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NBSIR 81-2367
Prediction of the Hydraulic Jump

Location Following A Change of
Slope in A Partially Filled
Drainage Pipe
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards
Center for Building Technology
Washington, DC 20234
and
Drainage Research Group

Department of Building Technology
Brunei University
UK.
May 1981
Issued November 1981
-QC—
100 U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
.056 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
81-2367
1981
c. 2
NATIONAL BURSAL
OF 8TAND ARDS
LIBRARY
JAN 8 1982
NBSIR 81-2367
Ho-t net -CJrc.
PREDICTION OF THE HYDRAULIC JUMP Ciaoo

LOCATION FOLLOWING A CHANGE OF . US' lo
SLOPE IN A PARTIALLY FILLED no. %i~t^ZC=ri
DRAINAGE PIPE m/
c.>
Dr. J. A. Swaffield
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards
Center for Building Technology
Washington, DC 20234
and
Drainage Research Group

Department of Building Technology
Brunei University
UK.
May 1981
Issued November 1981
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Director
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ABSTRACT
The criteria governing the formation of a hydraulic jump in a partially

filled fluid conduit downstream of a slope change are presented together
with the necessary techniques to enable water surface profiles and jump
location to be predicted.
Computer programs designed to model the conditions leading to jump formation

under flow and channel scale conditions compatible with current drainage
system design are presented.
The results of a wide range of test conditions in terms of jump formation

and position downstream of a change in channel slope are presented together
with a set of criteria to be used in evaluating whether a jump will occur
for a given set of design conditions.
iii
PREFACE
This report is one of a group documenting National Bureau of Standards (NBS)

research and analysis efforts in developing water conservation test methods,
analysis, economics, and strategies for implementation and acceptance. This
work is sponsored by the Department of Housing and Urban Development/Of f ice
of Policy Development and Research, Division of Energy Building Technology
and Standards, under HUD Interagency Agreement H-48-78.
Report prepared by Dr. J. A. Swaf field, guest research worker at NBS-Stevens

Institute of Technology from Brunei University, U.K.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY iii
PREFACE . iv
NOTATION ix
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 3
2.1 Steady Uniform Flow in Open Channels 3

2.2 Gradually Varied Flow in Open Channels 5
2.3 The Hydraulic Jump 8
2.4 Loss Coefficients at Channel Slope Transitions 11
3.0 CALCULATION TECHNIQUES AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 12
3.1 Determination of Normal and Critical Depths 12

3.2 Numerical Integration for Surface Profiles 12
3.3 Determination of Jump Location 13
3.4 Presentation of Results 14
3.5 Selection of Input Data 14
4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 15

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK 20
6.0 REFERENCES 21
APPENDIX 1. JUMP LOCATION IN A 0.075 m DIAMETER PIPE Al.l

APPENDIX 2. JUMP LOCATION, 0.10 m DIAMETER PIPE A2.1
APPENDIX 3. JUMP LOCATION, 0.15 m DIAMETER PIPE A3.1
APPENDIX 4. JUMP LOCATION, 0.075 m WIDE CHANNEL A4.1
APPENDIX 7. JUMP FORMATION INDICATOR TABLES FOR CONSTANT MANNING
COEFFICIENT OF 0.015 FOR BOTH CIRCULAR AND
RECTANGULAR CHANNELS A7.1
APPENDIX 8. JUMP FORMATION INDICATOR TABLES FOR 0.15 m PIPE
DIAMETER FOR A RANGE AT MANNING COEFFICIENTS FROM
0.009 to 0.018 A8.1
APPENDIX 9. JUMP LOCATION IN A 0.15 m DIAMETER PIPE AT 1/300
SLOPE CARRYING 6 1/s FOR A RANGE OF MANNING
COEFFICIENTS A9.1
APPENDIX 10. SAMPLE OUTPUT, PROGRAM HYDJUMP A10.1
APPENDIX 11. PROGRAM HYDJUMP All.l
APPENDIX 12. PROGRAM HYDSUM A12.1
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. Derivation of Chezy Equation for Steady Uniform Flow .... 22
Figure 2. Relationship Between Specific Energy and Flow Depth 23
Figure 3. Basis of Gradually Varied Flow Depth Profile

Calculations 24
Figure 4. Schematic of Numerical Integration to Determine Water

Surface Profile 25
Figure 5. Control Depths Employed in Water Surface Profile

Integration 26
Figure 6. Forces Acting at Hydraulic Jump Location 27
Figure 7. Summary of Channel Cross Section Shape Calculations ..... 28
Figure 8. Water Surface Profile and Associated (F&M) Profiles

Used to Position Hydraulic Jump 29
Figure 9. Boundary Conditions Governing Jump Location 30
Figure 10. Boundary Conditions Employed to Indicate Jump

Formation .
32
Figure 11. Schematic Representation of Jump Boundary Conditions .... 32
Figure 12. Schematic Representation of Jump Position Identification

Technique Employed 33
Figure 13. Variation of Normal and Critical Depth with Flow Rate
and Pipe Slope 34
Figure 14. Variation of (F&M) Term with Flow Rate and Pipe Slope ... 35
Figure 15. Jump Location as a Function of Pipe Slope at 6 1/ s Flow

for a 0.15 Diameter Pipe 36
Figure 16. Jump Location in a Rectangular Channel, Width 0.15 m as

a Function of Channel Slope 37
Figure 17. Variation of Jump Location with Flow Rate and Approach
Pipe Slope, 0.15 m Diameter Channel 3g
Figure 18. Variation of Jump Location with Flow Rate and Approach
Pipe Slope, 0.15 m Width Channel 39
vi
List of Figures (cont.)
Page
Figure 19. Pipe Diameter Effect at Q = 1 1/s 40
Figure 20. Channel Width Effect at Q = 1 1/ s 41
Figure 21. Effect of Manning Coefficient on Jump Location. Note

n Constant for Approach and Test Pipe 42
Figure 22. Effect of Manning Coefficient on Jump Location. Note n

Constant in Approach Pipe at 0.015, Varied in Test
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Summary of Hydraulic Jump Position Results for the 0.1 m

Diameter Partially Filled Pipe with an Approach Pipe
Slope of 45° 44
Table 2. Summary of Hydraulic Jump Position Results for the 0.1 m

Width Channel with an Approach Channel Slope of 45° 45
Table 3. Schematic of Tabulated Jump Boundary Conditions 46
viii
NOTATION
A Channel cross sectional area
C Chezy constant
D Pipe diameter
E Specific energy
F&M Sum of hydrostatic force, F, and momentum, M, at any flow section
Fr Froude number
g Acceleration due to gravity
h Flow depth
h Centroid depth
hc Critical flow depth
hn Normal flow depth
L Jump location distance from pipe entry
m Hydraulic mean depth
n Manning coefficient
P Wetted perimeter
Q Flow rate
S Slope of energy grade line
SQ Channel slope
T Water surface width in channel
V Local average velocity
W Width rectangular channel
Z Elevation channel above some datum
p Fluid density
01 Approach pipe slope
02 Test pipe slope
IX
1 INTRODUCTION
Early studies of the formation of a hydraulic jump in open channel fluid flow
may be traced to the 1820 's and to a large extent were responsible for the
classification of flow regimes in open channels now employed. The major work
on jump formation has been, historically, directed towards the large civil
engineering excavated channels with near horizontal bed slopes and straight
sided cross sectional shapes. Both experimental and analytical treatments
find wide application in such open channel design. Characteristically the
presence of a hydraulic jump is responsible for the necessary water surface
profile discontinuity that must occur if flow is established in a channel at
a velocity compatible with the rapid or supercritical flow regime when the
channel slope and roughness characteristics dictate that subcritical, or
tranquil, flow regime conditions should prevail. Obviously such a method of
increasing flow depth also provides a potent energy dissipation and flow
mixing mechanism. These characteristics of the hydraulic jump to some extent
explain the interest in this phenomenon in open channel design. Chow 1[ ]
quotes a wide range of useful applications of the jump mechanism in open

channel erosion and bed uplift by decreasing local velocity and increasing
flow depth. Similarly the mixing properties of the jump can be utilized in
chemical water purification processes as well as in aeration.
A review of the literature on the topic therefore reveals a strong bias

toward large scale applications, with the design criteria being designed
with a view to including rather than excluding the hydraulic jump from open
channel flow.
In drainage design both scale and motivation are diametrically opposed to

the situation described above. The conditions governing the formation of a
hydraulic jump translate unchanged with the scale of the system; however in
the design of a drainage system the occurrence of a jump is to be avoided if
possible. In a partially filled drainage pipe the occurrence of a hydraulic
jump could result in a local full bore flow that would interfere with the
venting of the system and could lead to back pressure problems upstream.
Vertical stacks discharging into shallow gradient drains represent a design
condition that could lead to jump formation. Additionally the local full
bore flow could deposit suspended material on the crown of the pipe, leading
after sometime to a possibility of pipe restriction and blockage. The
location of a jump in plumbing systems design is of secondary importance.
In the special case of hospital drainage flow in the UK this has been found
to be a particular problem due to the use of the drainage system to transport
macerated disposable bed pans manufactured from strengthened paper-mache.
Thus in drainage design the hydraulic jump is to be avoided where possible

by design.
The objective of the computer simulation described in this report therefore

was to produce a usable computer program that could give guidance on the
design condition likely to produce a hydraulic jump. It was intended that
the computer program would be tested in the work reported for a range of flow
1
.
conditions and pipe sizes and slopes typical of drainage design. These values
incidentally being far removed from the calculation examples found in the
literature for channels carrying flows measured in MG/Day.
However, as mentioned, the basic prediction methods and the flow criteria
translate across the scale differentials. One problem however does become
obvious and that relates to channel cross section shape. The criteria relating
to jump formation are primarily related to flow depth and velocity and hence,
for a known flow rate, to channel cross section. Similarly the forces acting
involve the calculation of flow centroidal depth. The large body of literature
available is almost entirely restricted to simple, straight sided channel
shapes, and understandably so. The introduction of circular sections, while
not in itself difficult in a numerical computer aided solution, dispenses with
any possibility of deriving analytical solutions for jump location, strength or
depth change. Douglas et al. [2], for example present a jump location calcula-
tion technique for a simple rectangular channel, with a range of simplifying
assumptions, that is typical of the analytical treatments available [3, 4],
The technique chosen for this study was based on the assumption of gradually
varied flow conditions both upstream and downstream of the hydraulic jump
formed in the channel as a result of the slope change. Gradually varied flow
implies that the flow parameters change sufficiently slowed for the steady,
uniform flow equations, characterized by Chezy and Manning, to be applied to
incremental length sections employing the local depth and velocity values.
The criteria determining the formation of the jump are well documented in
terms of a force and momentum balance at the jump between the upstream and
downstream water surface profiles. This force and momentum balance leads to
the concept of conjugate depths and hence to the strength and depth change
associated with the jump. The gradually varied flow assumptions allow the
water surface profiles to be calculated and hence the jump position may be
calculated
This report presents the theoretical background to a computer model based on

the gradually varied flow assumption and the force and momentum equivalence
criteria for jump formation. A listing of the Fortran programs written to
model the problem is presented together with flow charts and data input
descriptions that will allow future use of the developed techniques. Results
for a range of flow and pipe and channel design parameters typical of drainage
systems are included, both as summary tables produced by the programs and in
graphical form to illustrate points and trends of particular interest.
2
. s s
2 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 Steady, Uniform Flow in Open Channels
Figure 1 illustrates the force balance equation for steady flow in an open
channel or partially filled duct. The common expression of this relationship
is known as the Chezy equation where
V = C /~ES^ (1)
m = hydraulic mean depth A/P, m
S Q = sin 6 duct slope
V = mean velocity, m/
C = Chezy constant.
The value of Chezy coefficient C was found by Manning to be dependent on

hydraulic mean depth and duct surface roughness n. The Manning formula is the
simplest of the open channel equations:
V - 1 m 2 / 3 sj/
°
2
n
2/3 2
Q = i. A m S'!/ ( 2 )
n
3 s
where Q is the flow rate, m /
A is the flow cross sectional area, m^
The value of the Manning coefficient, n, varies with pipe or channel material.
Chow [1] suggests values in the range 0.009 to 0.018 for materials commonly
found in building drainage systems.
Equation 2 determines the flow depth under steady, uniform conditions, only one
value of h yielding the values of A and m necessary to satisfy the equation.
As this depth is by definition constant downstream, dh/dx =0, it must also be
the terminal depth corresponding to the flow terminal velocity at that channel
slope
This depth, h n ,
is commonly referred to as the normal depth.
The specific energy of the flow may be defined as
E h + vi ( 3 )
2g
where h = local flow depth, m

