The Paucity of Breast-Feeding in an Urban Clinic

Population

Compiled By :

Fety susanti

PO.71.20.3.18.022

Lecturer On Subject :

SuramtoKuncoro, S.Pd.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

PALEMBANG HEALTH POLYTECHNIC

PRODI NURSING LUBUKLINGGAU

SCHOOL YEAR 2019/2020

 PREFACE

Assalamu’alaikumWr. Wb.

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished writing the paper entitled
“The Paucity of Breast-Feeding in an Urban Clinic Population” right in the calculated time.

The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mr. SuramtoKuncoro, S.Pd. as
lecturer in English.

In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but with help of many
indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. writer also realized there are still many mistakes in process of
writing this paper.

Because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of writing this paper.
Hopefully Allah replies all helps and bless you all. The writer realized tha this paper still imperfect in
arrangment and the content. Then the writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in
perfecting the next paper. Last but not the least hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain more
knowledge about English.

Wassamu’alaikumWr. Wb.

LubukLinggau, 18 Noveember 2019

Penulis

 
 Table of Contents
PREFACE
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I................................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background of the paper........................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER II...........................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Methods and Results..........................................................................................................................6
2.2 Results and Discussion......................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER III......................................................................................................................................9
3.1 conclusion......................................................................................................................................9
 The Paucity of Breast-Feeding in an Urban Clinic
Populations
PETER D. MAGNUS, MD, MPH, AND SONIA GALINDO

ABSTRACT

The lack of breast-feeding among motherinfant dyads utilizing public sector clinics in Los Angeles is
presented in this brief study. Whereas the middle and educated classes have begun a resurgence of breast-
feeding, this renaissance is missing among the poor. Awareness, health education (by peer advocates),
early intervention and reassurance by all levels of health providers is suggested to prevent the dissolution
of the lactation bond among the population least apt to breast-feed. (Am J Public Health 70:75-76, 1980.)
 CHAPTER I

1.1 Background of the paper

Most health professionals, especially providers of maternal and child health care, agree that breast-
feeding is superior to "artificial" or formula feeding for the growing neonate and infant. Recent pediatric
literature has provided the immunological, psychological, nutritional, dental, ecological and maternal
virtues of this form of nurturing."'3 Even the formula companies admit that human milk is the "ideal
food" and they are merely trying to emulate its nutritional content, as their advertisements illustrate. We
prepared the following brief study in order to assess approximately what per cent of the lower
socioeconomic groups in Los Angeles County were breast-feeding; and, if not, were at least feeding the
next best alternative, infant formula.4
 CHAPTER II

2.1 Methods and Results

A questionnaire was distributed to all 23 county-administered district health centers in Los Angeles with
well-baby or pediatric clinics that serve medically indigent children from lower socioeconomic groups.
The questions concerned the type of feeding infants age one month through six months were receiving, as
obtained by history taken by the nurse or doctor at the time of the clinic visit. Ten districts reported on
846 children seen for a single clinic visit during

Address reprint request to Dr. Peter D. Magnus, 17260 Kohfield Road, Bend, Oregon 97701. At the time
ofthis study he was Director of Child Health Preventive/Public Health Services, Los Angeles County,
California. Ms. Galindo is a student in the master's degree program, Department of Population Planning,
Family and Intemational Health, UCLA, and working in the East Los Angeles WIC program. An infant's
age was rounded offto the next highest month for any part of a month .-/2 month (e.g.,-2'/2 months
became 3 months).

March or April 1978. The distribution of ethnic groups for the total sample (N = 846) was 86 per cent
Hispanic, 6.3 per cent White, 4.0 per cent Asian, 1.8 per cent Black, 1.1 per cent no response, and 0.8 per
cent "other". The ethnic breakdown of the non-responding district health clinics was similar to those that
responded. The percentage distribution of different infant feeding practices by age is presented in Table 1.

2.2 Results and Discussion

Infants should be breast-fed for the first year oflife, and, when this is not possible or when
breast-feedings cease, they should receive formula for the first 12 months of life. Whatever the
mode of nurturing, solids (often iron-containing foods) are suggested to be incorporated or
supplemented into the milk diet anywhere from age 4 months to 6 months or later. 1 4-7 Thus
infants who receive breast milk or infant formula during their first three months have been fed
appropriately according to the above recommendations. Thirty per cent of 443 infants noted in
the age I month through 3 month group, however, were receiving solids "early", and an
additional 4.5 per cent were receiving cow's milk; in all, 34.5 per cent of this one-through-three-
month cohort were being fed "inappropriately." More importantly only 13.1 per cent of all
infants in this group were being fed human milk exclusively; in all only 20.8 per cent of these
babies received any breast milk at all in their diet during the first three months of life. Samplings
of infant feeding practices at age four, five and six months, respectively, showed that 16.9 per
cent, 11.6 per cent and 15.3 per cent of infants were receiving some breast milk, while 12.3 per
cent, 13.2 per cent, and 22.2 per cent were receiving cow's milk "inappropriately". Also, 18.2 per
cent of all infants sampled from ages one month through six months received some breast milk in
their diet. Babies who were breast-fed generally were solely breast-fed more often than those
babies who were exclusively formula, a finding noted previously, and of major significance
during the infant's first three months.8 Although all ethnic groups showed a similar lack of
 breast-feeding, the largest group in this study to utilize the "public sector" clinics-the Chicano
population-could not be separated into United States citizens and infants of re

