Edited by Alison Smithson for TEAM 10 How to read the Prim ‘Hee! Gbjeat ot thie Primer is to put into one document those rlctes,eseaysand diagrama which TEAM 10rogard as being en= {tal to thoir individual postions, e‘way if 2-8 nator of how the ideas of Have grown or changed sea result of contact HishSped thatthe pubtieation of these root a Siton naive form, wil enable trem to continue ih tne other, ‘heir ovine! By one person oF group: ‘Iloped the foot ideavand the complementary ot cor Tatars by other fs printed alongelde making & kind of counter. hat which ig intended to, cary thes in ‘on the loft Hand sige at 20s pains aie footnoter, and in Halles, the captions. sisia,chengette Cement Tumors noes on Jus oo 4,8. Bakema Holland ide vantyck Holland 6 Cena France. BGP. smithson England Shed Woods” France Sluncariade Carlo aly Sr Codereh Spain © Potognt Htngary 3 Sortan Poland S.Wewerka Germany ORSIFISSOF aContents Prafrce 4 Team 10 Primer 2 cle of the architect 26 Goren intcsrilie uping of dwellings Beorstep 85" Bibtiography 106 octet the Wade The Aim of esp mat iinUrban infra-structure ‘Tradtionaly some unchanging large-scale thng—the Acropolis, ‘he River, the Canl or some onaue configuration of ho ground lass the thing that made the whole communty stuctre compre= ansible and ascured the identity of th part within tho hole ‘Today our most chviu flue fs the lack of comprohensbilty and dently in ig ites, andthe answers surely n'a clas large Seale, road ystenthe ‘Urban Matorway’ fed from an aieloe fatve function fo a unifying Tuncton. In order to perform this Unifying function al roads must be nfegratedintoasystom, but the backone of this tystem must be tne motorways inthe built-up frees themselves, where thot very sie in reltonship to other Aevelopmant makes thom capable of doing the visuel ang symbole Untying jo atthe same time as they actully make the whole thing ‘wor. From our frat interoat inthe Mo-o-thesieet we have Been bsessad with the concept of “mobliy’ inal is meanings, and Partcwirly with he implieations ofthe motorcar, Forte architect this snot only a nator of rac aystem for he ls concerned wth theinvenion of bulding types appropri othe new urban pattern The aim of urbniam i comprehensibity, ie. clay of organi tion. The communty is by definition a comprabensibe thing. And Comprahenslbity should also therefore bea characterats of the part. The community sub-cvisione might be thought of ‘npprecated unite-—an appreciated unit snot aval group or @ ‘neighbourhood, but an-in-some-way-defined part of s human ‘glomeraion, The appreciated unit must be diferent for each ‘ype of community. For each particular community one must invent the strctur ofits aub-dvson. In most casos the grouping of dwoings does not relict ony ‘aay of soetl orsaniaton; rather they ae the real cf poles, technical and mothanies! expediency. Although tls extremely fiicultto define the higher levels of association, the teat mls 4 physical contact community, the dstit an acquaintance com tmunty, and tha lan italics! contact community firarchy of human assoclatons (uaa, var Proves 152 8 In general, those town-bulling techniques that can make the ‘community more somprahenibie re (1) Te develop throad and communication systems asthe urban Intrastracture.(Matorways a8 8 unifying fore) Ad to vez tne Impleston offow and movement nthe architecture ast. (2) To accept the dispersal implied in the concent of mobility and to rethink accepted cersty patter and location of function ‘elaon othe ew means of communication,(@ To underatand and uso the possibliiesofered by a throw: {ny technology to crane anew sort ct envionment with iferon {eles of change for siferent uncon, (4) To develop an aesthetic approprite to mechanized building techniques and scales of operation, (©) To overcome te cultural obsolescence! of most mess housing by finding solutions which project a genuinely twentethrcontuy technological image of the dwelling comfortable, safe and ot feud (©) To establish condtions not detrimental to mental heath and ‘al-being, Past legislation and nyout ware gored fo Incrosing Standards of hyglene; in counties of higher tangas of ng ths 's no