V = local average flow velocity, m/
For non-uniform velocity distributions a kinetic energy coefficient weighting

factor, a, may be introduced as av2/2g; here, the assumption is made of uniform
distribution with a = 1.
3
It may be shown that for a rectangular channel, width W, that there are two
possible depths for any particular value of E above a minimum.
V2 2
Q
E=h+2e8 = h+ 2
Z
2gA
A = hW for rectangular case
2
Q
E = h + 7
2g(hW)
h 3 - Eh 2 + Q 2 /2gW 2 = 0
For a constant specific energy, E, this equation has three roots; two real,
one imaginary. Figure 2 illustrates the alternate depths possible for a
constant specific energy, generally characterized as rapid and tranquil flow.
It will be shown that the boundary between these two alternatives depends on
flow rate and cross sectional shape.
From equation 3 and Figure 2 it may also be seen that the flow specific energy
has a minimum value below which the given flow conditions cannot exist. In a
channel of arbitrary cross sectional shape this value may be determined as
follows:
2
dE Q da
= 0 = (4)
dh
1 " dh
gA 3
From Figure 2
dA = T dh (3)
where T is the surface width at any depth, h.
From equations (4) and (5) the minimum value of E will occur at a depth value,
hc,
that satisfies the expression
4
1 - Q 2 T/gA3 = 0 ( 6 )
This value of h is referred to as the flow critical depth h c .
If the normal flow depth h n exceeds h c then the terminal flow would be termed
subcritical, or tranquil flow. If h n is less than h c then the flow is termed
rapid or supercritical.
It should be stressed that h c is independent of pipe slope and pipe surface

roughness; while the normal depth is dependent on both. Thus the same volume
flow rate In any particular pipe may be rapid or tranquil depending on pipe
slope, and similarly the same flow rate in a series of constant diameter pipes
will be tranquil or rapid depending on roughness.
Pipes or channels in which rapid flow is normal are termed steep' pipes or
channels in which tranquil flow is normal are termed of mild slope. It will
be shown that hydraulic jumps may only be established in mild slope channels.
2.2 Gradually Varied Flow in Open Channels
Gradually varied flow is steady non-uniform flow of a special type. The flow
parameters are assumed to change slowly, if at all, in the flow direction.
The basic assumption in the treatment of this type of flow is that the local
head loss at any section is given by the Manning expession, equation 2, for the
local flow depth and rate under assumed steady, uniform flow conditions.
Based on the assumptions above and figure 3, the depth profile may be expressed
as follows:
V2 nQ o
d
dL 2g
+ (Z, s0 d .
+ h} = - {-jjjrr (7)
where (Z 0 - S 0 L) is the elevation at distance L along the channel, measured in

the downstream direction; S Q is sin 0, channel bed slope,
- nQ
hence - 1 + S
°
= ( 8 )
g dL dL Am 2/3
and as, Q p VA
dV A + V dA = Q
dL dL
and dA = x from equation 5 it follows that

dh
5
dV = -VdA=_VTdh=_QTdh
dL A dL A dL A 2 dL
and substituting in equation ( 8 ) yields
^
Q^T dh 4. 0 _ dh = j n Q j
3dL ° dL '
An,
2 /3
gA
1 - Q 2 T/g A 3
dL = { 2/3 2 ^ dh
S0 - (nQ/Ani 'V
l =
/
h
o
r -f|f
S
1
- (nQ/Am
Q
^7 s
)
dh ( 10 )
where L is the distance between two known depths h Q) h^ .
Figure 4 illustrates this numerical integration, which may be conveniently

achieved by Simpson's rule.
The numerator and denominator of the function to be integrated in equation 10

may be recognized as the equations determining the critical and normal flow
depths in an open channel.
When the term (1 - Q^T/gA^) is zero the flow is at critical depth, i.e., there
is no change in L for a change in h.
When the term S Q - (nQ/Am^^)^ is zero uniform flow depth is achieved, i.e.,
there is no change in h for a change in L.
For uniform cross section channels with constant roughness, n, and slope, SQ ,
the expression ( 10 ) becomes solely a function of flow depth h.
In order to numerically evaluate (10) it is necessary to define boundary

conditions from which the integration may proceed. It should be stressed that
the integration may be carried out either upstream or downstream from a known
depth point. This ability is central to the use of this technique to determine
the position of a profile discontinuity, such as an hydraulic jump.
Figure 5 illustrates the control depths used in the prediction of the water
surface profiles in the case being investigated, namely the change in slope of
an open channel.
6
It is assumed in figure 5 that suitable conditions exist for the formation
of a hydraulic jump in the pipe downstream of the slope change. In order to
predict the water surface profiles therefore three control depths are required
as follows:
1) Downstream boundary at C . It may be assumed that the downstream boundary

is formed by the condition that critical flow depth forms at a free
discharge. Experimental work (3) has shown that the depth at such a
discharge is slightly less than critical and that the critical depth
occurs slightly upstream, around 0.7 pipe diameters, however this
assumption is sufficient if the channel considered is long.
Naturally if the normal flow depth is less than critical then the flow
depth is unaffected by the presence of the discharge point and normal depth
is maintained up to the exit at C. In this condition the flow is termed
supercritical and the local wave speed is less than the flow velocity.
For this reason information concerning the presence of the open discharge
cannot be transmitted upstream, hence the maintenance of normal depth.
Calculation of the water surface profile upstream from C show that normal
flow depth is approached very rapidly, perhaps within 10-15 pipe diameters.
For this reason a simplification that is considered justified would be to
assume normal flow depth, above critical, in the whole pipe section B to
C. This simplification has a bearing or the calculated position of the
hydraulic jump as will be discussed later.
2) The upstream boundary at B. The upstream boundary is dependent on the

exit conditions from the steep pipe AB, figure 5. If the specific
energy at B in pipe AB is known, together with the flow rate, Q, then it
is possible to predict the depth at B in pipe BC. Alternatively the flow
rate and specific energy at B could be used as input information to the
calculation, dispensing with the pipe length AB water profile integration.
3) The entry condition at A. The entry condition at A determines the flow

profile in AB. Critical depth at the entry point A may be used, the
normal depth in the steep pipe AB will be less than this value and the
profile will take on the shape shown in figure 5, approaching normal
depth at some point along AB.
Alternatively the pipe length AB may be assumed long enough for terminal
flow conditions to be achieved at B. This despenses with the calculation
of the water surface profile in AB as equation (2) may be used to determine
normal supercritical depth at B and equation (3) determines the appropriate
specific energy provided the channel depth-area relationship is known.
The choice of the depth increment value dh in the numerical integration is

based, in this treatment, on the difference between the control depth for
that section and the "target" depth. For example in section C to B the
control depth is the critical depth at C while the target is the normal
flow depth reached at some point between C and B. The depth cannot exceed
this target. Hence an appropriate increment site may be alculated by
•
7
dh = (h n - h c )/N, C to B (ID
where N is some reasonable number in the range 10 to 30, depending on the
desired accuracy and computation time.
Similarly for the section B to C
dh = (h c - h B )/N ( 12 )
For the steep slope A to B the increment would be
dh = (hA - h B )/N (13)
where hg is the normal depth expected for that particular channel and flow
conditions.
2 . 3 Hydraulic Jump
The hydraulic jump is an important example of local nonuniform flow. In

drainage design it is to be avoided as the local depth increase may be suffi-
cient to produce full bore flow and associated back pressure problems. However,
in the wider engineering context the inclusion of a hydraulic jump is often
beneficial as a means of rapidly dissipating flow energy, with consequent
reduction in channel erosion problems, the design of power plant turbine tail
races being an example.
There is a considerable body of experimental and analytical literature available

on the formation and characteristics of the hydraulic jump. The majority of
this work is related directly to large civil engineering applications and is
also confined to channels of straight sided cross sectional shape, from
rectangular to trapezoidal. This is understandable as such channel shapes
would be the naturally excavated design. Although laboratory models usually
employ rectangular glass sided open channels to study, for example, jump
formation downstream of a sluice gate, no references were found to the case
of jump formation downstream of a slope change in small diameter partially
filled pipes, namely the building drainage case.
The flow process leading to the formation of a hydraulic jump may be explained
as follows: Assume that flow is established in a mild slope channel at a depth
below critical for that channel and flow rate. As the normal flow depth is
greater than critical, i.e., definition of mild slope, the effect of cumulative
friction losses in the channel will be to increase the depth, with a consequent
decrease in local average velocity. This depth change should continue until
normal flow depth is achieved at some downstream point. This cannot happen via
a gradually varied flow process as the theoretical water surface slope would
have to be vertical as the depth passed through the critical value. Hence a
discontinuity, or jump, in the depth profile is required to transfer the flow
from supercritical conditions upstream of the jump to subcritical downstream.
It is important to note therefore that such a discontinuity can only occur from
a depth below critical to a depth above critical.
8
In the steady flow case, namely flow conditions constant with time, the
position of this jump may be determined by a consideration of the forces
acting on the fluid at the jump position and the water surface profiles
upstream and downstream of the jump, figure 6.
Referring to figure 6 and assuming both a near horizontal channel, so that the
fluid weight component may be ignored, and steady flow conditions, application
of the momentum equation yields:
Fhl - F h2 ‘ P Q(V 2 - Vi)
where are the hydrostatic forces at 1 and 2
— — 2
hence P
g
A1 h1 - P A h = pA 2 V 2 -
g 2 2
pA^2 (14)
where A is the flow cross sectional area and h is the centroid depth,
as illustrated in figure 7.
Rearranging (14) yields:
(pgAh + pgAh + pAV 2 )

2
or
(F+M) x = (F+M) 2 (15)
where M is the momentum term pAV^
This analysis assumes that the jump length may be ignored, this allows the
exclusion of local frictional effects over the pipe section containing the jump.
This point will be returned to in the discussion of the prediction model.
It will be seen that both F and M depend on the flow depth and on the relation-
ship between depth and area and hence centroid position.
The complexity of this expression (15) depends entirely therefore on the form
of the depth to area relationship and on the local water surface profiles
either side of the jump. The (F+M) term is sometimes referred to as the
specific force (1); however this not entirely satisfactory due to the momentum
content, and thereafter it is referred to as the (F & M) term.
Thus the position of the jump may be predicted provided that the flow depth
profiles upstream and downstream are known. A knowledge of local depth plus
the steady flow assumption allows all the terms in equation (15) to be calcu-
lated and allows the (F & M) values applicable to each point on either water
9
surface profiles upstream and downstream of the jump to be plotted as shown
in figure 8.
The intersection of the two (F & M) curves fixes the jump position. The two
corresponding depths on the upstream and downstream water surface profiles
are the conjugate depths for the jump and allow the energy loss to be
calculated across the jump.
2 2
AE = {h + X_} - {h + Z_) (16)
2g 2 2g 1
The formation of a hydraulic jump downstream of a slope change is not inevitable

however. Figure 9 illustrates five conditions that should be considered in
evaluating the possibility of jump formation.
a) If the flow normal depth, dependent on both pipe slope and roughness, is
less than the critical depth, that is independent of slope or roughness,
then no jump will form.
b) If the flow normal depth is greater than the critical depth and the (F & M)
term at pipe entry is greater than the normal depth (F & M) value, then a
jump will form as shown in figure 9. Its position may be determined as
described previously.
c) If the pipe is insufficiently large in cross sectional area to maintain a

free water surface, i.e., open channel flow, then full bore flow will be
established in the pipe. This case is not treated here beyond its
identification by comparing the normal depth calculated to the available
pipe diameter.
d) A more interesting case occurs if the (F & M) value at pipe entry, i.e.,
at the slope change, is less than the (F & M) value appropriate to the
downstream normal flow depth. In this case the jump effectively forms in
the steep pipe, or it may be regarded as drowned at pipe entry. Analysis
of this case requires the introduction of the mass component down the
steep slope appropriate to the water mass contained between the sections
1 and 2 in figure 6. This introduces the physical length of the jump,
obviously a simple treatment regards the jump as concentrated in one
location; however in practice it can have lengths several times its down-
stream depth. Chow [1] presents an analysis based on empirical jump length
measurements for rectangular channels, however no data is available for
partially filled pipes and for the purposes of this study this case is
merely identified by a comparison of the (F & M) term values as mentioned
above.
e) A trivial case is formed when the length of pipe available downstream of

the slope change is short. Here no jump will form if the length is less
than that necessary for the flow depth to increase to the theoretical jump
conjugate depth value appropriate to the upstream water surface profile.
This case is not illustrated in figure 9.
10
Figure 10 illustrates the tests associated with these boundary conditions. It
will be seen that (F & M) curve vs. slope has a minimum value, hence for parti-
cular pairs of values of ,
and 62 the (F & M) terms may change in their
relative magnitudes.
Figure 11 summarizes these tests into a format that will be employed later in
the generation of tables to indicate jump formation possibility.
2.4 Loss Coefficients for Slope Transitions in Open Channel Flow
No data could be obtained on the loss coefficients for slope transitions in

open channel flow. For this reason the results presented assume no loss at the
test pipe entry. The computer program as written has been designed to include
such a loss coefficient, in the range 0 to 1 should such data become available
,
from a future experimental program. The effect of such a loss would be to

increase the flow depth at pipe entry, with a consequent decrease in the (F & M)
term at pipe entry. In turn this would have the effect of generally moving the
jump location upstream towards pipe entry. At the lower approach pipe slopes
this effect could result in the jump appearing to become drowned at pipe entry.
Experimental work is required to verify the model and the predicted effects of
the loss coefficient discussed above.
11
3. CALCULATION TECHNIQUES AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
3 . 1 Determination of Normal and Critical Depths
The bisection method was used to solve the equation defining both critical flow
depth
X = 1 - Q 2 T/gA 3
and normal flow depth
(n Q/Am 2/3 )
2
Y = S
Q -
It may be assumed that both X and Y have zero values for some value of depth h
in the range 0 < h < D for pipe case or 0 < h < W for the square section case.
The process is described below:
The initial interval is bisected and a trial value of h = D/2 or W/2, depending
on geometry, is used to evaluate X, Y above. If the resulting values are
positive then the sought after root is less than the trial value just used.
A new trial value is obtained by bisecting the interval 0 to D/2 or W/2 and X
and Y recalculated. If the values obtained remain positive, a further reduc-
tion in trial value is obtained by bisection.
If the values of X, Y are negative then the desired root is larger than the
trial value and an increased h value is obtained by bisection between the
upper limit, in this case D or W, and the trial value just employed. This
process may be repeated until the required root is obtained.
Due to the need to include the area depth relationship the solution process
must be iterative. The computation time depends largely on the complexity of
the area-depth function.
3.2 Numerical Integration for Surface Profiles
The integration of the position vs depth profile
1 - QT 2 /gA 3
S
Q -
(nQ/Am 2/3 ) 2
hl
is achieved by means of Simpson's Rule. Let the integral X = / F(h) dh,
h0
12
then if the interval h^-hg is divided into 2 equal increments, the value of X
is given by
X =-Ldh [(F(h
o
) + 4F(h +dh) + F(h+2dh)]
o o
^
As the integration moves on the length traversed may be accumulated as L = L + X

at the completion of each integration.
3 . 3 Determination of Jump Position
The water surface profiles and the associated (F & M) curves for the flow
upstream and downstream of the jump are illustrated by figure 8. The jump
position is determined in the following manner within the computer program;
figure 12 illustrates:
1) Choose a small increment Ax less than the smallest AL on either of the

water surface profiles. Note AL varies along each profile as shown in
figure 4.
2) For the water surface profile downstream of the jump, i.e. that calculated
by integration back from the critical depth at pipe discharge, determine
the calculated profile points on either side of the Ax value, measured
from pipe entry, points G, H figure 12.
3) Calculate the (F & M) value at position Ax on the downstream profile,

point J.
4) For the profile calculated by integration downstream from pipe entry

determine whether the corresponding (F & M) values at the known profile
points on either side of Ax are bracketing the trial (F & M) value from
step 3, points K, M. If this is the case the curves intersect in this
increment, if both are greater than the trial value then the curves have
not intersected up to this interval.
5) If the curves have not intersected, increase the search position from
x to x + Ax and repeat steps 2 through 4.
6) If the curves have intersected then the intersection point can be

obtained by solving the two straight line equations representing the
water surface profiles between the two pairs of known points bracketing
the intersection position. This is illustrated by points UV, and XY in
figure 12.
The technique uses the simplifying assumption that the water depth down-
stream of the jump is at the normal flow level, hence (F & M) for C to B
becomes a known constant. This simplification was extensively used in the
results presented (in figure 12 the resulting downstream depth was H then
became the constant normal depth value).
13
3.4 Presentation of Results
The parameters governing the flow and the location of the hydraulic jump are
numerous. The selected test cases, analyzed by program HYDJUMP run on the
NBS CBT Perkin Elmer 732 computer, are summarized below:
1.1) Pipe diameters: 0.075, 0.10, 0.15 m.

