THIRD EDITION Antennas For All Applications f o i 7 j 7 \ ] fj m\ j . Ve i —_—_~ Ve John B. Kraus Ronald. Marhetka att] —ANTENNAS JOHN D. KRAUS Second EditionSYMBOLS, PREFIXES AND ABBREVIATIONS See inside back cover for Constants and Conversions A ampere HH A angstrom = 107° m HPBW A vector potential, Wb m~* Hz A,@ area, m? Ay A, collecting aperture Li A, effective aperture J Am maximum effective aperture ds Ae effective aperture, receiving I Ay effective aperture, transmitting = K A, geometric aperture KK A, physical aperture Kk A scattering aperture k AR axial ratio kg AU astronomical unit L a atto = 107'* (prefix) L a unit vector t B,B magnetic fiux density, LL T= Wbm?* ‘ B susceptance, & Lep B susceptance/unit length, m=! LEP BWFN beam width, first nuils In Cc coulomb log c capacitance, F M c capacitance/unit length, m=‘ = M, M Ce aconstant,c = velocity of light = M oc cubic centimeter M, Cc degree Celsius m D,D — clectric flux density, C m-* m D directivity min d distance, m N deg degree, angle Nin dB decibel = 10 log (P/P ,) Np dBi decibels over isotropic n a element of length (salar), m a a element of length (vector), m PP ds element of surface (scalar), m* P ds element of surface (vector), m? P dv element of votume (scalar), m? P EE electric fleld intensity, ¥ m- ‘ P, E exa = 10°* (prefix) emf electromotive force, ¥ Pp e electric charge, C Qa F farad R F,F force,N R, fF fernto = 107 '§ (prefix) RCP f frequency, Hz REP Ga giga = 10° (prefix) r G conductance, & r G conductance/unit length, 3 m7" G gain - & gram rad H heary sad? : magnetic field, A m=* half-power beam width hertz = 1 cycle per second effective height current, A joule current density, A m=? jansky, 10-?° Wm? Hz~* kelvin shect-current density, Am” * a constant kilo = 10° (prefix) kilogram inductance, H inductance/unit length, H m~* liter length (scalar), m length (vector), m left citculatly polarized Jeft clliptically polarized natural logarithm (base ¢} common logarithm (base 10) mega = 10° (prefix) magnetization, A m*' polarization state of wave polarization state of antenna meter milli = 10~* (prefix} minute newton ountber {imteger) neper nano = 107° (prefix) unit vector normal to a surface polarization of dielectric, C m=? peta = 10"? (prefix) ] polarization state = Ply. 8) power, W “nuunalized power pattern, dimensionless pico = 10 ‘*? (prefix) charge, C resistance, 2 ‘tadiation resistance right-circular polarization Tight-elliptical polarization revolution radius, direction | unit vector in 7 direction radian square radian = steradian ~ gp Iso coordinate ge pag “4 e NNNS nek Mees age eect aa Poynting vector, W m=? flux density, W m~? Hz-* distance, m; also surface area, m? second (of time) steradian = square radian = rad? tesla = Wb m7? tera = 10°? (prefix) time, s radiation intensity, W se! volt voltage (also emf), ¥ emf (electromotive force), V velocity, m 3! watt weber energy density, J m7? reactance, 2 reactance/unit length, Q m=? unil vector in x direction coordinate direction admittance, U admittance/unit length, 0 m~? unit vector in y direction coordinate direction impedance, @ impedance/unit length, 2 m=? intrinsic impedance, conductor, per square intrinsic impedance, dielectric, per square load impedance, Q tansvetse impedance, rectangular waveguide, Q transverse impedance, cylindrical waveguide. 