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TC,out TC,in ΔH
Q
Q
T-H DIAGRAMS
• Assume one heat exchanger and a heater
TH,in
TH, out
TH, out
TH,in TH, out TC,in
TC,out ΔH
TC,in
H Q QH
QH Q
T-H DIAGRAMS
• Assume one heat exchanger and a cooler
TH,in
TC,in TC,out
Q
T TH,in
TC,out
QC
TH, out TH, out
TH,in TH, out TC,in
C
QC
TC,out ΔH
TC,in QC Q
Q
T-H DIAGRAMS
• Two hot-one cold stream
TH1,in TH2,in
T TH2,in
TC,in TC,out
Q1 Q2 TH1,in
TC,out
TH2,out TH2,out TH2,out
TC,out ΔH
TC,in
Q1 Q2
Q2 Q1
Notice the vertical arrangement of heat transfer
Streams under phase change
Phase
T change
T
Slope
change
ΔH ΔH
Single component Multicomponent
Piece-wise linear representation
T T
ΔH ΔH
Composite Curves
(T-H DIAGRAMS)
Obtained by lumping all the heat from different streams that are
at the same interval of temperature.
T T
ΔH ΔH
Remark: By constructing the composite curve we loose information on
the vertical arrangement of heat transfer between streams
Composite Curves
(T-H DIAGRAMS)
• Moving composite curves horizontally
T T
Cooling
Heating
ΔH ΔH
Smallest ΔT Smallest ΔT
TH1,in TH2,in
TH1,in TH2,in TC,in
TC,in Q1 Q2 QH TC,out
Q1 Q2
TC,out TH2,out
QC
TH1,out TH2,out TH1,out
Composite Curves
(T-H DIAGRAMS)
T Moving the cold composite
stream to the right
Cooling
• Increases heating and cooling BY
EXACTLY THE SAME
AMOUNT
Heating
• Increases the smallest ΔT
• Decreases the area needed
Smallest ΔH A=Q/(U* ΔT )
ΔT TH1,in TH2,in
TC,in Notice that for this simple
Q1 Q2 QH TC,out
example the smallest ΔT
takes place in the end of the
QC TH2,out
cold stream
TH1,out
Composite Curves
(T-H DIAGRAMS)
REACTOR 2
T=140 0C T=230 0C T=80 0C
T=200 0C
ΔH=32 MW ΔH=-31.5 MW
REACTOR 1
T=20 0C T=40 0C
T=180 0C T=250 0C
ΔTmin=10 oC
Hot Composite Curve
250 250
200 200
FCp=0.15
80 80
40 40 FCp=0.15
31.5 30 ΔH 6 48 7.5 ΔH
Cold Composite Curve
230 230
180 180
140 140
20 20
ΔH ΔH
32 27 24 20 15
Pinch Diagram
250
230
200
180
Pinch ΔT= ΔTmin
140
The pinch is defined either as
- The cold temperature (140 o) 80
- The corresponding hot
temp (140 o+ΔTmin=150 o) 40
- The average (145 o) 20
ΔH
10 51.5 7.5
COST
ΔH
Utility
TOTAL OVERLAP
ΔTmin ΔH
PARTIAL OVERLAP
ΔH
ΔH ΔH ΔH
TOTAL PARTIAL
OVERLAP We prefer this arrangement OVERLAP
even if ΔT>ΔTmin
SUMMARY
• The pinch point is a temperature.
• Typically, it divides the temperature range
into two regions.
• Heating utility can be used only above the
pinch and cooling utility only below it.
PROBLEM TABLE
Composite curves are inconvenient. Thus
a method based on tables was developed.
• STEPS:
1. Divide the temperature range into intervals and
shift the cold temperature scale
2. Make a heat balance in each interval
3. Cascade the heat surplus/deficit through the
intervals.
4. Add heat so that no deficit is cascaded
PROBLEM TABLE
• We now explain each step in detail using
our example
ΔTmin=10 oC
PROBLEM TABLE
1. Divide the temperature range into intervals and shift the
cold temperature scale
250 250
240
230
200 200
190
180
150
140
80 80
40 40
30
20
Now one can make heat balances in each interval. Heat transfer within each interval is feasible.
PROBLEM TABLE
2. Make a heat balance in each interval.
70 14.0 Surplus
80
40 -2.0 Deficit
F Cp=0.2
40 10 - 2.0 Deficit
30
Hot Cold
streams streams
PROBLEM TABLE
3. Cascade the heat surplus through the intervals. That is,
we transfer to the intervals below every surplus/deficit.
250
1.5 1.5
240 This interval has a 1.5 The largest deficit
- 6.0
surplus. It should transferred is -7.5.
- 6.0
200
transfer 1.5 to
interval 2. -4.5 Thus, 7.5 MW of
1.0 1.0 heat need to be
190 This interval has a added on top to
-3.5
deficit. After using prevent any deficit
-4.0 -4.0
the 1.5 cascaded it to be transferred to
150
transfers –4.5 to -7.5 lower intervals
14.0 interval 3. 14.0
80
6.5
- 2.0 -2.0
40
4.5
-2.0 - 2.0
30
2.5
PROBLEM TABLE
4. Add heat so that no deficit is cascaded.
7.5
250 250
1.5 1.5 This is the
240
1.5
240 9.0 minimum heating
- 6.0 - 6.0 utility
200 200 3.0
-4.5
14.0 14.0
80 80
This is the
14.0
6.5 minimum cooling
-2.0 -2.0 utility
40 40
4.5 12.0
-2.0 -2.0
30 30
2.5 10.0
PROBLEM TABLE
If the heating utility is increased beyond 7.5 MW the cooling utility will
increase by the same amount
7.5 7.5 + λ
250
1.5 1.5 Heating utility is
240 9.0 9.0 + λ larger than the
- 6.0 - 6.0 minimum
200 3.0 3. 0 + λ
1.0 1.0 Heat is
190 4.0 4. 0 + λ
transferred
-4.0 across the pinch
-4.0
150 0.0 0. 0 + λ
14.0 14.0
80
Cooling utility is
14.0 14. 0 + λ larger by the
-2.0 -2.0 same amount
40 12.0 12. 0 + λ
-2.0 -2.0
30
10.0 10. 0 + λ
IMPORTANT CONCLUSION
7.5 + λ
3. 0 + λ
THIS IS A GOLDEN RULE OF PINCH 1.0 Heat is
TECHNOLOGY. transferred
4. 0 + λ
•WHEN THIS HAPPENS IN BADLY -4.0
across the pinch
INTEGRATED PLANTS THERE ARE
0. 0 + λ
HEAT EXCHANGERS WHERE SUCH
TRANSFER ACROSS THE PINCH 14.0
Cooling utility is
TAKES PLACE 14. 0 + λ larger by the same
-2.0 amount
12. 0 + λ
-2.0
10. 0 + λ
Multiple Utilities
Heating utility at
0.0 the largest
7.5
temperature is
1.5
1.5 now zero.
1.5 + 4.5
9.0
- 6.0
- 6.0
0.0
3.0
1.0
1.0 These are the
1.0 + 3.0 minimum values
4.0
-4.0
of heating utility
-4.0
needed at each
0.0
0.0 temperature
14.0
14.0 level.
14.0
14.0
-2.0
-2.0
12.0
12.0
-2.0
-2.0
10.0
10.0