1.2) Manning coefficient 0.015.
1.3) Test pipe slopes at all pipe diameters: 1/40, 1/80, 1/100, 1/200
(Additionally slopes 1/150, 1/300, 1/400, 1/600 were run for the 0.15 m
diameter pipe only).
1.4) Approach pipe slopes 2°, 4°, 6°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°.
1.5) Additionally for the 0.15 m pipe at 1/300 slope, the effect of Manning
coefficient values of 0.009, 0.012, 0.015 and 0.018 on jump position for
the whole range of approach slopes was carried out at one flow rate.
2.1) Rectangular channels, width 0.075, 0.10, 0.15 m.

2.2) Manning coefficient 0.015 only.
2.3) Test pipe slopes 1/40, 1/80, 1/100, 1/200.
2.4) Approach pipe slopes 2°, 4°, 6°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°.
The full results are presented in tabular form in a series of appendices.
In addition plotted data is presented to illustrate the main points in the

discussion of the results.
The results indicated the need to determine the boundary conditions in terms of
normal and critical flow depths, pipe diameter and (F & M) values. This led to
an additional program HYDSUM, capable of calculating normal and critical depths
as well as (F & M) values. Tables based on this program's output are included
as a method of determining whether a jump will form in the test pipe.
The two main programs, HYDJUMP and HYDSUM are included in an appendix together
with flow charts and input data instructions.
3.5 Selection of Input Data
The choice of input test conditions was governed by the range of values likely
to be found in drainage systems. The pipe diameters chosen, 0.075, 0.10 and
0.15 conform to this criteria as do the pipe gradients used for all test cases,
1/40, 1/80, 1/100, 1/200. The choice of pipe roughness or Manning coefficient
was more difficult, however values in the range 0.009 to 0.018 are recommended
in many texts, i.e. Jaeger [3] and Chow [1].
As previously discussed, the losses at the change of slope that produce the
conditions conducive to hydraulic jump formation have been ignored in this
treatment. No available data on open channel transition loss coefficients for
partially filled pipes or channels could be obtained. The program is capable
of dealing with transition losses however via an input data control variable
provided the loss can be expressed as a factor, 0 to 1.0, of the specific
energy of the flow at pipe entry.
14
4. DISCUSSION
The position of the hydraulic jump in a mild slope channel following a change
in bed slope is determined by the equivalence of the hydrostatic force plus
momentum terms outlined in equations 14 and 15 and figures 6 and 8. If, as a
starting assumption, the flow downstream of the jump is assumed to be uniform
and at normal depth, then the jump position appears to be entirely dependent
on the rate of change of the (F & M) term with respect to distance along the
channel. This is demonstrated in figure 12, and the following analysis.
The results for jump location therefore may be discussed in terms of the
parameters governing this gradient, d(F & M)/dL.
From equation 14, that the (F & M) term at any location may be expressed as
(F & M) = pgAh + pAV 2
s?
F & M = pgATT + p A (17)
d(F & M) = pgA dh_ + p gh

dA - p
dA (18)
dL dL dL a 2 dL
The form of equation (17) indicates that (F & M) will initially decrease as
depth and hence area A increase, however at some depth value the hydrostatic
force term will predominate and the (F & M) value will increase. It therefore
follows that there would theoretically be two intersection, points for the two
(F & M) curves in figure 12, however the intersection closest to the pipe entry
is the valid solution and the technique described in figure 12 will ensure that
this is the solution produced. The form of equation (18) confirms this point,
d(F & M)/dL being initially negative due to the predominance of the momentum
term.
As the rate of decrease of (F & M) is dependent on both depth and rate of change
of depth, it is necessary to incorporate the Manning equation to represent local
friction losses at the equivalent steady, uniform flow conditions. This appears
in the denominator of equation (10) and may be used to explain the movement of
the jump position.
S , . 2/3.2
Ah = o - (n Q/Am ) (19)
AL 1 - Q 2 T/gA 3
Changes in S Q Q, and n that result in an increase in the value of Ah /AL will

,
indicate an increase in d(F & M)/dL, however this does not automatically imply
that the jump position will move upstream.
15
.
Figures 13 and 14 illustrate the dependence of flow normal and critical depths
and (F & M) values on flow rate and pipe slope for the 0.15 m diameter pipe
case. It will be seen that as Q increases or S Q decreases, the values of
normal depth and (F & M) increase. This effectively reduces the necessary drop
from the (F & M) value associated with the water surface profile at pipe entry
upstream of the jump, figure 12, and would imply, for a constant d(F & M)/dL, a
jump location movement towards pipe entry.
Consider the jump location movement illustrated in figure 15. For constant Q,
D, n and test pipe slope, S 0 = Sin © 2
,
the value of Ah/ AL will be constant,
equation (19). Similarly for constant Q, D, n and S 0 the value of normal depth
in the test pipe, figure 13, will also be constant, providing a constant target
(F & M) value.
However as the approach pipe slope, ©i increases the value of the entry
,
conditions to the test pipe change, the entry depth decreases and the entry
velocity rises. Thus as 0^ increases the entry value of (F & M) at L=0
increases, this effect for constant flow rate is illustrated in figure 14.
Therefore the intersection point between the (F & M) curves associated with the
water surface profiles upstream and downstream of the jump would be expected to
move downstream as the approach pipe slope increased. This effect is illustrated
in figure 15 for each of the test pipe slopes considered. Figure 16 confirms
this result for the rectangular section channel.
Inherent in the definition of the hydraulic jump location is the criterion that
the depth upstream of the jump is below critical and that downstream is above
critical. This implies that the Froude Number (upstream of the jump), defined
as
is greater than unity upstream and less than unity downstream. This results in
the inability of jump position information to be transmitted upstream as the
wave speed is less than the local flow velocity. As a result of this the depth
downstream of the jump may be thought of as the sole determinant of jump
position for similar flow situations. This effect is illustrated in figure 15
and 1 6
Consider the case of constant approach pipe slope 6} and constant flow rate Q,
i.e. vertical lines drawn in the L - sin 6^ plane. In this situation the
(F & M) value at pipe inlet remains constant, however as the test pipe slope, 02
decreases the normal flow depth increases and with it the target (F 4 M) value,
figures 13 and 14. Thus the downstream flow depth controls the jump position,
the jump moving towards the pipe inlet as the test pipe becomes less steep.
Jaeger [3] quotes this depth effect as the sole determinant of jump position in
the case of hydraulic jump formation upstream of an obstruction to the flow.
As indicated in figure 15 jump location may be expressed by an equation of the

form
16
„ . , n
K sin(e-0n n0.25
L - Lx - C o) ( 21 )
It was felt that such an empirical formula had little value in this situation
due to the complexity of the boundary conditions already described and the
ability of the computer simulation to predict jump positions for a wide range
of flow conditions in a relatively short time. It would appear from the
available literature, although primarily directed to large civil engineering
applications, that this conclusion is shared by most investigators, as no
similar relationship was found. In every case it was recommended that jump
position be calculated by the gradually varied flow analysis presented for
each set of flow conditions.
The downstream depth also controls jump position as indicated by the results
presented in figures 17 and 18. Here for constant S Q = sin 0^ = 1/200 and
constant D and n the jump location moves upstream as the flow rate decreases
from 8 to 1 l/s. Reference to figure 14 at any value of sin 0^ indicates that
the differential between (F & M) at L = 0, i.e. pipe entry value, and the (F & M)
value appropriate to normal depth in the test pipe, decreases as the flow rate
decreases. Hence, with reference to figure 12, the intersection position would
be expected to move upstream, as confirmed for both circular and rectangular
cross section channels by figures 17 and 18.
It will be noted that none of the jump position curves pass through the
origin. This is to be expected as theoretically the jump location would tend
to L = 0 as approach pipe slope 9^ approaches the test pipe slope 02- In
addition to this effect some of the curves, namely those representing shallow
test pipe slopes, intersect the sin 0} axis at approach pipe slopes greater
than this minimum. This is due to the drowning of the jumps at pipe entry, as
illustrated in figure 9, Case 4, caused by a reversal of the differential
between (F & M) at pipe entry and the (F & M) value associated with the normal
depth flow in the test pipe. As mentioned previously the jump moves upstream
into the approach pipe and a calculation of its position requires a knowledge
of jump length and approach pipe slope. No theoretical calculation technique
for jump length, i.e. the distance between control sections 1 and 2 in figure
6, is available, the data on this variable being entirely empirical and
generally applicable only to straight sided channel shapes.
Tabulated results for the full range of test cases represented by figure 15 to
18 for pipe diameters and channel widths 0.075 to 0.15 m are presented in
Appendices 1 to 6. Tables 1 and 2 present typical examples for the 0.1 m
diameter pipe and channel cases. These results for the smaller dimensioned
channels, 0.075 and 0.10 m diameter and width confirm the discussion presented
above. Figures 19 and 20 are representative of these results.
Referring to figures 19 and 20, it will be seen that considerable difficulty

was experienced in producing comparable test cases for the three channel dimen-
sions chosen. This is entirely due to the influence of the boundary conditions
introduced in figures 9 to 11. Indeed no jump formation was possible at 1/4(J
for the full range of test cases dealt with. This result prompted the prepara-
tion of tabular data based on the boundary conditions illustrated in figure lu
17
that would allow the formation of a jump, but not its location, to be predicted
at considerably less computing time.
Table 3 illustrates the technique. Full tables for the test cases covered are
presented in Appendix 7 and 8.
Referring to table 3, assume that the flow rate is Q 2 approach pipe slope is,
and test pipe slope is S 2 Pipe diameter is D and the Manning coefficient
.
is n. The table has been produced by means of equations (2), (6) and (14) and
allows the following boundary checks to be made, corresponding to figure 9.
1) Case 1, compare hnj ^2

to hc2 »
if ^ n l,2 ^ h°2 ,
no jump possible.
2) Case 2, compare hn^ 2 to ^ c 2 »

if ^ n l 2 ^ h°2 » j um P possible.
3) Case 3, compare hn^ 2 to D if hn^ = D, full bore flow, jump forms but
2
location not determined.
4) Case 4, compare the normal flow depth value of (F & M) at Q 2 and in

the test pipe, (F & M)^2> to the value of the (F & M)* term at pipe entry.
It is assumed that this is equal to the terminal (F & M)* value in the
approach pipe and that the approach pipe was sufficiently long to allow
normal flow depth to be established. Approach pipe slope designated U^.
hence (i) if (F & M)j 2 < (F & M)^, jump possible
(ii) if (F & M)]^ > (F & M)^ 2 > then the jump forms in the approach pipe or
is drowned at pipe entry.
Appendix 8 presents similar tables for the 0.15 diameter test pipe case only
for a range of Manning coefficient values 0.009 to 0.018. This table was used
to determine a suitable test case for an evaluation of the effect of Manning
coefficient on the jump location in a 0.15 m diameter channel. From Appendix 8
employing the method outlined above for table 3, a test case based in b 1/s
flow rate at a pipe slope of 1/300 was seen to produce a hydraulic jump at
each of the values of Manning coefficient between 0.009 and 0.018 chosen.
Appendix 9 contains the results of this test series while figures 21 and 22
summarize the data.
Two test cases were investigated.
1) Manning coefficient constant for both approach pipe and test pipe.
Figure 21 illustrates this case. As is to be expected the jump location

moves downstream as the value of Manning coefficient decreases. This is
in line with Jaeger [3] comments on the importance of downstream depth as
the normal flow depth will decrease with decreasing Manning coefficient.
Similarly this result agrees with the description of jump location move-
ment based on (F & M) values. As n decreases the normal flow depth (F & M)
value in the test pipe decreases. For the approach pipe the decreasing n
18
also results in a reduced normal depth, however due to the slope of the
(F & M) vs slope curve illustrated by figure 10, this results in an
increased value of (F & M) at test pipe entry. This increase in the
differential between the entry and target (F & M) values in the test pipe
effectively impose a downstream movement on to the intersection point and
jump location, figure 12.
2) The Manning coefficient held constant at 0.015 for the approach pipe and
only varied for the test pipe.
The general trend in these results is similar to that described above.

