Partea I

Culegerea, prelucrarea
úLSUH]HQWDUHD

datelor statistice

*UXSDUHDúLFODVLILFDUHDGDWHORUVWDWLVWLFH

'XS FRQ LQXWXOFDUDFWHULVWLFLLGHJUXSDUH putem avea:

• JUXS UL FURQRORJLFH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VLVWHPDWL]DUHD GDWHORU VH IDFH GXS  R YDULDELO  GH

timp;
• JUXS ULWHULWRULDOH când sistematizaUHDGDWHORUVHIDFHGXS RYDULDELO GHVSD LX

• JUXS ULDWULEXWLYHSHQWUXWRDWHFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHvQDIDUDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUGHWLPSúLVSD LX

&DUDFWHULVWLFLOH DWULEXWLYH SRW IL FDUDFWHULVWLFL FDQWLWDWLYH QXPHULFH úL FDOLWDWLYH

(nenumerice).

*UXS ULOHVLPSOHGXS RVLQJXU YDULDELO 

pot fi:

a) gruparea pe variante GDF  DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL HVWH PLF  úL OD QLYHOXO XQLW LORU

individuale s-DXvQUHJLVWUDWXQQXP UPLFGHYDORULGLVWLQFWHYDULDQWH

b) JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH GDF  DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL HVWH PRGHUDW  ÌQ

DFHVW FD] H QHFHVDU V  VH VWDELOHDVF  QXP UXO GH JUXSH úL P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH

YDULD LH

1XP UXOXLGHJUXSH (kvQFD]XOXQHLFROHFWLYLW LIRUPDW GLQ nXQLW L

• propunerea lui H.A. Sturges: k = 1 + 3,322 lg n

• UHOD LHPDLSUDFWLF  2k ≥ n
 0 ULPHDLQWHUYDOXOXL de grupare (h):
x max − x min
h= ,
k
unde:
xmax -YDORDUHDPD[LP vQUHJLVWUDW 

xmin -YDORDUHDPLQLP vQUHJLVWUDW 

'HUH LQXW

• GDF  UDSRUWXO GLQWUH DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL úL QXP UXO GH JUXSH QX HVWH XQ FkW H[DFW

DWXQFLVHURWXQMHúWHvQSOXVFHOSX LQODQXP UvQWUHJvQIXQF LHGHRUGLQXOGHP ULPH

al valorilor caracteristicii;
• GDF  UH]XOWDWXO HVWH XQ QXP U vQWUHJ VH GHVFKLGH LQWHUYDOXO H[WUHP FRUHVSXQ] WRU

SHQWUX D LQFOXGH úL YDORDUHD FDUH FRLQFLGH FX R OLPLW  D LQWHUYDOXOXL FX OLPLWD

VXSHULRDU  D XOWLPXOXL LQWHUYDO GDF  LQWHUYDOHOH VXQW vQFKLVH OD VWkQJD UHVSHFWLY FX

OLPLWDLQIHULRDU DSULPXOXLLQWHUYDOGDF LQWHUYDOHOHVXQWvQFKLVHODGUHD pta).

c) JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH GDF  DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL HVWH IRDUWH

PDUH ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SULQ JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH VH XUP UHúWH V  VH

VWUXFWXUH]H FROHFWLYLWDWHD SH WLSXUL FDOLWDWLYH GDF  QX VH FXQRVF YDORULOH SUDJXULOH

caUH VHSDU  WLSXULOH FDOLWDWLYH VH SURFHGHD]  PDL vQWkL OD JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH HJDOH

úL DSRL VH SRDWH IRORVL FULWHULXO PHGLHL SHQWUX IRUPDUHD WLSXULORU FDOLWDWLYH ³PLF´

“mediu”, “mare”.

d) JUXSDUHDSHPRGDOLW L
în cazul unei variabile calitative care presupune includerea în
DFHHDúL JUXS  FODV  D WXWXURU XQLW
LORU OD FDUH V-D vQUHJLVWUDW DFHHDúL IRUP  GH

manifestare a caracteristicii.