longer a probiam. Critria™ have tbe found o define undo ining environmont. These might be: noise level, poling and polluted environment, overerowslng, eressing and pushing, ne space for tho social gesture, all those demands reace ofthe individual in societies inhabing accumated bul forme snes an lad 7,108. The studs of association and identity ind to the development of systems of linked bulding comploxes which were intended to correspond more closaly othe network of acl watonahina, thoy now exist, tan the existing pattems of finite spaces and settcontained buldings. These frear systems are mare capable of change, and, patcuarly in new cormmunties, of mutating a Seale and intention a8 they go along, Ras reaizd that he essen rrr ofthe English New Towns was thel they waretoo gil eonclve, endin1886me pu oswere fan alternative system in which the "niarstuctre (roads asd servic) was the only ted thing The rad system was devas o be simple andto ive aqua age ct access le al part, ‘This theme of the road system as the basis of the community structure was futher explored In the Custer City Hea Detueey 1957 and 159, the Heupstat Sorin len 1988, and inthe Lonson Reade Stuy 190, ‘peace as Roads can be deliberately routed and the and beelde them nevtre zed so that they become obviously fixes things (that's changing on a ong cyel). The routing of Indidul sections over vers ‘through pars, orinrelaion to hlterie bu dings or fonse, proves 4 sri of "fires or loca idontly points The road net itself de fining the zones identified by thee eosSEY E85 SSGrouping of dwellings Thoughout the yeare ATBAT* has stusied the probloms of habitat forthe greatest umber in alts aspacte and pecuartes, thas nt arived at an altround olution, but on solution fr axch Cote It has found many solutions end many variants, but the pitof search remaine the same the spn f the grestest number sith ls and te discitines. Statement of principe IRisimpassibie foreach to construct his house fr himsel Te povsbie forthe man to make Ki Iie forthe architect to hotse his home,wee feaUp to now the house Is bull downto the smallstdetl and man Is pressed into this dwoling—in sint he same from SeoUand to Ghana—and adapts himsel! at best he may fo the life thatthe srehtcttuishes him th, ‘Wo must prepare the ‘habla’ only tothe point at which man can take ove, We aim to provide a framework in which man can agan be master, ot his home, In Morocco, asin all count which sre developing rapidly, the {undementalproblom is thet of housing Te plus grand nombre The question I one of housing the Muswulman population wha fve inthe huge ‘bldonvis’ on the outa ofthe great urbencentoa According to statistics about 70 percent ofthe populoon of “Bidonvles' come from sout ofthe Aaa thelr original haba therefore collective housing (vide the Casbahe and. mountain villages In accordance wth the ethical and cma conltion, the dvsing fa Moroccan amily conslatsofrooma wich open onto aint our e patio flooded with sunshine, Ti pati le the te heathy, ‘he meeting place ofthe family, and Ie enclosed by high wall 6 ensure eomplat privacy, ATBAT AFRIQUE set itealf the tsk of flag multatory Solution where the patos would be floaded with sua ang atthe ‘ame tne the rooms accessed from it would be protected and the hole completly private (AD, say ae The Golden Lane Deck Housing projet is similarly concerned withthe problam of deni. !tpcoposes that a community should be built up rom a hlearehy of associational eloments and tis to exsross these vartous lag of association (THE HOUSE, THE STREET. THE DISTRICT, THE crm tis important to raliz that he tems used: Stoo, Dist, ee. fe not be taker asthe realty, but es he ies, and that ts out task find new equlvalent for these forms of association fot our nem, non-domonstative, soci ‘Tho problem of reidenttying man wit his envionment contenu ‘contenant cannot be achieved by usinghstrcalfomuot house Presented nelongereustas Inthe comple of association thats community, social cohesion can only be achieved I esse of movorent i possible, and the, provides us with our second law, that height (densi). should Increese asthe total population Incresee, and vce var. n the