The constant value of n = 0.015 for the approach pipe effectively decreases
the entry (F & M) value for the n = 0.009 and n = 0.012 cases, comparing
figures 21 and 22. Hence the jump position would be expected to move
upstream, as is demonstrated by the results. For the n = 0.018 case, the
approach pipe effectively has a reduced n value and hence the terminal
(F & M) value is increased and the jump position should move downstream.
Again the results confirm this.
All the results discussed above were obtained with the assumption that terminal
conditions had been achieved in the approach pipe and that the flow downstream
of the jump could be considered uniform, i.e., the depth was equal to the
normal flow depth defined previously. This assumption was necessary if any
order was to be found in the results produced by the computer program. The
program however was capable of producing jump location for any combination of
pipe lengths, slopes and roughness coefficients.
Appendix 10 presents the full program output for a given set of pipe lengths
and slopes. This output may also be used to justify the normal flow depth
assumption downstream of the jump, as 95 percent of normal depth is achieved in
some 20 pipe diameters. The output also presents the water surface profiles in
the approach pipe and upstream of the jump in the test pipe.
Appendix 11 contains the full print out of the program HYDJUMP employed to
generate these results and the control data necessary to vary the format of the
data output and control the assumptions made in the calculations.
Similarly Appendix 12 presents the program HYDSUM employed to produce the

tabular guides to jump formation summarized in table 1.
19
.
5 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK
The objective of this study was the development and testing of a

computer program capable of predicting the location of a hydraulic jump
following a change in slope in an open channel or partially filled pipe.
The program HYDJUMP presented has been shown to be capable of jump prediction
based on the assumptions inherent in the application of gradually varied flow
analysis
An extensive range of program test conditions were considered within the limits
set by parameter values encountered in building drainage system design.
It was found possible to explain the movement of jump location with such
parameters as flow rate, pipe slope, and roughness in terms of the criteria
determining jump formation in near horizontal channels.
Although a considerable body of literature exists on hydraulic jump formation

in civil engineering style open channels, no comparable study was found employing
the parameter values presented. Similarly the majority of the available
literature referred to straight sided open channels rather than to partially
filled pipes of small diameter. All analytical solutions were restricted to
the simplest rectangular section channels due to the complexity introduced by
the depth to area and centroid position funcitons in non-rectangular sections.
The computer program, as included, has been designed to deal with rectangular or
circular section channels. Extension to other shapes requires only that the
shape functions be introduced into the two main subroutines, BOUND and CALC,
and that the range of control values assigned to the control variable SHAPE be
extended accordingly.
It is felt that the next stage in this study should be an experimental phase
designed to compare the predictions from HYDJUMP with laboratory observations,
incorporating modified assumptions where necessary. The loss at the pipe slope
change, although incorporated in the program for future use, has not been
investigated as to do so without laboratory test backing would be of little
value.
As a result of the computer study, several boundary conditions that govern the
formation of a jump were identified. As an aid to future work these boundary
conditions were incorporated into a program HYDSUM, also presented, that
enables the probability of jump formation to be assumed prior to running the
more time consuming HYDJUMP to determine its location. The predictions of
HYDSUM could also be used in designing a laboratory test series.
20
.
6 REFERENCES
[1] Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw Hill, 1970.
[2] Douglas, J.F, Gasiorek, J.M. and Swaffield, J.A., Fluid Mechanics,
Pitman 1979.
[3] Jaeger, C., Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Blackie and Sons, London, 1936.
[4] Streeter, V.L. and Wylie, E.B., Fluid Mechanics, McGraw Hill, 1974.
21
At stations 1 and 2 the following equations apply:
Energy equation
~ P2
Losses = hf = Pi +
pg
as V} = V 2 ; steady, uniform flow.
Momentum equation (down slope direction)
( PI ~ P2)A + PgAAx sine - t 0 AxP = 0
as dV/dt = 0; steady flow.
" P2 AxP = h*
.
•
. Pi + Az = to
Pg PgA
1 ?
For turbulent flow to = f
^
pv
h = f V = C / mS n = sine
f ,
o’ ,
o
2gm m = A/ p
C = constant
Figure 1. Derivation of Chezy equation for steady uniform flow. Note no

shape restriction on channel.
22
2
Figure 2. Relationship between specific energy and flow depth, illustrating

alternate rapid or tranquil flow regimes.
23
section being equal
based on head loss at any
Gradually varied flow, analysis
where
to Manning loss prediction,
varied flow depth profile model

Figure 3. Representation of the gradually
24
Note 1. Al increases as calculation proceeds
2. Calculation proceeds downstream from A to give profile h Q h < hc;

h at A taken as intitial condition.
3. Calculation proceeds upstream from X to give profile h c h < hn ;

h at X taken equal to critical depth as initial condition.
A. Value of N dependent on situation, range 10-30.
Figure A. Schematic representation of numerical integration to determine

water surface profile.
23
a a el £ ^ t «. r rv\ \ rv a\ £
a't U = -zero
Note: Water surface profiles approach h n rapidly from an initial condition

h = hc .
Figure 5. Control depths employed in determining water surface profiles

upstream and downstream of a pipe slope change.
26
i
Fl p8 A ljU hj 2 ~ centroid depth = f(channel shape)

F2 pgA 2 h 2 Fi 2 “ hydrostatic forces
Mi ( pAiV]_ )V Mi 2 - momentum crossing cont rol
M2 (pA 2 V 2 )V2 volume boundaries at 1,2
Jump occurs if (F+M)i = (F+M) 2 .
Depths hi, h 2 known as conjugate depths.
Figure 6. Forces acting at the jump location in a horizontal >

or near
horizontal channel.
27
2
-
5>
T« \N T
Depth
h X w = (D 2 /8) X (6 -sine)
Area “ =
= 2.0 x h x CD h)
Surface width T
— D x b/
Perimeter _ = 2h + w = h - D/2 + X Q
Centroid depth h = h/2
/ 3 x sin62 - s in 3b/2.\
X = X X - X x sin V)
o 3 2 \4 x (9/2 2
J
calculations.
Figure 7. Summary of duct cross section parameter
28
L= O.
ca>cu\*-ted -J-rom Vv
o
U>UY\ (k C "K 0 ) ^
Prof-Ae ftB ^
as &k vjcXue.
ProjA* C<Acu\«-t«cL Jjron-% K c wttK CK^-K^/vj

y'V
(XO kk vcCVue
Figure 8. Water surface profiles and associated (F+M) profiles employed to

position hydraulic jump.
29
Note: h given by: Q^T/gA^ - 1 - 0
c
2
Note: h given by: S - (n Q/Am‘'^) = 0
n Q
Figure 9. Conditions governing jump formation.
30
Note; if (F+M) a > (F+M) b or c » jump drowned at L=0.
if (F+M) a < (F+M) b or c , jump possible,
if (h ) (h ) jump impossible.
A < c A
> D, full backflow.
Figure 10. Tests employed to determine the possibility of jump formation.
31
Figure 11. Schematic representation of jump boundary conditions.
32
P-V-tA
Figure 12. Schematic representation of jump position identification technique

employed.
33
I
.
flowrate
with
bi
,
c of
h
depth,
independent
critical
values
and
,
n Note
h
02*
depth,
slope
normal
pipe
of
test
Variation
and
Q
13.
o Figure
o CO
-c £ x e
34
Figure 14. Variation of (F+M) term with pipe slope and flow rate. D - 0.15,
n = 0.015.
35
Ul
'/w-OO
constant
'/soo
for
02
0.015.
zoo
V 0^ =
SO
*/l
slopes
coefficient
tOO
'/ pipe
of
Manning
s'»n
function
and
a 0.15
as
-
D
location
U/s)
6
-
Jump
Q
15.
Figure
36
results
Flow
channel
© 1/200.
c
-
Rectangular
1/80
slope
0.015.
pipe
=
n
test
m,
0.15
with
W
position
1/s
80
jump =
Q
of
at
Variation
constant
16.
Figure
oS
37
.
'o
o
c
03
slope
©
LP
** pipe
0) o> U*
0 slope.
\ ? 7"
0 -o m CO pipe
s approach
!*
£ C$
^<5
o
<*
o
A
0
v
M
111
I i
'
and
Q
test
1/200
-5
c
£ -X)
I I 00
rate
and
«
O 6
d ' i
I
flow
0.015
U> i
co \ i
with =
\ \ I 03 Q) n
d c m,
© \ \
' 05 location
0.015
I
\ \
<zf \ \ =
\ \ \ \ J- jump
D
d
of
constant
\ \ \ \ \
Variation
V
c4
_i for
\ \ \ 6
\ W
\ \ \ \ \
\ \ 17.
o 0 o
i ro oi
[
<D
7
1 Figure
st
,o»
J
38
Figure 18. Jump position in a rectangular channel, width 0.15 m, slope 1/200,
as a function of flow rate and approach pipe slope.
39
Note curves do not pass through L = 0.
Figure 19. Pipe diameter effect at Q = 1 (1/s) 0 = sin

1
(0.005), Manning
2
coefficient = 0.015.
40
• 07 5 m
\ O m
\-o
Note curves do not pass through L/W = 0.
Figure 20. Channel width effect at Q = l(l/s) 0£

= sin ^(0.005) Manning
coefficient = 0.015.
41
Figure 21. Effect of Manning coefficient n on jump location in a pipe at 1/300
with a flow rate of 6 (1/s). Pipe 0.15 m diameter.
42
Figure 22. Manning coefficient effect. Note: n constant for approach pipe at
0.015.
43
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Flow rate Q Qi Q2 Ql D
Pipe diameter
Test pipe Normal flow

slope S = sin 02 depth, Q, S values.
c f
S
1
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s2 hn 2 2 Q
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cf
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he = f ( Q
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depth value
Si (F+M ) 12
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S3 •
Si (f+m) i2
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slope U (i.e x test pipe entry)
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46
APPENDIX 1
JUMP LOCATION IN A 0.075 m DIAMETER PIPE,
MANNING COEFFICIENT 0.015, AT SLOPES 1/40, 1/80, 1/100, 1/200
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A8.9
'
APPENDIX 9
JUMP LOCATION IN A 0.15 m DIAMETER PIPE AT SLOPE 1/300,
CARRYING 6 £/s, FOR A RANGE OF MANNING COEFFICIENTS 0.009 to 0.018.
RESULTS PRESENTED FOR UNIFORM MANNING COEFFICIENTS IN BOTH APPROACH PIPE AND
TEST PIPE AND CONSTANT APPROACH PIPE MANNING COEFFICIENT OF 0.015.
A9.1
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A9.5
APPENDIX 10
SAMPLE OUTPUT PROGRAM HYD JUMP . THE OUTPUT CONTROL PARAMETER
SET TO GIVE WATER SURFACE PROFILES IN BOTH THE APPROACH PIPE AND
UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF THE JUMP IN THE TEST PIPE
A10.1
• 8 .
PREDICTION OF ThE HYORAJLIC

JUMP POSITION IN A CIRCJLAR
CROSS SECTION PIPE AT HILO SLOPE.
PIPE LENGTH * 2.0000 H PIPE WIDTH OR DIAMETER = 0.1500 M

MANNl >13 COEFF . ---
0.0120 PIPE SLOPE = 0.5000
FLOWRATE = O.OOfcO H$*3/S. CUNTkOL DEPTH = 0.0707 M.
NORMAL JEPTrt * 0.0231 M. CRITICAL DEPTH = 0.0707 n
CONTROL IS UPSTREAM, DEPTH = 0.0707 rt.
STANCE DEPTH ENERGY F+H

0. 0.0707 0. 0980 6.7950
O.OOOi 0.0691 0.0981 6. 8006
©.DOOo 0.0675 0. 0983 6.8173
O.OOIH 0*0660 0.0987 6.8663
0.0325 0 • 06 66 0. 0993 6.8681
0.QQ62 0 . 06 2 e 0. 1001 6.96 36
0®0063 0.0612 0. 1011 7.0135
0.0030 0.0596 0. 1026 7.0990
0®0I23 0.0581 0. 1061 7.2010
0.0163 0.0565 0 « 1060 7.3209
0.02 L2 0 . 05 69 0. 1086 7.6601
0.0271 0.0533 0.1113 7.6201
0.0362 0.0517 0. 1166 7.0029
©.0625 0.0501 0. 1 166 8.0106
0.0525 0.0686 0. 1236 8.2652
0® 0663 0.0670 0. 1289 0.5100.
0.0733 0.0656 0. 1355 8.8079
0.0950 0.06 38 0.1633 9.1628
0.1150 0.0-422 0. 1526 9.5191
0.1390 0.06 06 0.1633 9.96 1
0.1630 0.0391 0. 1 762 10.6171
0.2033 0.0375 0.1916 10.9526
0.2669 0.0359 0.2100 11.5562
0.3012 0.0363 0. 2321 12.2393
0.3702 O.C327 0.2590 13.0166
0.6600 0.0311 0. 2917 13.8981
0.5307 0.0<96 0. 3321 16.9096
0. 7516 0.0280 0. 3823 16.0736
1.0150 0.C2 66 0.6653 17.6226
1.5032 0.02 6e 0.525b 18.9969
2.0000 0.C266 0.5601 19.2662
A10.2
5 • « .
PIPE LENGTH = 50.0000 PI. PIPE WIDTH 3* OlAflETER » 0.15 j 0 fl
Banning cqfff. *= 0.0120 PIPE SLOPE = 0.003 3

FL0WR4T:: = 0. OOP-O ".**3/S. CONTROL DEPTH = 0. 0257 M
NORKAL DEPTH = 0.0 865 li CRITICAL DEPTH = 0.0707 «.
CONTROL IS UPSTkEAP, DEPTH = 0.0257 fl.
STANCE CEPTH ENERGY F M

0. 0.0257 0.5286 19.0558
0.5772 0.0278 0. 3879 16.1981
0.9597 C.0309 0. 2978 15.0535
1.5555 C .C 3 39 0. 237o 12.50 72
1.923? 0.0370 0 1966
• 11.1211
2.5095 0.05C1 0. 1676 10.1053
2.3331 0.0531 0.1570 9.2958
3.3559 0.0562 0. 1320 8.6501
3.7935 0.0593 0. 1211 6.1359
5.2212 0.C523 0.1133 7.7295
5.6222 0.0555 0. 1076 7.5131
5.9333 C.C565 0. 1036 7.1731
5.3102 0 . Ot 1 0. 1009 6.9983
5.5722 0.C656 0. 0992 6.8620
5.7533 0 • 0t>7 7 0. 0983 6.8158
5.8237 0.0707 0. 0980 6.7950
A10. 3
C
PIPE LENGTH * 50.0000 rt. PIPE WIOTH OR DIAMETER - 0* 15oO «.