TABLE 1-Percentage Distribution of Different Infant Feeding Practices by Age in Los

Angeles Infants, Ages 1-6 Months

Percentage distribution
Feeding practice
1 mo. 2 mo 3 mo 1-3 mo 4 mo 5 mo 6 mo 1-6 mo
(N) (147) (182) (114) (443) (130) (129) (144) (846)
Formula exclusively 66,0 45,6 27,2 47,6 10,8 10,8 3,5 28,8
formula and solids 6,1 31,3 44,7 26,4 60,6 64,3 59,0 42,9
Breast milk exclusively 14,3 13,7 10,5 13,1 7,7 6,2 4,9 9,8
Breast milk and solids 7 3,8 7,0 3,6 4,6 5,4 9,0 5,0
Mostly breast 8,8 2,2 9 4,1 3,1 - 1,4 2,8
milk/some formula
Mostly formula/some 1,4 5 - 7 1,5 - - 0,6
breast milk
Other (cow’s 2,7 2,7 9,6 4,5 12,3 13,2 22,2 10,0
milk/whole or
skimmed)

cently immigrating parents. Other reports describe the acceptance of bottle-feeding as a desirable method
of infant feeding by immigrant mothers who in their indigenous communities (i.e., Mexico) could not
have considered any method other than breast-feeding.9' 10-13 Two hundred and one infants from one to
three months of age of the 846 infants attended these centers with WIC programs. 14 Of these 201
infants, 17 per cent were exclusively breast-fed, while an additional 25 per cent were receiving some
breast-feeding; 25 per cent were being fed "inappropriately" (i.e solid foods and/or cow's milk).
Obligatory health (nutrition) education accompanies the distribution of WIC coupons prenatally and
neonatally (i.e., 2-4 weeks postpartum). The small number of mothers feeding their babies cow's milk, a
practice contraindicated during the first year of life 4-7 (especially during the first three months), most
probably demonstrates the popularity and availability of proprietary formulas; however, once the baby is
"growing well", parents often switch to the less expensive cow's milk (12.3 per cent, 13.2 per cent, and
22.2 per cent at ages four, five and six months, respectively). We feel that sensitive nurturing counseling
is important prenatally, prenatally and during early infancy to assure "appropriateness" of infant feedings-
to stress and encourage breast-feeding. The use of peer advocacy to transmit this information and early
"well-baby" or lactation clinics,'5 16 may help to bring infant feeding practices more in line with current
pediatric recommendations.' Lower socioeconomic groups, such as the predominantly Chicano
population, whose practices these data reflect, are more at risk for "illness" including "pediatric social
illness". These groups would benefit more from measures to improve the incidence of human lactation
than the more affluent populations who are m
ore apt to breastfeed.
 CHAPTER III

3.1 conclusion
The first 1000 days of your baby’s life, from the first day of your pregnancy up to 2 years of life,
represent a critical period of growth and development and gives us parents an opportunity to provide an
environment that will help support life-long health. This includes the nutrition a baby receives during this
period which can have a resounding impact. The most complete form of nutrition for infants, breast milk,
offers a range of benefits for health, growth, immunity, and development. The World Health Organization
recommends breastfeeding exclusively for at least six months (and even up to two years and beyond)
because of the long-lasting benefits of breastfeeding for both you and your baby. Many studies—whether
focusing on the properties of the milk itself or its effects on babies’ short and long-term health, confirm
the significance of these recommendations.
 References
Committee on Nutrition of the AAP and CPS: Breast-feeding, a commentary in celebration of
the International Year of the Child, 1979. Pediatrics 62:591, 1978.
Sanger, R: Bystrom B, Peterson, J: Breast-feeding-dental health or pathology, Keep Abreast J
3(2): 102, 1978.
Jelliffe DG, Jelliffe EFP: Breast is best: modem meanings, N Engl J Med 297:912, 1977.
Committee on Nutrition: Committee Statement, AAP, Pediatrics 57:278, 1976.
Committee on Nutrition: Iron supplementation for infants, Pediatrics 58:765, 1976
Committee on Nutrition: Iron-fortified formulas, Pediatrics 47:786, 1971.
Sleigh G, Ounsted M: Present-day practice in infant feeding, Lancet 1:753, 1975.
Grebler, L, Moore J, Guzman R: The Mexican-American People. Free Press, New York, 1970.
Naylor AJ: Lactation clinic-a teaching and service resource to promote breast feeding. (abstract)
AmbulatPed Assoc. May 1, 1979, Atlanta.
Evans N, et al: Lack of breast-feeding and early weaning of infants of Asian immigrants to
Wolverhampton, Archives of Dis in Childhood 51:608-612, 1976.