*UXSDUHDFRPELQDW SUHVXSXQHVLVWHPDWL]DUHDGDWHORUGXS GRX VDXPDLPXOWHFDUDFWHULVWLFL

de grupare care pot fi variDELOH QXPHULFH úLVDX FDOLWDWLYH *UXSDUHD FRPELQDW  LPSXQH VWDELOLUHD

RUGLQLLGHJUXSDUHSHED]DUHOD LHLGHLQWHUGHSHQGHQ GLQWUHYDULDELOH

,QGLIHUHQW GH VFRSXO úL RELHFWXO JUXS ULL DFHDVWD WUHEXLH V  vQGHSOLQHDVF  FHO SX LQ

XUP WRDUHOHFRQGL LL

• completitudinea datelor;
• RPRJHQLWDWHDJUXSHORUúLVXEJUXSHORU ;
• XQLFLWDWHDLQFOXGHULLXQLW LORU într-RVLQJXU JUXS FODV GDF JUXSDUHDHVWHVLPSO 

• FRQWLQXLWDWHDYDULD LHLJUXSHORUvQFD]XOYDULDELOHORUQXPHULFHFHHDFHSUDFWLFvQVHDPQ 

V QXH[LVWHJUXSHFXIUHFYHQ HQXOHFDUHDUGXFHODvQWUHUXSHUHDJUXS ULL

Clasificarea VH HIHFWXHD]  GXS  YDULDELOH QHQXPHULFH FDOLWDWLYH úL DUH GH UHJXO  XQ

caracter oficial (de exemplu CAEN).

 352%/(0 5(=2/9$7

3HQWUX  GLQ VDODULD LL SH VH[H DL XQHL ILUPH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH SULYLQG YHFKLPHD vQ PXQF 

vQDQLúLYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHvQPLLOHLUHDOL]DWHvQOXQDPDUWLH

9HFKLPHDYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHúLVH[XOvQUHJLVWUDWHvQHúDQWLRQSHQWUXFHLGHVDODULD L

Tabelul 1.1.

Cod Vechimea Venituri salariale

Sexul
salariat (ani) V SW PkQDOHPLLOHL

A 1 2 3
1 2 740 F
2 23 910 M
3 10 850 F
4 28 920 F
5 3 790 F
6 9 770 F
7 14 770 M
8 25 810 F
9 21 870 F
10 24 900 M
11 24 930 M
12 2 790 F
13 6 730 F
14 9 780 F
15 17 830 F
16 6 730 M
17 24 910 M
18 23 810 M
19 24 810 F
20 19 790 M
21 12 810 F
22 15 820 F
23 18 830 M
24 19 810 F
25 32 870 F
26 34 960 F
27 20 810 M
28 22 860 M
29 30 870 F
30 16 790 M
31 2 720 F
32 24 860 M
33 22 860 F
34 22 860 F
35 16 830 F
36 38 980 M
37 13 840 F
38 24 820 F
39 27 810 M
40 29 990 M
16 E UED L
Total 748 33440
24 femei
 Se cere:

1. V VHSUHFL]H]HQR LXQLOHGHED] FXFDUHVHRSHUHD] vQWDEHOXO

2. V VHHIHFWXH]HWRWDOXULOHúLV VHSUHFL]H]HFHRSHUD LHVWDWLVWLF V -a efectuat;

3. V  VH JUXSH]H FHL  GH PXQFLWRUL GXS  ILHFDUH YDULDELO  vQ SDUWH DU W ându-se ce fel
de grupare s-D IRORVLW úL FH IHO GH UHSDUWL LH D UH]XOWDW 6  VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF

UH]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWH

4. V VHJUXSH]HFRPELQDWFHLGHPXQFLWRULvQIXQF LHGHFHOHWUHLYDULDELOHOXDWHFkWH

GRX úLV VHSUHFL]H]HFHIHOGHVHULLGHUHSDUWL LHV DXRE LQXW

-
5. V  VH FHQWUDOL]H]H SH JUXSH GH YHFKLPH YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V SW PkQDOH úL V  VH

reprezinte grafic fondul de salarii pe grupe.

Rezolvare

1. În tabelul 1.1. s-DRSHUDWFXXQHOHQR LXQLVWDWLVWLFHGHED] 

&ROHFWLYLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF este fRUPDW  GLQ FHL  GH VDODULD L úL UHSUH]LQW  R FROHFWLYLWDWH GH

VHOHF LH

Unitatea de observareHVWHVDODULDWXOúLUHSUH]LQW RXQLWDWHVLPSO 

&DUDFWHULVWLFDYDULDELODVWDWLVWLF . În tabel sunt înregistrate trei variabile:

• sexul este o variabila atriEXWLY FDOLWDWLY DOWHUQDWLY 
• vechimeaHVWHRYDULDELO DWULEXWLY FDQWLWDWLY úLQHDOWHUQDWLY 

• YHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHHVWHRYDULDELO DWULEXWLY FDQWLWDWLY úLQHDOWHPDWLY 

Variantele VXQW YDORULOH LQGLYLGXDOH DOH FHORU GRX  YDULDELOH QXPHULFH úL IRUPD GH

PDQLIHVWDUHSHQWUXYDULDELODQHQXPHULF FDOLWDWLY 

Datele statisticeSRWILLQGLYLGXDOHDGLF YDORULOHFHORUGRX YDULDELOHFDQWLWDWLYHPHQ LRQDWH

PDLVXVSUHFXPúLWRDWHUH]XOWDWHOHFHVHYRURE LQHGLQSUHOXFUDUHDDFHVWRUD

2. În uUPDHIHFWX ULLRSHUD LHLGHFHQWUDOL]DUHVLPSO s-DXRE LQXWXUP WRDUHOHYDORUL

• SHQWUXYHFKLPHQRWDW FXX:
n 40

∑x = ∑x
i =1
i
i =1
i = 2 + 23 + ... + 27 + 29 = 748 ani vechime

• SHQWUXYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHQRWDWHFX Y:
n 40

∑y =∑y
i =1
i
i =1
i = 740 + 910 + ... + 810 + 990 = 33440 mii lei

Pentru variabila "sex" QX VH SRDWH IDFH R FHQWUDOL]DUH VLPSO  FL GRDU SH FHOH GRX  YDULDQWH

E UED LúLIHPHL

3. *UXSDUHDHIHFWXDW GXS RVLQJXU YDULDELO JUXSDUHDVLPSO úLRE LQHUHDVHULLORUGH

GLVWULEX LHGHIUHFYHQ H .
ÌQ XUPD XQHL JUXS UL VLPSOH UH]XOW  R GLVWULEX LH XQLGLPHQVLRQDO  YH]L GH H[HPSOX

tabelul 1.2.).
 3.1. *UXSDUHDPXQFLWRULORUGXS YHFKLPHúLUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DVHULLORUGHGLVWULEX LHGH

IUHFYHQ H

3.1.1. *UXSDUHDSHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHHJDOH

Etapele de lucru sunt:

a. calculul amplitudinii absolutHDYDULD LHL (Ax)

Ax = x max − x min ⇒ Ax = 38 − 2 = 36 ani

b. VWDELOLUHD QXP UXOXL GH JUXSH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH ÌQ IXQF LH GH amplitudinea
YDULD LHL GH YROXPXO FROHFWLYLW LL vQUHJLVWUDWH úL GH VFRSXO SURSXV V D DSUHFLDW F  HVWH
-
convenabil uQ QXP U GH  JUXSH  k   'H UH LQXW F  QX WUHEXLH V  VH RE LQ  JUXSH FX

IUHFYHQ HQXOH

c. GHWHUPLQDUHDP ULPLLLQWHUYDOXOXLGHYDULD LH (h)

A 36
hx = x = = 6 ani
kx 6
1RW 5RWXQMLUHDGDF HVWHFD]XOVHIDFHvQSOXV

Repartizarea muncitorilor pe cele 6 LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HVWH SUHFHGDW  GH efectuarea unui
control logic.
1RWkQG OLPLWD LQIHULRDU  D SULPXOXL LQWHUYDO FX xl úL OLPLWD VXSHULRDU  D XOWLPXOXL LQWHUYDO

cu xLDSUHFLHPF LQWHUYDOHOHDXIRVWVWDELOLWHFRUHFWGDF VXQWUHVSHFWDWHFRQGL LLOH

xl ≤ x min
x L ≥ x max
6HFRQVWDW F SHQWUXH[HPSOXOOXDWVHUHVSHFW DFHVWHFRQGL LL

d. SUHFL]DUHDFHORUNLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LH :
2 - 8
*UXSDUHD ILLQG FX LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH FRQWLQX  WUHEXLH
8 - 14
VWDELOLW  FDUH OLPLW  HVWH LQFOXV  vQ LQWHUYDO 6H DOHJH GH RELFHL
14 - 20
YDULDQWD GH JUXSDUH FDUH DVLJXU  FHO PDL ELQH WHQGLQ D GH
20 - 26
UHSDUWL LH QRUPDO  DGLF  XQ JUDG GH FRQFHQWUDUH D IUHFYHQ HORU
26 - 32
F WUH centrul seriei.
32 - 38
În continuare, s-DXUHSDUWL]DWVDODULD LLSHJUXSHFXOLPLWDLQIHULRDU LQFOXV vQLQWHUYDOúL
s-DRE LQXWXUP WRDUHDGLVWULEX LHGHIUHFYHQ HYH]LWDEHOXO