MANNING COEFF. * 0.0120 PIPE SLOPE » 0.0033
FLOWRATE - O.OOfcG N**3/$. CONTROL jE PTH - 0.0707 M.
NORMAL DEPTm » 0.086b M. CRITICAL DEPTH - 0.0707 H.
CONTROL IS DOWNSTREAM* JEPTrt * 0.0707 M.
DISTANCE DEPTH ENERGY F*M

0. 0.0707 0. 0980 6.7950
0.0105 0.0718 0.0981 6.7979
0.0529 0.0728 0.0982 6.8097
0.1015 0.0739 0. 0983 6.8169
0. 190b 0.0750 0.0985 6.8326
0.3169 0 • C 7 1 0. G9n7 6. 8521
0.5330 0.0771 0.0990 6.8768
0.7156 C o C7 c 1 0. 09Q3 6.9056
1.0120 0.0792 0.0997 6.9383
1® A 0 2 3 0.0603 0. 1001 6 . 97A9
1.9202 0.0813 0. 1006 7.0151
2.6237 0 . Cfc 2 A 0• 1009 7.0591

3.622 7 C.Cb3 4 0. 1015 7.1066
5.1556 C.Ct 65 0. 1019 7. 15 76
6. 0673 0.0856 0. 1025 7.2119
0.0000 0.0666 0. 1030 7.2696
JUMP POSITION $.8557 FROM PIPE ENTRY.

M
CONJUGATE DEPTHS 0®0573 UPSTREAM AND 0.0bb5rt DOWNSTREAM.
M
KINETIC ENERGY VALUE 0. 1051M UPSTREAM and 0.1029 n DOWNSTREAM.
HYDRO ST A TIC* MCMt NTUH 7.2612 N.
DEPTH Ci AN Gt AT JUMP = 0®2911bE“01 M.

ENERGY LOSS AT JUMP * -©.21271E-02 M.
A10. 4
APPENDIX 11
PROGRAM HYDJUMP
All . 1
2
PROGRAM HYDJUMP
A full print out of HYDJUMP is included in this appendix. The program was
written in Fortran for use on the NBS CBT Perkin Elmer 732 computer. No special
facilities are required, single precision sufficient.
The program contains numerous comment blocks describing the calculation tech-
nique, however a simple flow diagram is included in this appendix.
Input data to the program is simple, the program being designed to carry out
numerous repeat passes to generate the tabular data included in earlier
appendices. In order to facilitate use, a set of example data is included in
this appendix for a number of options.
It should be noted that all calculations are carried out in SI units. All
input data are in SI units with the exception of flow rate; this is entered in
litres/s and converted within the program to m-^/s.
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1 ) ) ,
IOAI..1
o
O
O PROGRAM HYCJOMP PtFERS TO A Pf- LG PA*4 OcSIGNEO TU
O CALCULATE THE HYDftA-JLiC JUMP POSITION AFTER A CHANGE IN
O SLOPE IN EITHER A R-CTANGUL/K GR CIRCULAR CROSS
O SECTION PIPE.
DIMENSION >(2,100)»F(2,100),PP(2,2),M(G)
DIMENSION CP(2,2),ER(2, 100) ,Dt P 2 , 100 ) , I P ( 2 ,rtJ 2 ) , E J( 2 ( ) ( I
01 ME NS I ON 07 ( 3 GC ) , S 1 ( i 00 ) ,PN 1 ( 3CC ) , S2 ( 300) ,HC2( 300)

0 1 ME NS ION HN213C0), T EN 1 ( 3uC ) ,£EN(300 ) , HE N ( 300) , HUP ( 30 J )
DIMENSION PCM 300 ) , E J° (30u),ELN(3G0),wFPM( 300)

01 ME NS ION FFM300) ,3 JH( 300) ,Cl J (3L0 ) ,X JUMP ( 330)
INTEGER SmAFE
comm ON /Cm:/ P ,C,G,C3N,S 3,GAM,FhG,HCR IT,HNOkM, AkE A .Pc R ,FPm,ENERO
C0MM0N/CM2/SHAPE
COMMON/Ch 3/ I Z
READIA ,702 ) IJCUT
RE AD ( A ,702 ) SKA PE
C IGuT ISA OUTPUT P 3 R 1 A T CuMP.LL C0D£,=1 OnLY uUTPUT
: ISSliÂrY 7 A L c = J OUTPUT INCLUDES RATck SU^FAUE
A I »
C PROFILES.
702 FORMAT 13) (
902 READ (A , 120)NN,NS,1C3 I

RE A D C A 2 1 E K PC R.1
"N
, 1 ) , , 1 » )
121 roRM A T ( A F 1C • <• )
.1=9.81
\0
c
C
n
v*
v#
c
w
r
c
IC*0
I COUNT = 0
IZ = 0
300 CONTINUE
IF ( I Z. EQ. 3) GUT C 9013
9011 CONTINUE
I F I7.CT.1) IMIZ)«I S
(
IZ = IZ> 1
IF( IZ.EO. 1) Wfi ITE(3, 50A

50 A FORMAT ( 1H1, /////)
I IZ.EQ.l.*N0.SHA D E.£3.i H F I TE ( 3 ,5 05
Ft )
505 FORMAT (//////////, 2 OX*'PKEf ICTICN OF Tut HYDRAULIC',

l/,20X,'JUMF POSITION IN A RECTANGULAR , / 2 G X , '
2 'CROSS SECTION PIPE AT MILD SLCFF.' ,///////)

IF (SHAPE. EC .2. A NO. Z.SO.DViFITE (2,500) I
5 00 F JR MAT ( 20 X, • F s EC I OT I'M OF THE HYCk AUL i C * ,/ » 20 a

l JUMP POSITION IN A
* Cl .RCULAR ,2CX ,
*
2 ' CROSS SECTION PIP AT 1 '
M I Li. SLOPE.',/////)
I F ( IZ.GT.3 ) 17=1
IF(IZ.EG.i) 1C= I C
reao(a,iog)pl,so,c,h';jnt,enz
j
w
C IF ICON-2 THF ANALYSIS IS PAStD ON THE ASSUMPTION OF
C TERMINAL FlTW CONDITIONS AT THE DISCHARGE FROM THE
C APPROACH PIPE.
C ICON = 2 ALSO INTRODUCES THE CONSTRAINT THAT TrtE
C TEST PIPE IS LONG ENOUGH FOF NOFMAL FlOH DEPTH
C TO BE ESTABLISHED DOWNSTREAM OF THE JJMP . NORMAL
c oepth then ffcomes the downstream conjugate depth
C WHICH allows calculation of the •f + m* term without
c calculating the water surface profile downstream uf the
C JUMP.
C IF I CON = 1 THE FLOW ANALYSIS IS PASEO UN AN INPUT ENERGY AT
C ENTRY TO THE MILD SLOPE PIPE, TEFM ENZ . SIMILARLY THE lOSS
C COEFFICIENT AT PIPE ENTRY MAY b F lX.PRESSEu AS A FaCIOkiDENi
C VALUE 0 TO I.O, TO OE MULTIPLIED BY THE ENZ TERM.
C AS the entry flow depth is tc bf calculate 0 FROM ENZCjEN
c and nut based cn flow critical depth, the control term
C HCONT IS SET TO 1.0. THE uT HER PARAMETERS REFEh TO PIPE Fl'JW
C RATE AND DIMENSIONS.
100 FURrtAT (5F1G.4)
IF { PL.EO.O.C JCOTG 0 JI
C PL”PIPt LENGTH, t — W > T H , RM-MANMING C'JEFF, SQ-SLOPE, I
C J-FLCW RATE IN L/S TO 3 E USE T IN M**3/S, HC ONT-CONT A OL DEPTH

C Sc T ID ZE*l If CRITICAL DEPTH ASSUMED.
0*Q/1000.0
•i '1 0= 1 0 OO . (
IF(IZ.EG.l) F = Rnu r,
I F IZ.GT.i! Fm«FM1
(
C0N=Rm$*2/SC
GAM-G A RHO
W
r
w
c
JTC ICi -QS1GCC.0
IFUZ.E0.DS1! IC J-S3
IFUZ.EQ.2IS2C I C J =S 0
C PROGRAM CONTROL DATA.
'
120 FORMAT 3 I 6 C )
C NN-SIZE OF THE CH STEP IN SIMPSCNS RULE,NS~NO.

C STEPS IN DFPTh CAl‘C.,ICON DFTtPMNES WHETmER EnERoY
C INPUT OP UPSTPE/M SLOP? IS USLC, L F N IS THE ENERGY
C LOSS FACTOF PDF ThE PIPE ENTRY, IN EIT.iER cnTRY CASE.
C ENZ — IN PUT ENERGY TO REPLACE SLOPE If ICON = I.
IF CIC0N.EC.1I GOTO 650
GOTO 651
650 £NZ=DEN«ENZ
CALL BOUND ENZ , 0 , B , H 3 I I
I Z=2
HCONT=HB
GOTO 18
651 CONTINUE
IF (HCONT.EC. 1.0 I GOTO 17
GOTO 18
17 ENGD-=D£N$cNGD
CALL aOUNO(FNGD,U,B,HB )
HCONT-HB
18 CONTINUE
C.
All. 10
c
c
c
c
"
C
cc
C OETERMlNATl CN OF CRITICAL ANC NCTHAL DEPTHS.
C THIS SECTION CALCULATES THE NO R HAL AND CRITICAL OE PTH IN
C EACH PI 9 £ LFMGTh FOR LATER CCnPAH.SDN TO THE CONTROL jEPTh
C INPUT.
C CALCULATION Cr CRITICAL DEPTH.
UP =P
i)N = 0.0
HC=UP/2.0
7 CONTINUE
CALL CALC(HCtLL)
IF1HCR I7)3,4,i>
3 J.i = HC
GOTO t»
> :jp=hC
b .iCN={JP*jnJ/Z«C
IF (A3$ (HCN-HC I/HC) .LE .0.001) OCTl
( 4
= 'J
C s
vi JTu 7
3 HC’HCn
A IF(HCONT.EC.C.O)HC )NT = HC
C CALCULATION cf normal depth.
UP = 3
UN =0.0
HN=UP/ 2.0
9 CONTINUE
CALL CALC(HN,LL)
c
c
c
c
c
f+ s
w
c
c
c
IF(HNORM) 10,11*12
10 ON=HN
GOTO 13
12 UP =H N
13 HNN=(UP*DN) / 2.0
IF (A3S ( (HNN-HN )/HN) .LE .O.UCl) CCTo 14
1N = HNN
GOTO 9
14 HNN
-4N =
11 CONTINUE
IF ( IOJT .EC. 1) GCTo il )
WRITE! 3 , 20G PL , f , K M
) ; i>)iMCIFT
All. 11
.
200 FORMAT ( ////2CX , *P IP6 LENGTH - a «FlG.4« a H.*t5Xt

l
a
P I PE WIDTH CR DIAMETER * , ,F1G.9,» M. * , / , 2 OX , • MANN I NG COE F F«
2F1Q.9,5X,*MFE SLU»S * « if 1 0 . A , / , 2 LX , • b LG W* A T t =*
3F10.9,* M*«3/S • N3X. 'CONTROL DEPTH **,F10.9f* H.*,//)
WRITEC 3,201 >FN,HC
201 FORMAT C20a,*NGPMAL DEPTH **,F10.9,* M . • , 9X , • CR I T I C AL DEPTH *•»
IF 10 • 9 * * M .*,//)
C FORMATION CF A HYDRA JL IC JUMP RFCUIRES THAT DEPTH
C CHANGES FROM btlGw CRITICAL TO ABOVE CRITICAL* HENCE
C IF NORMAL CFPTH IS LESS Than CRITICAL NO JUMPFGRMS.
IF ( I Z .GT. l.AND .HN.LE.MC WRI TE 3t?L9) ) (
209 FORMAT / * 2 C X * JUMP FORMATION IMPOSSIS-E AS HNCHC.*,/)

C
9
310 CONTINUE
C
r
W
r
w
c
c
c
c
**>
' •
IF( 1Z.EQ.1IHNK IC)=HN

IF I Z» GT. 1 )HN2 ( ICJ *HN
C
IF< IZ.GT.1)HC2( IC)=HC

IF(IZ.GT.1.AND.HN.LE.mC)GQTC eoc
C FULL BORE FLOW IS NOT DEALT WITH cY THIS PROGRAM.
C If THE VALLE CF HN > PIPE DIAMETER SOLUTION IS
C TERMINATED.
IFUZ. hO. j. A Nu . ICC 9.E J . 2 > CCTL 9 Ac
GOTO 997
C IF THE TEST PIPE IS LONG THEN A CLNSIJEPAdLE S IM P L I F IC AT I D N IS
C POSSIBLF AS THE FLCH DEPTH MAY PE ASSUMEO TO BE •NORMAL*
C DEPTH ANO THE ( F M) VALUE AT ThE JUMP IS FIXED.
996 CALL CALCCHN»DLI
FX-F PM
EX2 =EMc R G
HX 2 = HN
HL IM*B$0.99
IF CHN.GE.hLlMl HN2(IC>=3
I F C HN. GE .HL ! MJ GOTO 300
DO 999 J 6= 1 , IS-1
C IF THE F M TERM AT ENTRY IS LESS THAN THE F+M VALUE
C FOR THE NCFMAL FLOW DEPTH THIS INDICATES THAT THE
C JUMP HAS NCVED TO L»9 AS A CkLKNED JjrtP
FEN IC =F 1 , 1)
( )
(
IFtFX.GT.Fflii) i GOTO 330

