1.

Write short notes on Venturi meter and Orifice meter with a

labelled sketch.
Venturi meters are flow measurement instruments which use a converging section of pipe to
give an increase in the flow velocity and a corresponding pressure drop from which the flowrate
can be deduced. The principle behind the operation of the Venturi flowmeter is the Bernoulli
effect. After the pressure difference is generated, the fluid is passed through a pressure
recovery exit section where up to 80% of the differential pressure generated at the throat is
recovered.  the fluid must travel faster to maintain the same volumetric flowrate. This increase in
velocity results in a decrease in pressure which follows Bernoulli's equation. The result: by
knowing the pressure and cross-sectional area at two locations, one can calculate the velocity
of the fluid. With the velocity of the fluid and its density, one can calculate the flowrate.

An orifice meter consists of a flat plate that has a sharp-edged hole

accurately machined in it and placed concentrically.  The flow
suddenly contracts as it approaches the orifice and then suddenly
expands after the orifice back to the full pipe diameter. This forms
a vena contracta or a throat immediately past the orifice. This
reduction in flow pattern at the vena contracta causes increased
velocity and hence lower pressure at the throat, similar to the venturi
meter. Because of the sudden contraction at the orifice and the
subsequent sudden expansion after the orifice, the coefficient of
discharge C for the orifice meter is much lower than that of a venturi
meter or a flow nozzle.
2.State the applications of notches with brief procedure to
determine the discharge using the same.
A notch may be defined as an opening in one side of a tank or a reservoir, like a large orifice, with the
upstream liquid level below the top edge of the opening. Since the top edge of the notch above the liquid
level serves no purpose, therefore a notch may have only the bottom edge and sides.

The bottom edge, over which the liquid flows, is known as sill or crest of the notch and the sheet of liquid
flowing over a notch (or a weir) is known as nappe or vein. A notch is, usually made of a metallic plate
and is used to measure the discharge of liquids.

V-notch is generally used to measure flow rate in an open channel flow. You might have lab
experiments on this. In real life applications it is used for seepage measurement of dam in
foundation, inspection and top galleries and toe-drains in reservoirs.
PROCEDURE: 1. Fix the notch plate in the groove and measure the sill length of the notch. 2. Open the
inlet valve and allow the water into the channel to rise up to sill of the notch in the channel. 3. Measure
the water surface level with the help of hook gauge (initial water level) H1. 4. Allow the water to enter
into channel and flows over the sill of the notch at steady state condition. 5. Measure the water surface
level with the help of hook gauge (final water level) H2. 6. The difference between initial water level and
final water level gives the head causing flow over the notch. 7. Collect the known volume of water (V) in
collecting tank in specified time
4.With a neat sketch, name any 3 flowmeters with its working
principle.
Orifice
Venture
Flow nozzle

The orifice, nozzle and venturi flow rate meters use the Bernoulli Equation
to calculate fluid flow rate using pressure difference through obstructions
in the flow
Simple meaning is “When cross sectional area of the flow is reduces it
creates pressure difference between the different areas of flow. This
difference in pressure is measured with the help of manometer and helps in
determining rate of fluid flow or other discharge from the pipe line.”

5.Name the different types of pumps available. Also explain the

working principle of Centrifugal pump.
Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive displacement pumps, impulse
pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There are three basic
types of pumps: positive displacement, centrifugal and axial-flow pumps.
Centrifugal pumps are used to induce flow or raise a liquid from a low level to a high
level. These pumps work on a very simple mechanism. A centrifugal pump converts
rotational energy, often from a motor, to energy in a moving fluid.

The two main parts that are responsible for the conversion of energy are the impeller
and the casing. The impeller is the rotating part of the pump and the casing is the
airtight passage which surrounds the impeller. In a centrifugal pump, fluid enters into
the casing, falls on the impeller blades at the eye of the impeller, and is whirled
tangentially and radially outward until it leaves the impeller into the diffuser part of the
casing. While passing through the impeller, the fluid is gaining both velocity and
pressure.

The centrifugal pump working principle mainly depends on the flow of forced
vortex which means whenever a certain accumulation of liquid or fluid is
permitted to turn with an exterior torque than there will be an increase within
rotating liquid pressure head takes place.