$ d(I hS(AyG
9v %v +v p ~v Av * ?v zv ]v p v v v SCQ ?v s;v f ,v $ :bv L v v v S LP(v }v ! ,v p ?v *(v Jv "v yG J9v s;v gv yG 2
{vYC #v| &v+vyE a9v]v}vyG g9vtvzvAv* jPvyG eR;v}vyG QvGvyG HGQvfEh >vZv"vyG HGQvfE O9v"vSE
v v SCQ ?vs;vfh ,hvpQvyG HGQvfE O9v"vSE 9v%v+vp ~vAv* SCQ v v [vZvMv| ?vs;vfh .d(vgvqv|
.r*QZAzy ,q+ch SCQ ,p ,}Gg| SCQ L9|OE 9%+p ~A* ,AyG SCQ
= IQv vV9v v=v v| {v vf9v vqv vyG &v v+v vzv v*h {v vgv vqv vyG {v vtv vAv v"v v* fC (v v$h hv v<9v vAv vAv v}v vyG ,v vwv vzv vTv vyG {v vtv v"v vyG 3

282
?+!9Ty JGhOz< ,<QgyG j(jzyG KGQAyG U*QO@ :h<9TyG {ZqyG

SCQ )yE ?+!9C IQ| {gqyG {tA"* b9tAV:G J9+z}f d9}wAS:h


9}< b9ZAy:G 9}%y Z(T+y u<9aAyG [ZM| ,p {f9qyG &g|h u<9aAyG
1
~C .U"GyGh OOgyGh [MWyG ,p u<9aAyG J9}S #| 9}%tpG(*
J9vZvZvMv}vyGh ShDQvyG )vyE (vJv"vyG GPv$ )vzvf J9v+vzv}vgvyG Qv}vAvTv@
>vzvavAv* f9vv fE e9v%vqvAvS:Gh ,vqv"vyGh jQOvZv}vy9vv 9v+vzvgvyG ?v+vqv+vc(vyG
.xyP ?+"=yG b9tAVG
k
,p 9*Q(Y j(J"yG SQOyG ~*OtAy ?z+Sh bL v v v S LP(}! eOt*
9}v ,9$Q+ih ?y:OyGh ~Gg}y9v iQL}G ?*(jzyG J9!(w}y9< &As;f
q
?"$Q=}yGh ?i(T}yG ?+ta"}yG uF;gyG L9A"ASG )zf ~zgA}yG HQO*
~@ 9}< ,"g| h+}GyG fE .9%<9g+ASGh 9%}%p {%T* ?}d"| O9=| uph
fC >vTvIC ,v"v!C Ov+v< ?vgv\G(vAv}vyG ?vSGQOvyG gPv$ ,vp &vY;vMvAvSG
k
#| 9=S9"| gGQ@ 9| ~*Ot@ ,p #++"g}yG ?}F9s )zf ?*(<QAyG J9TS|}yG
{v ?g+=_ h| eA;A* 9}< 9%|Ot@h ?*Q}gyG {IGQ}zy LP9}"yG gP$

.?zIQ|

O9v=v| #v| hv<9vAvAv}vyG {vtv"vyGh ,b9vtvAvV:G d9v}vAvvG )vAvI ?vtv*QvavyG gPv%v< d(vtv"vyG Qv}vAvTv@h =
QvLBh I(vavL I(vavL COv=v| )vyE ?vp9v\ 9v< j(vJv"vyG b9vtvAvV:G J9v+vzv}vf ,vp O9vZvAvs:G
.P;|
YR(v }v yG aQv Zv yG 9v *9v ]v sh uv <9v av Av yG J9v }v S d(v I )1997( jQv %v qv yG ,v S9v qv yG Qv dv !G 1
.)2004( ,fGQRyGh )1994( f9|hQ &*QO!Ch )1993 R+A!Q9|h ,y9$( GPvh

283
H9AwyG ?}@9L

Q*(a@ ,p 9%"| O+q! fC #w}* ,AyG ,!9TzyG EJ=yG JGhOC fE


,p :h 9$OOf ,p IOhOJ| BT+y ,<QgyG j(jzyG SQOyG J9!(w|
JGhO}G #| GQk +T* GAkRF :E H9AwyG GP$ eOt* ~yh ,OOJ| #|R
o
GP$ HF9A! #| [zMAT@ ,AyG IQwqyG fC :E ,EI9=yG ?pQg}y ?I9A}yG
: IO9F ?SGQO 9%@:9wVE EJ<h ?jzyG ?SGQO fC 9%|(}f ,p {}gyG
K}T@ IA9qwyG ?+y9f LP9}"yG d9}gAS9<h ?zf9p JGhOz< :E utJA@

9*GhRh ?qzAM| >!G(F #| ?p9v ?*(jzyG J9!(w}yG ,p Qd"yG IO9f{<


.JGhO}G #| OIGh b}! d9}gAS9< ?*DQyG )zf ?t+\ B!9v

HvF9vAv! Q9v}vDvAvSG ?v+v}v$C )vzvf Ov+vvzvAvyG {v}vgvyG GPv$ HvF9vAv! #v|h


j(jzyG ,}zgyG EJ=yG J9!(w| rzAM| ,p ?*O+y(AyG J9+!9TzyG
?jzyG b9JyEh ?<(za}yG ?*Q+TqAyG ?*9qwyGh ?+qY(yG ?*9qwyG u+tJAy

.J9jzyG #+< ,g+=ayG 9%!9w}< ?+<QgyG

,?*(jy JGhOz< ?jzyG ?SGQO fC Q+Zty9< U+y Bsh P"| #+=@ Oty
,p AGQDyGh )"jyG JGP J9jzyG &+yE K}a@ 9| {v eOt* : ,btp
{$9G@ >gZyG #| K=YC e(zgyG {LGO@ h|h ,9%pQ9g|h 9$OG(|
A9+I}G e(zf ?SGQO ,p {LOA@ ,e(+yG ?jzy9p ,9%"+< 9}+p J9g_9tAyG

285
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

,&"| O+q@h H(S9JyG e(zf h| h_9tA@h ,9%"| O+q@h ?+i9|OyG


,,vF(vy(v+v<hQvDv!}Gh Y9v}vAvF:G e(vzvf hv| HvF9vAv"vyG ~v+v}vgv@ dO9v=vAv@h
GP$ OA|G {< ,?+=ZgyG ?SO"%yG e(zfh Uq"yG ~zf h| {LGOA@h
^g<h ,F9*R+qyG JG(Y}G ~zf #+< 9| ?vGQV Q(%c )yE h_9tAyG
J9jyh ?+g+=ayG J9jzyG #+< ?}FGO ?vGQVh ,?*(jzyG J9+@(ZyG YhQp
{v ?}$9T| {GT@ ,AyG QGhO}G ?qTzqyG ~d"@h ,,f9"aY:G A9vPyG
.QLB ,p ~zf