IFCF(1 »J6).CF.FX.AND.F (l*J6+l)«LF *FX) GOTO 99d
999 CONTINUE
C
c
c
c
c
All. 12
X
1 ) • F
HXi*DE P(l,JM*R«<UE (l,J6*l)-0EP(l,Jb)) t>
EXl»EN(l,Jb)+R«(EN(l,J6*l)-fN(l,J6))
CHE-EX2-EX1
IF(IGUT.EQ.l) GOTO 311
WRITE! 3*952)
952 FORMAT ( /20> , ’TEST PIPE ASSUMED LONG* NORMAL FLOW OfcPTH *,
l *E STAB L I SHE C DOWNSTREAM OF TFE JUMP.*,/)
WRITE (3,107)XX,HXl,rt<> *E X 1 , F X2 * FX ,CHH, CHE
GOTO bOO
311 CONTINUE
HUP ( IC =HX )
HON C IC )*HN
£ UP (IC )=f xl
£ON( IC ) *£ X2
OJH(IC)-CHH
0€ J( IC )=CHE
CFPM ( I C ) = FX
X JUrtP( I C ) = X X
GOT 0 -iOO
3 33 IF ( I OUT. EG. C)
WRITE ( 3, 3 32 )
332 FORMAT </2CX, 'JUMP DROWNED AT L*C’,/)
Ft S ( IC )=F (1 ,1)
CF PM ( l C ) =F
GOTO BOO
C
C
C
f*
w
C
c
r
C
957 CONTINUE
C THE APPROACH PIPE LENGTH MAY bE IGNORED IF TERMINAL
C CONDITIONS AFE ASSUMED. TriIS SECTION jSES THIS OPTION
C 3 Y CHECKING ON THE ® P E NUMBER ,12* AND THE VALUE 0
I
C ICON WHICH IS SET TO 2

IF( IZ.EC. l.ANC. ICUN.E9.2) GCTu 95 3
GOTO 955
953 H=HN
CALL CALC(H*DL
ENGO=E NERG
I F IOUT.EQ. 1 )GCTO 312
C
WRITE! 3,95* )H, ENGD

955 FORMAT ( /20X* 'TERMINAL VELOCITY CCNDITlUNS IN APPROACH PIPE.',
1/20X, •DEPTH * • ,f ID • 5 * ' N . ' , 5X , F NE P G Y =
' *F LO • 5,
'
GOTO dOO
312 CO NT I SUE
TEN1 ( I C =E NGC )
GOTO 300
955 CONTINUE
Hl IM=0.99$B
IF ( IOUT.FO. 1) GOTO 313
IF (IZ.GT.l. AND. HN. G G.HL !*> WF ITf (3,790)
313 IF (HN. GE .ML IH) HN2(IC)=A
IF ( IZ.GT . 1. AND .HN.GG.ML I.M )GCTL PCG
All. 13
m
0 0 1 ) T
. . )
L
c
c
c
c
C THIS SECTION PREPARES FOP THE PROFILE CALCULATIONS
C ON PIPE SLOPE ANO THE NORMAL AnD
iY SORTING FLCWS BA Sc J
C CRITICAL DEPTH VALUES.
IF (HN.LT.nC GOTO 50 )
C MILO SLOPE.
IFIHCiJNT.LT.HC GOTO 45 I
C SUBCRITICAL FLOW, MCQNT GT. HC

S I GN*- 1 .
DH* (HCONT-HH )=»G.99-5/FL0AT NN) t
IF(IOUT.tO.C) 'WRITE! 5,202) HCCN

202 FORMAT !20X, 'CCNTRGl IS DOWNSTREAM, DEPTH *',F10.4,' M. • I
GOTO 60
C SUPERCRITICAL FLCw, ^CONT LT. HC
45 SIGN =1.0
JH=(HC-HCuNT / F LCAT (NT ) )
IF ( I OUT . t 0 • f WRITE! 3, 203 CENT ) ) I
203 FORMAT (20X, 'CONTROL IS UPSTREAM, L r P T H * # ,FI0.4,' M . '
GOTO 60
C STEEP SLOP E , H N LT HC.
5 C IF (HCOnT.LE .HC GOT 3 55 )
•: sjjCri tical new, hcqnt gt hc.

S I G N=- 1 . C
OH*!HC uNT-FC )/FLCAT(NN )
IF( IOuT.Eu.O) WRITE 3,202)HCCNT (
GOTO go
c
c
c
r
v*
r
c
c
9
c
c
c
c
C SUPERCRITICAL FLOW, HCCNT LT C. r-
35 SIGN=I.C
N2*NN*2
0H=(HN-HC0NT)«0.995/Fl0AT(N2
IF { IOUT.EQ.C) WRITE! 3, 2Q3JH.CGM
60 SL- 0 .
I S* 1
H*HCON T
CALL CALC! H.,LL I
t*E NE R G
fm=fp
IF C IZ.GT. 1 )F (I Z— I , I S * F )
IF(IZ.EQ.2)>( 1,15)0.0
IF ( IZ. CO. 3 )X U , IS )*!>L
IF( IZ.GT. I)DEP ( IZ-L , IS ) *H
IF ( IZ.GT, 1 JEN! IZ-I, 131 *S
All. 14
) 1
IF IOJT.eO.l) CCTO
€ il<t
W*ITE(3,2G4)
204 F Q R fi A T ( //// 1 19 X * ' DISTANCE CEPTI1 'i' ENERGY #
t* FM'I
rf*lTE( 3,205)SL,h,E #Fi
20^ FoRHAK ldX,4F 10.4)
314 IFC IZ.E0.2IHENC ICi»H
1FC IZ.EQ.2 >EEN< IL)*S
oooooooooooooo
1A TER SUFFICE ERlflLl CALCULATION 031*0 S I P 3 ur; S

TO EVALUATE TFt INTEGRAL.
33 00 1 = 1, I S ,2
SLO=SL
IS*IS*1
ri2-HCCNT»S ICN*DH*FL3AT ( I 1
-» 3 »HC j NT* 5 1 COFLC AT (I J *3n
CALL CALC(F,LL)
CALL CALC(h2,LL21
CALL CALC(H3,LL3)
OX»DHS <DL*Cl 2*4.0*0L3) / 3.G
SL*SL*CY
IF (SL. GF.PL )GCT 0 b2
i1=H2
CALL C‘ALC(F,DL)
5 =E NERG
F M = FPrt
904 CONTINUE
IF ( IZ. t 0. 1 . ANL .H.LE . M >G07C 911
GOTO 912
911 Si_ * PL
:t=HN
CALL CALC(H,DL
E=E NEk G
F M= FPH
912 CONTINUE
IF IZ.EQ. 3. AND.h.GE .3) GOTO fill
<
HHX=AdS (H-FS) /HM (
IF ( IZ. EC. 3, ANX-HHX.L5. 0.001 JSL=PL

dll CONTINUE
c
r
w
c
c
c
c
c
n *
w
All. 15
A D )
IFCIZ.GT.1)FCIZ-1,ISHFM
IFUZ.EQ.2)Xi,IS)*SL
IFC IZ.E0.3)>(2* ISHPL-SL

IFC I Z. GT • l ) TE P C I Z — 1 « IS ) *H
IPi I Z • CT • 1 ) E M C IZ-1» IS) *E
IFCIZ.fQ.2./NC.h.GT.HC) GOTO fcOC
IFC IZ.EQ.J.ANU.H.GE.-H GOTO BOB
IF (IOUT.EQ. 1) GGTU 315
WRITE(3,2C5)SL*H,EtFi
315 CONTINUE
iFdz.Eo.i. anc.sl.ge.pl gotl eoi )
IFC IZ.EO.I.ANB.SL.LE.SlO) gctl t Cl

IF CIZ. EQ. 3. /ND.SL.G?. PL) GOTO 90C
SO CONTINUE
SOI ENCODE
IFCIZ.fQ.3) Co T C 90 0
GOTO 800
32 Hs rt2 —S IGN^.G^LH^CSL-PL )/0X
CALL CALC(h,LL)
£ 3EN£RG
F rt s F Pn
E nG0=E
Su s PL
GOTO 9C
30b CONTINUE
C
r
CC
C
C THIS SECTION CEALS WITH THE POSSIBILITY OF FULL SORE FLOW
C St CONING ESTABLISHES IN THE PIPE GOWNS TRE Art. OF Tr.t JUMP
C LOCATION. THE POSITION OF THE HYCMUlIC JUMP IS
C DETERMINED PY EGUIvalSnCE CE THE TEPrt BETWEEN THE
C FULL 8 CRE FLOW AND HE UPSTPfAH SUPERCRITICAL FLU*.
IFC SHAPE. EC. 1 AREA-3**2 J
IFCSHAPE.EC.2I AREA = C 3. 142*E**2 )M. 0

IF ( IOUT.EQ. 1) GOTO 3la
WRITE! 3,790 I
790 FORMAT J/,2CX, ’FULL 3 JR £ FLOW E ST Ac L I Srt E 0 . / *
316 CONTINUE
ENC2 * I S )*3*(C$ *21/ p.OSGÂP.E A**2.)(
FC2, IS )=RHO*C*C/ARE A^-GArtPARE A«e/2.0

IF (IOUT.EQ. 1) GGTG 317
WRITEC 3,2C5 )SL,B,EN(2, IS ,F(2,IS) )
317 CONTINUE
XL “PL— SL
i S* I S L
DEP (2, IS HE
X( 2 « I S HC.G
SL-PL
£N ( 2 * I S *E N i2 $ S— I
)
I
F(2f IS )»RhC* QPO/AREA^G AM* AP.tAM E/2.0)

IFC IOUT.EQ. 1) GOTO 3171
WRI TEC 3,205 )SL9B,EN(2t IS) ,F(2,IS)
3171 CONTINUE
GOTO 900
900 CONTINUE
C
All. 16
( ) )
o
o
o
o IDENTIFICATION CF JUMP POSITION eY EQUIVALENCE
o •JFTHE TERN. F m
IFIFCI • I) .LT.F 2 * ( IS • \NO . 1 OUT .E O.O) WRITE
) i • ( I
385 FORMAT </20X, 'JUMP JRQHNED AT L *0 ATTEST PIPE fcNTkY*,/)

IF(F (1*1). LT.F (2, IS GOTO 8C0
> )
XP*0.0
0ELX*PL/50C.0
103 XP *XP + DELX
00 102 1*1*100
J*2
IF <X{ J , I 1 >.LE .XP.ANJ. X( J, I ) .Cfc .XP I GOTO 108
IF(X< J* 1*1 ).EC. 0.0) GOTO 103
102 CONTINUE
105 CALL INTER (X( J , I 1 ) .<=( J* l + l ) ,X ( J, I ) ,F < J, I ) *XP,FX)
J*1
00 105 K* 1,1 00
1FIX.GT.Im 2)i GOT J 103
IF(X( J ,K .Lf .X P.AnO. <( J*<*
) 1 ) .cT.XPl GOTO 109
GOTO 105
109 CONTINUE
IF(F(J,K).CE.F X.ANO .F J , l <. 1 ) . L t . F >. ) GC T ; 110
105 CONTINUE
c
u
c
cc
110 CONTINUE
FP(1,1) =F( 1 * K
FP (1*2 )=F ( 1 ,K>1
OP (1*1)=X(1*K)
OP (1*2 )*X( 1 *K*1 )
FP(2*1)=F(2*I-*1)
FP(2,2)=F(2*I)
0P(2*l)=X(2*l*l)
0P(2,2)=X(2*I>
I P ( 1 ) =K
I P C 2 ) = I
CALL SOLVE'. 0P(1,1)»F?( 1*1)*DP(1*2),FP(1,2),0P(2,1),FP(2,1) *

10P(2*2i *FP(2,2) ,XJ,f= J)
C CALCULATION CF DEPTH AND ENEPCY CHANGES AT THE JUMP.
DO 59 K = 1 *2
CALL INTER(X(K*IPCX)),0EP(K,IP(K)),X(<*IPIK)»1),
IDEPtK, I P 1 ,XJ*HJ(<) l K. ) } )
CALL lNTEk(X(/,IP(<n,EN(K*IP(K)),^(!<*IP(<<)«-I),
1EN(K,IPCK)*1),XJ,EJ(XI)
59 CONTINUE
C
C
C
C
All. 17
J J1 , ) ,
CHH-HJ 2 — H J(1 4 J
CHE»EJ(2)-E J< 1)
IF ( [GUT .E(J. 1 } GOTO 3U
HRITE<3,L07)XJ,HJ1L),HJ<2),EJ( 1),£J(2) « FX,CHH,CHE
107 FORMAT (////, 20X,*JJ1P POSITILN ••Fl0.-»»
i* M FROM P IPf ENTRY. , 9
1/ » 20 X, ’CONJUGATE DEPTHS - *,F3.4, 9 M UPSTREAM ANJ •,

A
IF 6 • * M DOWNSTREAM. ,/, 20X,
* 9
I*KINETIC ENERGY VAL'Ji = ,F8.A, M UPSTREAM AMD *,F9.<», # 9
i® M DQWNSTRF AM . ,/ 20X 9
,
l ®HYDRUSTA T C MOMENTUM » N. 9 ,/, 9 9