'LVWULEX LDVDODULD LORUGLQHúDQWLRQXOvQUHJLVWUDWODILUPD$GXS YHFKLPHDQL

Tabelul 1.2.
Grupe de muncitori 1XP UXO

GXS YHFKLPHDQL VDODULD LORU

2-8 6
8-14 5
14-20 8
20-26 14
26-32 4
32-38 3
Total 40
1RW /LPLWDLQIHULRDU LQFOXV vQLQWHUYDO
 3.1.2. 5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF  D VHULHL GH GLVWULEX LH GXS  YHFKLPH cu intervale egale de
YDULD LH VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ KLVWRJUDP  ILJXUD  SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU ILJXUD  FXUED

FXPXODWLY ILJXUDúLJUDILFXOGHFRQFHQWUDUHILJXUD

)LLQG LQWHUYDOH HJDOH SHQWUX KLVWRJUDP  úL SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU VFDUD GH UHSUH]HQWDUH HVWH

XUP WRDUHDSHD[D2[OFP DQLP ULPHDLQWHUYDOXOXLLDUSH2\ FP  SHUVRDQHIUHFYHQ D

PD[LP ILLQGGH

16
14
14
UVDODULD L 12
10
8
8
6
6 5
1XP

4
4 3
2
0
2 8 14 20 26 32 38
Vechime (ani)

)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

16

14

12
UVDODULD L

10

8
1XP

0
2 8 14 20 26 32 38 44
Vechime (ani)

)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

Pentru curba FXPXODWLY  úL JUDILFXO GH FRQFHQWUDUH WUHEXLH I FXWH XQHOH FDOFXOH YH]L

WDEHOXOSHQWUXIUHFYHQ HFXPXODWHúLJUHXW LVSHFLILFHSDUWHID GHvQWUHJ

3H ED]D UHSDUWL LHL GH IUHFYHQ H FXPXODWH FUHVF WRU úL GHVFUHVF WRU VH SRDWH FRQVWUXL FXUED

cumuODWLY  D IUHFYHQ HORU RJLY  FkQG WHQGLQ D HVWH F WUH R UHSDUWL LH QRUPDO  – legea
Gauss-/DSODFH 3H D[D 2[ VFDUD HVWH HJDO  WRW FX P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH JUXSDUH GDU SH D[D 2\

VFDUD YD IL  FP   VDODULD L GHRDUHFH QXP UXO PD[LP DO DFHVWRUD HVWH GH  VXPD IUHFYHQ HORU

seriei) (vezi figura 1.3.).

 5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUGXS YHFKLPH

Tabelul 1.3.

1UVDODULD L )UHFYHQ HFXPXODWH Total vechime *UHXWDWHVSHFLILF

Intervale FXPXODW

GHYDULD LH persoane ID  &UHVF WRU Descresc WR ani ID  IUHFYHQ H vechime
de total r de total
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2-8 6 15.0 6 40 21 2.8 15.0 2.8
8-14 5 12.5 11 34 53 7.1 27.5 9.9
14-20 8 20.0 19 29 134 17.9 47.5 27.8
20-26 14 35.0 33 21 322 43.1 82.5 70.9
26-32 4 10.0 37 114 15.2 92.5 86.1
32-38 3 7.5 40 104 13.9 100.0 100.0
Total 40 100 - 748 100 - -

Graficul lui Lorenz JUDILFXO GH FRQFHQWUDUH VH HODERUHD]  SH ED]D FHORU GRX  úLUXUL GH

IUHFYHQ H úL JUHXW L VSHFLILFH FXPXODWH FRORDQHOH  úL  GLQ WDEHOXO  3H DPEHOH D[H VFDUD

tUHEXLH V  ILH SURSRU LRQDO  FX  úL FXUED VH WUDVHD]  XQLQG SXQFWHOH GH FRRUGRQDWH GLQWUH FHOH

GRX JUHXW LVSHFLILFHSHUHFKLYH]LILJXUD

45
40
35
1UVDODULD L

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2 8 14 20 26 32 38

Vechime (ani)

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDIUHFYHQ HORUFXPXODWHvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

100
% vechime cumulate

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
IUHFYHQ HFXPXODWH

)LJXUD&XUEDGHFRQFHQWUDUHDIUHFYHQ HORUFXUEDOXL/RUHQ]vQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

 3.1.3.*UXSDUHDSHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHQHHJDOH.
ùLvQFD]XOJUXS ULLSHLQWHUYDOHQHHJDOHWUHEXLHV VH LQ VHDPDGHDPSOLWXGLQHDYDULD LHLúL