context ofa arge city with igh bulldigs inorder to keep ouze of ‘movement, we propose a mullvel cy with reser ‘tests *insthe-l?, These are linked together in x multi-level continuous, omples, comacied where necessary to work paces and to those lroune elements that are necessary at each owl of association, ‘Gur hierarchy of associations ie woven into modulated continuum presenting the tue camplany of human associations, opposition tothe arbitrary folaton of This conception ein re these commune fe -Unit ane te nagscuroos Weare opinion hat aichahlrarhy of umn aecatons “Sse Sinidrehesttefnciond awe tibe-ChtwsRones go The assunaton hats community etn b crested by eopeple Aes faoiaton i nv Real aociel groups cut across geographical beriers and the rincpal id o social cohesion soos of grouping and oase ‘of communications rather then the iid aolation of srbivary ction of the total community with impessbiyaiffcutcommun= éations, which characterize bath English nlghbournood planning land the Unite concept of Le Corbusle. ‘Tho creation of nonaritrary group spaces isthe prime function ofthe planner ‘The basic group's obviously the family, tadtonally the next soci sroupingis the steet(r square or praen,any werd that efnion Impies enclosure or Belonging, thus ‘in our stret But ‘on the road), the next, dst and finally the ely. Ia the ob 0 the planner tomakeepparenthase grouings as ints plastrealiee. Inthe suburbs and slums the vit! lationship between the house fand the street survives, children run about (the stad Te com Deratvely gual), people top and ta. dismentie vevicles are Pads the back gardens are pigeons andere, andthe shops fe round the comer; you knw he milkman, you are ous your house in your test, “The house the shell which fs mans back, looks inward to family ‘and outward to society and its organization should ‘aflect is ‘ual of erlntatin, andthe looseness of crganieton and ene of commaniction essental fo the largest community should be presents hie the smallest, ‘The houses the frst fits ety element things that prove necessary to sustain physic! nd spiua If, {hata nea ite thing, the plastic expression of primary community The srt Is our second nit ly slement The strats an extension a the hous, in it children learn forthe frst time ofthe world outside the family, microcosm word In \ahich the stret games change mth he eeasons andthe hours are Fefectad inthe cyto of strat ecButin suburb and slum ae ate eucceeds street tle soon evdent that although ditt names survive, aa phycleal enties they no longer exist, but wo al know that once upon a time those streots wer arranged in such away and with such aekitonal things that proved necessary to sustain physical and spiritual ite to form the third finite ely stems he district, the plastic expression of secondary comminity The diference between towns and cles Is only ono of size for both arfinte arrangementaof det, with only such adeltons things that prove necessary to sustain physical and sprtual ite. ‘Tha ct the ultimele community, the angele expression of an To maintain looseness of grouping and ease of communication, the dansity mut Inerease as the populetin inerossas, ond with high densities f wo are to tan the essential Joya of sun, space nd vrdire, we must Silo In the past acceptance ofthe lator part ofthis thesis has od {0 a form of verteal ving in which the family Is deprived ots besontil outdoor if, ana contact wth other amis Ie dieu hotimpossibe on the narrow bleonies and Isndings that ae thee {ole means. of communion and communication. Furthermore, futsde one's Immectate neighbours (often limited to three In point blocks) the possibiltes of forming the fendships which Eonatitute the “extended famly’ are made dificult by complete Ssbsence of horizontal communiaton at the same laval ana the Inefectweness of vertical ommonieston. ‘Theda of ‘treat has been forgotten Its tho idea of stret, not the oa of too, thatisimportant—the creation of eect group-spaces fulling the vt function of ‘dentfeation ang enclosure maiing the socal vital ife-olhe- strets posite Atall densities such steots ae possible by the cretion ofa tue ttroat mesh inthe ir, eh etret having