EJ=yG Y(\(| ,p e(zgyG #+< J9ty9gAyGh J9g_9tAyG {$9G@ fE


e(vzvgvyG JGhOC Q9v}vDvAvSG {v$9vGv@h ?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG Qv*(vav@h j(vjvzvyG
?v=vvG(v}vyG #vf 9v%vTvqv"v< izv"v@ ?vjvzvyG #v| {vgvGv* 9v%v"v+v< 9v}v+vp ?vzvs9vJvAv}vyG
,%A"@ ?*(jy ?yRf )yE jz"yG GP$ jO|* Osh ,Q}AT}yG E*OJAyGh
.O(}GyGh rs(Ay9<

?+pQg}yG JGhO}G Q9}DASG HF9A! ^g< B|Os {}gyG GP$ ,p


-S ?*Qd! Og@ >+vGQAyG i(AT| )zgp .,!9Tzy ?I9A}yG ?+}zgyGh
JGhOC ~$C #| IOIGh jO+y(AyG )!O}G H|9!Q=yG Q9_E ,p bL
aQZyG i(AT| )zfh ,?Y9MyGh ?+zwyG ?*(J"yG ?*9qwyG u+tJ@
k
9%}$C ?*Qd! JGhOC 9%+p ;}gAT| ?*(jy {+y9JA< B}s ,r*QZAyGh

.9$Q+ih ?JAqyG Q9aW!G ?*Qd!h ?}zwyG A9"< ,p &F9F(yG ?*Qd!

H|GQ< d9}gASG ?+}$C )zf ?yOC B|Os ~Gg}yG i(AT| )zfh


BWs9!h .&}+d"@h ,<QgyG ~Gg}yG rYh IO9f ?*(jzyG ?=S(JyG

?+]sh #|RyG 9t+a+"+|Q+%< {ZA@ ?t}g| 9*9]s ?y:OyG i(AT| )zf

286
H9AwyG ?}@9L

,Bs(zy j(jzyG cGQO G ,|9"@h ?=vQ}yG ?+"|RyG {S;TyG {*hz@


?a=@Q| ?yzT| ,ph .9%vGQOEh ?=vQ}yG ?+"|RyG ?zTzTyG A9"< ?+q+vh
,y:O ($ {$h ,?+"|RyG ?zTzTyG {*hz@ {wW| BWs9! ?+]tyG gP%<
k
?*Q(d"|h ?=vQ}yG ?+"|RyG ?zTzTyG {*hzAy GQ(Z@ B+"<h ?,g*QP eC

?+_QWyG )"=yG ,p ?=vQ}yG ?+"|RyG {S;TyG {*hz@ ,p yf9vz b<GQyG


>v+vvQvAvyG ,vp Bvs(vyG {v*hzv@ uvFGQv_ ,vp xvyPvvh ,?v+v_QvWvyG Qv+vih
,vp Bvs(vyG {v*hzv@ #vwv}v* rv+vv Bv"v+v< IQv*9vjv| uvFGQvav<h ,,v_QvWvyG
.9$Q+ih ?+_QWyG #+< ?T=Az| >+vGQ@

~A* fC >G* ?+"|RyG {S;TyG {*hz@ fC {ZqyG GP$ HF9A! #|h


{*hzAyG {LGO@ {wW| xqy ?tpOA}yG ?+%GyG ,!9g}yG )yE Qd"y9<
Bs(yG {*hz@ fC #f &+p BgpGOh ,{*hzAyG {LGO@h ,%GyG ,"|RyG
iQLC IQtp ,ph .?G|O}yG J9}TyG ?*Q(d"| ?aSG(< ~A* fC >G*
?v}vFQvAvyG {vv9vWv|h Qvdv"vyG ?v%vF(v< ?vav=v@Qv}vyG Bvs(vyG {vv9vWv| BvWvs9v!

,AyG ,"|RyG Q+d"AyG JGhOC #| IGOC Bz}gASGh .9%+zf ?=@QA}yG


#+< J9ty9gAyG {Zp ?+j< y,%GyG ,"|RyG Bs|}yGz ~S9< 9%A}}Y
k
9v%v+vF(v@ 9v%v%v+vF(v@h IOvtvgv}vyG >v+vvGQvAvyG IAGQvsh ?v+vAvs(vyG J9v!(vwv}vyG
k
.9}+zS

H9g+ASG 9%A+}y9f J9|(t| #|h ,?+}y9f ?jy ?+<QgyG ?jzyG fE


)zf 9%@QOs 9%A+}y9f JGQ9|C #|h ,LP9}!h J9*Qd! #| O*OF {v
9v%vAv+v}vy9vf JGQ9v|C
#v|h ,am9vvh uv+v!C LP(v}v! {vwvy 9v%v@O9v| hv*(vav@
~dg| h| ?*(jzyG 9$Q$G(c ~dg| ,p ?+zv [F9ZL ,p 9%vGQAVG

287
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

9v%vAv+v}vy9vf #vf hvpGOv! fC 9v|E fGQ9v+vL 9v"v|9v|Ch .?v+v}vy9vgvyG J9vjvzvyG


{v]vpC ~v*OvtvAvy iQvL}G ?v+v}vy9vgvyG J9vjvzvyG hv| ?vzvf9vqvyG 9v%vAvvQ9vWv}v<

WhQvV #v+vTvJv@h J9vjvzvyG ?v<Q9vtv}vy ?v+vGv%v"v}vyGh ?v+v}vzvgvyG J9vIhQvavyG


?+Y(ZL 9$Og!h ~y9gyG #f 9"Ajz< dRg"! fC 9|Eh ,9%"+< {YG(AyG
#f 9%< #+"jAT| 9%}*Os h| X+g"p IOIGh IQ9]Ih IOIGh ?|}
.Q}D}yG 9$O*OF

288
J9JzaZ}y9< uJz|

  u<9a@

  #  u<9aAyG >vQ|

   OOQAyG ?|h9t|


     ?+f(\(| ?+"<

        ,vGQOE v v v ,ta! uT!


 ?%F
q
   ?+%F J9}S

   #  jQ(J}yG QhOyG O9"SE

 S9SC

   ?+F9+IC J9+!9Ty

    ?+F(y(+< ?=$(|

 !   9vhQ< ?ta"|

 HGQfE
 #  ?+<GQf G ?y9JyG ?*Qd!

  )e;wyG AGRFC( J:(t|


   ?*RvQ| b9T!C

     ?=sGQ|h ~wJ@

  IQOs
   % jQOZ|
   % #  jQOZ}yG >vQ|

289
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

    ,<(S9I uT!


     jQ(Z@ e9@
      jQ(Z@ ,|(%q| uT!
       j(]s i(AJ|
    L hC
    ?t+}f ?+"<

    #  ,s9tAVG aQY


    ?+qYh ?*9qv

   OhOJ|


      ?+F(y(}AT<E OhOI

    ?jzyG ?wz|

   O9ZAsG
  Q*QJ@

  ?s9!C

       ?iQ9qyG ?y(t}yG CO=|

  Q+qW@

   ?*Qap ?=$(|

  b+J| v v v ?8+<

 / ?+"$P J:9I

 KGOIC
/    ?*Q+Tq@ ?*9qv

/   ?gS(}yG Q9+g}yG ?*Qd!

.  &m A"|
  {wV v v v ?j+Y

  ?+@(Y eRI

    ,q+ch QZ"f


   +  ?+q+ch J9_9tSE

290
J9JzaZ}y9< uJz|

  R  ,z=s {=tAT|


   ~+}g@

   jO+y(@
   {}f

   
  {}gyGh b<QyG ?*Qd!