2 intrinsic impedance, space, 0 per square characteristic impedance, transmission fine, Q unit vector in z direction coordinate direction, also red shift (alpha) angle, deg or rad attenuation constant, nep m=! (beta) angle, deg or tad; also phase constant = 2n/i (gamma) angle, deg ot rad é e DANSE TEA Seager ey (delta) angle, deg or rad (epsilon) permittivity (dielectric constant), F m7? stray factor relative permittivity permittivity of vacuum, F m-' (eta) (theta) angle, deg or rad (theta) unit vector in @ direction (kappa) constant (lambda) wavelength, m Iree-space wavelength (mu) permeability, H m=! relative permeability permeability of vacuum, H m=! (nu) &xi) (pi) = 3.1416 (tho) electric charge density, Cm *: also mass density, kg m- teflection coefficient, dimensionless surface charge density, C m-? linear charge density, C m~ (sigma) conductivity, U m~! radar cross section (tau) tilt angle, polarization ellipse, deg or rad transmission coefficient (phi) angle, deg or rad (phi) unit vector in ¢ direction (chi) susceptibility, dimensionless (psi) angle, deg or rad magnetic flux, Wb (capital omega) ohm (capital omega) solid angle, st or deg? beam area main beam area minor lobe area (upsidedown capital omega} mho @ = 1/25, siemens) (omega) angular frequency {= Inf), rad 57!To Heinrich Hertz, who invented the first antennas... . «and Guglielmo Marconi, who pioneered in heir practical application. ANTENNAS . Second Edition John D. Kraus Director, Radio Observatory Taine G. McDougal Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering and Astronomy The Ohio State University with sections on Frequency-Sensitive Surfaces by Benedikt A. Munk Radar Scattering by Robert G. Kouyoumjian aad Moment Method by Edward H. Newman all of the Ohio State University Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hill Offices New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoTata McGraw-Hill $2 A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies ANTENNAS Copyright © 1988 by McGraw-Hill, Inc All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a data base or retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher: Tata McGraw-Hil! edition 1997 Sixth reprint 2001 RCLYCRCLRACBB Reprinted in India by arrangement with The McGraw-Hilt Companies, Inc., New York For sale in india Only Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubjication Data Kraus, John Daniel, (date). Antennas. (McGraw-Hill series in electrical engineering. Electronics and electronic circuits) Includes index, 4. Antennas (Electronics) I. Title. TK7871.6.K74 1988 621.38'028'3 87-15913 {SBN 0-07-035422-7 When ordering this title use ISBN 0-07-463219-1 Published by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Dethi 110.008, and printed at A P Offset, Shahdara, Delhi 110 032 ABOUT THE AUTHOR John D. Kraus was bom in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1910 and received his Ph.D. degree in physics from the University of Michigan in 1933. He then did research in nuclear physics with Michigan's newly completed 100-ton cyclotron untit World War II when he worked on the degaussing of ships for the U.S. Navy and on radar countermeasures at Harvard University. After the War he came to the Ohio State. University where he is now Director of the Radio Observatory and McDougal Professor (Emeritus) of Electrical Engineering and Astronomy. Dr. Kraus is the inventor of the helical antenna, the workhorse of space communication, the corner reflector, used by the millions for television reception, and many other types of antennas. He designed and built the giant Ohio radio telescope known as “Big Ear.” He is the holder of many patents and has published hundreds of scientific and technical articles, He is also the author of the widely used classic textbooks Antennas (McGraw-Hil, 1950), considered to be the “Antenna Bible,” Electromagnetics (McGraw-Hill, 1953, second edition 1973, third edition, 1984), and Radio Astronomy (McGraw-Hill, 1966, second edition Cygnus Quasar, 1986). In addition, Dr. Kraus has written two popular books Big Ear (1976) and Our Cosmic Universe (1980). Dr. Kraus received the U.S. Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award in 1946. He was made a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engi- neets (LEE) in 1954 and was elected to the National Academy of Enginecriug in 1972. He received the Sullivant Medal, Ohio State University's top award, in 1970; the Outstanding Achievement Award of the University of Michigan in 198k; the prestigious Edison Medal of the IEEE in £985; and the Distinguished Achievement Award of the Antennas and Propagation Society of the IEEE in the same year. Currently, Dr. Kraus is serving as antenna consultant to government and industry.CONTENTS Symbols, Prefixes and Abbreviations Constants and Conversions Gradient, Divergence and Curl in Rectangular, Cylindrical and Inside front cover and facing inside front cover Facing inside back cover Spherical Coordinates Inside back cover Preface xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1-1 Introduction 1 1-2 The Origitis of Electromagnetic Theory and the First Antennas 1 1-3. Electromagnetic Spectrum * 8 1-4 Dimensions and Units MW 1-5 Fundamental and Secondary Units 12 1-6 How to Read the Symbols and Notation 3 17 Equation Numbering 14 1-8 Dimensional Analysis 15 References 15 2 Basic Antenna Concepts 17 2-1 Introduction 17 2.2 Definitions 17 2-3. Basic Antenna Parameters 19 24 Patterns 2 2-5 Beam Area (or Beam Solid Angle) 2B 2-6 Radiation intensity 25 2-7 Beam Efficiency 25 28 Directivity 26 2.9 Examples of Directivity 6 210 Directivity and Gain 21xii CONTENTS 2-11 Directivity and Resolution 2-12 Aperture Concept 2-13 Effective Aperture 2-14 Scattering Aperture 2-15 Loss Aperture 2-16 Collecting Aperture 2-17 Physical Aperture and Aperture Efficiency 2.18 Seattering by Large Apertures 2.19 Effective Height 2-20 Maximum Effective Aperture of a Short Dipole 2-21 Maximum Effective Aperture of a Linear 4/2 Antenna 2-22 Effective Aperture and Directivity 2-23 Beam Solid Angle as a Fraction of a Sphere 2-24 Table of Effective Aperture, Directivity, Effective Height and Other Parameters for Dipoles and Loops 2-25 Friis Transmission Formula 2-26 Duality of Antennas 2-27 Sources of Radiation: Radiation Results from Accelerated Charges 2-28 Pulsed Opened-Out Twin-Line Antennas 2.29 Fields from Oscillating Dipole 2-30 Radiation from Pulsed Center-Fed Dipote Antennas 2-31 Antenna Field Zones 2-32, Shape-Impedance Considerations 2-33 Antennas and Transmission Lines Compared 2.34. Wave Polarization 2-35 Wave Polarization and the Poynting Vector 2-36 Wave Polarization and the Poincaré Sphere 2-37 Cross-field 2-38 Table Summarizing Important Relations of Chapter 2 Problems 3 Point Sources 3-L Introduction. Point Source Defined 3-2 Power Patterns 3-3_A Power Theorem and Its Application to an Isotropic Source 3-4 Radiation Intensity 3-5 Source with Hemispheric Power Pattern. 3-6 Source with Unidirectional Cosine Power Pattern 3-7. Source with Bidirectional Cosine Power Pattern 3-8 Source with Sine (Doughnut) Power Pattern 3-9 Source with Sine-Squared (Doughnut) Power Pattern 3-10 Sourve with Unidirectional Cosine-Squared Power Pattern 3-14 Source with Unidirectional Cosine" Power Pattern 3-12 Source with Unidirectional Power Pattern That Is Not Symmetrical 3.13 Directivity 3-14 Source with Pattetn of Arbitrary Shape 3-15 Gain 3-16 Field Patterns 27 28 29 31 35 35 35 36 40 a2 46 47 48 48 50 50 $2 54 54 60 61 70 B 73 wn 81 82 86 87 89 90 91 92 93 93 94 74 9s 9% oT 101 103 104 contents xiii $17 Phase Patterns 3-18 General Equation for the Field of a Point Source Problems 4 oo 43 44 45 46 4.7 48 4g 4.10 411 412 413 +14 415 +16 417 418 Arrays of Point Sources Introduction Arrays of Twa Isotropic Point Sourees 