large numberof poole Aepondent on itor accoss and in aaaiton some arects should be thoroughfaree—that fe leading Yo placee-so that they wil s8¢h acquire pect characterises, Be ented Infact Peeay cp ane thonExch pat ofeach set to have suficient people accessed from "tte become social enty and be within reach ofa much larger number at the sme level. Sets would be places and not corido's or balconies. Thoroughfares whore there are shops post boxes, ‘elephone Kosh, Where srects purely eden the individual house and yarde ‘arden wil provide avabe Ife patter asa true treat or square, ‘nothing Is lost end elevation is palned, The fia block disappears and vertical ving becomes a realy chant Ys Beh © Gt Lae Pc AS. is # new dsatotaction, end conceives of ow ida of order ‘This architecture ‘Young architects today foe! monumental tlstection withthe bulldings they see going up around them. Fr them, th hovsing estates, the social contes andthe block of ats are meaningless ‘2nd ielvant. They fel that tho majority of architects have fost contact with realty and are bulding yesterday's dreams when the {est of us have woken up In today. They ae desssied with the Ideas these bullcings represent. the idees of the Gerdan Cly Movement andthe Raionel Architecture Movementa ea al: 3 ou Hl Cha Cots, i T oktDoorstep ‘There's one more thing that has been prowing in my mind ever since the Smithsons uttered the word doorstop at Alc I hasnt Ie e ever since. ¥e boon muling over expanding the meaning 43 far 28 | could stretch ve even gone eo far 28 foley we what arentecture as such sheula recomplsh: To establch the i-between isto reconcle conflicting polaris, Provide the Place where they can interchange and you re-establish the original twinphenomene, | called thie plus grande realté seu n Dubrownie Take an example: the world ofthe house wih me inside ad you usi, or vice versa. Ther’ alan the word of te seet_tne Eiiywih you nade and me oui orice verses Gel what | tmeen? Two words clashing, no traniton Te India! one fide the collective onthe ster Ite tring. Between the Sra, fociey in general throwa up lots of barter, whit architect Barlela ar 0 poorinspnthat they provide dors An. ek ond Gt igh: it surface in at surtaceca les ca ft ono ust thnk oft: Bin=or fife glase~betwoen such fanaote Dhenomene-tarsasng,brai—ikes gllotne, Every tne We Basa through x door Ihe iat wore spit in twobut we dont tae otic any more, and simply walk on, halve ts that th realty ofa door? What thn, | ash, isthe orator reality of «our? Wl, permaps te rena ely oa doo othe (Sealed sting fora wonder hun goeture:corscous ery fd departure. That's whet door soething tat tame your ening and gong fort's via experience not ony fr tose th a0, but als for those encountered or ie bain. A dor ie place made for an occsion. A door tea place madoforan ac that ‘stapecte mons of times Ins etme betwen the fst ent andthe lest ont think that's symbole. And what the greater realy of @ window? ITeave that yu. "Ot anne Hearth and doorstep aro symbols which used together prosent to 2 900d sro Soa, with many smalllocal and some argrlocalfecttes inthe Intrstices and round about make upafaiyrecopneeble dstlet. District interspersed with meny mara and more comple fetes than they would indidually suppor, mee up a et). Hove ste, lott ae ‘elements of cy. Hovsing groups sing bull when this breskdown of Eloments of Cty was frst proposed in 1122), wore igh inde of conettton and matte needs asocety as outlined by ofcialsocoiogists, but they lacked some ‘Thine anaous ty Bocce ary vial qual: quay which was undauttely necosenry in Beltera we Drder fo aciowe active and restive grouping ot houses. This és isting qualiyessontialto man's sonsecfwal-belng—was iden. ume un ty Much of the social patra as observed bythe socolgit In et emai the Byesaw Stee is 2 sunival~modifed by the particular Bult ‘rrronment=ot even ener patems, Ther is no point I pet etuating this way of ie, but might ba worth locking further Back tos roots, to gals plture of th development of part- ub soc in aight society inhabiting a tght-anitdovelopment such as ‘heBye-iaw Stat, thoe|san nnarent feeling of sfety and social botd which has