#      ?+tpG(@ J9}j!

# S CQ
 
 ~zgAzy {<9s Q+i

   ?ztAT| ?GI

/   #FGQs
.  &m A"| Q+i
o
0   #  ,pQY aQY
    ?+yhC ?y9I

 {LO

  {LOyG b9T!C

  LQMyG b9T!C


   jR*Qi
    ?%FG(yG J9*(AT|

    ,<hQ@hR*B
       ?jzyG H9TAvG R9%F

 
  Z9|OyGh ?jzyG
   ?*(jy IQOs

  ?jzyG (]f

   P;| QLB


 R      ?*QG(I rsG(|

/     ,}Gg| d(}J|


/    ?+}Gg| ?%F

291
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

    ?+ta"| IQ(Y

     ?+ta"| b<GhQ

     Z9|OyG ,p jhGRyG r+qzAyG ?ta"|


 & e(S(|
 & ?+|(S(|

#  upG(@

  )"g|
  ?+"$P ?y9I

  ~\ ?+z}f

   >y9s

    ?+=y9s b9T!C

    >yG(tyG ?*Qd!

  &Fh
o
 # B*(Y

  {t!G ?+z}f

  {t!

 r!}G #| v v v ,q!C


    ?+q!C B|G(Y

  ,q!
n o
  QGf
q
   % ~S||

   ,dJy Q+i


    {D|C ~+}Z@

   ?+zD|}G

   #  ?+zD|}G ?*Qd"yG

 ,}p
 ?=@Q

292
J9JzaZ}y9< uJz|

 LQL
   LQMyG b9T!C
   
  jQhO OOQ@
#     ?+@(Y IQ(Y

#   jO9}yG JG(Y}G ~zf


#   ,q+c(yG JG(Y}G ~zf
#  >vQ|

      ,qzMyG jhGRyG r+qzAyG ?ta"|


       d(}J| ?+"<
        bF9S(yGh O9=}yG ?*Qd!
 +      W9tS G O9=|
    [F9ZL

        ?*(]s ?+"<

  ,@(Y ^=!


 . Q (S
C  ,"+*G(v
       ?*QGQw@ ?+<(S9I b9T!C

    KOJyG ~SG


   /  ?gFGQ}yG ?gS(}yG Q9+g}yG ?*Qd!

 QPF
 YPF
q
  R+I

   A9tA!G
      ?+vQI ?+TI b9T!C

 ?z}F

      ?+JaS ?+"<

    h\(yG ?%F

293
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

   Y9\hC
  J(Y
q
 . [ZM|

#      e;wyG O+y(@ IR%FC


w
  0  ?pQZyG QaV

  #  Q9+g}yG ?*Qd!


  #  J:9I

 %  ,y(t| h*Qq@
   ?+=+vQ@ QGhOC

     ?+=+vQ@ f9=|


m
 #|R
 #  #|RyG >vQ|
#            )!O}G H|9!Q=yG
#  ?*Qd!

#    jQ(J| Q9+g|


    J;*(J@
       ,zv O+s
     ,zv (J!
 & e(S(| Q+i
     jQZ< cGQOE
"  !   9vhQ< ?ta"|

  ?}zv

/
 #  bL v v v S ?*Qd!

294
+
? <QgyG hFGQ}yG

O}J| :v v J@ .[F9ZMyG :)v v $.4.b( f9}Df KAqyG (<C ,,"F #<G v v v ]1[
.W fhO< .f9"=y v v v JhQ+< ,>AwyG ~y9f ,Q9G"yG ,zf

:v v J@ .HGQf G "
?f9 Y QS :)v v $.4.b( f9}Df KAqyG (<C ,,"F #<G v v v ]2[
.1985 .1.W ,uW|O ,~ztyG QGO ,jhGO"$ #TI
w
:v v J@ .?+<QgyG , p h}zyG :)v v $.4.b( f9}Df KAqyG (<C ,,"F #<G v v v ]3[
.1985 .2.W ,?+<QgyG ?]%"yG ?=Aw| ,#||}yG O|9I

#<G ?|Ot| )v v $1377( #}IQyG O=f #*OyG ,yh ,\9tyG ,fhOzL #<G v v v ]4[
.IQ$9tyG v v v ?+sQWyG ?g=a}yG ,fhOzL

.(J"yG " ,
?f9 Y p jQhQ]yG )v v $.6.b(O+y(yG (<C ,\9tyG ,OVQ #<G v v v ]5[
)2010( QwqyG QGO .h+}TyG O=f ,zf Q(Z"| :v v J@

.(J"yG , ( }
p d Y G :)v v $ 316 J( O}J| #< Qw< (<C ,LGQTyG #<G v v v ]7[
.1988 JhQ+< ?y9SQyG ?TS|| ,zAqyG #+TJyG O=f u+tJ@

f9}+zS :u+tJ@ ,J9%+="AyGh JGQ9V G :#+TJyG ,zf (<C ,9"+S #<G v v v ]8[
.1971 ,IQ$9tyG aQ9g}yG QGO ,9+!O

O}IC :u+tJ@ ,Uq " (


yG dG IC ?y9SQ :#+TJyG ,zf (<C ,9"+S #<G v v v ]9[
.1970 ,IQ$9tyG ,KGQAyG A9+IE QGO ,,!G($}G OG|p

.{+tf #<G MQV :)v v $7.b(,z+tgyG &zyG O=f #*OyG A9%<,{+tf #<G v v v ]10[
.2.W ,uW|O ,QwqyG QGO ,O+}JyG O=f #*OyG ,+J| O}J| :v v J@
.1985

295
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

? qyC + ) zf ~c9 yG " # <G MQV :)v v $ 686( O}J| #*OyG QO< ,xy9| #<G v v v ]11[
>AwyG QGO ,JhQ+< ,O(TyG f(+f {S9< O}J| .K@ .xy9| # <G

.1992 ,?+}zgyG

:)v v $.8.b(#*OyG d9}F &zyG O=f O}J| (<C ,jQ9Z!}G e9W$ #<G v v v ]12[
.5.W ,JhQ+<,{+GyG QGO .xy9| # <G ? qyC + ) yE xy9T}yG K\hC

.1979

:)v v $.8.b(#*OyG d9}F &zyG O=f O}J| (<C ,jQ9Z!}G e9W$ #<G v v v ]13[
,IQ$9tyG ,O+}JyG O=f #*OyG ,+J| O}J| :v v J@.iO"yG Qas MQV

.v v $1383 .11.W

:)v v $.8.b(#*OyG d9}F &zyG O=f O}J| (<C ,jQ9Z!}G e9W$ #<G v v v ]14[
,zf O}J|h cQ9=}yG fR9| :v v J@ .>*Q9f}G >Av # +
f > =zyG ,"
j|

.1985 .6.W ,JhQ+< ,QwqyG QGO ,&zyG O}I

{Zq}yG MQV :)v v $.7.b(,zf #< X+g* #*OyG up(| ,X+g* #<G v v v ]15[
.W fhO< .JhQ+< ,>AwyG ~y9f .jQWM|Rzy