42a Case 1. Two Isotropic Point Sources of Same Amplitude and Phase 4-2b Case 2. Two Isatropic Point Sources of Same Amplitude but Opposite Phase 42c Case 3, Two Isotropic Point Sources of the Same Amplitude and in Phase Quadrature 42d Case 4. General Case of Two Isotropic Point Sources of Equal Amplitude and Any Phase Difference A2e Case 5. Most General Case of Two Isotropic Point Sources of Unequal Amplitude and Any Phase Difference Nonisotropic but Similar Point Sources and the Principle of Pattern Multiplication Example of Pattern Synthesis by Pattern Muitiplication Nonisottopic and Dissimilar Point Sources Linear Arrays of » Isotropic Point Sources of Equal Amplitude and Spacing 46a Introduction 4-60 Case 1. Broadside Array (Sources in Phase} 4-6¢ Case 2. Ordinary End-Fire Array 46d Case 3. End-Fire Array with Increased Directivity 46¢ Case 4. Array with Maximum Field in an Arbitrary Direction. Scanning Array Null Directions for Arrays of n Isotropic Point Sources of Equal Amplitude and Spacing Broadside versus End-Fire Arrays. Turns versus Dipoles and 3-Dimensional Arrays Directions of Maxima for Arrays of 7 Isotropic Point Sources of Equal Amplitude and Spacing Linear Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions. General Considerations Linear Arrays with Noniniform Amplitude Distributions. The Dolph-Tehebyscheff Optimum Distribution Example of Dotph-Tchebyscheff Distribution for an Array of 8 Sources Comparison of Amplitude Distributions for Source Arrays Continuous Arrays Huygens’ Principle Huygens’ Principle Applied to the Diffraction of a Plane Wave Incident ona Flat Sheet. Physicat Optics Rectangular-Area Broadside Arrays Artays with Missing Sources and. Random Arrays Problems 108, 15 116 118 118 118 118 1 122 125 126 127 130. 134 B7 37 140 441 ial 145 145 150 156 159 162 71 173 175 179 183 186 189 190xiv CONTENTS: 5. The Electric Dipole and Thin Linear Antennas 200 5-1 ‘The Short Electric Dipole.. $2. The Fields of a Short Dipole 5-3 Radiation Resistance of Short Electric Dipole 5-4 The Fields of Short Dipole by the Hertz Vector Method 5-5 The Thin Linear Antenna S-5Sa Case 1, 4/2 Antenna 5-5b Case 2. Full-Wave Antenna $-5¢ Case 3, 34/2 Antenna 5-5d Field at Any Distance from Centes-Fed Dipole 5-6 Radiation Resistance of i/2 Antenna 5-7 Radiation Resistance at a Point Which Is Not a Current Maximum 5-8 Fields of a Thin Linear Antenna with a Uniform Traveling Wave $-8a Case 1. Linear 4/2 Antenna 5-8 Case 2. Linear Antenna 54 Long $-8¢ Case 3. Linear Antennas 1/2 to 252 Long Problems 6 The Loop Antenna 61 The Small Loop 62 The Short Magnetic Dipole. Equivalence to 2 Loop 63. The Short Magnetic Dipole. Far Fields 6-4 Comparison of Far Fields of Small Loop and Short Dipole &-5_ The Loop Antenna. General Case 66 Far-Field Patterns of Circular Loop Anteunas with Uniform Current 67 The Smalt Loop as a Special Case 68 Radiation Resistance of Loops 69 Directivity of Circular Loop Antennas with Uniform Custent 6-10 Table of Loop Formulas 61 Square Loops 6-12 Radiation Efficiency, Q, Bandwidth and Signal-to-Noise Ratio Problems 7 The Helical Antenna 7-1, Introduction 7-2. Iclical Geometry 7-3 Transmission and Radiation Modes of Monofilar Helices 7-4 Practical Design Considerations for the Monofilar Axial-Mode Helical Antenna 7-5 Axial-Mode Patterns and the Phase Velocity of Wave Propagation on Monofilar Helices 7-6 Monofilar Axial-Mode Single-Turn Patterns 7-7 Complete Axial-Mode Patterns of Monofilar Helices 7-8 Axial Ratio and Conditions for Circular Polarization of Monofilar Axial-Mode Helical Antennas 7.9 Wideband Characteristics of Monofilar Helical Antennas Radiating in the Axial Mode 7-10 Table of Pattern, Beam Width, Gain, Impedance and Axial