CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA DEL HUILA

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

TALLER DE INVESTIGACIÓN
PRESENTADO POR: JUAN SEBASTIAN GORRON SUAZA
FÍSICA III

SEMESTRE: GRUPO: FECHA:

DOCENTE: MACEDONIO OSORIO OSORIO

1. NÚCLEOS TEMÁTICOS
a. Ondas estacionarias.

OBJETIVO
Desarrollar bases sobre los conceptos de física III que lleven al estudiante a comprender,
interpretar y desarrollar problemas que involucren movimientos ondulatorios, ondas mecánicas,
velocidad, frecuencia y energía aplicados a la ingeniería.

ESTANDAR DE CALIDAD
Realizar el cálculo de problemas físicos mediante la interpretación y análisis de situaciones reales,
utilizando los criterios de onda mecánica haciendo uso las respectivas gráficas y de los conceptos
apropiados aplicados a la ingeniería.

2. ACTIVIDADES DE APLICACIÓN.

STANDING WAVES
Stationary Waves in Musical Instruments

Stationary waves allow us to explain how sound is produced in musical instruments and, in addition, help
manufacturers to work almost mathematically in their construction.
Stationary waves result from interference and wave resonance. When waves of equal amplitude and wavelength
interfere in opposite directions, the standing waves are formed, which at first glance seem immobile.
Points where they interfere destructively are called nodes and in which non – destructively interfere antinodes. It is
very important to note that a standing wave has two waves, so for example in the figure above there is:

3 nodes

2 antinodes

1 Full cycle, that is, a complete period (T) or a wavelength

When a wave is reflected in a wall, it undergoes a phase change in pi / 2, that is in half a cycle, because it pushes the
wall upwards, then it opposes and generates a force of the same magnitude but in the opposite direction, and it is
returned by "below"

Waves with both ends fixed

 CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA DEL HUILA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

𝑻𝑳
𝒗=√
𝒎

Stationary waves with fixed ends are those that occur in stringed instruments such as guitars, violins and pianos. These
instruments consist of one or more strings of length L, with a certain voltage that allows to select the frequency of their
sound.
𝟏 𝑻𝑳
𝒇= √
𝝀 𝒎

When the string is pressed on the neck, the length of the string decreases and this changes its frequency.
In the equations shown we have to:

v = speed of propagation of the wave in a mechanical string.

T = Is the tension of the rope measured in Newton

m = Is the mass of the rope measured in kilograms

L = is the length of the rope measured in meters

f = is the frequency measured in Hz

λ = The wavelength measured in meters.

How is frequency selected in musical instruments?

We assume that the length of the medium, in this case the rope is L , and it must be that at
the extreme limits (boundary conditions) x = 0 and x = L . There must be a node, that is, a
zone of absence of vibrations or minimum energy and an antinode or point where the
energy is maximum.

In this way, the wavelength λ , of the first stationary wave or first harmonic that is formed
is:
 CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA DEL HUILA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

In general we have:

The frequency of the nth mode is n times the frequency of the fundamental mode fn = n · f0
The distance between two consecutive nodes is λ / 2
The distance between a node and consecutive antinode is λ / 4
The speed of the wave remains constant, unless the voltage changes.
The higher the vibration mode, the higher the frequency and the shorter the wavelength.

Waves with free ends

Most wind instruments are free ends. The exception is found in the organs, the pan flute or the clarinet.
When a stationary wave is confined to a space with two free ends, it co-operates an antinode with the open area.
The conditions that are imposed in this case is that both in x = 0, and in x = L there must be an antinode. In this way we
realize that the same condition as the standing waves with both fixed ends is met, that is λ = 2L.

in a tube with both ends free, the natural vibration frequencies form a harmonic series, that is, the higher harmonics
are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.

NOTE: In the following image transverse waves are shown, however sound is a longitudinal wave, it has been done in
this way because it is more graphic and simple to understand than a drawing of a longitudinal wave.

Waves with one fixed end and one free

When the standing waves are confined in a tube with a free end and a fixed one, like the panpipe, we have that x = 0
and a node must be placed , instead in x = L there must be an antinode.
 CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA DEL HUILA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

Thus the first harmonic we find that the length of the tube coicides with a quarter of the length of the wave

The second harmonic occurs when there are three quarters of the wavelength in the tube.

If you look at the bottom image, we can get to the general formula for any wavelength in any
way.

So the frequency of the nth mode is:

PREGUNTAS DE COMPRENSIÓN

1. Las ondas estacionarias se forman cuando

a. se perturba un medio propagándose desde el punto en que se produce hacia el medio que rodea
ese punto.
b. hay tres nodos y dos antinodos
c. ondas de igual amplitud y longitud de onda se interfieren en sentidos opuestos
d. genera pulsos en una cuerda tensa

2. los nodos y los antinodos son respectivamente

a. los puntos donde interfieren de manera destructiva; y los puntos que interfieren de manera no
destructiva.
b. los puntos donde interfieren de manera no destructiva; y los puntos que interfieren de manera
destructiva.
c. los puntos donde interfieren de manera horizontal; y los puntos que interfieren de manera
vertical.
d. los puntos donde interfieren de manera vertical; y los puntos que interfieren de manera
horizontal.
 CORPORACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA DEL HUILA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

3. En una onda estacionaria existen

a. una onda.
b. dos ondas.
c. tres ondas.
d. Infinidad de ondas.

4. A mayor modo de vibración

a. menor frecuencia y mayor longitud de onda.
b. menor frecuencia y menor longitud de onda.
c. mayor frecuencia y mayor longitud de onda.
d. mayor frecuencia y menor longitud de onda.

5. El sonido es una onda

a. transversal
b. longitudinal
c. electromagnética
d. unidimensional