:v v vJv@.(vJv"vyG , vp ?v vp;vL + {vF9vTv| :)v v v$.6.b(jQv=vwvgvyG ,A9vtv=vyG (v<C v v v ]16[


.1992 .1.W,JhQ+<,,<QgyG bQWyG QGO,,!G(zJyG Q+L O}J|

QvJv=vyG :)745(,v_9v!QvjvyG rvS(v* #v< Ov}vJv| #v*OvyG Qv+vCC ,f9v+vI (v<C v v v ]17[
.1986 JhQ+< .QwqyG QGO .b+J}yG

, p H9=zyG :)v v $7 v v v 6.b(#+TJyG #< &zyG O=f #*OyG >J| ,A9t=yG (<C v v v ]18[
,QwqyG QGO ,J9}+z_ Q9AM| jR9i :v v J@ .HGQf Gh A9 "
=yG {zf

.1.W,uW|O

.>F9JyG # <G ? p9v + MQV :)v v $.7.b(#*OyG ,\Q ,jP9<GQAS}G v v v ]19[


.1998.f9"=y v v v JhQ+< ,?+}zgyG >AwyG QGO ,H(tg* h*O< {+|E :v v J@

# <G ? qyC + ) zf , !( } }V G MQV :)v v $ 929( #*OyG Q(! ,,!(}V}G v v v ]20[


?]%"yG ?=Aw| ,IQ$9tyG ,O+}JyG O=f #*OyG ,J| O}J| .K@ .xy9|
.e1970 ,3W ,?*QZ}yG

296
?+<QgyG hFGQ}yG

hvv\hh J9vv vv +! 9vvTvvzvvyG :)2006( Ov}vJv| ,,v\GQvyGh Ovy9vL ,>v%vV}G v v v ]20[


.? +! 9Ty K9J<C .? yhC ?<Q9t| :? <Qj}yG ?SQO}y9< j jzyG + + ( SQOyG

K9vJv<}Gh J9vSGQOvyG Ov%vgv| .Qv=v}vTv*O ,2/1 OOvgvyG ,11:OvzvGv}vyG


.W9<QyG .>*QgAzy

:)v v v$ 6 .b( #v}vIQvyG Ov=vf J9vvQv=vyG (v<C #v*OvyG d9v}vv ,jQ9v=v!}G v v v ]21[
#v v*Ov vyG ,v v+v vJv v| Ov v}v vJv v| :v v v vJv v@ .a;vvvMvvvyG {vvvF9vvvTvvv| , vvvp a9vvvZvvv ! G

.1961,IQ$9tyG ,?*Q9GAyG ,O+}JyG O=f

,? + <QgyG ?jzyG ~ zg@h ? =T yG J9 + + " +! 9TzyG .)2010( O}J| ,,iGQh}G v v v ]22[


.W9<QyG v v v f9|}G QGO .a;AL:G JGQ(W"|

.? + <QgyG , p KOJyG )" g| ?g =_ + .)2011( #}IQyG O=f ,,sQ9=yG v v v ]23[


.O(gS xz}yG ?g|9F .gGQ(AvOyG ?IhQ_C

? +" |RyG )" =yG .? <QgyG + , p {}Aw}yG Q\9JyG :)2000( O}IC ,,$9=yG v v v ]24[
O%g| JGQ(W"| ,fhQLBh jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f OGOfE ,9 % y9wVCh

.W9<QyG v v v HQj}y9< J9+!9TzyG ?+g}Fh >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG

J9}S hF9sh ,WQWyG , p k ZyG + Hh9 " @ :)2004( O}IC ,,$9=yG v v v ]25[
JGQ(W"| ,jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f aGQVE ,9 % " F9 < bQ_h {gqyG

,Uv|9vMvyG Ov}vJv| ?vgv|9vF v v v >v*QvgvAvzvy K9vJv<}Gh J9vSGQOvyG Ov%vgv|


.,T*(TyG

QGO .e;f}Gh ?jzyG , p OG }y " G :)2003( fhQLBh eQvC ,,!9AT=yG v v v ]26[


.40h39v v _ .f9"=y v v v JhQ+< bQW}yG

?vjvzvyG ~vzvfh , v<QvgvyG j ( vjvzvyG KGQvAvyG :)2004( e9vTvI ,jh9vTv"v%v=vyG v v v ]27[


.1 W .?+"*OyG ?p9tDyG ?=Aw| .E * OJyG

:?}FQ@ .?D * OJyG ? <QgyG J9G zyG OfG s + % ( :)2003( #ASQv ,O9AShQ< v v v ]28[
1W .,|(tyG YhQW}yG ,?p9tDzy )zf}G UzG}yG ,jh9sQWyG O}J|

? <QgyG + #+ ! < ? Q9t| ?SGQO :YhQWyG d9gpC :)1994( O}IC ,d(T*Q< v v v ]29[
.W9<QyG ,HGO6G ?+zv ,Y .O .O ,? + <Qj}yG ? |9gyGh + ) JZqyG

297
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

? <QgyG + ?jzy , * M Q9AyG ~Gg}yG A9 " < :)2010( #*OyGRf ,,M+V(=yG v v v ]30[
v v v S9p ,{*Q<C 10 v v v 8 #| ?+yhOyG IhO"yG hF9sh .? * " &
Qd yG @GA9]AsGh

.HQj}yG

,?v v<QvgvyG + ?vjvzvyG , , vp vC;vDvyG QOvZv| :)1996( bGRQvyG Ov=vf ,,v<GQ(v@ v v v ]31[
J9SGQOyG O%g| .Q=}p(! v v v 2:OOgyG ,1:OzG}yG ,? +! 9Ty K9J<C

.W9<QyG .>*QgAzy K9J<}Gh

J9vv}vvzvvwvvzvvy , vvpQvvZvvyG Ovvy vv}vvyG ( d ( :)2001( bGRQvyG Ov=vf ,,v<GQ(v@


vvI v v v ]32[
,1 OzG}yG ,? + y6G ?}FQAyGh ? tT yGh O y AyG + " +( , + + p ,? <QgyG ? }Gg}yG

Oy9Lh d(T*Q< O}IC OGOfEh ,jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f aGQVE


.W9<Qy9< >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| ,>%V}G

OQG ( v}vyG : , v<QvgvyG aQvZvyG ?v=vS vI ( :)2006( bGRQvyG Ov=vf ,,v<GQ(v@ v v v ]33[
IhO"yG hF9sh .? + <QgyG ?jzy ? y6G + ?Gy9g}yG .J9 +! 9TzyG JGQ=MyGh

.W9<Qy9< >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| .?+yhOyG

aQZyG ~ zg@ + :)Q=}T*O 2002( ~y9S ,|GQyGh ,bGRQyG O=f ,,<GQ(@ v v v ]34[
.1L .OOgA}yG +
~ zgAyGh ? <QgyG ?jzyG ~ zg@ .H S9JyG ~fO< + + ( , <QgyG

J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| .jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f :aGQVE


.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh

? F9< ry + } 9< J9jzyG ?<9Av e9d ! :)H 2006( bGRQyG O=f ,,<GQ(@ v v v ]35[
,2/1 OOgyG ,11:OzG}yG .? +! 9Ty K9J<C .? yhOyG ? <QgyG ? @ ZyG + + +(
.W9<QyG .>*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| .Q=}T*O