much fo. do with the obviousness end simple ror af the form fhe street: about forty houses acing a common pan space. The stet i not oly a meane of acces, but sao an Selarsodnlmornson haem svetsisionaesmpe earn ‘laonshp between Hoe ad eet Eo How would people une ‘good’ envronmest? How many of me Famsmnpeial frltonal tt af expression (coy tne pesin, faith, pays freee secina we tia ie coniow oi toind xan” Each tty Ue imagine what going to happen inthe neste yearo—that, ogra ny {oresampl th shape af man'car thw shape tis eigrmor, Seed theshape of his hlchen equipment how he wots tateichen, Seg manaf {he sage of ising com. wil be ted not by went enh arta the clu Intigeare of prevous epochs~the “vant gude’ esos ape atatandhietrends orion he upparsiass—butbyanindosty uh pe weil rain anew stem oct sina baing cn Sk, Io pt oft proc, uno aocaovn ros, Rican ar ty Totey wo tend tobe crowded out by household aplanees, The fe treet haste conte over rooms wnose waar ned with (tal hats ‘spines which can, even if chosen by him, be overthe years soap cen "a fundamentally changed as to leave none ofthe oiginal space ot dau, The apalanco Industry Mees the dimensions and the shina, Tofay, twenty-five yrs after Lilla Giltreth's motion studies oh ‘wel-functioning workspaces! applencse ean do away ellogether withthe read of warkspece" inthis ld sense, We can also esau tha: the frgo-sled appliance wl soon bee thing of he past The change in concept Is away from acjusting the pieces Insio the ‘room, to reditibution over the whole house, shng adventage fe iby or actual moblty the new appiances lion. So thar we do not have more eflclant aoms”, bute fesing from the Every culture produces type object, indeed itis through them thal culture can be defined. From prehistory to eontomporary peasant society, each culture hes town up a limited numbor of hovse forms, ‘The culture expresses tot through these forms,In England we ar ina state of change towards ¢ middle-class socity which wll correspond roughly fo the aot of secup which fists In Swadon of tha United States, and in auch a socey the value of social anthropologie! study seems to me fo be pretty low ae fr as being able to use i erential. Socal anthropology will never be abet tol you what todo. wll be able fo say what Patton In the past was Such and such aecause they hed certain {me more & matter of men then socal anthropology Bhan AD, ie 7A, Planning on whatever scale level should provide a frmework—to- sot the stage es it wore—for th twinphenemonon othe inchidva 4nd tho coletve without resorting to acivaryeccontuation oF tither one atthe expense ofthe other, ie. wiout warping ‘meaning of elie, alnce no base twnphenomenon cen be spit Into incompatible polars without the halves frteing whatever thoy stand fo. This points tomar the necosty of recaniing tho Idea unity wth theldee diverstyinarehtecturatermear more precisely. foachieve the one by means ofthe eter I's an od forgotten rth tat der ‘iy Is only attainable through unity unity onlytainable though Sierity. There are of course many waye of approaching tis oblective The architectural reciprocty, unity-versy and_part-whole (Glossy linked twinphenermanan) must covert human reloro: ‘ty Indvduarcliecive. Sil fave are two more twinphonomona lies closely linked to thoes just mentioned, which stl lode ldequate translation Inte planning—a twin set: large-small and Iany-few. The irreconcilable pelariles—alsesitematves—into hich they ae spit cut no les Sratlly across the gaunt penorama of urbanim today, Fallure to govern multplsty creatively, To humanize number by means of atculaton and configuration the ‘orb to multiply should coincide withthe vor toconfigurte) hes lad tothe curgo of most now towns. The more fect tht habit planning i arbivarly spl nto two daciplines-erchtecture and Urbenism—demonstrates that the prininle of reiprociy hes not yt opened the dotrinat ming to th necessity of traneorming the mechanism of the design process, As Ii rchifocture nd urbanism have filed to come to terme withthe essence of con temporary thinking. Inseperaby liked ae al bac winphenomene sre, a fow wore axtacod fom the rest malicetes (howe ae ready