Removal of Impurities PDF

REMOVAL OF IMPURITIES
FROM WATER
engineering-resource.com
Removal of Impurities from water
Removal of suspended impurities (solids)

Removal of dissolved solids (salts)
REMOVAL OF SUSPENDED
IMPURITIES
Screening
Sedimentation
Filteration
SCREENING
Process of arresting large and
small floating matter by passing
raw water through a screen with
large number of perforations
For removal of large things from
water
FILTERATION
 process of removing colloidal matter

and most of bacterial impurities by
passing water through a bed of proper
sized material
 suspended matter, Colloidal matter,
Bacterias, Colours, and odour of water
are removed.
Two types of filters are commonly used
SEDIMENTATION
 “Process of removing suspended matter from

water, by keeping it quiescent (motionless) in
tanks so that suspended solids may settle
down at the bottom due to force of gravity.”
 Generally carried in continuous flow type
tanks
 Three types of continuous flow type tanks
 Horizontal flow rectangular tank
 Radial flow circular tank
 Vertical flow hopper bottom tank
Sedimentation with Co-agulation
“ Process of removing fine size

suspended particles by addition of
requisite amount of suspended
chemicals called co-agulants to water
before sedimentation”
Common co-agulants in use are
Alum K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Ferrous Sulphate FeSO4·7H2O
Flocculation
 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 2Al(OH)3 +3CaSO4 + 6CO2
co-agulant calcium bicarbonate gelatinous floc
 FeSO4 + Mg(HCO3)2 Fe(OH)2 +MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O
 4Fe(OH)2 +2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3

Dissolved oxygen Floc
o Coagulants are generally added in soln for precipitation
(flocculation) and for their proper mixing mixers are
employed
REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED
SALTS/SOFTENING
Water used for steam generation
should be pure particularly w.r.t.
calcium and magnesium salts
which cause scale formation in
boilers
The process of removing
hardness producing salts from
water is known as water
softening
WATER SOFTENING PROCESSES
1) Lime-Soda Process
 Cold Lime-Soda Process
 Hot Lime-Soda Process
2) Zeolite or Permutit Process
3) Demineralization / Deionization
Process
Lime-Soda Process
 Used for softening of boiler feed
 Converts dissolved calcium and magnesium
salts in to insoluble salts , which settle down
and are filtered.
 Lime Ca(OH)2 precipitates temporary
hardness, permanent magnesium hardness,
iron and aluminium salts and free acids like
CO2, H2S
 Added ingredient soda ash Na2CO3 reacts
with soluble permanent calcium hardness.
 Bicarbonate as NaHCO3 .KHCO3 also requires
lime.
Lime-Soda Process
 Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 +2H2O
 Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 +Mg(OH)2 +2H2O
 MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaCl2
 MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 + CaSO4
 FeSO4 + Ca(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 + CaSO4
 2Fe(OH)2 + H2O + 0.5O2 2Fe(OH)3
 Co2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 +H2O
 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + H2O
 H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + H2O
 CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl
 CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4
 2HCO3- + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 +H2O +CO32-
Cold Lime-Soda Process
 Lime and soda are added to raw water at room

temperature
 Finely divided precipitates are formed at
room temperature.
 Co-agulants are added like alum, aluminium
sulphate, sodium aluminate.
 Co-agulants hydrolyse to flocculant
gelatinuous precipitate aluminium
hydrooxide….entraps fine precipitates formed
by the reactions of lime and soda.
 Residual hardness 50 to 60 ppm.
Hot Lime-Soda Process
 Process carried out at 80 to 150C°
 Advantages:
 Reaction proceeds faster
 Softening capacity is increased
 Precipitate and sludge formed settled rapidly.
 Much of the dissolved gases are driven out
 Viscosity lower, so easy filteration.
 Residual hardness… 15 to 30 ppm.
 Plant consists of 3 parts
 Reaction tank
 Conical sedimentation vessel
 Sand filter. engineering-resource.com
Basic ion exchange softening
What’s an ion?
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a positive or

negative electrical charge
Remember: Opposites attract
Basic ion exchange
softening
How does ion exchange work?
Hard water Soft water