?v vzvDv|Ch + +
?v vJvzvavZv}vyG JGQ9v vAvL:G + :)2010( bGRQvyG Ov=vf ,,v<GQ(v@ v v v ]36[
.Oy ( }yG KzaZ}yG , ,( p < S9JyG Q <OAyGh ? pQg}yG ?SO + + "% yG .~ *( tAyG

.W9<QyG .>*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"|

?jzyG ?y:O :)2007( QyO"p .Q h .f .,wT|(Vh .Q ahO"v9F v v v ]37[


O+G}yG O=fh ,y9IQyG O}J|h ~+y9i O}J| :?}FQ@ .9%}+}Z@h
.QW"zy d9t<(@ QGO .?qJF

298
?+<QgyG hFGQ}yG

. # |RyG ahQc k *( T@h ? GyGh % # |RyG :)2000( O+G}yG O=f ,?qJF v v v ]38[
,fhQLBh jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f OGOfE ,9%y9wVCh ? +" |RyG )" =yG

J9+!9TzyG ?+g}Fh >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"|


.W9<QyG v v v HQj}y9<

?SGQO :?+<QgyG ?jzyG , # p |RyG ?y:O :)2006(O+G}yG O=f ,?qJF v v v ]39[


.A9]+=yG QGOyG v v v QW"zy d9t<(@ QGO ,d9gp ~ ," y |RyG uT yG "
O(}J| :u+zg@ .R9Gf G {F:O :)v v $.5.b(Q$9tyG O=f ,,!9FQGyG v v v ]40[
.1984 ,,G!9MyG ?=Aw| ,Q%p (<C Qv9V

?*QZ}yG ?8+%yG ,9 $" 9 =|h 9 9 g| :? <QgyG ?jzyG $" + :)1973(e9}@ ,f9TI v v v ]41[
.IQ$9tyG ,H9Awzy ?|9gyG

,4W .?+qY(yGh ? Q9 g}yG * + #+ + < ? <QgyG ?jzyG :)2000( e9}@ ,f9TI v v v ]42[
.IQ$9tyG >AwyG ~y9f

.1978,IQ$9tyG,aQ9g}yG QGO.,pG(yG ( " J yG :S9=f,#TI vvvvv ]43[

.IQY9g}yG ? *( jzyG J9SGQOyG ) zf AG ( \C :)1987( r*9! ,9|QL v v v ]44[


.B*(wyG v v v HGO6Gh f("qyGh ?p9tDzy ,"_(yG UzG}yG v v v ?pQg}yG ~y9f

~ zg@ :?jzyG U QO@ + * , * p ?D OI J9 9G@G $ :)2002( ~+$GQ<E ,,<9aMyG v v v ]45[


,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f :aGQVE .2L .OOgA}yG ~ zgAyGh + ? <QgyG + ?jzyG

.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| .jQ%qyG

MQV ) zf jQ]MyG ? V9I + :)v v $ 1227( jQ]MyG O}J| ,,_9+|OyG v v v ]46[


,QwqyG QGO ,JhQ+< ,,f9t=yG O}J| N+WyG rS(* .K@ .{+tf # <G

.1995 ,1W

Q\9I #+ + < ? JyG ?zZyG ? <QgyG ?jzyG + :)f9T+! 2006( O}IC ,f9}$O v v v ]47[
HQgyG H9AwyG O9J@G v v v ,<QgyG KGQAyG ?zG| .QLGRyG 9 CGQ@h ?|% } G

.102 OOgyG .uW|O<

,?+<QgyG ?]%"yG QGO .,pQZyG u =aAyG + :)2004( gO=f ,,JFGQyG v v v ]48[


.1W.f9"=y v v v JhQ+<

299
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

{vLGO HGQvf G [vJvph ?vp9v\ G ?v v v< +" :)1999( Ov}vJv| ,,vy9vIQvyG v v v ]49[
J9 +! 9TzyG , * p ? OJyGh ? }S:G + J9=vQ}yG # }\,jOJyG >vQ}yG

?+g}Fh >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| !


,? Q9t}yG

.100 v v v 47:U #|,HQj}y9< J9+!9TzyG

?vvjvvzvvyG , vvp ?vvzvv}vvGvvyG ?vv vv vv<h +" HGQvvf G :)2000( Ov v}v vJv v| ,,vvy9vvIQv vyG v v v ]50[
e(zgyGh HGO6G ?+zv.J9+!9TzyG ,p ?yhOyG gGQ(AvO {+"y EJ<.?+<QgyG
.W9<QyG ,dGOvC v v v ?+!9T! G

~vv vv}vZvvAvvyG + O (+ v vvsh ++ (


?v vqvv vvc vvyG J: ( vvtvv}vvyG :)2000( Ov}vJv| ,,vy9vIQvyG v v v ]51[
jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f OGOfE ,9%y9wVCh ? +" |RyG )" =yG ,{D| } G

?+g}Fh >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| ,fhQLBh

.W9<QyG v v v HQj}y9< J9+!9TzyG

?jzyG h\h IhO! ,?jzyG Q ( a@h ?g|9GyG Q a@ ( :)2003( O}J| ,,y9v v IQyG v v v ]52[
.Q=}T*O 10 v v v 9 ,IQa+"ty9< HGO6G ?+zv.?g|9GyG ,p #++<QgyG HO}Gh

?y:O # }\ ,?jzy G ~+}Z@ ,p {|G(f ?C;C:)2007( O}J| ,,y9IQyG v v v ]53[


.QW"zy d9t<(@ QGO .9%}+}Z@h ?jzyG

OhOg}yG U Fh " OOgyG U F " a;ALG , p :)1994( jQO!C f9|hQ v v v ]54[


.)31(~sQ bF9S yGh J9 zwyG, ( + &+ yE a9]}yG

v v
O(}J| iO$:v v J@.aQZ"* : 9|h aQZ "* 9| :b9JSE (<C ,L9FRyG v v v ]55[
.1994 .2.W,IQ$9tyG v v v ,G!9MyG ?=Aw|,?fGQs

Qv=vf ?v v<GQvf + G ?v}vdv !} Gh QvGvyG HGQvfE :)2004( #v+vTvI ,,vfGQRvyG v v v ]56[


v v v ?I9+TyGh ?p9tDyG IQGRh ,? + pQY ? y:Oh + ? = vQ@ ++ ?SGQO ,J9jzyG

.A9g"Y

.OvJvzvy +* z
?v vzv h vAvyGh ?v Rv vJvyG *+ [vF9vZvMvyG :)2005( #v+vTvI ,,vfGQRvyG v v v ]57[
.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| v v v ? +! 9Ty K9J<C

, vp J9v<Q9vtv| :9v vzv vzvJv@h %+ ?v}vzvwvyG A9v v< " :)2007( #v+vTvI ,,vfGQRvyG v v v ]58[
.A9g"Y v v v b9p6G QGO ,?+<(S9JyG J9 +!
9TzyG

