Comparing Cultural Theories with Those Based on Empirical Research

Comparing cultural theories with empirical research is not really fair because in cultural
theories there is the taste of emotions biasness and effect of the cultures and in empirical
research there is only facts and figures which is why they are different.

● Qualitative measures​ are taken only in cultural theories.

● Grand social
These theories are as a whole for a society or state which brings important trends to follow.
● Marxist theory
This theory suggests that the differences between people on the basis of how much there
income is the base of the social problems.
● Ideology
Is used to make people take action against their own interests and work on the ideas
presented in cultures.
● High culture
A complete culture in the mind of humanity that consists of art, music, food,dress and
language.
● Culture industries
Mass media uses the cultural products and arts to make profits. Using language, poetry,
dress and food.

Political Economy Theory

Theorists study the control of the elite institutions of the state and their impact on the other
social institutions.
Theorists examined how the economy stopped the biases of the mass culture produced and
delivered.

CULTURAL STUDIES TRANSMISSIONAL VERSUS RITUAL PERSPECTIVES

● Transmissional perspective
View that mass communication is used to have control over people from away.
● Ritual Perspective
View that mass communication is used to create knowledge and provide the reality of
different institutions and people.
● multiple points of access
Idea that people have different opinions individually.

MARSHALL MCLUHAN: THE MEDIUM IS THE MESSAGE AND THE MASSAGE

He thought everyone in the society has the impact on their thinking and their actions on the
basis of what they see and listen and experience. He thought cultural theories and
technology are the main reasons for the actions of humans.