Ratio Formuias 200 201 213 217 2g 21 222 222 223 2a 227 28 233 234 234 235 238 238 241 242 244 244 247 249 250 253 284 284 256 263 265 265 at 274 276 287 295 300 301 307 309 CONTENTS XY 7-11 Radiation from Linear Periodic Structures with Traveling Waves with Particular Reference to the Helix as a Periodic Structure Antenna 7-12 Arrays of Monofilar Axial-Mode Helical Antennas 7-12a Array of 4 Monofilar Axial-Mode Helical Antennas 7-12b Array of 96 Monofilar Axial-Mode Helical Antennas 7.13 The Monofilar Axial-Mode Helix as a Parasitic Element Helix-Helix Polyrod-Helix Horn-Helix ‘Corner-Helix The 2-Wire-Line-Helix Helix-Helix Helix Lens 7-14 The Monofilar Axial-Mode Helical Antenna as a Phase and Frequency Shifter 7-15 Linear Polarization with Monofilar Axial-Mode Helical Antennas 7-16 Monofilar Axial-Mode Helical Antennas as Feeds 4-17 Tapered and Other Forms of Axial-Mode Helical Antennas 7-18 Multifilar Axial-Mode (Kilgus Coil and Patton Coil) Helical Antennas 7-19 Monofilat and Multifilar Normal-Mode Helical Antennas. The Wheeler Coil Problems 8 The Biconical Antenna and Its Impedance 81 Introduction 8-2 The Characteristic Impedance of the Infinite Biconical Antenna 8-3 Input Impedance of the Infinite Biconical Antenna 8.4 Input Impedance of the Finite Biconical Antenna 8&5 Pattern of Biconical Antenna 8-6 Input Impedance of Antennas of Arbitrary Shape 87 Measurements of Conical and Triangular Antennas. The Brown-Woodward (Bow-Tie) Antenna 8-8 The Stacked Biconical Antenna and the Phantom Biconical Antenna Problems 9. The Cylindrical Antenna. TH Moment Method (MM) 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Outline of the Integral-Equation Method 9:3 The Wave Equation in the Vector Potential A 9-4 Hallén’s Integral Equation 9-5 First-Order Solution of Hallén's Equation 9-6 Length-Thickness Parameter {¥ 9.7 Equivalent Radius of Antennas with Noncircular Cross Section 9-8 Current Distributions 9-9 Input Impedance 9-10 Patterns of Cylindrical Antennas 9-11 The Thin Cylindrical Antenna 9-12 Cykindrical Antennas with Conical Input Sections 39 321 323 323 323 3233 323 324 324 328 325 325 326 327 329 3322 333 38 341 346 347 353 354. 356 358 359 359 360 361 363 365 368 3 376 317 379xvi CONTENTS: 9-13 Antennas of Other Shapes. The Spheroida! Antenna 9.14 Current Distributions on Long Cylindrical Antennas 9-15 Integral Equations and the Moment Method (MM) ia Electrostatics 9-16 The Moment Mcthod (MM) and Its Application to a Wire Antenna 9-17 Scli-Impedance, Radar Cross Section and Mutual Impedance of Short Dipoles by the Method of Moments by Edward H, Newman Additional References for Chap. 9 Problems 10 Self and Mutual Impedances 10-1 Introduction 10-2. Reciprocity Theorem for Antennas 10-3 Self-Impedance of a Thin Linear Antenna 10-4 Mutual Impedance of Two Parallel Linear Antennas 10-5 Mutual Impedance of Parallel Antennas Side-by-Side 10-6 Mutual Impedance of Parallel Collinear Antennas 10-7 Mutual Impedance of Parallel Antennas in Echelon 10-8 Mutual Impedance of Other Gonligurations 10-9 Mutual Impedance in Terms of Directivity and Radiation Resistance Additional References for Chap. 10 Problems 11 Arrays of Dipoles and of Apertures Tatroduction Asray of 2 Driven 4/2 Elements, Broadside Case 11.2a Field Patterns 11-2b Driving-Point Impedance 11-2c Gain in Field Intensity H-3. Array of 2 Driven 2/2 Elements, End-Fire Case. 11-3a Field Patterns 11-36 Driving-Point Impedance 11-3e Gain in Field Intensity M4 Array of2 Driven 2/2 Elements. Genergggbave with Equal Cursents of Any Phase Retatiu 11-3 Closely Spaced Elements 11-52 “Intraduction 11-5b Closely Spaced Elements and Radiating Efficiency. The W8JK Artay Amay of n Driven Elements 1-7 Horizontal