300
?+<QgyG hFGQ}yG

,j ( jzyG # |RyG cGQOE :)2008( d;S ,jQat}yGh #+TI ,,fGQRyG v v v ]59[


.HQj}yG v v v {+q_ #<G ?g|9F ,? + <QgyG J9 +! 9Tzy ? yhOyG IhO yG hF9sh + "
~Gg}yGh 6 vvvvv 4 # , | SQO}yG ~Gg}yG )2009( #+TI ,,fGQRyG v v v ]60[
P+q"@ .,"}+yG K(J=yGh Q*(aAyG RvQ| aGQVE .9 vvvvv 7 # , | SQO}yG

.,fGQRyG #+TI :?S9FQ< ?+SQO}yG ~F9g}yG OGOfE u*Qp

, " tT yG ~Gg}yG :)2012( #}IQyG O=f ,,sQ9=yGh #+TI ,,fGQRyG v v v ]61[


?vjvzvy ?v+vy6G ?vGvy9vgv}vyG ,?vgv<GQvyG ?v+vyhOvyG IhOv"vyG hvF9vsh
n
.>vS ( vJv}vyG

.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| .?+<QgyG

h}G| .KOJyGh # |RyGh ? GyG {LGO@ % :)2013( #+TI ,,fGQRyG v v v ]62[


.?+}y9gyG ?w=WyG )zf ?+<QgyG ?jzyG

?g Y " , p {Zq}yG :)v v $6.b( Q}f #< O(}J| ~S9tyG(<C ,jQWM|RyG v v v ]63[
.1.W ,JhQ+< ,d;%yG ?=Aw| QGO ,~Jz| (<C ,zf :v J@ .HGQf G

.1993

+
~ zg@ .? <QgyG ?jzyG U QO@h J9 + * +! 9TzyG :)2002( &y G O=f ,~+zS v v v ]64[
,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f :aGQVE .1L .OOgA}yG ~ zgAyGh + ? <QgyG + ?jzyG

.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| .jQ%qyG

d9t<(@ QGO ,?*O+y(AyG ?@G Zzy {LO| ( :)1987( U*QOE ,,"VhQjTyG v v v ]65[
.1W .QW"zy

IhO"yG hF9sh ,? + <QgyG ?jzyG , + p k ZyG )1988( U*QOE ,,"VhQjTyG v v v ]66[


.X9wf JGQ(W"| ,HQj}y9< J9+!9TzyG ?+g}Gy )yh}G

, p J9 +! 9TzyG eOt@ ,b9tAV:G d ( I :)1991( U*QOE ,,"VhQjTyG v v v ]67[


.JhQ+< ,,|;S G HQjyG QGO ,(wT!(+yG JGQ(W"| ,? + <QgyG Q9as } G

K9J<C , , <QgyG ~Gg}yGh r y AyG +z :)1996( U*QOE ,,"VhQjTyG v v v ]68[


.W9<Qy9< >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| ,1? +! 9Ty

?p9tDyG IQGRh .? +" + + } yG ? wJ}yG , p J9SGQO :)2004(S9=f ,I(S(TyG v v v ]69[


.A9g"Y v v v ?I9+TyGh

301
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

:K@ .H9AwyG : )v v $ 180( Q=}s #< f9}Df #< hQ}f QW< (<C ,&*(=+S v v v ]70[
.1977 ,H9Awzy ?|9gyG ?8+%yG ,fhQ9$ e;TyG O=f

MQV :)v v $368( f9<RQ}yG &zyG O=f #< #TJyG O+gS (<C ,pGQ+TyG v v v ]71[
?*QZ}yG ?8+%yG .fhQLBh HG(AyG O=f f9]|Q :K@ . &* ( +
= S H9Av

.1986 H9Awzy ?|9gyG

.h|G(GyG h}F MQV h|G (% yG h} $ :)v v $911(#*OyG d;F ,,_(+TyG v v v ]72[


,2001 ,1W ,>AwyG ~y9f ,IQ$9tyG ,eQw| ~y9S d9gyG O=f .K@

xz}yG ?g|9F.? + vQAyG ?jzyG OfG s ( :)1996(~z*(S #< OgT|,f9|9WyG v v v ]73[


.O(gS

?vvzvIQvv}vyG , + vvp ?vv vv<QvgvyG ?vjvzvyG Hvv 9vv vv| $" :)2002( Ov}vIC H(vtvgv* ,MGQvWvyG v v v ]74[
QO9tyG O=f :aGQVE .OOgA}yG + ~ zgAyGh ? <QgyG ?jzyG ~ zg@ .? g|9GyG + + +
.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| .jQ%qyG ,S9qyG

IQ$9tyG ?g|9F .HQgyG I9J " " + yG O f ? _QWyG ?z}GyG :~+$GQ<E f9T}WyG v v v ]75[
.0229 :HGO}G ?+zv

. , <QgyG j jzyG QwqyG ( , *( p ? jzyG ?wz}yG :)2002( O+TyG ,jh9sQWyG v v v ]76[


.IQ$9tyG v v v Q9AM}yG ?TS||

:v v J@.{f9qyG ~S G , p ?y9SQ :)v v $.8.b( ~S9s #< O}IC ,Z9=ZyG v v v ]77[


.1983 .1W ,h*R(AyGh QW"zy f9sQqyG QGO ,OG(f #TI O}J|

QGO .?v v<QvgvyG + ?vjvzvyG Uv QOv@ * d ( vYC :)1984( OG(vF ,vzvf ,Qv$9vavyG v v v ]78[
.2W ,f9"=y v v v JhQ+< ,OFGQyG

?=Aw| .? + <QgyG ?jzyG & , tp p d Zp ( :)1994( f9]|Q ,HG(AyG O=f v v v ]79[


.3W ,IQ$9ty9< ,G!9MyG

.,!9v(WyG O f " , y:OyG EJ=yG :)2004( &zyG O=f O}J| ,jO+=gyG v v v ]80[
.1W.?I9+TyGh ?p9tDyG IQGRh

.gGQ(AvO ?y9SQ , , <QgyG ( " , ( } J yG p d Y G :)2009( Q(!C ,,!GRgyG v v v ]81[


.fOf ?g|9F

302
?+<QgyG hFGQ}yG

J9vv vv vv=vvyG +" , vvp ?vv vvy:OvvyG + J9vvs;vvgvvyG ^vvgvv< :)1999( Ov }v Jv | ,~v +v y9v i v v v ]82[
,? Q9t}yG J9 ! +! 9TzyG , * p ? OJyGh ? }S:G J9=vQ}yG + # }\ ,? p9\ + G

J9+!9TzyG ?+g}Fh >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"|


.160 v v v 139:U #| ,HQj}y9<

, y:OyG EJ=yG { Y Ay + z O9=| ,upG ( AyGh )" g}yG :)1999( O}J| ,~+y9i v v v ]83[
.W9<Qy9< >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| . , <QgyG

K9J<C .Y9\h } Gh A9 + } , +% V G p ? F J9}S :)2001( O}J| ,~+y9i v v v ]84[


K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| .2 :OOgyG ,6 OzG}yG .?+!9Ty
.>*QgAzy

K9J<C .Y9\h } Gh A9 + } , +% V G p ? F J9}S :)2004( O}J| ,~+y9i v v v ]85[


K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| .1 .OOgyG .9 OzG}yG .?+!9Ty
.>*QgAzy