Resin
Calcium ions bed Sodium ions
•Hardness washed away

Resin exchange site during backwash
(receptor)
exchanges salt •Sodium added during
for hardness regeneration from salt brine
Zeolite or Permutit Process
 Zeolite or Permutits are Complex silicates
consisting of macro molecules of several
metallic and non metallic oxides
 Crystalline structure of chemical formula
Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2.6H2O
 Simply represented as Na2Ze
 When treated with a solution, equilibrium is
formed between sodium ions held by Zeolite
and positive ions present in the solution. so
there's a tendency for the positive ions to be
exchanged with sodium ions of solution
decreases.
Zeolite or Permutit Process
 Na2Ze + Ca2+ 2Na+ + CaZe (Exhausted zeolite)
 Na2Ze + Mg2+ 2Na+ + MgZe
 Exhausted zeolite can be reclaimed by immersing it in
conc. brine soln
 CaZe + 2NaCl Na2Ze +CaCl2
 MgZe + 2NaCl Na2Ze +MgCl2
 Reclaimed zeolite
 Zeolite may be
 Natural: mined, more durable
 Synthetic: manufactured by heating felspar,china clay
and soda ash together and cooling and crushing the
resulting glass, greater exchange capacity per unit
weight, less durable engineering-resource.com
Reactions in Zeolite or Permutit
Process
 Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2 CaZe + 2NaHCO3
 Na2Ze + Mg(HCO3)2 MgZe + 2NaHCO3
 Na2Ze + CaCl2 CaZe + 2NaCl
 Na2Ze + MgCl2 MgZe + 2NaCl
 Na2Ze + CaSO4 CaZe + Na2SO4
 Na2Ze + MgSO4 MgZe + Na2SO4
 Exhausted zeolite bed can be regenerated by
treating it with conc Brine soln
 CaZe + 2NaCl Na2Ze + CaCl2
 MgZe + 2NaCl Na2Ze + MgCl2
 Reclaimed zeolite
Limitations
 If supply water is turbid, remove suspended
matter otherwise pores of zeolite bed will
clog and restrict flow.
 Pre-treatment required if water contains
colored ions like Fe2+ or Mn3+ because these
ions produce Iron or manganese zeolite which
cant be generated easily.
 Mineral Acids must be neutralized with soda
before adding water to zeolite bed as they
destroy it.
Advantages
Zero hardness
Compact equipment
No danger of sludge formation
Automatically adjustable process
for different hardness
Clean process
Disadvantages
 Treated water contains more sodium salts
than in soda lime process
 Zeolite treatment replaces cat ions but not
the acidic ions in water, thus produce carbon
dioxide in steam boilers which is extremely
corrosive to its material
 NaHCO3 NaOH + CO2
 Na2CO3 + H2O 2NaOH + CO2
 Sometimes zeolite softener is placed in series
with a lime soda softener.
Comparison between permutit and Lime
Soda Process
Permutit Method Lime-Soda Method
1. Zero hardness 1. 15-50ppm hardness
2. Treated water has larger 2. Treated water has lesser
amount of sodium salts amount of sodium salts
3. Capital cost is higher 3. Capital cost is lower
4. Operation expenses are lower 4. Operation expenses are higher
5. Cant treat acidic water 5. No such limitation
6. Plant…Less space 6. Plant…. More space
7. Raw water must be free of 7. No such limitation
suspended matter
8. Can operate under pressure 8. Cannot operate under pressure
9. No problem of settling and 9. Problem of difficulty in settling
sludge handling and sludge handling
Demineralization/ Deionization
Process
An ion exchange resin is an insoluble
acid or base which can also form
insoluble salts.
An ion exchange resin consists of cross
linked polymer network to which ionized
groups are attached.
Ion Exchangers are of two types:
Hydrogen or Cation Exchanger
Anion Exchangers
Process
 Cation Exchange Resins:
 Main functional groups in them are -SO3H,-COOH,-OH
 Most stable is -SO3H , exchanges H+ rapidly
 2RSO3H + Ca2+ (RSO3)2Ca + 2H+
 2R’OH + Mg2+ (R’O)2Mg + 2H+
 Hydrogen exchangers are generally represented as RH2
 RH2 + Ca2+ RCa + 2H+
 RH2+ Mg2+ RMg + 2H+
 Regeneration carries out by passing through an excess of
strong acid solution.
 RCa + 2HCl RH2 + CaCl2
 RMg + 2HCl RH2 + MgCl2
Process
 Anion Exchange Resins:
 Capable of exchanging anions
 Main functional groups are –N(CH3)2+, -OH-, -NH2,
NHCH3
 –N(CH3)2+, -OH-, are most stable and can operate in
acidic alkaline solution.
 Represented as R’(OH)2
 R’(OH)2 + SO42- R’ SO4+ 2 OH-
 R’(OH)2 + 2Cl - R’Cl2 + 2 OH-
 Regenrated by passing alkaline soln
 R’Cl2 + 2 NaOH R’(OH)2 + 2NaCl
 R’ SO4 + 2 NaOH R’(OH)2 + Na2SO4
Process
Consists in passing hard water first
through cation exchanger bed
Then anion exchanger bed
And then through a degasifier

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REMOVAL OF IMPURITIES

Removal of suspended impurities (solids)

 process of removing colloidal matter

 “Process of removing suspended matter from

“ Process of removing fine size

 FeSO4 + Mg(HCO3)2 Fe(OH)2 +MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O

 4Fe(OH)2 +2H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)3

 Lime and soda are added to raw water at room

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a positive or

Remember: Opposites attract

How does ion exchange work?

Hard water Soft water

•Hardness washed away

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