GHVFRSXOSHQWUXFDUHVHHIHFWXHD] DFHDVW RSHUD LH&HOPDLIUHFYHQWJUXSDUHDSHLQWHUYDOHQHHJDOH

VHIDFHFXVFRSXOGHDHYLGHQ LDWLSXULOHFDOLWDWLYHFHVHFRQWXUHD] vQFDGUXOFROHFWLYLW LL

În cazul nostru, pentru variabila vechime interesea]  V  VH FXQRDVF  UHSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU vQ

cele trei grupe tipice:

• VDODULD LFXYHFKLPHPLF 
• VDODULD LFXYHFKLPHPHGLH
• VDODULD LFXYHFKLPHPDUH
Folosim în acest scop criteriul mediei. Vechimea medie este:
n

∑x i
748
x= i =1
= = 18,7 ani vechime/salariat,
n 40
FDUHVHSODVHD] vQLQWHUYDOXODOWUHLOHD,QWHUYDOHOHQHHJDOHVHRE LQSULQUHJUXSDUHDFHORUHJDOH

*UXSD PLMORFLH VH YD RE LQH GLQ LQWHUYDOXO FDUH FRQ LQH PHGLD SOXV FHOH GRX  LQWHUYDOH

DO WXUDWH LDU FHOHODOWH JUXSH VH FXPXOHD]  SkQ  OD YDORDUHD PLQLP  RE LQkQG SULPD JUXS 

vQWkPSO WRUDLFLHVWHRVLQJXU JUXS úLSkQ ODYDORDUHDPD[LP UH]XOWkQGFHDGH DWUHLDJUXS  -

&HOH úDVH LQWHUYDOH HJDOH OH -am regrupat astfel: 2-8; 8-26; 26- úL D UH]XOWDW XUP WRDUHD

UHSDUWL LHYH]LWDEHOXO

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUGXS P ULPHDYHFKLPLL

Tabelul 1.4.
Grupe tipice ,QWHUYDOXOGHYDULD LH 1XP UXO

al vechimii (ani) VDODULD LORU

A B 1
YHFKLPHPLF 2-8 6
vechime mijlocie 8-26 27
vechime mare 26-38 7
Total - 40

3.1.4. 5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF  D VHULLORU GH UHSDUWL LH FX LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH VH IDFHFXDFHOHDúL
tipuri de grafice ca în cazul intervalelor egale. Deosebirea apare prin necesitatea de a alege un
LQWHUYDO GH ED]  FDUH GHYLQH XQLWDWH D VF ULL GD UHSUH]HQWDUH úL SULQ UHGXFHUHD SURSRU LRQDO  D

freFYHQ HORU $FHVWH FDOFXOH VXQW QHFHVDUH QXPDL SHQWUX KLVWRJUDP  úLVDX SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU

YH]LWDEHOXOúLILJXUD

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUGXS YHFKLPHSHJUXSHWLSLFH

Tabelul 1.5.

Grupe tipice ,QWHUYDOXOGHYDULD LH NuP UXO 0 ULPHD 5DSRUWXOID GH )UHFYHQ H

al vechimii (ani) VDODULD LORU intervalului primul interval reduse

A B 1 2 3 4
YHFKLPHPLF 2-8 6 6 1 6,0
vechime mijlocie 8-26 27 18 3 9,0
vechime mare 26-38 7 12 2 3,5
 Pe axa Ox: 1 diviziune = 6 ani, iar pe axa Oy: 1 diviziuQH VDODULD L

10 27

UVDODULD L
6 6

1XP
7

2 8 26 38
Vechime (ani)

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUSHJUXSHWLSLFHGHYHFKLPH

3.2.*UXSDUHDVDODULD LORUGXS YHQLWXULOHVDODULDOH

3.2.1. *UXSDUHDSHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHHJDOH

)RORVLQGDFHODúLPRGHOVHRE LQH

A y = 990 − 720 = 270 mii lei

Ay 270
k y = 6; h y = = = 45 mii lei
ky 6

&HOHúDVHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHVXQW -765; 765-810; 810-855; 855-900; 900-945; 945-990.

(IHFWXkQGXQUD LRQDPHQWDQDORJFXFHOGHODSXQFWXODPRE LQXWUHSDUWL LDGLQWDEHOXO .