,?!Q9t}yG +
? <QgyG ? y:OyGh ? + +! 9TzyG ? Qd yG * " :)2007( O}J| ,~+y9i v v v ]86[
.QW"zy d9t<(@ QGO .IO*OF {+y9J@h O9=|

?jzyG ?y:O # }\ ,9 +"$ P 9fhQW| ?y:OyG :)H 2007(O}J|,~+y9i v v v ]87[


.QW"zy d9t<(@ QGO .9%}+}Z@h

9 }F9g| " #+ ( " < O W }yG j ( jzyG ~Gg}yG :)2002( O}J| ,jQ(L9p v v v ]88[
.77H| 1L .uW|O< ?+<QgyG ?jzyG h}G| ?zG| .?D * OJyGh ?} OtyG *
,jO%| #TJ| :v v J@ .ahQJyG :)v v $.4.b( QZ! (<C ,,<GQ9qyG v v v ]89[
.1990,JhQ+< v v v bQW}yG QGO ?8+%yG

QGO ,? + <QgyG ?jzyGh J9 +! 9TzyG )1985( QO9tyG O=f ,jQ%qyG ,S9qyG v v v ]90[
.QW!GG d9t<(@

? z zJ@ LP9} ++ ! , , <QgyG ~Gg}yG :)1986( QO9tyG O=f,jQ%qyG ,S9qyG v v v ]91[


.A9]+=yG QGOyG ,QW"zy d9t<(@ QGO .IO*OF

A9 " , * ! < p ? Qd ,jRG ( }yG A9 =yG " :)1990( QO9tyG O=f,jQ%qyG ,S9qyG v v v ]92[
.A9]+=yG QGOyG,QW"zy d9t<(@ QGO.?z}GyG A9 " <h ?}zwyG

303
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

JGQvdv ! ,bv vS + ( vAvyGh ?v}vGvgv}vyG :)1997( QO9vtvyG Ov=vf ,jQv%vqvyG ,vS9vqvyG v v v ]93[
.A9]+=yG QGOyG ,,<QgyG ,p9tDyG RvQ}yG .?+<QgyG ?jzyG 9 9]s * , *
p IO OF

EJ=yG , p b aMAyGh ? Q9t}yG + ! :)1998( QO9tyG O=f ,jQ%qyG ,S9qyG v v v ]94[


.A9]+=yG QGOyG ,QW"zy d9t<(@ QGO .,!9TzyG

d9vv}vvAvvv:Gh , vv\9vv}vvyG # vvf :)2000( QO9vtvyG Ov=vf ,jQv%vqvyG ,vS9vqvyG v v v ]95[


jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f OGOfE ,9%y9wVCh ? +" |RyG )" =yG .LQOAyGh

?+g}Fh >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| ,fhQLBh

.W9<QyG v v v HQj}y9< J9+!9TzyG

?jzyG , p {gqzy J9 9 < IOf9s R9G E !+ ! :)2012( fhQLBh X*QtyG e(ap v v v ]96[
?+yhOyG IhO"yG hF9sh .? F9ZIE J9 + + ag|h ? +! 9Ty J9F9A ASG ? <QgyG " +
v v v Uv|9vMvyG Ov}vJv| ?vgv|9vF .?v+v<QvgvyG ?vjvzvy ?v+vy6G ?vGvy9vgv}vzvy ?vgv<GQvyG
.W9<QyG

:v J@ .HGQf G ?Jz| MQV :jQZ=yG jQ*QJyG O}J| (<C ,~S9tyG v v v ]97[


.1997,JhQ+< v v v GO+Y,?*QZgyG ?=Aw}yG,O(=$ rS(* J9vQ<

?Zs9"yG d9gp~y ?+%GyG [F9ZMyG ^g< :)2000( ?}+zI ,,<9=tyG v v v ]98[


,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f OGOfE ,9%y9wVCh ? +" |RyG )" =yG .YhQWyG d9gpCh
>*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| ,fhQLBh jQ%qyG

.W9<QyG v v v HQj}y9< J9+!9TzyG ?+g}Fh

.1L .? + <QgyG ?jzyG ~ zg@ H 9 | + $" :)2002( O}IC #< V(f ,jR(tyG v v v ]99[
J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"| .jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f :aGQVE
.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh

Ov}vIC ?v}vFQv@ . # vv|RvvyG >vv vvvQvv@ + d ( vvI :)1996( #v+vzvv9vF ,fhQv+vv v v v ]100[
O%g| JGQ(W"| .2 OOgyG ,1 OzG}yG .? +! 9Ty K9J<C .d(T*Q<
.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG

QGO ,?+<QgyG ?jzyG , + p ? yhGOAyG rF9c yG ( )C 1985( O}IC {v(A}yG v v v ]101[


.A9]+=yG QGOyG v v v ?p9tDyG

304
?+<QgyG hFGQ}yG

,,q+c(yG ? <QgyG ?jzyG+ ( !, J p J9SGQO )H1985( O}IC ,{v(A}yG v v v ]102[


.A9]+=yG QGOyG v v v ?p9tDyG QGO

?jzyG ~ zg@ + .H ( S9JyG IOf9T}< ~ zgAyG + :)2002( IQ(! ,QqjAT| v v v ]103[


.jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f :aGQVE .1L .OOgA}yG ~ zgAyGh ? <QgyG + +
.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy K9J<}Gh J9SGQOyG O%g| JGQ(W"|

.,|;S G H9AwyG , ( " J yG A9 IE + )v v $ 14 .b( ~+$GQ<E ,)qaZ| v v v ]104[


.1992 .2.W ,IQ$9tyG

A ( , \ p ?}y gyGh ? <QgyG ?jzyG ( + :)f9T+! 2006( x< Q+L 9%| ,QY9! v v v ]105[
H9AwyG O9J@G v v v ,<QgyG KGQAyG ?zG| . , * \9 QyG ua }yGh " , <QgyG ( " J yG

.102 OOgyG .uW|O< HQgyG

:aGQVE ,gGQ(AvOyG ?IhQ_C )2003 v v v 1999( #+yhOF9| ,,=+%"yG v v v ]106[


.W9<QyG v v v U|9MyG O}J| ?g|9F .jQ%qyG ,S9qyG QO9tyG O=f

? Fh % # + | ? <QgyG ?jzy Qw=}yG ~ zgAyG + :)2002( #+yhOF9| ,,=+%"yG v v v ]107[


O=f :aGQVE .1L .OOgA}yG +
~ zgAyGh ? <QgyG ?jzyG ~zf ,? + +! 9Ty Qd !
K9v Jv <}Gh J9v SGQOv yG Ov %v gv | JGQ(v Wv "v | .jQv %v qv yG ,v S9v qv yG QO9v tv yG
.W9<QyG v v v >*QgAzy

++
? = vQ@ 9 9]s,? <QgyG ?jzyG * + , p ahQdyG :)1999( O}J| ,jO+Ih v v v ]108[
.W9<QyG v v v ?+!9T! G e(zgyGh HGO6G ?+zv ,gGQ(AvO ?IhQ_C .?+y:Oh