mentioned) partwhoe,unly-dveciy, lage-small many. fon, as woll a6 oars equally signicant—nside-cutlée, opens closed, mass-space,changeccontancy, motionet. Individual colectve et, ete.ey eh Snow ge Neale enDierogarding the inherent amblvalance in each one of thm, one- hall of each was werped into. a. meaningless ebsolutepar, diversity smal, outsice, open space, change, mation, collective land twisted in cuch away ast bocome anew ey. Hence spatial Continuity, constructve exits, structural interpenetration, human scale, and mote ofthat Kind of musi The time has come t concave of architecture ubaniatically end urbanism architecturally (his makes sensible nonsense of both words) ie. to ave at the singular trough plurality and vice Spit apart by the schizophrenic mechanlam of deterministic Mining, me and space remain frovon sostractions (the seme 008 for all th halves menlaned). Place and occasion constitute ach others vealzaton in human terma: sinee man le bath the subject and objec of architecture, It follows tht ite primary job Isto provide the former (lacs) forthe aeke ot the let (ceeesion. Sines, futheemore, place and occasion imply ptcipation in whet fists, lack of placemand thus of accaion-will ease loss of "dent, isolation and wustation, A house thereto, should Boa bunch of placa cy a bunch of places no less, Mako a configuration ct pces at each sage of multiplication, Le provide the right kindof pisces for each coniguretive stage and Urbin envionment wil again become livetla, Cities should agaln become the counterform of society's recipro= cally inivdual and colective urban reaity, Its baceute we have lost touch with this wealiy~ahe form—that we cannot come to ‘tps with its counter form. Suita etter fo acknowledge the Samoness of alchectire and urbanlamof house and citp-tan {o continua dering tele artraryaference, since Ins leads os hnowhere—e. tothe new ety of today! Whiat consttvent cone temporary ar, scion and philosophy, etc, have joined hands wonderfull for halts century reconeling sit poaies tough Fociprocalthiking—tering down the sting baer, between them, architecture, and urbanism especialy, have drifted away, indulging paradoxical In arity applleston of whet afer a Is ‘ssently based on eletuty and hus misunderstood In the ight of what tha othe have managed to evalve—a relaxed i concept of raaity~whel arehteets and urbersts hove {aed todo amounts totensen. All the more sosine whats done |s done and eannot be torn down again (nobody Ia forced fo lak tt bad palning, read 2 bad poem orate to Bod must To goin or ou, to en, leave of say, are oon harassing eter natives. Though architecture eannet do away with this uth it can stl counteract by afpeaingInstad of apgreeting its efecto It Is human to tare. Architecture should, | thiny take, more ‘account ofthis Tho Jeb ofthe planer isto provide bul hore”coming for all, to sustain a feeling of belonginghence to trol. an architecture of placo—aeting for each oubsaquent bceasion™determined or spontaneous ‘Achitecture should be conceived af asa configuration of into ‘mesiary places clearly dened “This doesnot imply continual tension or endless postponement with respect to placo and oecasion. On the conta, it imps & Sretk away from the contemporary concept (eal i sickness) of patie continu and the tendency to erase every etcustion between spaces, La. between outlce and inside, between one space end another (btweon one realty ang another Inateed the tension must be artieuitd by means of defined n= betwoen places which Induce simultaneous awareness of what Ts significant on stther side. An In-betwaen pace inthis sense po- vides the common ground where corflting poartes can ayn become twinphenomena. For tity year, archilectore-not to ‘mention urbanism nes been providng ouside for man inl (@agravating the confit through stomping to eliminate the essential diference). Architecture al urbaniam) Impl the cre tion of interior both eutsde and Insd, For exteriors that wich racedes man-made envronmant tha whichis countorcted by it that which is persuaded to Sacore commensureto by being intro, ‘buh foun on Chitra’ ane Yn et [And that’s whore end-st the begiming. Se rar