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUGXS YHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHPLLOHL

Tabelul 1.6.
*UXSHGHVDODULD LGXS YHQLWXULOHVDODULDOH 1XP UXO

V SWDPkQDOHPLLOHL VDODULD LORU

A 1
720 - 765 4
765 - 810 7
810 - 855 14
855-900 7
900 - 945 5
945 - 990 3
Total 40

5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF  VH IDFH GXS  DFHOHDúL SULQFLSLL GDU LQkQG FRQW GH YDORULOH QXPHULFH

DOHYDULDELOHLGHJUXSDUHúLDOHIUHFYHQ HORUYH]LILJXULOH -1.4.).

 3.2.2. *UXSDUHDSHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHQHHJDOH
5HSHWkQG UD LRQDPHQWXO GH OD SXQFWXO  úL LQkQG VHDPD GH YHQLWXULOH PHGLL VDODULDOH

V SW PkQDOH
n

∑y i
33440
y= i =1
= = 836 mii lei/salariat
n 40

DP RE LQXW WUHL LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH  - 765; 765 - 900; 900 - úL D UH]XOWDW UHSDUWL LD
din tabelul 1.7.

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUGXS P ULPHDYHQLWXULORUVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOH

Tabelul.1.7.
Grupe tipice *UXSHGXS P ULPHDYHQLWXULORU 1XP UXO

VDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHPLLOHL VDODULD LORU

A B 1
YHFKLPHPLF 720 - 765 4
vechime mijlocie 765 - 900 28
vechime mare 900 -990 8
Total 40

ùL SHQWUX YHQLWXULOH VDODULDOH V SW PkQDOH pentru seria cu intervale neegale, reprezentarea
JUDILF VHIDFHGXS PRGHOXOSUH]HQWDWODILJXUD

3.3. Gruparea muncitorilor pe sexe

ÌQDFHVWFD]ILLQGRYDULDELO DOWHUQDWLY QXSRWILIRORVLWHGHFkWGRX JUXSHYH]LWDEHOXO

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUSHVH[H

Tabelul 1.8.
Sexul 1XP UXO

VDODULD LORU

A 1
Feminin 24
Masculin 16
Total 40

28
24
20
16
12 24
8 16
4
0
Feminin Masculin

)LJ5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUSHVH[H

 4. Gruparea combiQDW
6H SRW IRORVL FHO SX LQ GRX  YDULDELOH &RPELQkQG FkWH GRX  YDULDELOH DP RE LQXW VHULL

ELGLPHQVLRQDOHGHIUHFYHQ HWDEHOHOH -1.11.).

4.1.*UXSDUHDVDODULD LORUGXS YHFKLPHúLYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOH

(vezi tabelul 1.9.)

5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUGXS YHFKLPHúLYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOH

Tabelul 1.9.
Vechime 9HQLWXULVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHPLLOHL Total
(ani) 720- 765- 810- 855- 900- 945-
765 810 855 900 945 990
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2-8 4 2 - - - - 6
8-14 - 2 3 - - 5
14-20 - 3 5 - - - 8
20-26 - - 5 5 4 14
26-32 - - 1 1 1 1 4
32-38 - - - 1 - 2 3
Total 4 7 14 7 5 3 40

4.2.*UXSDUHDVDODULD LORUGXS VH[úLYHFKLPH (vezi tabelul 1.10.)

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUSHVH[HúLYHFKLPH

Tabelul 1.10.
Sexul Vechime Total
2-8 8-14 14-20 20-26 26-32 32-38
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
Feminin 5 5 4 6 2 2 24
Masculin 1 - 4 8 2 1 16
Total 6 5 8 14 4 3 40

4.3. *UXSDUHDVDODULD LORUGXS VH[úLGXS YHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOH

(vezi tabelul 1.11.)

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUSHVH[HúLGXS YHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOH

Tabelul 1.11.
9HQLWXULVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHPLLOHL

720- 765- 810- 855- 900- 945- Total

Sexul 765 810 855 900 945 990
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Feminin 3 4 10 5 1 1 24
Masculin 1 3 4 2 4 2 16
Total 4 7 14 7 5 3 40
 4.4. Repre]HQWDUHD JUDILF  D VHULLORU ELGLPHQVLRQDOH GH IUHFYHQ se face prin graficul de
FRUHOD LHFXQRVFXWúLVXEGHQXPLUHDGHFRUHORJUDP VDXJUDILFXOQRUXOXLGHSXQFWHYH]LILJXUD

pe exemplul datelor din tabelul 1.9.).