, p j jzyG { zJAyG ( + , + p ? z|9wAyG :)R(}@ 2007( rS(* ,,!9aSh v v v ]109[


v v v ,<QgyG KGQAyG ?zG| .?D * OJyG J9 +! 9TzyG J9 ]At|h KGQAyG A \ + (
.107 OOgyG .uW|O< HQgyG H9AwyG O9J@G

305
+" Y
? = F G hFGQ}yG

Z5[ 3
T  5(97T J# K #   -#       -#
=T @
T DT D J
Z4[ 3&& T 3 5((8T"  H  O      3 
T 3
    3 # 2    O #T  5T 5T 5((8T5'5 54'
Z6[ 3&& T 3 5(((T H #       # @    
3 
 " #  * *# 5((( # T KO3TO

Z>[ 3%% T D 4''8 D   J     3 
 2
   K   3
 #
ZE[ @# &T  5(E7T      =   =   
Z8[ @# &T   5(8> \@    2    J# ]T 
*  T B 3  B B )% T J#     2 O 
 # -#  #  2T K   @ ,T -   1  E' 559
Z9[ @# &T  5(8ET 3  # J#   / D J - 
@

Z([ @# &T   5(89 2 3 D  2    @ 
  
#   D  *  1      B   #T 
Z5'[ @# &T  5(7'TO &     %   O  &T 3 
# T O   K # J        T #T
T59> 445
Z55[ @# &T  5(95T 2          * T
=  #T  G &
Z54[ @# &T  5(98T )    2 -  -
 T
 G &
Z56[ @# &T  5(98
T   T @
 DT D J - 
Z5>[ @# &T  5((4T 3 D        2    J#  D JT
H  -   2   5
Z5E[ @# &T  5((>T   -#     @
T DT D J
H     2    E
Z58[ @# &T   5((E J# D    -   @
T D
D J - 
Z57[ @# &T  5((9T D      #   &T D J H
  -   2    5E

307
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

Z59[ @# &T  5(((T =  


 # D J H  -  
2    59
Z5([ @# &T   4'''  1 %   #   2 
D  @
 @
     - 
Z4'[ @# &T  4''5T   K/   3 D J H 
-     T  
Z45[ @# &T  4''ET J#     2 =  D J H 
-     T  T L68T5
Z44[ @# &T   4''8 2 3 D  @
      
Z46[ @ #T = 5(9(T 2! L
 T T -  O #
#T 15(>7T
K   
 2  T      @   T  & 
Z4>[ @  T 5(78T 3T @
      T
Z4E[ @  T 5(9ET JT @
      T @

Z48[ @  T 5((5T H #    3 
    2   
J# T  @  T   K T DT -    3 
   
T + 
#   T 3 
Z47[ =T =5(98T J# K,  3 @   # J    
 =        T 2    3 #  # (
Z49[ =   T 3D A " T K  5(97 H # =.    " ! D J
 T @
T D
Z4([ K  T B5(('T J  O T J  *  3  @ 
3 
T  K T DT -    3 
    T +

#   T 3 
Z6'[ K T B 5(9ET 3  . J#     @  * T
=  # 1 
Z65[ * *# T 35((5$5((6T   #     3 
 @ 
 "  )  3  -
#
Z64[ * *# T 3 5((9T 3 
 D    3+   =-   
O   2    O # 64T 5 79
Z66[ * *# T 3 4''ET L
     -     K/ 
2    # 5'
Z6>[ 1 A #        O# #  3 
 
O

Z6E[ 1  
#T B5(9ET H  T 2     T 58>
Z68[  #T B 5(('T 3     J# D J - T @
T
D
Z67[  #TB 5((5 K/ - + DT       
"#TD3
Z69[ 1 T )  B)  5((>T H J# @  /      
-    T 33  T  T -  5((7T @  / - 
T 4( 88@2 -
 T   #   2T
-   #   

308
?+="F}G hFGQ}yG

Z6([ 1 T D  3 D % 5((6T = 


 D #   -  
0 T  ) 1    B ) T J#        4'T J#
D J - T @
T D
Z>'[ 1 T D 5((8T = 
 D #    #  *  T
-     # #  @    3    2T
 #  3  T  
Z>5[ B& ,T O 5(77TI! /TD J - T @
 D
Z>4[ B& ,T OT5(96T   @   T D J   @

D#
Z>6[ )%T B^ 5(74T   # T 1   O T 
# 
Z>>[ )T O 5((>T J# 3    /T J# D J - T @

T D 4( >6
Z>E[   T J 5((>T   -#      %  #T =T 
Z>8[  #T @5((5T J# -   3T )  3  
#
 T 1 
Z>7[  T J 5(95T H    -#     =TD JT@
T D
Z>9[ J#&  = 4''4T 2      . D # T #  #

Z>([ L  T M 5(87T 2     -#  #T @       T
#
ZE'[ " T"5(7>$5(E9T J#    J# 3 
 2T 2
 
 2
T  

:? +! hQAwyE b<GhQ

# $$ %& $ :Z9v|OvyG rvF9vchh ?v+v"v< ,BvSOQvS rv*Qv_ v v v 1


 $&$& $& '''( '#

# $$
 
 # 
  $4'56$'6$ :jO9%yG O=f d;< ?!hO| v v v 2

  F7'89#

6 # $$   $ #:;<=9<33<=9<><=9<5<


=(<93<=9<3=?<=(<99<=9<3@<=(<97?<
=9<37<=(<9><=9<37<=(<98<=9<6<
=9<37<=(<98A
;5688A
#;854A
; #A  ;B3
#3C#6D<4E63<4E6*1 (4)9-CD<4E6#
<4E4E63<4E4E4*<4E4E4*
%#
<4E4E4*
<4E4E4*4E'(>5# A  ; A;A. ;B3
#3C#6D<4E63<4E4@*1 (4)9-CD<4E4@FA
;FFG +6/(@ H&-5-EIF4<6=A ;5A;'@@
C  +   * C J @ 
     # D G @ * J K  + 3  1  3

3A ;(CL>LM
F7'3% =N  ;B3#3C#6

309
?+pQg}yG 9%@GhOCh J9+!9TzyG

D<4E63<6*1 (4)9-CD<6#<4E63<4E4*<4E4*
    <4E4* <4E4* J<4E4*<4E4* 
+<6#<4E63<4E4*<4E4*
%#
<4E4*
<4E4*4E'(>5# <6E'8<669>

WGQyG )zf Uq"AyG ?+z}f ,p IQC|}yG {|G(gyG TjO9%yG O=f O}IC v v v 4


 ,@6G
# $$6
 $<=9<37<=(<9><
= 9 <  ( < = ( < 9 9 < = 9 < 3 7 < = ( < 9 E < = ( < 9 >
<=9<37<=(<9><=(<9E<=9<3><=9<3<=9<5<
= 9 < 3 ( < = ( < 9 5 < = ( < 9 3
<=9<(<=(<9E<=(<9><=(<93<=9<3(
<=9<37<=(<9><=9<33<=(<98<=(<95<=9<6#

# $$ ## $ :bv<GQvyG )vzvf ,vCGQ(vyG ~v}vZvyG #vf ;vtv! v v v 5


$ #

310

You might also like