,F9.<,, I
1/ , 2 OX, 9
PE Th CHANGE AT JUMP
P = ,
,E1*.5, 9 *.*,
2/,20X, * ENCRCY LOSS \T JUMP * 9
,E 1*.5» 9
M. 9
I
313 CONTINUE
HUP IC =HJ C
I
( 1 )
HON IC -H J I I
( 21
EUP IIC =E ) J I 1 »
’
EONCIC )=E J f 2 i
UJti( IC =ChM i
0£ J< IC )=Cr!fc
CFPiltI C i =FX
X JUrtPC IC )=X
IZ = 0
GOTO 400
oooooooooooo
9010 CONTINUE
IF 4 IOUT.EU. 0) GOTO 320
C THIS OUTPUT SECTION IS ONLY USED IF I UUT=1 , T A3 UL AR
C OUTPUT ONLY
IF ICON. EU. 2. A ND.ICOUNT.EQ.O
( WP!TEC3,325i J
325 FORMAT! *1 PPCGRAM RESULTS BASED CN TERMINAL CONDITIONS , 9
1* IN THE APPROACH PIPE AND NCkM/L FLOW DEPTH JU HNS T R E AM 9

,
2® OF THE JUMP IN THE TEST PIPE.*,//)

IFC ICON.EQ. 2.AND.ICOUNT.EG.O) WRITE (3,321)
I * I C
IF C 0 . AND . IC0N.EG.2)HPITE(3,
ICOUNT. EC. 2 32 5>
IF C0UNT.EC.2OJWR TE( 3,321
( I I
IF(IC0UNT.EC.2G) I COUNT =0
ICOUNT= I C 0 U N T
IF CHN2 ( I .LT.HC21 I SOTO 370
) ) )
IF (HN2 (I ) GOTO 371

.E C.u )
IF (FEN t(I),EF. N(I)|FEN( I), HUP (I ) , HD.MI I ) , 0 JHI I),EUP(I),SDN(I>,
2JEJU) , CFPM I) ,X JUW «M l ( )
GOTO 322
3 70 RRIT6C 3,330 )QT ( I ) ,3 ,P1,S1( I ),HN1 ( I ) ,T£N1( I ) ,S2 ( I ),HC2( I ) ,H32 (I)
All. 18
C ) I , ) ) )
GOTO 322
371 RRITE( 3.381 )CT»HN2U >
GOT 0 322
372 RRITE( 3,3d2 >CT( I >.B ,R1.S1( >.HNl( II . TcNl(X) *S2( I )*HC2(I ) . MN2 ( I
GOTO 322
322 CONTINUE
r
u
323 F0RMAT(/*X*F4.1'F5.2«F6.3»F7«'t'2F6.3tF7.4»3F6.3tF6.2t3F6.3«
1*F7. 3.2F6.3)
330 FORHAK /5X.FA. 1.F5. ’'Fb.3,F7«4'2FL. 3*.- 7.4.2Fb.3*15X«
i» JUMP IMPOSSIBLE AS HN<HC IN TEST PIPE.*)
381 F OR" A T /SX.F A. I,F 5. 2,F*. 3.F7.A .?Fb. 3.F 7. A, 2F 6.3, 15X.
(
1* FULL B0.«£ FLOP EST A 3 L I S HF D IN TEST PIPE.*)

382 r JRMAT (/5X.fA.ltft) # 2»r5.3tF7» <**2F6. J.^T.^.ZFb.i.I^X.
l* JUMP DRUPNED AT L = 0 AT TEST PIPE ENTRY.')
321 FORMAT ///SX, • < COM 1 0N DATA ', 'APPROACH PIPE DATA ',
125X.*TEST PIPE DATA AND PkCGRAM P SUL T S. ' » / / . E.
23X*' J. OlA. MANN. S'. j°E FN TE°“. SLOPE rC HN

3'ENTRY ENTRY ENTRY 'JPJ'JMP clpn depth fnergy energy en^gy »
<»* JUMP JUMP './.DX.'L/S M• CftFF iSlNi n. cNERGY',

3* (SIN) N. h. DEPTH ENtKGY f DEPTH ‘JtPTh CHANGE • N
b'UPJUMP DOWN CHANGE F . PuS. './,5X,
72d X * ' M. '
, 19X. ' M. M. N. ft. ft . M. * »
3 ' ft. M • *1 • N. M. • » /
320 CGNT I N UF
,010
101 CONTINUE
RE AD( < , 702 ) Sr-APE
IF ( SHAPE ,GT .0) GOTO 102
ENO
SUBROUTINE INTER (A» 3,:»0»X,Y)

C SUBROUTINE INTER SIMPLY INTERPOLATES LINEARLY bETWEEN
C TWO SETS OF DATA POINTS ANC IS USED TO CALCULATE
C JUMP DEPTH AND ENERGY CHANGES AS PELL AS PUSITlON.
Y *& ( X- A ) $ ( D-b )/(L-A)
RETURN
END
C
C
.
SUBROUTINE SOL VE(X1*YL , X2 • Y2 .X 3 . Y3 'H* YA . X 5 . YS
C SUBROUTINE SOLVE DETERMINES ThE INTERSECTION POINT OF

C TRu STRAIGHT LINES DRAWN i F TPfc E N FPM-X COORDINATES
C IDENTIFIED AS LYING ON EITHTR SICt OF ThE JUMP POSITION.
A- ( Yl- Y2 ) / ( > 1-X2
3 * Y l —X 1 *A
C * ( Y 3— Y *» ) / (X3-XA)
J = Y 3—X 2*
<5* ( D-B ) / ( A— C)
YSÂOXS^B
RETURN
END
c
C
c All. 19
0 C ) i )
c
c
SU3RQUTINE p CU Nli ( t , Q , 3 * H B
INTEGER SHAPE
CUHM0N/Cr2/SHAPE
C SUBROUTINE EOUNL CALCULATES ThE'ENTRY CONDITION TO THE
C HI LD SLOPE PIPE <IZ*>> BY REFERENCE Tu THE ENEkGY AT
C JISCHARGE FED* THfc STEEP SLOPE PIPE U2=l). OR SIptPLY
C FROM ThE ENERGY INÛT DATA IF THAT MQjfc IS CHOUSEn
C BY THE INPUT OF ICON 1 I IN TrE INITIAL READ STATEMENTS*
C PIPE CROSS SECTION IS CONTROL LLO tY THE VALUE OF
C TERM SHAPE* 1* RECTANGULAR OF 2*CIfC'JLAK, iN TnE INPUT.
G 3 9. 81
IF C SHAPE. GT.l) GOTO 2
Y1 s O oQ
BB=0/£ ti*< 2. 0*G*£ >**0.5)
Ort 3 H3/2O0.C
HX=HB/2.0
00 75 1*1, ICO
IF(I.GT.l) Y1*Y
HX=HX*DH
Y=(0$*2J/(2.G«G)*((3* i< )«=*2 )*(HX-E)
IF (I .EG. 1 K ETu 75
IFIYI.Gc.O.C./NL.Y.Lw.O.JI GOTO 7 6
lF(Yl.Lf .C.C.AM.Y.Cf .0.0 CCIb 7t
75 CONTINUE
76 H3 =HX
GOTO 1
2 CONTINUE
rj= Q . 0
EC 1~0.
OELH=d/200 •
P£*3.LA2
R*6/2.0 x
3 H = H«-D£LH
IF IH.LT.RJ THETA* 2. 0*A TAN SORT (HM3-HJ /(R-HJ)
( )
IFCH.EQ.R) THE TA = PI
IF CH.GT.R THE TA = PI «-2 . 0 * A TA N
J H-F )/ S Ok Tin* (3-H
( ( ( J )
AR£A=( P $ * 2 )/6.G)*(THcTA-SlN(Tf’FTA)
( >
EC2 3 H«-(0**2)/UAFcA**2><‘2.C*CJ
IF(EC2.LE.E.AND.EC1.1E.E» CGTC A
EC1-EC2
GOTO 3
4 rlB*H
l CONTINUE
RE TURN
END
C
C
c
c
c
c
c
C All. 20
r
U I : )
l 3
ooo
SUBROUTINE C AL C ( H *DL )
SUBROUTINE CALC IS 'JSc 0 THROUGHOUT THE PkUGRAfl TO

JETERMI NE THE FLOW-PIPE PARAMETERS SUCn AS FLuW
OEPTH, AREA, WETTED PERIMETER AS WELL AS BEING USED
is the bisection met.hjd calculation of nokhal and
CRITICAL DEPTHS IN EACH OF THE PIPE LENGTHS.
In THE CIRCULAR PIPE CROSS SECTION CASE IT ALSU
oooooooooo
CALCULATES SUBTENDED ANGLE AND THE .WATER SURFACE

WIDTH AS uEFTh CHANGES.
AS IN 80UNC AND MAIN PROGRAM THE PIPE SHAPE IS DETERMINED
BY THE VALOF OF ThE TERM SHAPE INPUT AS DATA.
INTEGER SHAPE
COMMON/CMl/P,Q,G,COS, S 0 , G AM , RhC , HCR I T , HNOR M , 4k A , P E R ,FPM,ENERG fc
COMMON/CM 2/ SHAPE
COMMON/CM3/ I Z
IFISHAPE.GT.DGOTO I
lF<IZ.£0.3.AND.h.CE.B)H=3
AR£A=H«3
P£R=B*2.0*h
NCR T= I I. 0- (C**2 )«B/ <0* ARE A**3)
HNURM= 1. 0-(C*$2 *CJ W/((ARÂ*«j.32j)/<p£K#«i.3ij))
J
DL = HCR IT/ ( HR Of* P*SC)

F ° -> = ( GAy* * F E / vF / 2 . 0 ) ( R^ 1 vc * i / t
t / )
fNESG=H> «**2 I ) / ( ( A*E A* *2 ) *>2 .c*G)

GOTO 2
p I - 3 . i s Z
IF (IZ.^«f.j./Ni> .H.Gz.3) G J cC i i
IF IH.LT .R ) THE TA^2. 3*4 T AN (SORT ( H* |B-H J I / ( c/ 2. j-H) )
IF(H.Ew.R) THE TA = P
IF(H.CT.»J THE.TA-PI «?. 0*ATAM C f - F / ? .0) / f SuwTCn* B- - < > )) )
G J TO 2 2
20 1 =3
THE TA= 2. 0«P I
AREA = P I*<S/2.G)**2
PER=PI*8
X0*8/2.0
GOTO 21
22 CONTINUE
AREA=((B**2)/e.0)*{ THE T A-S I N ( T h E T A)
PER=8*THETA/2.0
T*2.0M <H*( E-H > )**•> .5)
HCR I T*1.0-(C**2.0)*r/{C*4RE£**3}
HNCRM= i.0-(C**2.0)SC )S/( Af< F A« « 3 . 33 3 / < PER **1.33 J) ( ) )
DL = HCRIT/(HNf. KM*SO)
X0 *(2.G/3.G)«(b/2.0)‘>(3.0< SlN(THETA/2.0)— SlN(j.0^TH p TA/2.0))
5 :
1 / I*. 0* THE T A/2.0-0. 5 *S IN (THETA) ) )

(
21 H3AR=X0*H— t /2.
FPM=GAM* Akl /4HBAP.* kH 3* 0*0/ A PEA
ENERG*HMG*«2)/((A*EA4»2)*2.0»G)
2 CONTINUE
RETURN
End
i BEND
All. 21
APPENDIX 12
PROGRAM HYDSUM
PROGRAM HYDSUM
A full printout of program HYDSUM is included in this appendix. The program

was written in Fortran for use on the NBS CBT Perkin Elmer 732 computer. No
special facilities are required, single precision sufficient.
The program is designed to calculate the critical and normal flow depths based
on pipe slope, cross sectional size and shape, flow rate and Manning coeffi-
cient. No flow chart is included as the program is directly copied from the
early sections of HYDJUMP.
The output is in tabular form and presents critical and normal depths as
functions of pipe slope and flow rate for set values of Manning coefficients.
In addition (F & M) values based on normal flow depths are calculated and
tabulated as functions of pipe slope and flow rate.
Sample data are included in this appendix.
All calculations are carried out in SI units and all data are input in these
units with the exception of flow rate which is input in litres/s and converted
in the program to m-Vs.
A12.2
Sample DATA Program HYDSUM
Case 1 Tabulation of h n h c (F+M) for a range of

, ,
8 flow rates for circular
and rectangular channels.
Line 1 SHAPE 1 = rectangular

2 = circular
Format 13
VV2
Line 2 T (diameter or width), RM(Manning coefficient), QMIN(lowest flow

rate), DQ(flow increment) NI(N° of test pipe slopes), N2(N° of
approach pipe slopes).
Format 4F10.4, 213

VVVVO. 1500 VVV VO. 0150V VVVl .OOOOVVVVl .0000 VV2VV3
Line 3 SI test pipe slope, Format F10.4.