1035

990

945

mii lei 900

855

810

765

720

675
2 8 14 20ani 26 32 38

FiJXUD&RUHOD LDGLQWUHYHFKLPHúLYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOH

5. &HQWUDOL]DUHDSHJUXSHDIUHFYHQ HORUúLDYDORULORUYDULDELOHORUvQUHJLVWUDWH

)RORVLQG JUXSDUHD VH SRW FHQWUDOL]D QX QXPDL IUHFYHQ HOH FD OD SXQFWHOH  úL  FL úL YDORULOH

unor caractHULVWLFL FDUH DX IRVW vQUHJLVWUDWH )RORVLQG GUHSW FDUDFWHULVWLF  GH ED]  YHFKLPHD YRP

FHQWUDOL]D GDWHOH úL SHQWUX FHOHODOWH YDULDELOH YH]L WDEHOXO  6FRSXO ILLQG DFHOD GH D FXQRDúWH

UHOD LLOHGLQWUHFHOHWUHLYDULDELOH YRPIDFHFHQWUDOL]DUHDGDWHORUPDL vQWkLSH LQWHUYDOHHJDOHúLDSRL

pe grupele tipice de vechime (vezi tabelul 1.13.).

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUGXS YHFKLPH

Tabelul 1.13.

Intervalul Date centralizate pentru:

Grupe tipice GHYDULD LH 1XP UXO Sexul
de vechime al vechimii (ani) VDODULD LORU
Vechime Venituri salariale
Masculin Feminin (ani) V SW PkQDOHPLLOHL
(pers.) (pers.)
A B 1 2 3 4 5
YHFKLPHPLF 2-8 6 1 5 21 4500
vechime mijlocie 8-26 27 12 15 509 22540
vechime mare 26-38 7 3 4 218 6400
Total 40 16 24 748 33440

3HQWUX D HYLGHQ LD FX PDL PXOW  FODULWDWH UHOD LD GLQWUH YHFKLPH úL IRQGXO GH VDODULL YRP

UHSUH]HQWDJUDILFSULQS WUDWHúLFHUFXULGDWHOHGLQWDEHOXO3HQWUXDVWDELOLVFDUDGHUHSUH]HQWDUH

sunt necesare unele calcule (vezi tabelul 1.14.).

CalcXOXOVF ULLGHUHSUH]HQWDUHSHQWUXS WUDWHúLFHUFXUL

Tabelul 1.14.

Fondul de salarii 3 WUDW Cerc

Grupele pe grupe Latura de Latura1) Raza de Raza2)
(lei) reprezentare graficului reprezentare graficului
A 1 2 3 4 5
YHFKLPHPLF 4.500.000 2121 2.1 1197 1.2
vechime mijlocie 22.540.000 4748 4.7 2679 2.7
vechime mare 6.400.000 2530 2.5 1428 1.4
Scara: 1) 1 cm = l000 lei 2) 1 cm = 1000 lei
 CENTRALIZAREA PE GRUPE
Tabelul 1.12.
Pe intervale egale

2-8 8 - 14 14 - 20 20 - 26 26 - 32 32 - 38
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
F 2 740 F 1 85 M 1 77 M 2 910 F 2 92 F 3 87
0 0 4 0 3 8 0 2 0
F 3 790 F 9 77 F 1 83 F 2 810 F 3 87 F 3 96
0 7 0 5 0 0 4 0
F 2 790 F 9 78 M 1 79 F 2 870 M 2 81 M 3 98
0 9 0 1 7 0 8 0
F 6 730 F 1 81 F 1 82 M 2 900 M 2 99 M 1 28
2 0 5 0 4 9 0 =1 0 10
4
M 6 730 F 1 84 M 1 83 M 2 930 M 1 35 F=
3 0 8 0 4 =2 1 90 2
4
F 2 720 F 1 81 M 2 910 F n 6=
9 0 4 =2 3
M=1 21 4500 M=0 5 40 M 1 79 M 2 810 n5
3 50 0 0 3 =4
F=5 F=5 F 1 83 F 2 810
6 0 4
n1=6 n2=5 M= 1 64 M 2 810
4 3 70 0
4
F=4 M 2 860
2
n 3= M 2 860
8 4
F 2 860
2
F 2 860
2
F 2 820
4
M=8 3 120
2 20
2
F=6
n4=1
4