Antennas above a Plane Ground 11-7a Horizontat 4/2 Antenna above Ground 11-76 WA3K Antenna above Ground 11-7e Stacked Horizontal 3/2 Antennas above Ground 11-8 Vertical Antennas above a Ground Plane -9 Arrays with Parasitic Elements 11-94 Introduction 11-96 The Yagi-Uda Array (1-9¢ Square-Corner—Yagi-Uda Hybrid 380 380 384 389 397 407 408 409 416 413 422 424 228 428 430 432 433 433 435 435 436 436 439 440 445 445 447 44g 449 453 453 454 459 461 46t 468 470 4nd 476 476 481 483 CONTENTS, 11-94 Circolar Polarization with a Yagi-Uda Antenna, 1-9 The Landsdorfer Shaped-Dipole Array TL-10 Phased Arrays 11-10a Intreduetion TE-L0b Phased Array Designs 11-10¢ Rotatable Helix Phased Array U-11 Frequency-Scanning Arrays Ll-Lta Frequency-Scanning Line-Fed Array I-11 Frequeney-Seanning Backward Angle-Fire Grid and Chain Acrays 11-12. Retro-Arrays. The Van Atta Array 11-13 Adaptive Arrays and Smart Anteanas 11-132 Literature on Adaptive Arrays 1-{4 Microstrip Arrays I1-18 Low-Sidelobe Arrays 11-16 Long-Wire Antennas t1-16a_V Antennas 1|-16b Rhombie Antennas Lf-I6e Beverage Anteanas 1-17 Curtain Arrays Location and Method of Feeding Antennas Folded Dipole Antennas Modifications of Folded Dipoles Continuous Aperture Distribution Fourier Transform Relations between the Far-Field Pattern and the Aperture Distnbution 11.23 Spatial Frequency Response and Pattern Smoothing 11-24 The Simple (Addirg) Interferometer 11-25 Aperture Synthesis and Mulli-aperture Arrays 11-26 Grating Lobes Additional References Problems 12 Reflector Antennas and Their Feed Systems 19-4 Introduction 12.2 Plane Sheet Reflectors and Diffraction 123 Comer Reflectors 12-34 Active (Kraus) Corner Reflector 12-3b Passive (Retro) Corner Reflector 12-4 The Parabola, General Properties 12-5 A Comparison between Parabolic and Comer Reflectors 12-6 The Paraboloidal Reflector 12-7 Patterns of Large Circular Apertutes with Uniform Iumination 12-8 The Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector 12-9 Aperture Distributions and Efficiencies 12-10 Surface Irregularities and Gain Loss 12-11 OA-Axis Operation of Parabolic Reflectors 12-12 Cassegrain Feed, Shaped Reflectors, Spherical Reflectors and Offset Feed xvii 484 484 485 485 486 489 40 490 491 496 496 499 501 S501 502 502 503 508 509 510 Stl 514 S15 S17 520 522 533 535 536 337 543 543 S45 549 549 561 561 563 564 569 572 573 587 592 594xviii CONTENTS 12-13 Frequency-Sensitive (or Selective) Surfaces (FSS) by Benedikt A. Munk Effect of Element Spacings d, and d, Effect of Angle of Incidence 8 Control of Bandwidth Cascading or Stacking More FSS Element Types 12-14 Some Examples of Reflector Antennas 12-18 Bona Arecibo Bell Telephone Laboratories Nobeyama Ohio State University Gorki Five College Observatory Offsat Low-Sidelobe Considerations References Probl 13 43-1 13-2 13.3 34 13.5 13-6 13:7 18 13-9 13-10 13-11 13-12 13-13 13-14 13-15 lems Stot, Horn and Complementary Antennas Introduction Slot Antennas Patterns of Slot Antennas in Flat Sheets. Edge Diffraction Babinet’s Principle and Complementary Antennas ‘The Impedance of Complementary Screens ‘The Impedance of Slot Antennas Slotted Cylinder Antennas Horn Antennas ‘The Rectangular Horn Antenna ‘Beam-Width Comparison Conical Horn Antennas Ridge Horns Septum Horns Corrugated Horns Aperture-Matched Horn References Problems 14 141 14-2 14.3 144 145 14-6 14-7 14-8 Lens Antennas Introduction ‘Nonmetallic Dielectric Lens Antennas, Fermat's Principle Artificial Dielectric Lens Antennas E-Plane Metal-Plate Lens Antennas Tolerances on Lens Antennas H-Plane Metal-Plate Lens Antennas Reflector-Lens Antenna, Polyrods SeaRase8883 653 653 654 655 657 659 639 661 661 $63 670 673 683 685 CONTENTS xix 149 Multiple-Helix Lenses 