VVVVO. 0025
Line 4 SI test pipe slope, Format F10.4

VVVVO. 0050
Line 5 S2 approach pipe slope, Format F10.4

VVVVO. 5000

VVVVO. 7070

VVVVO. 8660
Line 8 SHAPE Format 13

VV1
Line 9 B, RM, QMIN ,

DQ, N1 ,
N2
Repeat Line 2
Line 10 SHAPE
WO - indicates end of file.
A12.3
1 1 08 ) 0
S8AT:-»
o HYDSUM CALCULATES VALUES OF HC A NO HN TO DETERMINE
o WHETHER JUMP FOHATIQN IS POSSIBLE, ALSO VALUES OF
o F*M ARE CALCULATED TO INDICATE WHETHER THE JUMP IS
o DROWNED ET PIPE ENTRY.
01 HENS ION OT< 10) ,SLO PE C 100) ,HNP ( 1-C0,10 ) , HC P ( LO ) , F 4 l 00 , l 0 )
INTEGER SHAPE
CONHON/CHI/e ,Q ,G,CON ,S 0 , GAN ,PHO , HCR I T, HNOk rl, ARE A ,PE R ,FP N, E NERG
CO MH ON /CM 2/ SHAPE
R£AD44,7Q2i$HAPE
702 FORMAT C 13)
R£AD44,600)B,RM,0MIN,DQ,N1,N2
600 FORMAT 44FIQ.4,213)
a? i n-QHiN
00 601 K *2 ,
QT4K)®QT 4 K— 1 ) DQ
601 CONTINUE
1 *0
00 602 J»1,N1
1 38 1 1
RE AD C 4 , 603 ) S 1
603 FORMAT 4 F10.4
SLOPE f I )»S
602 CONTINUE
00 604 J*i,N2
1 * 1*1
RE AD4 4,603 I S2
SL OPE I I S “S2
604 CONTINUE
N3-N1*N2
N4-NL
622 CONTINUE
00 605 1*1, N3
00 606 K* l ,
0»QT(K /1000.0 )
G*9 • 8
Rrt0®1000.0
GAM*G$RHO
SO-SLOPECI)
CQN»<RH**2 /SO )
C DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL AND NORMAL DEPTHS.

C CALCULATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH.
UP“8
0N*0 ®0
HC “UP/ 2.0
? CONTINUE
CALL CALC4HC,DLS
If CHCRIT J3,4,5
3 ON^HC
GOTO 6
5 UP “HC
6 HCN* CUP*DN ) /2.
IF CABS (CHCN-HC )/HC) .LE .0.001 ) GOTO 8
HC * HCN
GOTO 7
9 HC ®HCN
4 If HCONT.EO.O.O)HCONT»HC
f
C CALCULATION OF NORMAL DEPTH.

UP B
ON® 0.0
HN«UP/2«0
? CONTINUE
A12.4
) 3
8
IFtHNORM) 10,11,12
10 DN-HN
GOTO 13
12 UP-HN
13 HNN»tUP«-DN ) /2. 0
IF tABS (HNN-HN 1/HNl .L£ .0.001
( I GOT.Q 14
"
HN-HNN
GOTO 9
14 HN-HNN
11 CONTINUE
IFtHN.GE.B) HN-B
CALL CALC(HN,OL)
HNP ( I , K) -HN
rtCPCK)»HC
FtI,K)-FPM
606 CONTINUE
605 CONTINUE
IFtSHAPE.EQ.il WRITE(3,607)B,RM
IFCSHAPE.E0.2) WRITE(3,60B)P,RM
607 FORMAT 1H1 , IX,//, 5* , 'TABULATED NORMAL FLOW DEPTHS',
t
1' FOR A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL CF WIDTH *»F10.4,' M. ',

2 ' AND MANNING COEFF. » F 1 0. 4 » /
' )
60S FORMAT 1H1 , IX,///// /,

( TABULATED NORMAL FLOW DEPTHS FOR
'
i'CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION CHANNEL Of DIAMETER ',F10.4,

2* M. ANO MANNING COEFF. ',F10.4,/I
WRITE(3,609J(CTCK),K»1,8)
609 FORMAT t//*5X, 'FLOW RATE - ',eF10.4,' L/S.',5X,
i'PIPE DIA. OR' ,/,107X, 'WIDTH «. ' )
WRITEt 3,619)
619 F0RMATI/50X, 'NORMAL DEPTH M.'l
WRITEt 3,610 ) SLOPE (1 ,t HNPt 1,K) , K-l, 3) ,
)
610 FORMATt 5X,'PIPE S LO P E • , 2 X , / , 7X , • t S I N) • / , 5X .
1F10.4«2X«9F10.4,IOX,F10.4)
DO 611 I -2 c N 1
WRITEt 3, 6 12) SLOPE t I ), t HNPt I ,K), K-l, 81,
612 FORMAT t5X,F10.4,2X, 3F 10.4, 10X, F 1C. 4 I
611 CONTINUE
I »N4
WRITEt 3,613 S
613 FORMATt//, 56X, •****• ,//)

N5-N4«-l
00 614 I -N5 ,N3
WRITEt 3, 61 2) SLOPE!I ),!HNPtI,K) ,K«i,d),8
614 CONTINUE
WRITEt 3,615 IthCPtKl ,<*1,81
615 FORMAT!//, 5X, 'CRITICAL', 4X,eF10. 4, /,5X, 'DEPTH M.',/>
IFtSHAPE.EQ.DWRITEt 3, 616)6, RM
IF t SHAPE. EC. 2 WRITEt3,617)B,RM
I
616 FORMAT 1H1,1X,//////5X» 'TABULATED VALJES QF F«-n AT NORMAL

f
'
I'DEPTHS IN A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL CF WIDTH ',F10.4,

2* M. AND MANNING COEFF. ',F10.4,/I
617 F0RMAT11H1, IX, //////5X, 'TABULATED VALUES OF H AT NORMAL '
I'DEPTHS IN A CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION CHANNEL DIAMETER ',

2F10.4,' M. ANC MANNING COEFF. ',F10.4,/|
WRITEC3,609)!CTtK)»<-L,8)
WRITEt 3,62 0)
620 FORMAT t/43X , 'F M
VALUE AT NORMAL DEPT.i, N. • )
WRITE 3,610 SLOPE! 1) * C Ft 1,K ) ,n*l,6) ,8

t )
DO 618 1-2, N3
IFt I.LE.N4)WRITE t3,4L2)SL0PE!I ) , tFt I , < ),K«1,3) ,8
IF t I .GT.N4 ) WRITE t 3, 512 SLOPE (1 ),(FtI,<),K-l,d),B
)
IFt I .£ Q.N4 )WR I TEt 3,613

0 I ) ) ) )
613 CONTINUE
READ(A,702 SHAPE )
IF SHAPE .£0.0) GOTO 621

4
REA04A, 600)8, RM,GHlN»DO,Nl,N2

GOTO 622
621 CONTINUE
END
SUeROUTlNE CALC C H,QL
SUBROUTINE CALC IS ‘JSEO THROUGHOUT THE PROGRAM TO
DETERMINE THE FLOW-PIPE PARAMETERS SUCH AS FLOW
DEPTH, AREA, WETTED PERIMETER AS WELL AS BEING USED
IN THE BISECTION METHOD CALCULATION OF NORMAL AND
_ CRITICAL DEPTHS IN EACH OF THE PIPE LENGTHS.
•IN THE CIRCULAR PIPE CROSS SECTICN CASE IT ALSO
oooooooooo
CALCULATES SUBTENDED ANGLE AND THE WATER SURFACE

WIDTH AS DEPTH CHANGES.
AS IN BOUND AND MAIN PROGRAM THE PIPE SHAPE IS DETERMINED
BY THE VALUE GF THE TERN SHAPE INPUT AS DATA.
INTEGER SHAPE
COHNON/CHl/e,C,G,CON,SO,GAH,RHO,HCR I T , HNOR M , ARE A , P E R , FP M , E NERG
COMMON/CM2/SHAPE
CONMQN/CM3/ 2 I
1 f C SHAPE «GT® 1JGGTO l

IF< IZ.EQ.3.AND.H.G6.B)H*8
ARE A »H *0
PER*B»2.Q*H
HCR T* 1.0-40**
I 21 *6/ G* AREA**3) C
r|NQRN»1.0-4C**2 )*CON/4 (AREA**3.333)/(PER** 1.33 3) )
DL»HCRIT/(hNORM*SOS
FPH*4GAM*APE A*H/2.0 ( RHQ*Q*C/ AREA)
)
6NERG*H*( Q**2) /( ARE A* *2 *2.C*G>

C >
GOTO 2
1 R*B*0.5
PI»3ol^2
IFUZ.EQ.3.ANC .H.GE.B) GOTO 20
IF CH.lT.R I THETA«2.0*ATAN(SCRT4H*48-H) ) / 4B/2.0-H)
IFIH.EQ.R ) THETA*PI
IF 4 H.GT.R i THE TA*P I *2.0* A TAN 4 C H-e /2 . 0 I / 4 SGR I C H* ( B-rt i ) )
GOTO 22
20 H*0
THE T A* 2 • 0$ P I
AR£A*PI*4B/2.0)**2
PER*PI A
<0*6/2.
GOTO 21
22 CONTINUE
AREA*! B**2)/8 .0)*( THE T A-S I N 4 T HE TA
( )
PER*BA THETA/2.0
T»2.0*4 4H*4e-H) )**0.5)
HCR IT* 1.0- 40 **2.0 )*T/( G* ARE A** 3)
HNORM* 1 • 0— 4G**2.0)*CJN/( <AREA**3.333)/4PER**1.333))
DL-HCRIT/(HNORM*SO)
X0*C2. D/3.C)*C 8/ 2 . D *4 3 . 0* S I N( THE T A/2 . 0 ) -S I N 4 3 . 0*T HE TA/ 2
) . 3 J)
1/44.0* (THETA/2 . 0—0. 5*SIN(THETA ) ) )
21 HBAR-XO+H-e/2.0
FPH*GAM*ARE A*h8AR*-RH0*Q*Q/AREA
ENERG-H*4Q**2) / 4 4 ARE A* *2) *2.0*G
2 CONTINUE
RETURN
cN0
1 BEND
A12.6
NBS-114A (REV. 2-80
U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No 3. Publication Date
REPORT NO.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR 81-2367 November 1981
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
PREDICTION OF THE HYDRAULIC JUMP LOCATION FOLLOWING A CHANGE OF SLOPE IN A

PARTIALLY FILLED DRAINAGE PIPE
5. AUTHOR(S)
John A. Swaffield
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than N BS, see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8 . Type of Report & Period Covered
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234
9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)
Department of Housing and Urban Development

451 7th Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20410
10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
^ Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a si gn ifi cant
bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)
The criteria governing the formation of a hydraulic jump in a partially filled

fluid conduit downstream of a slope change are presented together with the
necessary techniques to enable water surface profiles and jump location to be
predicted.
Computer programs designed to model the conditions leading to jump formation

under flow and channel scale conditions compatible with current drainage system
design are presented.
The results of a wide range of test conditions in terms of jump formation and
position downstream of a change in channel slope are presented together with a
set of criteria to be used in evaluating whether a jump will occur for a given
set of design conditions.
12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)
building drainage; gradually varied flow; hydraulic jump; partially filled pipe
flow.
13. AVAILABILITY 14. NO.OF

PRINTED PAGES
[Xj Unlimited
J For Official
Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS
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193
1 Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402. 15. Price
[X ]
Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 $15.50
USCOMM-DC 6043-P80
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NBS NAT'L INST.

OF STAND & TECH

Prediction of the Hydraulic Jump

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Drainage Research Group

Issued November 1981

PREDICTION OF THE HYDRAULIC JUMP Ciaoo

SLOPE IN A PARTIALLY FILLED no. %i~t^ZC=ri

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Drainage Research Group

Issued November 1981

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

The criteria governing the formation of a hydraulic jump in a partially

Computer programs designed to model the conditions leading to jump formation

The results of a wide range of test conditions in terms of jump formation

This report is one of a group documenting National Bureau of Standards (NBS)

Report prepared by Dr. J. A. Swaf field, guest research worker at NBS-Stevens

2.1 Steady Uniform Flow in Open Channels 3

3.0 CALCULATION TECHNIQUES AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS 12

3.1 Determination of Normal and Critical Depths 12

4.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 15

APPENDIX 1. JUMP LOCATION IN A 0.075 m DIAMETER PIPE Al.l

Figure 1. Derivation of Chezy Equation for Steady Uniform Flow .... 22

Figure 2. Relationship Between Specific Energy and Flow Depth 23

Figure 3. Basis of Gradually Varied Flow Depth Profile

Figure 4. Schematic of Numerical Integration to Determine Water

Figure 5. Control Depths Employed in Water Surface Profile

Figure 6. Forces Acting at Hydraulic Jump Location 27

Figure 7. Summary of Channel Cross Section Shape Calculations ..... 28

Figure 8. Water Surface Profile and Associated (F&M) Profiles

Figure 9. Boundary Conditions Governing Jump Location 30

Figure 10. Boundary Conditions Employed to Indicate Jump

Figure 11. Schematic Representation of Jump Boundary Conditions .... 32

Figure 12. Schematic Representation of Jump Position Identification

Figure 15. Jump Location as a Function of Pipe Slope at 6 1/ s Flow

Figure 16. Jump Location in a Rectangular Channel, Width 0.15 m as

Figure 19. Pipe Diameter Effect at Q = 1 1/s 40

Figure 20. Channel Width Effect at Q = 1 1/ s 41

Figure 21. Effect of Manning Coefficient on Jump Location. Note

Figure 22. Effect of Manning Coefficient on Jump Location. Note n

Table 1. Summary of Hydraulic Jump Position Results for the 0.1 m

Table 2. Summary of Hydraulic Jump Position Results for the 0.1 m

Table 3. Schematic of Tabulated Jump Boundary Conditions 46

A Channel cross sectional area

F&M Sum of hydrostatic force, F, and momentum, M, at any flow section

g Acceleration due to gravity

hc Critical flow depth

hn Normal flow depth

L Jump location distance from pipe entry

m Hydraulic mean depth

S Slope of energy grade line

T Water surface width in channel

V Local average velocity

W Width rectangular channel

Z Elevation channel above some datum

01 Approach pipe slope

02 Test pipe slope

quotes a wide range of useful applications of the jump mechanism in open

A review of the literature on the topic therefore reveals a strong bias

In drainage design both scale and motivation are diametrically opposed to

Thus in drainage design the hydraulic jump is to be avoided where possible

The objective of the computer simulation described in this report therefore

This report presents the theoretical background to a computer model based on