Scara: 1 cm = 1000 lei

22540000

4500000 6400000

vechime mic vechime mijlocie vechime mare

Figura 1.8. Fondul de salarii pe grupe de vechime

 Scara: 1cm = 1000 lei

4500000 22540000
6400000

vechime mic vechime mijlocie vechime mare

Figura 1.9. Fondul de salarii pe grupe

ÌQFRQFOX]LHPHQ LRQ PFkWHYDUHJXOLFHWUHEXLHDYXWHvQYHGHUHODHIHFWXDUHDJUXS ULORU

• HYLWDUHDDSDUL LHLIUHFYHQ HLPD[LPHODXQXOGLQLQWHUYDOHOHVLWXDWHODH[WUHPHSHQWUXDQX

RE LQH UHSDUWL LL DFFHQWXDW DVLPHWULFH ÌQ DFHVW FD] VH UHLD JUXSDUHD FX DOW QXP U GH

LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH úL RSHUD LD VH UHSHW  SkQ  OD RE LQHUHD XQHL UHSDUWL LL FH WLQGH VSUH

QRUPDOLWDWHUHSDUWL LHVLPHWULF 

• GDF LQWHUYDOHOHH[WUHPHDXIUHFYHQ HIRDUWHPLFLvQUDSRUWFXFHOH lalte se poate deschide

JUXSDUHD ILH OD XQ FDS W ILH OD DPEHOH FDSHWH ÌQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH FD]XULOH H[WUHPH VXQW

evenimente rare, printr-R DQDOL]  SUHDODELO  D GDWHORU SULPDUH VH SRW HOLPLQD DúD -zisele
FD]XUL DEHUDQWH úL FDOFXOD R QRX  DPSOLWXGLQH D YDULD LHL SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD P ULPLL

intervalelor;
• UHOXDUHDJUXS ULLGDF UHSDUWL LDSUH]LQW  IUHFYHQ HPD[LPHDO WXUDWH
-
• vQ FD]XO JUXS ULORU SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH UHJUXSDUHD LQWHUYDOHORU HJDOH VH YD

IDFHvQDúDIHOvQFkWJUXSHOHVDXJUXSDGHODPLMORFXOVHULHLV GH LQ RSRQGHUHPDLPDUH

FRPSDUDWLY FX JUXSHOH GH OD H[WUHPH FDUH WUHEXLH V  ILH PDL SX LQ UHSUH]HQWDWH ÌQ DFHVW

scop se va aplica criteriul mediei;

• SHFkWSRVLELOODED]DXQHLJUXS ULFRPELQDWHYRUVWDYDULDELOHvQWUHFDUHH[LVW ROHJ WXU 

GHFRUHVSRQGHQ ORJLF VDXRUHOD LHGHLQWHUGHSHQGHQ FDUDFWHULVWLFDSULPDU SXWkQGIL

IDFWRUGHLQIOXHQW SHQWUXFHDGH DGRXDYDULDELO 

-
 352%/(0 352386

3HQWUXGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLGLQUH HDXDFRPHUFLDO DXQXLRUDúV -au înregistrat datele

SULYLQGSURILWXOvQOXQD;úLJUDGXOGHLQVWUXLUHDPDQDJHUXOXLYH]LWDEHOXO

Tabelul 1.15.

Cod agent economic Studii Profitul (mil.lei)

A 1 2
01 medii 210
02 medii 220
03 superioare 420
04 medii 240
05 superioare 350
06 medii 270
07 medii 310
08 medii 290
09 medii 260
10 superioare 350
11 superioare 390
12 superioare 290
13 medii 270
14 medii 350
15 medii 250
16 medii 280
17 medii 260
18 superioare 360
19 medii 270
20 medii 310
21 medii 340
22 superioare 380
23 medii 320
24 medii 320
25 medii 290
26 superioare 330
27 medii 280
28 medii 230
29 medii 200
30 superioare 280

&HULQ H

1. HIHFWXD LFHQWUDOL]DUHDVLPSO DGDWHORUGLQWDEHO

2. JUXSD L FHL  GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS  JUDGXO GH LQVWUXLUH D PDQDJHUXOXL úL GXS 

P ULPHDSURILWXOXLSHúDVHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHHJDOH

3. HYLGHQ LD L WLSXULOH FDOLWDWLYH FH VH SRW FRQWXUD vQ FDGUXO FROHFWLYLW LL IRORVLQG FULWHULXO

mediei;
4. JUXSD L FRPELQDW FHL  GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS  JUDGXO GH LQVWUXLUH D PDQDJHUXOXL úL

GXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXL

5. FRQVWUXL LJUDILFHOHDGHFYDWHILHF UXLSXQFWúLSUHFL]D LWLSXOGHUHSDUWL LHRE LQXW