14-10 Luneburg and Einstein Lenses Additional Reference Problems 15 15-1 15-2 15-3 15-4 15-5 15-6 Broadband and Frequency-Independent Antennas Broadband Antennas The Froquency-Independent Concept: Rumsey's Principle ‘The Frequency-Independent Planar Log-Spiral Antenna “The Frequency-Independent Conical-Spiral Antenna The Log-Periodic Antenna The Yagi-Uda-Corner-Log-Periodic (YUCOLP} Array Problems 16 Antennas for Special Applications: Feeding Considerations 16-1 Introduction 16-2 Electrically Smail Antennas 16-3 Physically Smell Antennas 16-4 Antenna Siting and the Effect of Typical (Imperfect) Ground 16-5 Ground-Plane Antennas 16-6 Sleeve Antennas 16-7 Turnstile Antenna 16-8 Superturnstile Antenna 16-9 Other Omnidirectional Antennas 16-10 Cireularly Polarized Antennas {6-11 Matching Arrangements, Baluns and Traps 16-12 Patch or Microstrip Antennas 16-13 The High-Gain Omni 16-14 Submerged Antennas 16-15 Surface-Wave and Leaky-Wave Antennas 16-46 Antenna Design Considerations for Satellite Communication 16-17 Receiving versus Transmitting Considerations 16-18 Bandwidth Considerations 16-19 Gravity-Wave Antennas, Rotating Boom for Transmitting and Weber Bar for Receiving Problems 7 17-4 17-2 V3 17-4 17-5 Antenna Temperature, Remote Sensing, Radar and Scattering, Introduction Antenna Temperature, Incremental and Total System Temperature and Signal-to-Noise Ratio Passive Remote Sensing Radar, Scattering and Active Remote Sensing by Robert G. Kouyoumjian Additional References Problems 687 688 690 690, 692 692 696 697 Jor 703 708 710 7 mL m1 4 NG 723 725 16 729 TA 732 734 745 749 9 754 762 166 167 768 710 714 74 74 782 ‘787 THE D7xx 18 18-1 18-2 {8-3 18-4 18-5 18-6 187 18.8 18.9 conrEnis Antenna Measurements Introduction Patterns Patiern Measurement Arrangements 18-3a Distance Requirement for Uniform Phase 18-3b Uniform Field Amplitude Requirement 18-3¢ Absorbing Materials 18-3d The Anechoic Chamber Compact Range 18-3e Pattern and Squint Measurements Using Celestial and Satellite Radio Sources Phase Measurements Dircetivity Gain 18-6a Gain by Comparison 18-6b Absolute Gain of Identical Antennas 18-6¢ Absolute Gain of Single Antenna 18-6d Gain by Near-Field Measurements 18-6e Gain and Aperture Efficiency from Celestial Source Measurements ‘Terminal Impedance Measurements Current Distribution Measurements Polarization Measurements 18-92 Polarization-Pattern Method 18-9b Linear-Component Method 18-9¢ Circular-Component Metiod 18-10 Antenna Rotation Experiments 18-11 Model Measurements 18-12 Measurement Error Additional References References on Radiation Hazards Problems Appendix A Tables for Reference AL A AS Ad AS AS AT AS Ad A-10 ‘Table of Antenna and Antenna System Relations Formulas for Input Impedance of Terminated Tranemission Lines Reflection and Transmission Coefficients and VSWR Characteristic Impedance of Coaxial, 2-Wire and Microstrip Transmission Lines Characteristic Impedance of Transmission Lines in Terms of Distributed Parameters Material Constants (Permittivity, Conductivity and Dielectric Strength} Permittivity Relations Celestial Radio Sources for Pattern, Squint, Gain and Aperture Efficiency Measurements Maxwell's Equations Beam Width and Sidelobe Level for Rectangular and Circular Aperture Distributions 305 805 807 809 Bul 8i4 B18. 822 823 R24 824 824 826 828 829 830 832 834 835 836 838 838 a1 842 843 843 845 845 dR 849 849 350 351 852, 853 854 856 Appendix B Computer Programs (Codes) Bel Additional Computer Program References B-2 BASIC Phased-Array Antenna Pattern Programs Appendix C Books and Video Tapes CA Books C2. Video Tapes Appendix D Answers to Starred Problems Appendix E Problem Supplement Index CONTENTS xxi 857 858 859 863 863 865 870 873